Icosidodecahedron All

http://www.mathematica.gr.
Leonardo da Vinci
(32-) . 30
. -
-
- quasiregular ,
( - ).
(0, 0, ),

12 ,
, 1+
,
2
2
1+ 5
.
2
:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosidodecahedron
:
mathematica.gr
(http://www.mathematica.gr) .
mathematica.gr
11. (swsto)
12. (achilleas)
1. (Mihalis_Lambrou)
13. ( )
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3. ( )
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5. ( )
1. (spyros)
6. (m.papagrigorakis)
2. (vittasko)
7. ( )
3. (p_gianno)
4. (kostas.zig)
1. (grigkost)
5. (exdx)
2. (cretanman)
6. ( )
1. ( )
7. (mathxl)
2. (lonis)
8. (mathnder)
3. ()
9. (mathematica)
4. (nkatsipis)
10. (rek2)
5. ( )
11. (hsiodos)
6. (chris_gatos)
12. (A.Spyridakis)
7. (gbaloglou)
13. ( )
8. (R BORIS)
14. (bilstef)
9. (Rigio)
15. ()
16. (xr.tsif)
10. (dement)
http://www.mathematica.gr
14 ( )
5
3
2
P (x) = x + x + x 6x 12
x2 1
1. +
1 ( )

x1 , x2 , x3 . y1 , y2 , y3
x1 y1 + x2 y2 + x3 y3 .
y1 , y2 , y3
x1 , x2 , x3 .
;
7 ( )
:
1.

2.
2
52 6
4+
15 +
A= + +
4 ( qwerty) 417 530 ;
= 102450 , = 5200 , = 24360

6 ( )

360 36h = 123 (1 h) 34567 .
15 (
)
= 90 .
E = 8, ZB = 6, ZB
AB.
9 ( )
x + y1 = 1 y + z1 = 1
xyz .
)
16 (
)
4
1. .
11 (
)
( ),

.
,,

,,.
12 ( )
= 15o ,
= 30o .
AB B
B , B =
.
A. BA
|x2 + x 2| = x3 1 |x + 1|.
3 ( ) 2001, 2002, 2003, , 2010

-
,
, 40
;

;

4 15 2 3 5
10 (

5 (
:
2
5+2 6
8 ( ) 2 =
2 + 2 , :
3
2 ( )

: ,
, 10
.

.

;
2.
P (x) x2 1
13 ( ) a >
0 a RQ,
1, a, a
(
).
17 ( )
.

AB A A = A B AB

.
18 ( )

2
+ = 6

+ 2 = 18 24

+ = 22 ,

1.
+ .
2.

3.
22 ( )
z
|z 4i| 2
|z 2i| = 2 .

z .
19 ( )

t = 0 x(t) =
t(t 4)2 + 3 t sec
x(t) m. :
1. t
.
2.

.
3.

.
4.

.
f (x) =
2 (x )2 ,
x +
2
3
2
x [0, )
x [, 3]
1. f
2.

, ,

21 ( math68)
:
, ,
,
23 ( )
f : R R 1-1
:
f (x2 ) (f (x))2
1
4
24 ( )
x
0

1
1, f (x) + f 1x
.
= 2(12x)
x(1x)
f .
, ,

26 ( ) f
[a, b], f (a) = a, f (b) = b

f (x) 1 x
(a, b), f (x) = x x
[a, b].
27 ( )
1. z1 , z2
.
2.
25 ( )
f : R (0, +)
:
f = f f;
,
.
K = z12012 z22015 + z1 2015 z22012

3. a =
z12012 z22015 b = z1 2015 z22012

.
G(x) =
x
0x
0x
f (t)dt , x [0, 1]
g(t)dt , x [0, 1]
f (t)G(t)dt , x [0, 1]
1. x (0, 1]
:
H(x) < F (x)G(x) .
2. x (0, 1)
:
H(x)
< H(1)
< 1.
F (x)
F (1)
1
3. H(1)+ g(t) F (t)dt = F (1) + G(1),

0
(0, 1)
:
4.
f ()
g()
()
= 1F
1G()
H 2 (x)
F (x)G(x)
x0+
lim
30 ( )
f (x) = (x ) ( x) , x R,
, ,

z 2 ( + 2) 3z + 5 + 6 = 0
F (x) =
H(x) =
20 ( )
29 (
)
f, g
[0, 1] : f (x) > 0, 0 < g(x) < 1,
x [0, 1]. :
F , G, H :
/2
0
sin x
1 k2 sin2 x
< , .
1. x (, )
f (x)
.
=
+
f (x)
x
x
2. f
Rolle
[, ] f
= +
+ +
.
3. I(, ) =
I(, ) =
f (x) dx.
I( + 1, 1) .
+1
4. , ,
, , , ,
: Cf ,
x = , x =
x x.
, ,

dx
k (0, 1).
28 ( xgastone) f ,
(0, )

f (/2)
= 0

f (x) =
1 + f 2 (x) . f .
, ,

31 ( )
z1 , z2 C |z1 | = |z2 | = 0.

:

xy = z1
xy = z2
32 ( )
f : (0, +) R
f (x) > 0
f (x) = x +
x (0, +).
f (x)
x
t
dt
2t
. Juniors
46 ( )

xy + y = y x + x .
33 (
)
9

;
39 ( Putnam 2009) A, B, C
A . (A B)C = BA1
C(A B) = A1 B .
34 ( )
: a, b, c , : a+ 1b = b+ 1c =
c + a1 = t, t R, :
t = abc.
40 (
)
f : [0, 1] R :
. Seniors
(1) f
[a, b] [0, 1].

(2) c R, f 1 (c) = {x
[0, 1] : f (x) = c} .
f .
35 ( )

(
),

.
36 ( )
0, a1 a2 a3 ... .

a1 , a2 , a3 , ... ;
41 ( ) n
N, ()

n
.
6k
k=0
42 ( giannis1990)
A M33 (R)
A2 + I = 0.
(i) = 3
(ii) AZ = EO
(iii) EOZ
38 (
2010) ABC
(O) I .
AI, BI, CI
(O), D, E, F, .
(O1 ), (O2 ), (O3 ),
ID, IE, IF ,
BC, AC, AB,
A1 , A2 B1 , B2 C1 , C2 , .
,
(O ).
47 ( )
y2
x2
+ 2 = 1.
2
a

B(x2 , y2 )
:
A(x1 , y1 )

y1 y2
x1 x2

x 1 x 2 y1 y2
2 + 2 1+ 2 + 2 + 1 = 2 .
a
48 (
:
(1 + tan 1 )(1 + tan 3 ) (1 + tan 43 ) <

211 <
(1 + tan 2 )(1 + tan 4 ) (1 + tan 44 )
37 (
2010) AB
AB = B = .
.
BA A
AE = AO B
B BZ = BO.
EZ , :
()
43 (

n
ln(n!)
n

,
(1)
ln
H
n+1
n=1
+

, Hn =
.
n
k=1
1
nk
44 ( MoV )
: N
N .
49 ( )

:

R,
,
5 , .
50 ( )
f
(, ) lim f (x) = lim f (x) =
xa+
k, k ,
(, )
f () = 0.
51 ( ) z
C |z 1| = 1,
z 2 .
52 (
)
z1 , z2 , z3 C |z1 | = |z2 | = |z3 | = r > 0,

45 (
)
51985 1
,
5100 .
|z1 z2 |2 + |z2 z3 |2 + |z3 z1 |2 9r 2 .

,
z1 , z2 , z3
.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=44&t=5362
x1 , x2 , x3 .
y1 , y2 , y3
x1 y1 + x2 y2 + x3 y3 .
y1 , y2 , y3
x1 , x2 , x3 . ;

: ,
, 10 .

.
;
1
y1 = 106 , y2 = 103 y3 = 1.
9- a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3
x1 = a1 b1 c1 , x2 =
1
x .
x 10
. : x + x
10 = 2x 10 .
a2 b2 c2 , x3 = a3 b3 c3 .
2
,
x1 , x2 , x3 .
, ! ,
, , .
..., , , ...
!
: y1 , y2 , y3
x1 , x2 , x3 (
, ),
x1 y1 + x2 y2 + x3 y3 , x1 , x2 , x3 .
y1 = log 2, y2 = log 3, y3 = log 5 .
x1 y1 + x2 y2 + x3 y3 = log 2x1 3x2 5x3
2x1 3x2 5x3 .
x1 , x2 , x3 ,
.
:
. :
, ..
G
odel
.

2x 10 10 .
: 2x 10 +
2x 10 10 = 4x 30 .
,
. 4x 30
.
: 4x 30 + 4x 30 10 = 8x 70 .
, ,
....( ..)
: 8x 70 = 0 x = 70/8 x = 8, 75 ..
8,75. (
), , :
2 8, 75 10 = 7, 5 . ,
: 4 8, 75 30 = 5 ..
2
:
3 10 , 0
2
5
10 3
5
15 2 7,5
1 10 7,5
17,5
8,75
2 10 5
1
3
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/posting.php?mode=edit&f=33&p=54144
2001, 2002, 2003, ..., 2010

- ,
, 40
;
;
3
.
4 qwerty
417 530 ;
T-REX
10 , -
40 - 66.
417 530 = (22 )17 530 = 234 530 = 24 (230 530 ) = 24 1030 = 16.1030
30+2 = 32 .
100
= 3300 = 33100 = 33
= 27100
25 < 27 < 32. 25100 < 27100 < 32100
<<
5
Revista matematica din Galati
.
= 102450 , = 5200 , = 24360
360 36h = 123 (1 h) 34567

1 x 1.
1 (1 h) 1.
123 > 0

1024 = 210 , 243 = 35 .
:
50
= 102450 = 210
= 21050 = 2500
200
=5
60
= 24360 = 35
= 3560 = 3300
123 (1 h) 123
34567
123 34567 (1 h) 34567 123 34567

34690 (1 h) 34567 34444

100
= 2500 = 25100 = 25
= 32100

100
= 5200 = 52100 = 52
= 25100
360 36h = 123 (1 h) 34567

, (1 h) 34567
-34690 -34444.
.

