SIMULATION, ANALYSIS AND SETTING OF DISTANCE RELAYS ON DOUBLE CIRCUIT TRANSMISSION LINES

M . Sanaye-Pasand H . Seyedi

msanaye@chamran.ut.ac.ir

hereshseyedi@yahoo.com

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering , University of Tehran , Iran

Abstract
In this paper the behaviour of a distance relay on a double circuit transmission line is analyzed and simulated using EMTDC/PSCAD software. The positive and negative sequence couplings between two circuits of a double circuit transmission line are small and negligible. However, the zero sequence coupling is not small. Indeed, if the zero sequence coupling is not compensated in impedance calculations, distance relay may either seriously overreach or underreach under different operational situations. These maloperations become more severe specially in the case that the two networks connected to the ends of the protected lines have extraordinary different equivalent impedances. Under these conditions if the zero sequence mutual coupling is not compensated, distance relay operation would not be reliable. However, in the compensated scheme relay performance is acceptably improved and the impedance estimated by the relay is close to the actual value. In this paper, a double circuit transmission line is simulated and operation and setting of line protective distance relay is analyzed by simulation. Mathematical analysis also confirms the results of simulations. The same results are also valid for two transmission lines in close proximity.

Key Words
Double circuit line protection, distance relay, overreach, underreach

1. Introduction
Two transmission lines on the same tower or in close proximity have positive, negative and zero sequence mutual couplings. Positive and negative sequence couplings are acceptably negligible but the zero sequence coupling is too large to be neglected and in special conditions may seriously affect performance of the distance relay protecting the transmission line [1-7]. Distance relays comprise six internal units to deal with different phase to phase and phase to ground faults [1,5]. Zero sequence coupling only affects the phase to ground units, however since most of the transmission line faults are of this type, this problem deserves special attention .

Generally, power systems have dynamic structures so that in different operational conditions some generators and transmission lines may either be connected to or disconnected from the network. So the equivalent impedances of the two networks connected to the ends of the protected transmission lines may vary in a wide range [1,3]. Results obtained from both simulations and mathematical analysis show that if the equivalent impedance of the two networks connected to the double circuit transmission line are very different from each other, the impedance estimated by the distance relay will be much different from the real value. To solve this problem zero sequence current of each circuit may be used by the other circuit distance relay to compensate for the zero sequence coupling when calculating impedance [1]. Results of simulations performed in this paper using a modeled sample power syetem indicated that in this condition the estimated impedance is closer to the real value and performance of the distance relay is much more reliable. In the case that one of the circuits of a double circuit transmission line is out of service and earthed for maintenance, as the zero sequence current of that circuit is not accessible it is not possible to correct the impedance calculation with this method. In this situation, impedance correction requires more complete and advanced methods like pilot protection relaying [3]. In this paper, a power system including a double circuit transmission line is considered and simulated. At the first step, a single transmission line is modeled and it is shown that for ground faults, a compensation factor namely zero sequence factor K0 should be considered for correct impedance calculation. In the next step, a double circuit line is modeled and performance of distance relay is analyzed. Distance relay performance is evaluated for a wide range of system and transmission line operating conditions. Through simulation studies, the impedance seen by the distance relay for different conditions is calculated. Mathematical analysis is also performed for impedance calculation verification. Through these studies, appropriate setting for distance relays could be selected and analyzed.

