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Joint Actions on Climate Change, presentation ID
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2447:The bike is back with a battery (as part of Tracks and Themes )Session: Towards sustainable mobility: electrical, hydrogen, or both?scheduled for Tuesday, June 9, 2009: 4:30 PM-6:30 PM,Aalborg Congress & Culture Centre
The bike is back with a battery
Dr.ir.FrankvanderHoeven,DelftUniversityofTechnology,FacultyofArchitecture
Theattentiontheelectriccarreceivesasapromisingmeansofsustainabletransportationseemsattimestoovershadowtheriseofthatotherelectricvehicle:thepedelecorelectricbicycle.Forthosewhodon'tknowyet:apedelecisabicycleassistedbyanelectricmotor.Thatmotorispoweredbyarechargeable(lithium‐ion)battery.Themotorisintendedtoassistpedaling,nottoreplaceit.Itisthenewestevolutionofthebike.Itsnumbersaregrowingfast.Thispaperassumesthatthegrowinguseofpedelecsrequiresadifferentapproachfromdesignresearchandpolicymakingtowardselectrictwowheelers.Itwilloutlinethemajordifferencesbetweenregularbikeuseandpedelecuseandaddressesissueslikecitytocitycycling,bicycletheft,parkingandstreetcharging.
[BiketecFlyerT]
‐1‐
 
The bike's market share
Whenitcomestosustainablemobilitymostofthetransportationpoliciesseemtofocusonincreasingtheuseofpublictransport,combinedwithlandusepoliciessuchastransit‐orienteddevelopmentoftransportdevelopmentareas.{1}Muchenergyandresourcesarepumpedintheconstructionandexploitationofbus,BRTandlightrailsystemstoalmostnoavail.Currentlyonly3%ofallkilome‐trestravelledinTheNetherlandsaretravelledusingbus,tramormetrocom‐bined.Trainusersandcyclistsmakeupfor8%ofthosedistanceseach.Andyes,cardriversandcarpassengerstogethermakeupforthreequartersofthekilome‐treproduction,withrespectively51%and24%.{2}Eightpercentoftheoverallkilometreproductionisasigniicantmarketshare,es‐peciallywhenweconsiderthatthebikeismainlyusedforshortdistances.Inmid‐sizedDutchtowns(matchingthedistanceswherebikesperformbest)theshareinthemodal‐splitcanbeashighasonethirdofalltrips.
Modal-split and trip generation in The Netherlands, 2007 {2}
ModalitiesNumber of tripsDistance per person per dayShare in the modal-split
All modalities 2,99 32,6 100%Car, driver 0,99 16,5 51%Car, passenger 0,46 7,9 24%Trein 0,06 2,7 8%Bus/tram/metro 0,08 1,0 3%Moped 0,02 0,2 0%Bicycle 0,78 2,5 8%Walking 0,58 0,7 2%Other 0,05 1,2 4%
TheaverageDutchcitizencyclesabout2to3kilometresaday.Thatdistancedidluctuatesomewhatovertheyearsbutisconsideredtobestable.SeenfromanEuropeanperspectiveHolland(andDenmark)areatthetopwithabout1000kilometrestravelledbybicycleperpersonperyear.{3}
 Yearly distance travelled by bicycle per person in the EU15, 1995 {3}
.be .dk .de .gr .es .fr .ie .it .lu .nl .at .pt .fi .se .uk
km 327 958 300 91 24 87 228 168 40 1019 154 35 282 300 81
AsaresultbothHollandandDenmarkcompriseavastinfrastructureandpracticethatsupportscycling.Childrenlearntobikewhentheyareyoungandknowfromearlyonhowtobehaveintrafic.Otherroadusersarewellusedandadjustedto‐2‐
 
cyclists,sharingtheirroadspace.Thegeomorphologyandclimate(exceptforwind)arefavourableaswell.Thesefactorscombinedmayverywellsustainthemarketshareofthebikeintheyearstocome.Still,itdoesn'tseemlikelythatbikeusewillincreasespontaneouslyitsshareinthemodal‐split.
Two directions
Letsassumeforamomentthatthebicyclewithitshumanenginehasreacheditsmaximummarketpenetrationwithroughly1000kilometresperyear,perperson.Atthatpointweshouldaskwherewegofromhere.Therearetwointerestingdirectionsthatcouldbetaken:focusonotherEuropeanmarketsorfocusonthepossibilitiesthatamuchimprovedbikecanoffer.Webrielyexplorebothdirections.AtanEuropeanscalewemaywanttotakeahardlookattheregionaldifferencesinbikeuse.Thescaleissubstantialwithahighof1019andalowof24kilometresperpersonperyear.{3}Thisisadifferenceofafactor40.Thesedifferencescaninpartbeexplainedbygeomorphologyorclimate.Thehighsandthelowsaresofarapartthatwemayhavetoassumeotherfactorsareatworkaswell.Inmostcountriesaneffectivecyclinginfrastructureislackingasaresultofdecadesofcar‐orientedinfrastructurepolicies.BymeansoftraveldemandmanagementitshouldbepossibletogettheFrench,theBritish,thePortuguese,theSpaniardsandtheGreektocycle.Itmayperhapsnotbereasonabletoexpectthemtotravel1000kilometresperyearbybikeanytimesoon.ButsofartheFrench,theBritish,thePortuguese,theSpaniardsandtheGreektravelevenlessthan250metersaday.Thereisroomtogrowhere,atleastintargetedcommunities,lifestyleoragegroups.Atthesametimewemaywanttoimproveourunderstandingofwhatanewgenerationbicyclescouldmeanforboththecommunitiesthatareusedtobikingandthosethatarenot.Pleaseconsiderforabriefmomentthephasesthebikealreadywentthrough.Thebikewasinventedasa'walkingmachine'(Laufmachine),muchasthevehiclesmallchildrenusewhentheystarttolearnbiking.Rotarycranksandpedalswereintroducedtothefront‐wheelhub.Thepedalsmadeitnecessarytoincreasethefrontwheelthatwasturnedbyusingmusclepower.Increasingthefrontwheelreducedtheeffortthatisnecessarytostartthebike,moveituphillormakeitfaceheadwind.Itresultedintotheiconicbikewithits‐3‐
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