32

2

2
5
1
5 1
z = 2 3 5 = 2
+
2
2
2
2 2 =

2

5
1
5
1
2
=
2
2
2
2
2
2

5
3
5
3
5
1
x+yz =
+
+
2
+2
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
1.
2.
2
52 6
4+
2
5+2 6

15 + 4 15 2 3 5
1 Stavros11
5
2
2
3
2
5
2

3
6)
5+2 6 52
=

(5+2 6)(52 6)

1:
x
=
4
+
15
+
4 15,
2( 5+2 6 52 6)
=
x2 = 10 x = 10
2524
2 = 22 4 5
2: y = 10 2 3
5
,
y
= 2(5 + 2 6 5 2 6) =

2
2
2
30
10
5
=
224
54
52 2 5 5 +
5 =
4
= 2( ( 3) + 2 3 2 + ( 2)

= 22 4 5 4 5 5 = 2,
( 3)2 2 3 2 + ( 2)2 ) =

y= 2

= 2( ( 3 + 2)2 ( 3 2)2 =

8
= 2( 3 + 2 3 + 2) = 2 4 = 4
1
52
6
5+2 6
2(
2 = 2 + 2 , :
2 Stauroulitsa
A = 3 + 3 + 3
1: :

a
b=
a+c
a2 b =c2

x=
4+
15 =
4+1
2
41
2
ac
2

=
2

+
a3 + b3 + c3 = a(b2 + c2 ) + b3 + c3 =
ab2 + ac2 + b3 + c3 = b2 (a + b) + c2 (a + c) =
2
(a c)(a + c)(a + b) + (a b)(a + b)(a + c) =

41
5
3
4 15 = 4+1
2
2 =
2
2

(a + b)(a + c)(2a b c) .
12+8
z = 2 3 5 =
12 80 =
128
=
2
2
2
10 2
y=
c2 = (a b)(a + b) c3 = c(a b)(a + b).
x+yz =
+
+
10 + 2 = :
a3 + b3 + c3 = a3 + b3 + c(a b)(a + b) =
2 52 10 + 2 = 2

(a + b)(a2 ab + b2 ) + c(a b)(a + b) =

2 : x = 4 + 15 =

(a + b)(a2 ab + b2 + ac bc) =

2
2 2
2
2
2
5
3
5
3
+
+ 2 52 32 =
= (a + b)(b + c ab + b + ac bc) =
=
2
2
2 +
2
2

(a + b)[2b + c(a + c) b(a + c)] =
5
3
+
(a + b)[2(a2 c2 ) + c(a + c) b(a + c)] =
2
2

2

(a + b)[2(a c)(a + c) + c(a + c) b(a + c)] =
2
5
3
5 3
y =
4 15 =
+
=
(a + b)(a + c)(2a c b)
2
2
2 2
5
2
3
2
5
2
3
2
:
1
1 x = y1 1 y = z1 yz
= (1 x)(1 y)
1
yz = (1 x) y(1 x).
9
http://whttp://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=19&t=9469
x + y1 = 1 y + 1z = 1 xyz .
1
yz
1
y
=1xy
1
yz
= x. xyz = 1.
10
1
xy + y + z1 = xy + 1 = y(x + y1 ) = y , http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=19&t=4858
|x2 + x 2| = x3 1 |x + 1|.
xy + 1z = 0, xyz = 1.
2 ... y + 1z =
1 yz + 1 = z yz z = 1 z(y 1) = 1 , x3 1 = |x2 +x2|+|x+1| 0
y 1 = 1z x + y1 = 1 xy + 1 = y xy = x 1. x2 + x 2 = (x 1)(x + 2) 0
y 1 xy = 1z xyz = 1 : y + 1z = 1 |x2 + x 2| = x2 + x 2, |x + 1| = x + 1.
x + y1 = 1 xy + 1 = y xy + y + 1z = y xy + 1z = x3 1 = |x2 + x 2| + |x + 1| x 1
x3 1 (x2 + x 2) (x + 1) = x(x2 x 2) =
0 xyz = 1
3
x(x + 1)(x 2) = 0. , -1, 0, 2,
, :
2.
11
A1 = A2 = K1 = K2 =
= A = B.
(= )
http://mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?p=41418

( ),
.
,,
,,.
. 1 = 2 = 1 .
= B, O = O 1 = 1
1 = B1 . .
12
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?p=44281
= 30o .
= 15o ,
AB B
B , B = A. .
BA
1
= 30
= 15 ,
B
, = .
, > ,
= 120
. AE
= 135 = 120 = 15 .
EAB
= 360 + 15 = 360 165 , Z

0 < < 135 = 15 .
3

= 30 AKB
= 60
. AK
.
.
= .
,
= 15 .
BA
2
. : :
A
15
BE
A
=
=
.
15
BE
A
30
A
A
=
=
,
30
(15 + )
A
(15 + )
= 75 , .
AE
(--),
. (- = 15 .
), , BA
: : ,
(2 ), ,
30
1
215
15
:
=
(15 + )
(15 + )
15 + 15 = 2 15
15 15 = 0
(15 ) = 0 .
:
13
a > 0 a R Q,
1,
a, a
( ).

P (x) = x5 + x3 + x2 6x 12
x2 1
1. +
2. P (x)
x2 1
a1 + kd = 1 (1)
a1 + ld = a (2)
a1 + md = a (3).
1,
x2 1 =
(x 1) (x + 1) 1 1
x = 1 : x5 + ax3 +
(2) (1) (3) (1)
(k l)d = a 1 (m k)d = a 1.
kl
1, a .
mk
14
1, a, a k +
1, l + 1, m + 1 .
a=
a1
kl
=
mk
a1
9
x2 6x 12 = 0 1 + a + 6 12 = 0 a + =
17, (1). x = 1 : x5 + ax3 + x2 6x 12 =
0 1 a + + 6 12 = 0 a = 7, (2).
(1) (2) a + b = 17 b a = 7 b = 12
a = 5.
x5 + 5x3 + 12x2 6x 12 = (x2 1)(x3 + 6x + 12)
x3 + 6x + 12.
2,

(x) = ( 5)x + 12
(x) = x3 + ( + 1)x + .

, = 5
=
+
= 5 + 12 = 17
12.
(x) = x3 + ( + 1)x + = x3 + 6x + 12.
15
= 90 .
E = 8, ZB = 6, ZB
AB.

2 = 22 64 2
8 = 2 2 64

64 22 36 = 22 64 2 2 2 = 1152 (1).
:
2

2 + 2 = 64 2 + 2 = 80 (2).
(1), (2) 2 , 2
2 80t + 1152 = 0 2 < 2 :
: t
2
= 40 + 4 28.
3
x . B =
2x ZB
= B
= 45 ZB
= ZB
= .
ZB
.
ZH = H = 6 + y
Z = 2 (6 + y).
2
: x2 = y 2 + (6 + y) (1).
x
2 (6 + y)
= x2 = 8 (6 + y) (2).
8
2x
2
(1), (2)
: y + 2y 6 = 0
1
y =
7 1, (2)
, AE = = EBZ
2
E. = x = 40 + 8 7 ..
EB = 45 .
16
6
, (1)
(45 ) =
8 + ZE
4 1.
.
=
ZE
, (2)
6
ZE = 2 7 4

E = a2 = 40 + 8 7
2

. =, =,
=.
BE = 2 AE = a 2.
: 1 Eukleidis
10
.
2
(AB) = 1 + 4 2

1
2 2 (AB) = 7
2
5
3
25 3
, (AB) =
,
+ = 7.
2 2
4
4
3

, .

( ).

, , 3, 3
. 1

= 27 . , = 7.
4
T1 = T2 , T3 = T4
7-

(AB)2 3
.
= 7 1 4 3 (AB) =
4
7.
6

. , ,
( ).
2, , 3, .
1
: 3 2 + = x x, 7a2 = x2 x = a 7.
7

.
.

2..120
= 2 3 , (1).
() =
2

() =
t(t a)(t 2a)(t x)
t t = 3a+x
2 ,
:
(9a2 x2 )(x2 a2 )
(AB) =(A) + (B) =
4 + 3 = 7 AB =
22
+ 2
2
3
2
5
.
() =
(2)
4
x > 3.
(1) (2)
x4 10a2 x2 + 21a4 = 0,
x2 = 3a2 x2 = 7a2 .
x2 = 7a2 , x = a 7.
8
,
Euler :

11

. .