2. Distance relay setting

In this paper distance relay setting on a double circuit transmission line including overrreach and underreach

problems are considered. The impedance estimated by the relay in steady state condition is calculated and it is compared with the protective zone of the relay. The first step is to set the relay for a single circuit transmission line. For this purpose primitive simulations are conducted on a 230 kV single circuit transmission line with two equivalent networks connected to the ends of the line. Other system characteristics are specified in Table 1. Table 1 : Characteristics of the simulated line

fault, impedance moves to the left and enters the protective zone of the relay. Table2 : Distance relay setting

Fault location (km) Actual impedance ()

Estimated impedance for real K0 () Estimated impedance for complex K0 ()

Line length ( km ) Conductor radius ( m ) DC resistance (/km) Shunt conductance (/km) Number of bundles Pos. seq. impedance ( ) Zero. seq. impedance ( )

200 0.0203 0.032

10 13

Relay trip signal

156 5.85+ j79 12.86+ j74.2 5.69+ j79.38 1 after 60 ms

150 5.6+ j76 12.44+ j71.4 5.48+ j76.19 1 after 33 ms

170 6.37+ j86 13+ j80 6.28+ j86.69 0

1 7.5+j101 64+j218

The relay is set at z = 6+j80.8 which is equal to 80 percent of the positive sequence impedance of the line. Phase to ground units of the distance relay use voltage and current of the related phase as well as zero sequence current to estimate the impedance according to equation 1 [1] .

Table 2 also shows that the relay will not trip for an external fault at 85% and its trip signal is activated with considerable delay for a boundary fault at 78%. For some distance relays K0 is approximated by its magnitude. It is concluded from Table 2 that if K0 is considered to be a real constant and its argument is neglected a considerable error might be observed in the

V I + k
0

( 1 )
0

In equation 1 , V and I are voltage and current of the faulty phase respectively and Io is the zero sequence current . K0 is a coefficient which depends on the positive sequence and zero sequence impedances ( Z1 and Z0 ) of the transmission line according to equation2.

z1 z1

Fig.1: Impedance locus for an internal fault

( 2 )

For the line simulated in this paper K0 is equal to 1.77 < -18 . To calculate the voltage and current phasors , these signals are sampled with the rate of 800 samples per cycle and their magnitude and phase are calculated using Fourier method [8]. To evaluate setting and operation of the relay, in three different conditions, phase to ground faults are simulated. Faults are modeled at 78% ( 156 kms from the sending end ), 75% (150 kms from the sending end ) and 85% (170 kms from the sending end ) of the transmission line, respectively. Table 2 shows the results obtained from simulations. As the results show, for the fault inside the protective zone at 75% the relay trip signal is activated. Figure 1 shows the locus of the impedance seen by the relay for this case. Before the fault, calculated impedance is on the remote right hand side of the impedance plane inside the load area. After the

calculated impedance. It is clear that not only the real part but also the imaginary part of the calculated impedance is affected by this error. Figure 2 shows the real and imaginary parts of the impedance estimated and also the relay trip signal for a fault at 85% of the line taking K0 as a real constant ( third column of Table 2 for real K0 ) . In this case a single phase to ground fault occurs at t=0.2 s and the resistance and reactance are calculated by the related phase to ground unit of the distance relay neglecting the argument of K0 . As the figure shows the steady state values of resistance and reactance are 13 and 80 respectively, and they are considerably different from the actual values . It means that neglecting argument of K0 may cause maloperations specially for faults close to the end of the protective zone .

Table 3 : Double circuit line without zero sequence compensation case Fault position (Km) S1 () 1 0.01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 100 S2 () Estimated impedance () 7.19+j79.1 7.23+j79.13 8.23+j81.76 6.91+j75.99 7.43+j77.19 7.8+j78.2 8+j81.2 8.3+j82.1 8.79+j84 4.98+j78.57

Relay output 1after 80 ms 1after 80 ms 0 1after 33 ms 1after 33 ms 1after 57 ms 1after 71 ms 1after 81 ms 0 1after 105ms

