Embed Doc
Copy Link
Readcast
Collections

1
CommentGo Back

Download

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION1.1.Background of the study

Literature has a close relationship with human life because it imitates humanlife. Human being put their imagination, thought and idea in literary forms. Based onEncarta dictionary the word literature means written work, e.g. poetry, drama andcriticism, are recognized as having important or permanent artistic value. Where asWebster dictionary, literature means the production of written works having excellentof form or expression and dealing with ideas of permanent interest. The classificationof literature can be divided into three different classifications; written form (novel), poetry, and drama. These creations of literature are already familiar with human life.Literary work assumes the presence of opinion that literary work is a productfrom a psychological and thought of the author which is in a subconscious situationand is molded in a conscious situation. Between conscious and unconscious situationalways slant the process of author imagination. The strength of literary work can beseen how far the author able to give psychological expression from the unconscioussituation to a literary creation. Furthermore, Graham Litlle (1966:2) states “goodliterature adds our understanding bout life in the world. It embodies thought andfeeling on matters of human importance.”One of literature branches is novel. Novel is a long work of written fiction. Mostnovels involve many characters and tell complex story by placing the characters in anumber of different situations. Forster (in Warren and Wellek, 1990:3) states thatnovel is very helpful in showing a person the nature of human character. Character isan important part in the story because it has a function to build up the story.1

Characters refer to human being which has some problems surrounding them inliterary work. Novel has two characteristics, intrinsic and extrinsic characteristic. Intrinsiccharacteristic consists of plot, setting, theme, character, situation and morality. Andthe extrinsic characteristic consists of

psychology

, culture, symbol, sociological, andhistorical.In this research the writer will do the research about psychology of literaturewhich looks the work as a psychic activity. The author will use the idea, feeling andwork in his work. Likewise the reader, in perceiving literary work the reader will alsouse their psychic activities. The author will catch the symptom of psychic then process it into the text and complete it with his psychic.Psychoanalytic is a zone of literature psychology research. This research modelis first appeared by Sigmund Freud (Milner, 1992:43), a young physician from Wina.He suggested his idea that the conscious is a little part of mental life whereas the big part of mental life is the unconscious itself. The unconscious can sublimate into theauthor creative process.In the literature psychology research will express psychoanalytic of personalitywhich includes three elements of psychic those are id, ego and superego. These threesystems of personality are related to another also forms the totality, and the human behavior is a product of those three elements of personality.In the theory of psychoanalytic, Sigmund Freud divides the personality in tothree aspects; the id, the ego and the superego. Freud states: The Id is the basic systemof personality, the storehouse of energy, from which the Ego and the Superegodevelop. The id is completely unconscious and consist born with (Morris, 1976:247).2

The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. Thisaspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive behaviors. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy,making it the primary component of personality.The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediategratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfiedimmediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase inhunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is veryimportant early in life, because it ensures that an infants needs are met. If the infant ishungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are met.The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing withreality. Ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can beexpressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. According to Freud, the egooperates on the reality principle, by which a person works out a plan and than takessome kind of action to test the plan to see whether he is on the right track (Diane1985:486).The last component of personality is the superego. The superego is concernedwith morality, with what is “right” and what is “wrong” (Henry 1984: 470). Thesuperego is the moral taskmaster of the soul, the agent that tries to prevent the id fromacting upon its impulses, especially sexual and aggressive one. It aims to divert theego from its realistic approach to moralistic orientation (Diane 1985:487).Those three elements of personality must exist in every human being whichworks together to produce all of their complex behaviors. In this research, the writer wants to investigate the influences that form id, ego and superego of Santiago in

the Alchemist

novel. Although between psychology and literature have different object of 3