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SOLUTIONS
PERCENT, MOLAR, NORMAL, SATURATED
Solutions MenuPercentMolarNormalSolutions from Solutions and TitrationsConcentrated Solutions(making solutions from concentrated solutions)Saturated
We use reagents primarily in solution form. They are made up as percent solutions or molar or normal solutions. Rarely do you ever see molar solutions. All of these terms are just a means of naming the concentration of solutions.
PERCENT SOLUTIONS
There are three types of percent solutions. All are parts of solute per 100 total parts of solution.Based on the following definitions you may calculate the concentration of a solution or calculatehow to make up a specific concentration.1.
% W/W -
Percent of weight of solute in the total weight of the solution. Percent here is the number of grams of solute in 100 grams of solution.
Example:
 A 100% (W/W) NaCl solution is made by weighing 100 g NaCL and dissolving in 100 g of solution.2.
% W/V -
 
Percent of weight of solution in the total volume of solution. Percent here is the number of gramsof solute in 100 mL of solution. This is probably the least significant way of naming a solution, but the most common way of doing it. In fact, any percent solution not stipulated as W/W, W/V,or V/V is assumed to be % W/V.
Example:
 A 4% (W/V) NaCl solution is 4 g of NaCl in 100 mL of solution.3.
% V/V -
Percent of volume of solute in the total volume of solution %V/V. Percent here is the number of milliliters of solute in 100 mL of solution.
Example:
 A 10% (V/V) ethanol solution is 10 mL of ethanol in 100 mL of solution; unless otherwisestated, water is the solvent.So now, here are some applications1. What is the percent concentration of a solution that you made by taking 5.85 g of NaCl anddiluting to 100 mL with H
2
0?5.85 g/100 mL = 5.85% W/V solution of NaCl2. What is the percent concentration of a solution that you made by taking 40 g of CaCl
2
anddiluting to 500 mL with H
2
0?You set up a proportion problem.40 g /500 mL = Xg /100 mLX = 8g8g/100 mL = 8% (W/V) solution
OR 
another way to look at this is, 40 grams solute is what percent of the 500 mL solution? The100 is used to convert to percent.3. How would you make 250 mL of a 8.5% NaCl solution?This works backwards from the others --
 
8.5%= 8.5 g /100 mLAgain, set up a proportion8.5 g /100 mL= X / 250 mL21.3 g = X
OR 
an alternative method is to say what is 8.5% of 250 mL?250 x 0.085 = 21.3Therefore you would need to weigh out 21.3 g NaCl and dilute to 250 mL with H
2
0.4. How much (volume) 0.85% NaCl may be made from 2.55 g NaCl?An 0.85% NaCl solution = 0.85 g/100 mLSetting up a proportion again,0.85 g /100 mL = 2.55 g/XX = 300 mLTherefore, 300 mL of 0.85% NaCl may be made from 2.55 g NaCl.Return toSolutions MenuReturn toMath Main Menu
MOLAR SOLUTIONS (M)
The definition of molar solution is a solution that contains 1 mole of solute in each liter of solution. A mole is the number of gram molecular weights (gmw). Therefore, we can also say a1M = 1 gMW solute/liter solution.1M NaCl solution would be Na = MW of 23Cl = MW of 35.5
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