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

156 156 156 150 150 150 150 150 150 170

1 1 20 1 10 20 30 40 70 1

Fig. 2 : Fault at 85% of a single circuit line

3. Double circuit line without zero sequence compensation

After setting the distance relay as described before, another transmission line with exactly the same parameters as the first line is installed parallel to it. Both lines are on the same tower. In this section behaviour of the distance relay set in previous section is analyzed for double circuit line. For this purpose in 10 different cases the estimated impedance of the relay and its trip signal have been monitored. Simulation results are shown in Table 3. In Table 3, S1 represents the impedance of sending end source1 in ohm and S2 is that of receiving end source 2. Results of the first case of Table 3 are compared with that of the first case of Table 2. It shows that for a fault at 78% of the line while the equivalent impedances of two networks connected to the line are equal, installing another circuit parallel with the first one might cause the relay of the faulty line to underreach for faults next to the end of the transmission line, because the impedance estimated by the relay is more than its actual value. Results of this case are shown in Fig. 3. In case 2, fault occurs at the same position as case 1, but the network behind the relay has a less equivalent impedance than the one in front of it. In this case the estimated impedance is quite similar to that of case 1. It shows that the effect of reduction of impedance S1 is negligible in impedance calculation. Case 3 is similar to case 2 but the impedances of both networks have been increased. In this case the relay seriously underreaches and its trip signal would not be activated

Fig. 3 : Fault at 78% of a double circuit line for a fault at 156 kms from the sending end . The results of case 3 are shown in Fig. 4 . It is concluded from cases 2 and 3 that if impedance of source 2 is greater than that of source 1 the relay underreaches. Indeed the greater source 2 impedance is the more distance relay underreaches. It means this problem is more serious for weak networks at the recieving end side of transmission line.

Cases 4 to 9 show that the underreaching operation of the relay may prevent it from tripping for internal faults. In these cases a single phase to ground fault is applied at 75% of the line. The impedance of the second source is gradually increased and it is clear that the more this impedance increases the more distance relay underreches and finally in case 9 the relay does not trip for an internal fault . The opposite of the above cases is simulated in case 10. In this case the impedance of the sending end source is more than the impedance of the receiving end source. In this condition the relay seriously

Fig. 5 : Locus of the estimated impedance during overreach operation during an internal fault is obtained by equation 3 [5].

Fig. 4 : Fault at 78% of a double circuit line, S2 increased overreaches and trips for an external fault . The locus of the estimated impedance is shown in Fig. 5 with two different resolutions . It is concluded from the discussed simulations that on double circuit lines if the distance relay calculates impedance using only parameters of its own line, the probability of maloperations will be high. These maloperations are more serious if the impedances of two equivalent networks connected to the lines have great values and subsequently they are weak networks .

Z seen

I ( B0 )m I A0 = n Z l1 1 + I 2 ( A1 ) + k 0 + 1 I A0

(3)

The fraction inside the bracket is the error in impedance measurement . The parameters of equation 3 are calculated as follows [5] :

I A1 =

(2 n) Z s12 + (1 n)( Z s11 + Z l1 ) I1 2( Z s11 + Z s12 ) + Z l1

I A0 =

(2 n)Z s 02 + (1 n)(Z s 01 + Zl 0 + Z m0 ) I 0 (4) 2(Z s 01 + Z s 02 ) + Zl 0 + Z m0

4. Mathematical verification of relay behaviour on double circuit lines

For a fault on a double circuit transmission line the equivalent positive, negative and zero sequence networks are shown in Fig. 6. From the equivalent networks and using equation 1 it is concluded that the impedance seen by the distance relay

I B0 nZs02 (1 n)Zs01 = I A0 (2 n)Zs02 + (1 n)(Zs01 + Zl0 + Zm0 )

m : zero sequence coupling effect factor defined as :

m =
circuits

zm0 z1

(5 )

Zm0 is zero sequence mutual impedance of the two

Table 4 : Mathematical analysis of uncompensated double circuit line

Case

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fault position (Km) 156 156 156 150 150 150 150 150 150 170

S1 1
0.01

S2 1 1 20 1 10 20 30 40 70 1

Estimated impedance ()

Relay output

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 100

6+j79.07 5.8+j79.19 7+j82 5.64+j75.97 6+j78.5 6.4+j80 7+j82 7.5+j83 8+j85 4.96+j76

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1

Results of simulations based on equation 6 are shown in Table 5. Table 5 shows that if equation 6 is used instead of equation 1, calculated impedances are very close to the actual values. Comparing Tables 2,3 and 5 confirms this fact.