.
2
( ) 3,
.
2 =
Euler : 22 + 2(2a)
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
(a 3) + x 10a = 3a + x 7a = x x = 7.
9
.
ABE, BCZ, CAD,

.
(ABE) = (BCZ) = (CAD) =
2(DEZ).

,
( =
),
(AB)2
(ABC)
=
= 7 =
(DEZ)
(DE)2
7, ( DE = 1 ) .
10
AB =
7
3
=
3
2 7
AP
( )
=
60
7
P
1
P
3
=
P = , = 2
3
3
). AP =
(ABC) = 7(DEZ),
2 7

AB A A = A B AB

.
-

= 0 A = AB A//AB
, = 0.
= 0, AB

A = 0 ABA A B = 0 AB.
.
17
18

AB A = A B =
: A = AB ( :
=
, , = = 0).
12
2
+ = 6

+ 2 = 18 24

+ = 22 ,
4
2 + 4
+ 2 = 144 (1)
+ 2 = 12

2
+ 2
= 144
2 +
+ 2 = 144

4
+ 4 2 = 144 (2)

(1) (2): 4
2 + 4
+ 2 =
2 +
2 3
2 =3 2
2 = 2
4
+ 4

2

2
|
| = |
| = (3)

2
+
=
+ = 8
+ = 64

64
2
2=
+ 2 = 64 2
= 64
2 +2
2 +2
= 32
2 +
2
2=
= 144
2 + 4
(1) 5
2 = 16
:
2
| = 4
|
| = 16 |

1.
+ .
2.
.
3.
1.

= 3
+ 3 = (2
+ ) + (
+ 2)

2
+ +
+ 2 24 24
62
2
62
24 +
24 0 6( 2) 0 = 2

+ = 8

+ 2 = 12,
+ = 8 2
+ =
12,

2
+
= 144
12 2
+ = 144 2
2.
=2 : 2
+ =
3.
(3) |
| = 4 =
+ = 8 = |
| +
:
2. (t) = 0
19
... t =

t 0 x(t) = t(t 4)2 + 3
t sec x(t) m. :
: (t) =
(t) = 6t 16, t 0,

,
1. t
.

= 8 m sec2 , (4) = 8 m sec2
4
4
t > 0 (t) < 0
< t < 4,
3
3

4
t 0,
(4, +)
3

4
t
, 4 .
3
t <
3.
.
4. t0
.
4. (t) = 0
8
t = sec.
3
x (t) =
1. : (t) = x (t) = 3t2

16t + 16, t 0, :
(0) = 16 m/sec
4
3
3. v > 0
v < 0. : (t) > 0 0
2.

.

:
t3 8t2 + 16t + 3, t 0.
4
sec t = 4 sec
3
(4)
,
0, ,
() t 0.
13
20
1. .
f (x) =
2. ,

1.
(x ) , x [0, )
x + 3 ,
x [, 3]
2
2
1. f
2.

-
a2
4
4+
4
+ 12 2a a = 1 a2 = 4+
a = 2 4+
2
E = a4
2
2
E = 12 2a a = a2 = 4a4 > a4 = E

[, 3]. x =
. 3

3a
2
1/2.
2
12 (3a ) = 12 ( 3a) = 2 =
3a
2 = 3a
2 =3
2 4+
4+
21 math68
1.
< 0.
z 2 3( + 2)z + 5 + 6 = 0.
= 32 8 12 = 1 = 4
. = 1
C :
z 2 ( + 2) 3z + 5 + 6 = 0
,
.
1. z1 , z2 .
z 2 3z+1 = 0, z1,2 =
3 1
2 2i
2. z1 = 23 + 12 i z2 = 23 12 i. (
z1 = 23 12 i z2 = 23 + 12 i ) z13 = i
z23 = i
K = z12012 z22015 + z12015 z22012 =
2. :
1
z12012 z22015
K = z12012 z22015 + z1 2015 z22012

3.
a = z12012 z22015 b = z1 2015 z22012

.
1
z12015 z22012
z13 +z23
z12015 z22015
ii
12015
=0
3. a = z12012 z22015 = z 20121z 2015 = z 2012 z12012 z 3 =

1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2012 = i = i
3
z2 (z1 z2 )
= z12015 z22012 =
1
z13 (z1 z2 )2012
1
i
1
z22012 z12015
= i
1
z12012 z22012 z13
A(0, 1)

14
B(0, 1) A, B . |z|max =
O(0, 0).
(OK
1 ) = 4 z = 4i |z|
min = (OA) = (OB) =
(OK1 )2 R12 =
22
16 4 = 2 3
|z 4i| 2
|z 2i| = 2
z .
chris
|z 4i| 2 z

C1 K1 (0, 4)
R1 = 2 |z 2i| = 2
z K2 (0, 2) R2 = 2
. z

AB
23
f : R R 1-1
2
: f (x2 ) (f (x)) 14 ;

1
x 1x
(
)
:
giannisn1990

1 x2
x
1
f : R R 1-1 f (x2 )
+f
=2
(1)
f
1x
x1
x
f 2 (x) 14 , 0 1
1
f 2 (1) f (1) + 14 0 f 2 (0) f (0) + x 1x (1) (
1
1 2
) :
4 0 2 (f (0) 2 ) +
1 2
1
(f (1) 2 ) 0 f (0) = f (1) = 2

x(x 2)
x
1-1 1=0
x1
+ f (x) = 2
1x
(2)
24

(2) (1)

x 0
f (x)f
1, f (x) + f
f .
1
1x
2(12x)
x(1x) .
1
1x
x+1

= 2 xx(1x)
f (x) = x+1
x1
.
15
25
f : R (0, +)
: f = f f ;
,
f (x) > 0 x R. x
f (x) f (f (x)) > 0, x R f (x) > 0 f
R [1] f (x) > 0 [1]
f (f (x)) > f (0) f (x) > f (0) (f (x) xf (0)) >

0 f (x) xf (0) R x < 0 f (x)
xf (0) < f (0) 0f (0) f (x) < (1 + x)f (0)
x < 0 [2] f (x) > 0 f (0) > 0.
x < 1 [2],
f [a, b], f (a) = a, f (b) = b

f (x) 1 x (a, b),
f (x) = x x [a, b].
1,
g
g(x) = f (x) x x g ()
g (x) g () g (x) = 0 f (x) = x, x [, ]

2,
x0 f (x0 ) = k
= x0 . k > x0
[a, x0 ] f () 1
k
x0
26
[x0 , b] f () 1
f ()f (x0 )
x0
1
x0 [a, b]
f (x) = x
:
2
k
tan2 = 1k
2 sin = k
27
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum /viewtopic.php?f=54&t=8057&p=46212
/2
0
k (0, 1).
sin x
1k 2 sin2 x
I=
dx,
/2
sin x
dx
(1k 2 )+k 2 cos2 x

/2
sin x
1

dx
2
1k 2 0
1+ k 2 cos2 x
I=
1+k
1
ln
2k 1 k
2
1k
cos x = tan u, u [0, ],

1k 2
(0, /2)
k
tan = 1k
(0, +).
2

1
1
1k 2 1
I = 1k2 0 1+tan
du =
2u
k
cos2 u

cos u
cos u
cos u
1
1
= k1 0 1sin
= 2k
2 u du
k 0 cos2 u du
0 sin u1
cos u
1
1sin
sin u+1 du = 2k ln 1+sin
k
16
1 k xo k < x0
k
x0 1 k x0
f (x0 ) = x0 ,
f (x0 )f ()
x0
k(0,1)
xdx
=
1k 2 +k 2 2 x
0

2
x=t 1k
2
k2
xdx
1

=

k
1k2
+ 2 x xdx= 1k2 dt
0
k2
k2

2
k

1k2
1k2

dt
1
k2

=
k
1k2
1k2 2
+ 2 t
0
k2
k
1
k
1
k
k2
1k2

0
dt
1+t2

ln t + 1 + t2
=

0
k2
1k2
1
2k
ln 1+k
1k
f (x)
= g
(x) g(x), x (0, )

=f
=0
g
28 xgastone

(x) =
(x) = 1 + 2 g (x) g (x)
f
f
2
g(x)
f , (0, )

f (x)

f (/2) =
0 f (x) = f (x) = 1 + f 2 (x) g (x) 1+f
2 (x) = g (x)

2
1 + f (x) . f .
1 = g (x) g (x) = x + c x = /2
g 2 = 2 + c g 2 = 2 + c 0 = c c =

0
g

f (x) = g (x) f (x) = (x),

f (x)
=
1
f (x) = 1 + f 2 (x)
.
1 + f 2 (x)
g (x)
x
29
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=55&p=39775
f, g [0, 1]
: f (x) > 0, 0 < g(x) < 1, x [0, 1].
: F , G, H :
x
F (x) = 0 f (t) dt , x [0, 1]
x
G(x) = 0 g(t) dt , x [0, 1]
x
H(x) = 0 f (t) G(t) dt , x [0, 1]

1. x (0, 1] :
H(x) < F (x)G(x) .