Fig. 6 : Equivalent network for fault analysis Moreover, the parameters of these equations are shown on the figure. Using these equations the estimated impedances for an uncompensated relay are calculated and the results are shown in Table 4. Table 4 confirms the simulation results of Table 3. Small deviations are because of neglecting charging currents and some other simplifications in theoretical analysis .

5. Double circuit line using zero sequence coupling compensation

A suitable method to solve the problems associated with the reach of distance relay on a double circuit line is to consider the effect of zero sequence mutual coupling. To do this, the effect of zero sequence current of a circuit should be considered when estimating impedance of the other circuit. It means that use of equation 6 instead of equation 1 is more appropriate in calculation of correct impedance value :

Z=

VA I A + K 0 I 01 + mI 02

(6)

In this equation let : m : zero sequence coupling effect I1 : zero sequence current of the protected circuit I2 : zero sequence current of the sound circuit Zm0 : zero sequence mutual impedance of the circuits

Fig. 7 : Estmated impedance locus fo an external fault

Table 5: Results of simulations for compensated double circuit line

Case Fault position S1 S2 Estimated impedance Relay output

1 156 1 20 5.3+j77 1 after 50 ms

2 150 1 70 4.5+j73 1 after 20 ms

3 170 100 1 8+j87.8 0

impedance and this problem can also cause maloperations . As simulation results indicate, sensitivity to fault resistance is still a problem even in a compensated relay and more complete methods are required to solve this problem.

7. Double circuit circuits earthed

lines when one of the

Case 1 of Table 5 is exactly similar to case 3 of Table 3. Comparing the results show that the suggested method has largely prevented the relay from underreaching and the estimated impedance is very close to the real value. Case 2 of Table 5 is similar to case 9 of Table 3. It shows that also in this case the relay measurement has been corrected. Case 3 resembles case 10 of Table 3. In this case compensation has prevented the relay from overreaching. Impedance locus of the estimated impedance for this case is shown in Fig.7. It is concluded from the simulations of this section that mutual zero sequence current compensation is a relatively suitable method to overcome the underreach and overreach problems of distance relays on double circuit transmission lines, so that the zero sequence effect and sensitivity to short circuit capacity of the networks connected to the protected line is largely reduced.

In HV substations, transmission line current transformers are usually installed behind the line disconnectors and earthing switches, so if one of the parallel lines is earthed its induced current is not accessible for the distance relay of the other line. Therefore in this situation it is not possible to compensate the zero sequence coupling effect. Results of Table 7 show that in this condition according to the impedances of connected networks distance relay may either underreach or overreach.

6. Analysis of fault resistance effect

One of the problems of distance relays both in single circuit and double circuit lines is fault resistance effect [1]. In this section sensitivity of a double circuit line distance relay to the fault resistance effect is simulated. The distance relay is compensated with K0 and m factors. The results are shown in Table 6 . Table 6 : Fault resistance effect

Table 7 : Double circuit line when one circuit is earthed Case 1 2 Fault 160 170 position S1 50 1 S2 1 30 Estimated 11.4+j86 0.95+j79 impedance Relay 0 1 output

8. Simulation of fault at different locations

In the previous sections, impedance measurement was mainly performed for faults near the distance relay boundary zone. In this section fault at different locations of a double circuit line is simulated and results for both uncompensated and compensated relays are evaluated. Simulation results for these two cases are stated in Tables 8 and 9, respectively . From these tables it is concluded that an uncompensated distance relay overreaches for faults next to the beginning of the line, and underreaches for faults next to the end of the line. So there must be a boundary point between these two modes of operation. At this point even in an uncompensated relay the estimated impedance is equal to the actual value. According to Table 8 if Zs1 is greater than Zs2 the boundary point is next to the end of the line (approximately 170 kms from the sending end) and if Zs2 is greater than Zs1 this point is next to the beginning of the line (at the first 20 kms of the line).

Case Fault position S1 S2 Rf Estimated impedance Relay output

1 150 1 1 0 6.6+ j76 1

2 150 1 1 3 14+ j74 1

3 150 1 1 10 28+j 70 1

4 150 1 1 12 32+ j68 1

5 150 1 1 14 35+ j67 0

Table 6 shows that as the fault resistance ( Rf ) increases, real part of the estimated impedance increases and finally for Rf =14 the relay will not trip anymore. It should also be noted that the infeed effect of source 2 influences not only the real part but also the imaginary part of the calculated

Table 8 : results for uncompensated relay

Fault location

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Zseen if Zs1=10 Zs2 0.67+j9.4 1.34+j18.8 1.98+j28.2 2.6+j37.8 3.3+j47.4 3.9+j57.2 4.6+j67 5.5+j78 7.2+j91

Zseen if Zs2=10 Zs1 0.82+j10 1.7+j20.3 2.6+30.75 3.6+j41.5 4.8+j52.6 6.2+j64.3 8+j76.7 10.4+j90 14+j106

Actual impedance 0.75+j10 1.5+j20.2 2.3+j30.3 3+j40.4 3.7+j50.5 4.5+j60.6 5.2+j70.7 6+j80.8 6.8+j90.9

Table 9 : results for compensated relay Fault Zseen if Zseen if Actual location Zs1=10 Zs2 Zs2=10 Zs1 impedance 20 0.76+j10.1 0.81+j10.1 0.75+j10 40 1.48+j20.2 1.63+j20.1 1.5+j20.2 60 2.2+j30.28 2.4+j30.1 2.3+j30.3 80 2.97+j40.4 3.35+j40.2 3+j40.4 100 3.7+j50.53 4.25+j50.2 3.7+j50.5 120 4.4+j60.7 5.1+j60.2 4.5+j60.6 140 5.15+j70.9 6.1+j70.3 5.2+j70.7 160 5.93+j81 7.2+j80.25 6+j80.8 180 6.85+j91 8.36+j90.1 6.8+j90.9

circuit lines (BBC Brown Boveri). [3] H. Ungrad, W. Winkler and A. Wiszniewski Protection techniques in electrical energy systems, Marcel Dekker, 1995 [4] A. G. Phadke, Jihueng , A new computer based integrated distance relay for parallel transmission lines, IEEE Trans. on PAS, Feb 1985 [5] Protective relays application guide (GEC, 1985) [6] Y. J. Ahn, S. H. Kang, S. Lee & Y. Kang, An adaptive distance relaying algorithm immune to reactance effect for double circuit transmission systems, IEEE conference, 2001 [7] H. B. Elrefaie, A. I. Megahed, Fault identification of double circuit lines, Seventh international conference on developments in power system protection, 2001, 287_290 [8] A. T. Johns, S. K. Salman, Digital protection for power systems (IEE, 1995).

9. Conclusions
In this paper a double circuit transmission line is modeled and the measured impedance by distance relay in various conditions is studied. According to the discussed simulations and analysis it is concluded that : 1. Zero sequence mutual coupling may cause the distance relay to overreach or underreach. Values of short circuit capacities of networks connected to the line have a major effect in this problem. 2. To get accurate distance relay setting it is suggested to take the zero sequence current factor Ko as a complex number. 3. Zero sequence coupling compensation can overcome many of the distance relay problems on double circuit lines. 4. Zero sequence compensation can not overcome some of the intrinsic problems of distance protection such as sensitivity to Rf. It i s concluded that the described method is a relatively suitable method to solve many of the problems, associated with double circuit line protection.

10. References
[1] A. G. Phadke, S. Horowitz, Power system relaying (John Wiley & sons, 1995). [2] H. Ungrad, V. Narayan , Behavior of distance relays under earth fault conditions on double