2. x (0, 1) :
H(1)
H(x)
<
<1 .
F (x)
F (1)
3.
H(1) +
1
g(t) F (t)dt = F (1) + G(1),
1 F ()
f ()
=
.
g()
1 G()
x0+
x
H(x) =

[0, 1]
x
f (t)G(t)dt H (x) = f (x)G(x) > 0

x (0, 1], H
H(0) = 0
(0, 1].
0
1. w(x) = H(x) F (x)G(x),

x [0, 1], : w (x) =
H (x) F (x)G(x) F (x)G (x) = g(x)F (x).
x
F (x) = 0 f (t)dt
[0, 1], x > 0 F (x) > F (0)
0
F (x) > 0 f (t)dt F (x) > 0 0 <
g(x) < 1 x [0, 1]
w (x) = g(x)F (x) < 0 x (0, 1],
w
[0, 1] (0)=0 x > 0
w(x) < w(0) H(x) F (x)G(x) < 0 H(x) <

F (x)G(x) x (0, 1].
(0, 1) :
4. : lim
G(x) = 0 g(t)dt G (x) = g(x) > 0

x [0, 1] G [0, 1]
G(0) = 0
x (0, 1].
2. u(x) =
:
H 2 (x)
F (x) G(x)
H(x)
F (x) ,
x (0, 1].

(x)
H (x)F (x)H(x)F (x)
= H (x)F (x)H(x)F
=
F 2 (x)
F 2 (x)
f (x)G(x)F (x)H(x)f (x)
f (x)(G(x)F (x)H(x))
=
> 0,
F 2 (x)
F 2 (x)
u (x) =
=
(0, 1]
x
F (x) = 0 f (t)dt F (x) = f (x) > 0

x [0, 1] F [0, 1]
F (0) = 0
x (0, 1].
17
H(x)
, x < 1 u(x) < u(1) F (x) <

H(1)
F (1) x (0, 1). H(x) < F (x)G(x)
x (0, 1], H(1) < F (1)G(1)
.
x
F (x) = 0 f (t)dt
x

0 < 1 F (0) <
0
F (1) 0 f (t)dt < F (1) 0 < F (1).
H(1) < F (1)G(1) (
F (1) > 0)
H(1)
F (1)
M tdt H(x) M x2 , x [0, 1].

x (0, 1] : H(x) < F (x)G(x)
H(x)
: F (x)G(x) < 1
0
< G(1).

(1)1.
q(x) = G(x) x, x [0, 1].
q (x) = G (x) 1 q (x) = g(x) 1,
0 < g(x) < 1 g(x) 1 < 0
x [0, 1], q (x) < 0,
q [0, 1], q(1) <
H(x)
F (x)G(x)
H(x) < H(x)
(H(x))2
F (x)G(x)
< H(x) ,
(H(x))2
: 0 < F (x)G(x) <

2
H(x) M x2 , x (0, 1] , :
0 <
(H(x))2
F (x)G(x)
M x2 im M x2 = 0
x0+
,
2
H (x)
lim F (x)G(x)
=0
q(0)
+
0 G(1) 1 < G(0) 0 G(1) 1 <
x0
g(t)dt
G(1)
<
1
,
0
H(x)
H(1)
30
x (0, 1) : F (x) < F (1) < 1.
3. v(x) = (1 F (x))(1 G(x)), x [0, 1].

:
f (x) = (x ) ( x)
1
H(1) = 0 f (t)G(t)dt =
1
x R, < , .
=
0 F (t)G(t)dt
1
[F (x)G(x)]10 0 F (t)G (t)dt =
1. x (, )
1
F (1)G(1) 0 F (t)g(t)dt
f (x)
=
+
1
f (x)
x x
F (1)+G(1) = H(1)+ g(t)F (t)dt F (1)+G(1) =
F (1)G(1)
1
0
F (t)g(t)dt +
1
0
g(t)F (t)dt
F (1) + G(1) = F (1)G(1)

F (1) + G(1) F (1)G(1) 1 = 1
F (1) (1 G(1)) (1 G(1)) = 1
(1 G(1)) (F (1) 1) = 1
(1 G(1)) (1 F (1)) = 1,
v(1) = (1 F (1))(1 G(1)) = 1
v(0) = (1 F (0))(1 G(0)) = 1.
4. v(x) = (1 F (x))(1 G(x)),
x [0, 1] Rolle,
(0, 1) :
2. f
Rolle [, ]
f = + + +
.
3. I (, ) =
f (x) dx.
I (, ) =
I ( + 1, 1)
+1
4. , ,
, , , , :
Cf , x = , x =
x x
v () = 0

v(x) = (1 F ()) (1 G()) + (1 F ())(1
G()) = 0
1. f (x) = (x ) ( x) ,

F ()(1 G()) (1 F ())G () = 0
, [, ]
F () + F ()G() G () + F ()G () = 0
(, ) :
f () + f ()G() = g() F ()g()
f (x) = (x )1 ( x) (x ) ( x)1 .
f () (1 G()) = g() (1 F ())
x (, ) f (x)
= 0, :
f ()
1F ()
f (x)
(x)1 (x) (x) (x)1
=
=
g() = 1G()
f (x)
(x) (x)
5. q(x) = G(x) x, x [0, 1]

[0, 1], x > 0
g(x) < q(0) G(x) x < 0 G(x) < x,
x [0,
1]. M [0, 1]
0 f (t) M
t [0, 1]
0 G(t) x
: f (t) G(t) M t
x t [0, 1]
: 0 f (t) G(t)dt
18
(x)1 (x)
(x) (x)
(x) (x)
(x) (x)1
(x) (x)
2. f () = f () = 0,
[, ],
Rolle,
(, ) f () = 0
( )1 ( ) ( ) ( )1 = 0
( )1 ( ) = ( ) ( )1
( ) = ( ) =
= ( + ) = ( + )
= +
+ = + + +
3. :

I (, ) = f (x)dx =
(x)+1

[(x
)
(
x)
]dx
=
( x) dx =
+1

(x)+1
x)
+1

(x)+1
( x)1 ( x) dx =
+1
+1
( x)1 dx = +1
I ( + 1, 1)
+1 (x )
I(, ) = +1
I( + 1, 1) =
1
+1 +2 I( + 2, 2) = ... =
2
1
1
= +1
+2 +3 ... + I ( + , 0) =

+
2
1
1
( x)0 dx =
= +1
+2 +3 ... + (x )

(x)++1
2
1
1
=
= +1
+2 +3 ... +
++1
=
=
+1
+1
2
+3
2
+3
...
...
1
+
1
+
()++1
++1
1
++1 (
=
)++1
, f (x) 0,
:
E =
= +1
4.
:
1
+2
1
+2
|f (x)| dx
1 2
+2 +3 ...

= f (x)dx = I (, ) =
1
1
+
++1
( )++1
31
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?p=52685#p52685
z1 , z2 C |z1 | = |z2 |
= 0.
:
xy = z1
xy = z2
2az2 z1 + z2
,
z1 + z2
2a
a R
32
f : (0, +) R f (x) > 0
f (x)
t
1

xy = z1
, |z1 | = |z2 | = > 0, x, y, z1 , z2 =
0
x
y = z2
y
z1
y = z2 (1).

xy = z1
, |z1 | = |z2 | = > 0, x, y, z1 , z2 =
0
x
y = z2
z1
x
x
= z2 (2)
f (x) = x +
2t
dt
x (0, +).
1
(1) (2)
, x, y .
2
x, y 0,

z2
z1 x
,
=
:
x x
z1
.
z1 x
= x (x, y) =
z z2 =
1
ai, i a R
a
.
z
z1
2
=

:
x
z2
z1
=
y= ,
x x
+x
z1 + z2

y=
2
, Rex = a : Imx = zz11 z
+z2 ai , a R

: (x, y) =

f (x)
f (x)
sin t
dt = x
2t
x
1
sin t
dt.
2t
sin x
g (x) = 1
> 0, x > 0.
2x
g 1 1 ( . )
g[f (x)] = g(x) x, f (x) = x, x > 0.
.
2
x
|x| < |x| , x
= 0 1 < x < 1, x
1
(0, +) x
2x < 2 < 1, x > 0, (1)
g (x) =
t
dt, a, t, x
2t
Imx
2
+ 2Rex
i = z1z+z
.
a
2

(0, +). f (x) =
z2
z2
Imx
Rex = z +z z +z i , x + g (f (x)) g (x) f (x) x = g (f (x)) g (x),
2
1
2
1
z1 z2
, Imx
(2)
Rex = z1 +z2 i
y=
z1
x,
1
2
x
19
x0 (0, +)
f (x0 )
= x0 ,
f (x0 ) , x0 ... g ,

f(x)

t
|f (x) x| =
dt

x 2t
f(x)
f(x)

1
1
g (f (x0 )) g (x0 )
t dt
2 dt 2 |f (x) x|
x 2t
, g () =
x
f (x0 ) x0
.
(2)
= 1, (1) f (x) = x, x > 0. : f (x) > 0
2

33
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=49&t=8906&start=0
9
;
stavros11
A = abcd N .
: 9A = dcba 9abcd = dcba a
= 0, d
= 0

, A 1111 (
1112 9 ).
a d : 1001 A 1111
a = 1 d = 9.
b 0 1.
dcba
9 ( dcba = 9A A N ),
9.
9/a + b + c + d. :9/10 +
b + c. b = 1 c = 7 A = 1179. ,
A < 1112.
b = 0, c = 8 A = 1089.
1089 1089 9 = 9801.
34
: a, b, c , . : a + 1b = b + 1c = c + a1 =
t, t R, : t = abc
chris
ab2 c + ab + 1
1
+ abc =
=
b
b
1
abc(b + c ) + 1
abct + 1
=
(1)
b
b
t + abc = a +
abct + 1
abct + 1
abct + 1
=
=
b
a
c

a
= b
= c
= 0 abct = 1 (1)
.
35
,
,
.
( ), ,
- ( ) , .
.
1
,

20
. , ,
(). ,

.

, ,
= = .
36
0, a1 a2 a3 ... .

a1 , a2 , a3 , ...
;

2
Hilbert.
, ,
. a1 , a2 , a3 , . . .,
= = .
A = {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 9}. ,
,
AB + M N AM + BN (1).
, .
,
+<(+)+(+), :
+ < , , +, (1). . b1 , b2 . . . , bn b1 <
, , b2 < < bn
. , () ,
: b1 b2 . . . bn b1 b2 . . . bn b1 b2 . . . bn . . ..
.
.
() b1 b2 . . . bn
> 3.
.
37 2010
AB AB =
B = . .
BA A
AE = AO B
B BZ = BO . EZ
, :

a2 + 2 =
2
(2a) 2 = 3a2 = a 3
EO Z. (ii)
=, =
= OBA
.
AOB
(i) = 3
(ii) AZ = EO
(iii) EOZ
1
(=,
= Z O
= =). E A
===,
= B EO
ABO
=
. AB
=, .
OBA
== .
21
(i) : = , =
= , . ,
= ZO
( = ).
EA
+ OZ
= EA
+ OZ
= ZE
= 60 ,
ZO
= 120 .
. ZO
= OB
= 30 . OB

= 30 =
= 3.
(ii) ,
= 60 .
= AOB
=
: = , = AOZ
= 60 ,
EBO
.
, = ,
EBO
.
AOZ
A1 A2 , XL ,
= 60
(iii) OAB
O OI, O

, EOA = 30 , EOB = (O),
30 + 60 = 90 , .
IXLO.
38 2010
ABC (O)
I . AI, BI, CI
(O), D, E, F, .
(O1 ), (O2 ), (O3 ), ID, IE, IF , BC, AC, AB,
A1 , A2 B1 , B2 C1 , C2 , .
,
(O ).
,
B1 B2 , C1 C2 , (
Y M, ZN,
), O .
P AI EF IEP +
A + B + C
= 90o = IP E = 90o
EIP =
2
IP F = 90o
P
(O2 ), (O3 ).
(O1 ), (O2 ),
B1 B2 , P I, C1 C2 A, (AB1 )
(AB2 ) = (AP ) (AI) = (AC1 ) (AC2 ) , (1)
(1)
B1 B2 C1 C2 (O )
O , ,
1
L, M, N, BC, AC, AB B1 B2 , C1 C2 ,
X, Y, Z, - .

(I), .
A1 A2 B1 B2 , A1 A2 C1 C2 ,
ID (O1 )
(O ) .
X, L
2
A1 A2 ,

A1 A2 , ,
XL
3
( ).
A, B, C u2 , v 2 , w2
ABC
22
D, E, F, I 2 2 ( wv, wu, uv, wv wu uv . )

z
zA A1 A2 K zA |zA zK | = zA I
w2 + v 2 zA
OI zA =
A1 , A2 BC
v 2 w2
IA1 , DA1 IA2 , DA2
zA zI
I |u| = |v| = |w| = 1
zA zD
m = m
m I
mathematica u, v, w
(u2 (v + w) + vw(v + w) + u(v 2 + vw + w2 ))/(uvw)

.
39 Putnam 2009
[a, b] [0, 1].
A, B, C A
. (A B)C = BA1
C(A B) = A1 B .

AC BC = BA1 AC BC + I =
BA1 + I , I .
A (A B)(C + A1 ) =
AC BC + I BA1 = I . A B
C + A1 . I =
(C + A1 )(A B) = C(A B) + I A1 B
C(A B) = A1 B .
40
f : [0, 1] R :
(1) f
(2) c R, f 1 (c) = {x [0, 1] : f (x) = c}

.
f .

x f .
> 0 (xn ), (n ) lim dn = 0,
|x xn | < n |f (x) f (xn )| n.
n f (xn ) f (x) +
n f (xn ) f (x) .
f (xn ) f (x) + n.
(1) Dn x, xn
sn Dn f (sn ) = f (x) + .
lim sn = lim xn = x sn
f 1 (f (x) + ) (2)
lim sn = x f 1 (f (x) + ), f (x) = f (x) + ,
. f .
41
( ), :

n N, ()

n
k=0
6k

n
n
n 2
n n
(1 + x) =
+
x+
x + +
x .
0
1
2
n
n
x x, x

2 x ,
23
.
1 + + 2 = 0.
xk k
3, 3 = 1.
42 giannisn1990
A M33 (R)
(1 +
+ (1 +
+ (1 +
=

n n 3 n 6
A2 + I = 0.
3 0 + 3 x + 6 x + .
x = +1 x = 1 .

. A2 = I , det(A2 ) =
det(I) = 1 (det(A))2 = 1,
2n + (1 + )n + (1 + 2 )n + (1 )n + (1 2 )n
.
(det(A))2 0. .
6
x)n
2 x)n
x)n
ln(n + 1)
(n + 1)sn
43
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/memberlist.php?mode=viewprole&u=54

n
ln(n!)
,
(1)
ln Hn+1
n=1
n
n
, Hn =
k=1
n+1
sn
(1).
x
,
1sn
1 1 ...,

n+1 , n n+1 , n1 ,

+

sn+1
n+1
n
sn
1
n-
k
n+1
s ln(sn )
sn = n
n(n + 1)
sn ln(sn )
ln(sn )
(2).
n(n + 1)
(n + 1)2
n+1
-

ln(s )
ln(n + 1)
(2) (1)
n
sn ln(sn ) (n + 1) ln(n + 1)
ln(n!)
(n + 1)2
(n + 1)sn
, n N,
an :=
ln Hn+1
n s n+1 s n+1 s
n+1 s
n s n+1 s
,
n
n
n+1
n
n
n+1 .
n
n+
Hn+1 ln(n + 1)
Hn+1
1
ln(n + 1)
Stirling
lim an = lim
n+
n+

n
n
ln 2n ne

,
ln ln(n + 1)
() Bernoulli,
0 1.
44 MoV
LHospital 0.
Leibniz
.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/memberlist.php?mode=viewprole&u=89
ln Hn+1

, an , n N,
, n ln(n!), : N N .
n N, n.
1
sn := ln(n!),

n+1
x = 0, 1 2 ... [0, 1)
n+1 s
sn + ln(n + 1) =
n+1 =
.
x
1

()
ln(n+1) n+1
n+1 s
:
n 1+
sn
n+1
sn
ln(n + 1)
1+
(n + 1)sn
ln(n + 1)
sn +
(n + 1)sn
n+1
21+1 , 21+1 31+2 , 21+1 31+2 51+3 , . . .

24
.
1-1
[0, 1)

.

[0, 1)
Cantor .
2
X .
g : X [0, 1] X .
g() = 0, (1) (2) . . ., n
n 10.
x = 0, x1 x2 . . . [0, 1], :
N N; (n) = 10n + xn X
g() = x, g .
3 MoV
Cantor :
: N N :
(0 )n := (0,0 , 0,1 , 0,2 , . . .)

(1 )n := (1,0 , 1,1 , 1,2 , . . .)
(2 )n := (2,0 , 2,1 , 2,2 , . . .)
.............................................
n := n,n + 1 + n1 0 = 0,0 ,
n = n +
n+1 n =
n

i,i
i=0
n+1,n+1 + 1
> 0 -
(ai )n . .
4
N.
, N
( N
).
N.
P(N)
N ,
.
x(x 5199 ) + 3x 5199 + 1 x + 0 + 1 5100
45
(51985 1) ,
5100 .

()
1985.
46
x5 1 = (x 1)(x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1).

xy + y = y x + x .
x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = (x2 + 3x + 1)2 5x(x + 1)2 .

x = 5397 , x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = (x2 + 3x + 1)2

2
398
1)2 5199 (x + 1) =
5 (x + 1)2 = (x2 + 3x +

x2 + 3x + 1 5199 (x + 1) x2 + 3x + 1 + 5199 (x + 1)
,

5 1 = (x 1) x2 + 3x + 1 5199 (x + 1)
x

2
x + 3x + 1 + 5199 (x + 1)

2
199
x 1, x + 3x + 1 + 5 (x + 1)
5100 .
,

x2 + 3x + 1 5199 (x + 1) =

(x, y) = (c, c), (c, 1), (1, c), c N
(x, y) = (2, 3), (3, 2).
.
, x = 2 y > x, xy y x (
f (x) = lnxx
x = e f (2) = f (4)) y > x, xy + y > y x + x,
.
3 x < y , f (x)
xy > y x y > x
.
25
47
Cauchy-Schwarz....

x2
a2
y2
+
11=1
= 1.
A(x1 , y1 )
B(x2 , y2 ) :
x x

x x
1 2 y1 y2

1 2 y1 y2
2 + 2 1 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 2 .
a
1
(*) :
(x2 , y2 )
1 xa1 x2 2 + y1b2y2 1.
x2
a2
(x1 , y1 ),
+
= 1
y2
b2
+
1 = 12 2xa12x2 + 2y12y2 2

x21
y12
x22
y22
2y1 y2
1 2x1 x2
+
2
2
2
a2
2
a2
2
a 2

2
y12 2y1 y2 +y22
1 x1 2x1 x2 +x2
+
=
2
2
a2

2
2
(x
x
)
(y
y
)
1
2
+ 1 2 2
0
12
a2
y1 y2
2
+10

x 1 x 2 y1 y2
y y
a2 + 2 1 + xa1 x2 2 + 1 22 + 1 =
xa1 x2 2 y1 y22 + 1 + xa1 x2 2 + y1 y22 + 1 = 2
x1 x2
a2
y1 y2
|
x21
a2
y12
2
x22
a2
y22
2
y y
y y
: | xa1 x2 2 + 1 22 | 1 1 xa1 x2 2 + 1 22 1
:
x1 x2
a2
x1 x2
a2
+
+
y1 y2
2
y1 y2
2
1
1
| xa1 x2 2 + y1 y22 1| + | xa1 x2 2 + y1 y22 + 1| =

1 xa1 x2 2 + y1 y22 + 1 + xa1 x2 2 + y1 y22 = 2
48
(*) 1 c 1 |c1|+|c+1| = (1c)+(c+1) = 2

(**) Ax + By = 1
( Ax + By > 1) ( Ax + By < 1).
2 manos66

y1 y2
2
| xa1 xa2
:
x2 x2 , y2 y2 (
(0, 0)).

y y
(x1 , y1 ) xa12x + b12 = 1,
y1 y
x1 x
a2 + b2 < 1 (x, y)
(**) ( (0, 0)
(x1 , y1 ),
(x2 , y2 )).
x1 x2
a2
y1 y2
2 |
| xa1 x2 2
(1 + tan 1 )(1 + tan 3 ) (1 + tan 43 ) < 211 <

(1 + tan 2 )(1 + tan 4 ) (1 + tan 44 )
1
sin()+cos()
1 + tan () =
= 2 sin(45+)
cos()
cos() =
cos(45)
cos()
(1 + tan (1)) (1 + tan (3)) .. (1 + tan (43)) =

22 cos(44) cos(42)
cos(2)
2
cos(1) cos(3) .. cos(43)
=
211
cos(2)
cos(1)
cos(4)
cos(3)
..
cos(44)
cos(43)
< 211
(1 + tan (2)) (1 + tan (4)) .. (1 + tan (44)) =

22 cos(43) cos(41)
cos(1)
2
cos(2) cos(4) .. cos(44)
=
211
cos(1)
cos(2)
cos(3)
cos(4)
..
cos(43)
cos(44)
> 211
2 :
(1 + tan 1 )(1 + tan 3 ) (1 + tan 43 ) <

211! <

!

(1 + tan 2 )(1 + tan 4 ) (1 + tan 44 )

!

0 < A < C .
:
44
1 + tan 1 = 1 + tan(45 44 ) = 1 + 1tan
1+tan 44 =
2
(1 + tan 1)(1 + tan 44 ) = 2
1+tan 44o

A C = (1 + tan 1 )(1 + tan 44 ) (1 + tan 2 )(1 +

tan 43 ) . . . (1 + tan 22 )(1 + tan 23 ) = 222
A < C A2 < AC < C 2 A2 < 222 < C 2 A < 211 < C
26
49
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=61&p=41303#p41303

:

R, ,
5 ,
.

,
.
...
. , , , , , ...
. ... ( ) ,

, .
1

mathematica
. :
R.
;
.. 5 ;
2
, !
1
1 2
x + (x), f (x) = 1
2
1
(x) > 0 f . g(x) = x2 ,
2
f (x) = 1 > 0 f . f (x) = 50
g(x) x = k k Z.
: f (x) =
2
( f
f g ):
(, ) lim f (x) = lim f (x) = k , k
xa+
(x + 1) x < 1
f (x) 0 g(x) = 0
1 x 1
(x 1)2 x > 1
,
(, ) f () = 0.
3
: f (x) = x2 , g(x) =
x2 + sin2 x. . ..
g (x) = 2x + 2 sin x cos x = 2x + sin 2x, g (x) =
2 + 2 cos x 0. sin x = 0,
= .
g (k) = 2k + sin 2k = 2k =
f (k)

Rolle:
g : [, ] R g (x) = f (x) , x (, )
g () = g () = k . g (, )
[, ]
Rolle. -
.
27
51
4.
z
z C |z 1| = 1,
z2.
5. w =
z 2 w

z C |z 1| = 1,
z 2 . z = 1 + (cos(t) + i sin(t)) t[0, 2 ).
6.
( 4 )
w z .
t
t
t
2
2
2
t
z 2 = 4 cos2 ( ) (cos(t) + i sin(t)) 52
2
z = 2 cos( ) (cos( ) + i sin( ))
t
x = 4 cos ( ) cos(t)),
2
z1 , z2 , z3 C |z1 | = |z2 | = |z3 | = r > 0,
t
y = 4 cos2 ( ) sin(t)) t[0, 2 )
|z1 z2 |2 + |z2 z3 |2 + |z3 z1 |2 9r 2 .
2
2

Geogebra
:
=,
z1 , z2 , z3 .
1
, , ,
2
2
r . |z1 z2 | + |z2 z3 | +
|z3 z1 |2 = (AB)2 + (BA)2 + (A)2 =

2 2 2
OB OA + O OB + OA O = 6r 2

2(OAOB + OB O + OOA) =
6r 2 2r 2 (a + b + c) =
r 2 [6 2(a + b + c)], a, b, c
, a + b + c = 360
, : a + b + c + (a + b + c) =
b+c
c+a
4 a+b
2 2 2
a + b + c = 1 4 a2 2b 2c
:
a2 2b 2c 18 4 a2 2b 2c 12
a + b + c 1 12 = 32 ,
- : a
b
c
2 + 2 + 2 = 180
1. z
(x 1)2 + y 2 = 1
.
, :
|z1 z2 |2 + |z2 z3 |2 + |z3 z1 |2 6r 2 + 3r 2 = 9r 2
2. . a = b = c = 120 ,
Geogebra .
3.

.
2
|z|2 = z
z |z1 z2 |2 +
2
2
|z2 z3 | +|z3 z1 | +|z1 +z2 +z3 |2 = 3(|z1 |2 +|z2 |2 +|z3 |2 ),
|z1 z2 |2 +|z2 z3 |2 +|z3 z1 |2 3(|z1 |2 +|z2 |2 +|z3 |2 ) =
28
9r 2 = z1 + z2 + z3 = 0, . B(, ) (, ). = ,
.
, r .
3
OA+OB >
A, B, C AB 2 > AB , 42 > (a )2 + 2 .
z1 , z2 , z3 , OB = 2 + 2 = p2 .
ABC O < 2 (1).
r . G ABC M OB +
, O > B, 2 > B,

42 > ( )2 + ( )2 . OB =
1 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
M A + M B + M C = 3M G + 3 (a + b + c ), BC = 2 + 2 = p2 . O = 2 + 2 = p2 .
a, CA = b, AB = c.
, M < p2 (2).
O
< p2 (3).
3r 2 = 3OC 2 + 31 (a2 +b2 +c2 ) 9r 2 = 9OG2 +a2 +b2 +c2 , AB 2 + B2 + A2 .
9r 2 |z3 z2 |2 + |z3 z1 |2 + |z1 z2 |2 .
= OG = 0, 6p2 2a 2 2 2a
2
.
AB 2 + B2 + A2 6p2 + 3p = 9p2
4
: , , > , > > ,
(0, 0) A(, 0) > 0, > , (3).
29
. .
Leonardo da Vinci
(32-) . 30
. -
-
- quasiregular ,
( - ).
(0, 0, ),

, 1+
,
12 ,
2
2
1+ 5
.
2
:
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1 ( maths-!!)
, a 1 a 10
a b 1 b 10.
...
100.

, ;
;
5 ( )

x
y .

110
.

11 ( )
.

, = + .
2 ( )
9 13 16
( 16) 22
9 6. 17
5 13 19. 15
24 27. 20
15.

6 (
)

20 20 cm.
.

15 .
7 ( )
x2 + y 2 = 3xy , x, y
,
x
xy
2

+
y
xy
2
8 ( )
0 < b < a a2 + b2 = 6ab
a+b
ab
4 ( )

170 330.
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, 27 . ,
1
.
4
;
,
, , : =2=6,
3 5.

.
13 ( )

3 (
)

. , ,

,

.

,

(
);
12 ( )
==5.
|x 1| +
|x 5| = 2
x
9 ( )

:
x2
+ x1 +
x1
1
x2
+
x1
x1
x1
x2
x1
+
x2
10 ( )
14 ( )
,

.
| 1| x2 + |3 2| x + |1 | = 0
= 1 x
.
) .
)
.
) ( 1 )
( 2 ) 1 2 )
,
.
15 ( )

K . A :
A1 A
A2 A1 K
A3 A2
B A3 K
AB 4 K .
19 ( )
200
5 , .
4,
20, 60, 50, 40, 30
20.
1. .
2.
5

20 .
16 (
)
,
.
.

.
.
()
.
24 (
)
f, g
R .
3f (x) + 5g(x) + 8f (x)g(x) = 0 (1)

R.
, ,

()
( ),
5.
()
)
:
20, 60 , 50 , 40 ,30 .
20 ( )
2 + 2
2 2 ,
2.
.
1. : :
.
25 ( )
R

(f (x))2 = f (x)
x.
26 ( )
f : R (0, +)
, :f =
f f;
2. : P ( ) = P ( );
3.
.
, ,

, ,

21 ( )

17 (
OA =
OB =
,

=

+ |
|
72
1+ 3
31
+
i
2 2
2 2
18
()
+2

3KA
KB+A

=5K KA=6 , KB=8 , K=5 .
:
) .
v =KB+K A
)
= 32
7
x+
2x2
lim f (t) dt = 0
x+
x2
22 ( )

2z 2 = 6iz + 3, z C

AOB
27 ( )
f [0, +)
lim [xf (x)] = 0, :
28 ( )

, ,
,
23 ( )
f f (f (x)) = x2 x+1,
x R.
g : R R
g(x) + xf (x) x2 = 1, x R
I :=
cos(2x + 2 sin(3x)) dx
, ,

29 ( Math
Rider)
f : (0, +) R
f (x) + x1 f (x) = x12 ,
x > 0

A e, 1e .
) f

.
)
ex dx
n

xe dx
) g(x) =
x
1
f (t)dt,
x > 0. h :
(0, +) R

1
ln2 x
h(x) = g(x) + g
x
(0, +).
)
2
ln t
dt + 2 2xf (x) =
t
x
1
x
35 ( 2010)
c1 (O1 , r1 )
c2 (O2 , r2 )
, .
c1 (O1 , r1 ), c2 (O2 , r2 )
r1 < r2 , M A < M B .
36 (
2010)
f : R

R
f (x)
f (y)
: f
1
f (f (x)),
y
x, y R
(0, +).
ln t
dt
t
41 ( )
f : R R ,
x0 R,
f (x0 ) lim f (x)

xx
0
f (x0 +) lim f (x)

xx+
0
R {}.

f .
42 ( )

+

x > 0.
30 ( )
f : R R
f
R. x0 R
f (x0 ) > 0,
lim f (x).
n
(k 1)k
lim k=1
n
k
n
k=1 (k + 1)
. Juniors
38 ( )
An
31 ( )
:
2
y
2
z
2
x
{1, 2, . . . , n}
an = |An |
32 ( )

lim
an
n

3n 1
n 8n
43 (
)

,
( ).
44 ( ) (
X Rn x
X .
Y X :
|Y | n + 1
x Y .
2x + 10x + 19
]/x R}
x2 + 5x + 7
( )
. Seniors
39 ( )
45 ( )
()

K1 = {a + b p : a, b Q}
33 ( )
x, y, z > 0 x + y + z = 1

3xyz(xy +yz +zx)+2xyz (xy +yz +zx)
{k
2k 1}
n=0
37 ( ) ( ) :
x+
A = {[
2ik
n
k=1
(k,n)=1
x
y.
2 3
2x = y +
2y = z +
2z = x +
x > 0.
40 ( )
f (x + y) + f (x)f (y) = f (xy) + 2xy + 1
2 3
34 ( )
f : R R

K2 = {a + b q : a, b Q}
, p, q
, .
()|
()
3.

()
46 (
)

an = [n 2] n
N
A2 A + I = O,
B = A kI
k R
A.
2.
.
()
47 ( )
f : [a, b] R.
n
1 < 2 < ... < n

[a, b] :
49 ( )

(, ) limxa+ f (x) =
limx f (x) = ,
(, ) f () = 0.
50 ( )
f : (0, +)
(0, +) g
g(x) = f 2 (x) + f (x), x > 0,
f (b) f (a)
f (1 ) + f (2 ) + .... + f (n )
1
f (x)
=
=
lim
ba
n
x+ x
2
.
48 ( ) A

51 ( )
Lagrange
: ,
, 5, 1974
f (x)
1,
x1 , x2 , ..., x
x,
y1 , y2 , ..., y , :
f (x1 ) = y1 , f (x2 ) = y2 , ..., f (x ) = y
52 ( ) (
17 Hilbert).
f (x)
, f (x) 0
x R.
A(x), B(x) ,
f (x) = (A(x))2 + (B(x))2
x R.
1 (maths-!!) ,
a 1 a 10
a b 1 b 10.
...
100.
,
;
;
24 27. 20 15.

1 ( )
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89 (11 100).
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89 ( 78) ... ,

.
:1,12,23,34,45,56,67,78,89
( ) ,

.

67 (
78) .
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)
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1 ( )
25 20 , 15.
16 13 , 9.
3 17 , 22
5.
2 ( )
5 .
.
10
21
11
27
26
14
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13 16 (
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20 13
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.
, 1 x1
x4 .
x1 + x4 = 1 x = 5.

15 , 25 , 35 , 45 , 4 . ( 55 ).
( )

. (
( ) :
1/3
,
3,
2/7
. ,
7,
1/4
,
4.

3, 7, 4 170 330,
(3,4,7)=84
170 330, 252.
5 ( )
x
y .

110 .

220 + a.

( 360
30
a
360/12=30 ): 360
= 220+a
220 + a = 12a a =
220
11
a = 20
20 240
60
x
, : 360
= 240
x = 40 .
6 ( )
20 20 cm.
.

15 .
()
, a
.
(Broly) 4
10 cm .

.

200
14.14cm < 15cm
:
7 ( ) x2 + y 2 = 3xy ,
x, y ,

x
xy
2

+
y
xy
( ) :
2
(x y)2
2xy
=
=
xy
x2 2xy + y 2
3xy
:
2
2
x
y
x2
y2
+
=
+
=
2
xy
xy
(x y)
(x y)2
3xy
x2 + y 2
=3
=
=
(x y)2
xy
( )
8 ( ) 0 1. a =
2
x
, b = x 1, c = xx1
2 . abc = 1, ,
x1
> 0 |3 2a|2 4|a 1||1 a| > 0 (3 2a)2

4(1 a)2 > 0 (3 2a 2 + 2a) (3 2a + 2 2a) >
5
:
0 5 4a > 0 a < , a = 1
4
1 1 1
a + b + c = + + = ab + bc + ca
a (, 1) (1, 54 )
a b
c
) 1 , 2 = 0
q = a + b + c, a, b, c = :
1
2
1 2 =
y 3 qy 2 + qy 1 = 0
|1a|
|a1|
|1a|
|1a|
= 1 > 0
1
.
1. a, b, c
1. a
1. c. ,

x4 + 1 = x. x4 + 1 2x2 > x, x > 1.
b = 1, x = 2.
1 + 2 = |32a|
|a1| < 0

.
2 =0
) 1 = 42 1 2 = 422 422 = 1 22 =
1
1
4 2 = 2 .
10 ( )
1 2 = 1 1 = 2

1
(1 , 2 ) = 2,
2
5
|3 2a|
|3 2a|
=
|6 4a| =
) 1 + 2 =
|a 1|
2
|a 1|
|5a 5|
11
5
6 4a = 5a 5
a = 9 < 4
a = 1
6 4a = 5a + 5
| 1| x + |3 2| x + |1 | = 0
= 1 x .
) .
)
. ) ( 1 )
( 2 ) 1
2 ) ,
.
11 ( )
.
,
= + .
A2 = 2 ( ), ,
= (3)
(1), (2) (3) : = +
= + = + .
3 ( )
http://mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=20&t=480
1 (. )
= .
=
, = AE
=
= + H
=
. ZH
AZ = + AE
E

ZH , . =
=+ =+.
Z = , AE = 2,
AE + Z = ( + 2) =

=
2 ( )

2
2
2
. + 1 2 = 2 + 1 2 =
2
2
,
,
= (1)
= E
2
P1 = 1 . P1 = A1 ( )
1 = 2 ( ), A1 = 2
,
= (2)
12 ( )
: = ==5.
9
3 5. .
(kostas136)
2
EZ cos =
5

3
4
2
2
cos2 = 2cos 1 = sin2 = 1 cos 2 =
5
5
EK
EK DC : sin2 =
ED
, ,
24
(ABCD) = DC EK = 24
, : =2=6, EK =
5
x 1+ 5 x + 2 x 1 5 x = 4 x 1 5 x = 0
: x = 1 x = 5
13 ( )
|x 1| +
|x 5| = 2
14 ( )
,
.
1 ( )

x .
a = |x 1|, b = |x 5|.

a, b 0 a + b = 2 (1)
1 ( ) b, c, a
a. : 2c = a+b, E = tr, t = a+b+c
2
E = bc
,
2tr
=
bc
,
(a
+
b
+
c)r
=
bc
3cr
=
bc
,
b
=
3r ,
2
w = a c = 2r + x (r + x) = r
x .
3, 4, 5
a2 + b2 = |x 1| + |x 5| |x 1 (x 5)| = 4
(1) a2 + b2 = 4 2ab 4.
a = 0 b = 0, x = 1 x = 5
()
2 ( ) )
x
1 .
: |x 5| > 4
|x 5| > 2
5 .
) [1,5].
: 1 x 5 x 1 0 5 x 0
: x 1 + 5 x = 2
2 ( )
x ,
x, x + (x + )
:
(x + )2 = x2 + (x )2 x2 4x = 0
x(x 4) = 0 x
x = 4 :
E =
x+x+x+
1
x(x) =
x = 3
2
2
4 = 3 =
10
15 ( )
K .
A :
A1 A
A2 A1 K
A3 A2
B A3 K
AB 4-
K .
K (), AA1 = 2. ,
= = + , A2 A3 = 2A2 Z = 2( + 2) = 2 +4.
AB = A1 B A1 A= 2 +4 -2 =4.
2 ( ) P () A1 A2
,
A, P, A3 K , K (),
AP A3 .
, KA3 = KB K A3 = K A (
KA2 = KA1 ), AB KK .
, A3 AB,
AB = 2 KK = 4 KQ, Q () KK
.
3 ( ) AA1 A3 A2
A1 BA2 A3 .
A3 A2 A1 A
1A
M K = K
M K = A1 BA
= AB
2 =
4
4
4
AB = 4M K .
1 ( )
...
16 ( )
, .
A1 , A, B .
K , ( ),
. A1 KB A3 KA2 , .
A1 B = A3 A2 . A .
11
1 ( ) 4 , , ,
:
,
K2 KN 2 = M 2 M N 2 .
, AB 2 AO 2 = EB 2 OE 2 .
2 O2 = E2 OE 2 .
=
AB 2 2 = EB 2 E2 .
AB 2 2 =
OB 2 O2 . EB 2 E2 = OB 2 O2 ..

.
2 ( )
+ OA)

OB
= 0 (EO
: EA

OB = 0. EO OB + OA OB = 0.(1)
O
+ O
O
= 0.(2) O
O
= O
2 =
EO
OB.
(1),(2)
2 = OA
OA

OB)

B
= 0
EO (O
= 0 EO
, .
17 ( ) OA =

OB =
=

( a,
)

=
|
||
|

|
|||+
.
| |

|
|||+
| |
) =

(,
=
(
, ) =

|||
|
+ |
|

( , ).

AOB

, .

, .

1 ( ) = |
|
| + |
| |||
,
, .
o =
2 ( Papel ) ao = |aa| ,
()

18

3KA+2KB+A =5K

KA =6 , KB =8 , K =5 . :
) .

)
v =KB+K A = 32
7
| |
1 (). :
= ... = http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=23&t=3606

|
|
o + o 1 , 2 ( ) )

o )
o
ao (ao +
3KA + 2KB + A = 5K
1+ao

=
=
: 2 =
o |
|ao ||ao +
|ao +o |
... = 1 . 1=2.
3KA + 2KB + A 3K 2K = 0

.
3 KA K + 2 KB K + A = 0
3 ( )
12

7
= 7 (3) (
K A K, A = 5 5 25

= 2 B
2 B
= 16 9 =
K, A = 2B
25
25

3A + 2B + A = 0
2A + 2B = 0

A = B
,
.
4K2 = 2AK2 + 2KB2 AB2

4 52 = 2 62 + 2 82 AB2
AB2 = 100
AB = 10
.
)
7
25 )
(1), (2), (3) 32 + 7 = 0 = 32

7
( ) 0 = (KB +
KB +
K)A = KB A + KA = Ao
A
K = A(o KB + o K) =
Ao
A
A
A

A(PB + P) .

A, PB + P ,

PB

, PB + P = 0 PB = P || =

P
KB + K A = 0

PB
KB A + KA = 0 (1)
PB = P < 0 = }

P

8
KB A = KB A KB, A = 8 5 10
= , 82 62 = 2.10.(P) (P) = 7
5

32
(PB) = 75 + 5 = 32
5 : = 7

) K A =
32 (2) ( KB, A = B
19 ( )
200 5 ,
. 4,
20, 60, 50, 40, 30
20.
1. .
2. 5

20 .
() .
() (
), 5.
1. a .
: [a, a + 4), [a + 4, a + 8), [a +
8, a + 12), [a + 12, a + 16), [a + 16, a + 20).
20, :
20(a+2)+60(a+6)+50(a+10)+40(a=14)+30(a+18)
200
= 20
2a + 4 + 6a + 36 + 5a + 5a + 4a + 56 + 3a + 54 =
200 20a = 200 a = 10.
:
[10, 14), [14, 18), [18, 22), [22, 26), [26, 30).
2. X Y
: Y = (X +5)0, 8
Y = 0, 8X + 4
() Ry = Ymax Ymin = (0, 8 30 + 4) (0, 8 10 +
4) = 16
()
)
: 20, 60 , 50
, 40 ,30 .
() :
0, 8 10 + 4 = 12, :
() ( )

Y = 0, 8X + 4,

,
( )
13
[12, 16), [16, 20), [20, 24), [24, 28), [28, 32)
2. : P ( ) = P ( ) P ( ) = 1P ( )
2 2+2
2 = 1 = 4
3. : f (x) = x2xx+2
2 x , x
[2, +). , : P (A ) = f (), = 2, 3, ...
x 2, :
20 ( )
2 + 2 2 2
, 2.
.
f (x) =
> 0, x > 2+3

x2 4x+1
= 0, x = 2+3
(2x2 x)2
< 0, x < 2+ 3

f

2, 2 + 3

2 + 3, + . , : 2 <
3 < 2 + 3 < 4 < 5 < ..., : f (2) > f (3)

f (4) < f (5) < ..., : P (A2 ) > P (A3 )
P (A4 ) 0
P (A3 ) > P (A4 ). : P (A4 )
P (A ), = 2, 3, 4, ....
= 4. = 4 P ( )
1. : :
.
2. : P ( ) = P ( );
3.
.
(.)
1. :
P (A ) =
2 +2
( 2 +2)+( 2 2)
(2x1)(2x2 x)(x2 x+2)(4x1)

(2x2 x)2
2 +2
2 2 .
21 ( )

72
31
1+ 3
+ i
2 2
2 2
22 ( )
2z 2 = 6iz + 3, z C
( )
z i
1 ( )
2 ( ) w = iz
: 2w2 = 6w + 3,
.
3 + 31
z = 1+
2 2
2 2
2
1+2 3+3
31
12 3+3
3 + 31
i
z 2 = 1+
=
+
2
i
8
8
8
2 2
2 2
3+i
2
3+i
3+2 3i1
3i+1
3i
4=
z
=
=
=
i
2
4
2
2
3i 3+i
3+1
6
4
2
z =z z =i 2
= i 4 = i..
2
12
3
z 72 = z 6
= i12 = i4 = 1
2z 2 = 6iz + 3 4z 2 = 12iz + 6 [(2z)2

2
] + 3 = 0 (2z 3i)2 ( 3i)2 = 0
12iz + (3i)
3i + 3i) = 0
(2z 3i
3i)(2z
=
(3+ 3)i
z =
2
z = (3 3)i
2
14
,
az 2 + bz + c = 0,
R, C (
, R -
, ,
C, ).
C ,
.
23 ( ) f
f (f (x)) = x2 x + 1, x R.
g : R R
g(x) + xf (x) x2 = 1, x R
( )
f g
.
f (f (x)) = x2 x + 1
x f (x) :
f (f (f (x))) = f 2 (x) f (x) + 1
f (x2 x + 1) = f 2 (x) f (x) + 1
x = 1 : f (1) = f 2 (1)
f (1) + 1 f (1) = 1.
g(x) + xf (x) x2 = 1
1 ( )
3f (x) + 5g(x) + 8f (x)g(x) = 0

(8f (x)+5)(8g(x)+3) = 15. f (x), g(x) < 0
8f (x) + 5 < 5 8g(x) + 3 < 3
x1 < x2 . f, g ,

8f (x1 ) + 5 < 8f (x2 ) + 5 8g(x1 ) + 3 < 8g(x1 ) + 3 (2)

8f (x1 )+5 > 0 v , (2) 15 < 15
.
8f (x1 ) + 5 < 0 8g(x1 ) + 3 < 0, :
- 8f (x2 ) + 5 < 0 8g(x2 ) + 3 < 0,
(2) 15 > 15,
- (5 >)8f (x2 ) + 5 > 0 (3 >)8g(x2 ) + 3 > 0,
15 < 15, .
2 ( ) (1) x1 , x2 x1 < x2 .
:
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) < 0 g(x1 ) < g(x2 ) < 0 (2)
(1)
3f (x1 )+5g(x1 )+8f (x1 )g(x1 ) = 0 g(x1 )(5+8f (x1 )) =

3f (x1 )
3f (x1 ) g(x1 ) = 5+8f
(x1 ) , 5 + 8f (x1 ) < 0
x = 0
g(0) = 1
x = 1
(2)
3f (x )
g(x2 ) = 5+8f (x2 ) , 5 + 8f (x2 ) < 0
2
3f (x1 )
3f (x2 )
f (x1 )
g(x1 ) < g(x2 ) 5+8f (x ) < 5+8f (x ) 5+8f (x
) >
g(1) + f (1) 12 = 1
f (x2 )
5+8f (x2 )
f (x1 )(5 + 8f (x2 )) > f (x2 )(5 + 8f (x1 ))

5f (x1 ) + 8f (x1 )f (x2 )) > 5f (x2 ) + 8f (x1 )f (x2 ))
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) , . (1)
g(1) = 1
.
24 ( ) f, g
R .

3f (x) + 5g(x) + 8f (x)g(x) = 0 (1)

R.
15
25 ( )
R
c d y
y
(f (x))2 = f (x)

,

x.
y(x) =
y(x) =
( )
. y
. (a, b) y(x) > 0, x (a, b).
y
a, b
Rolle y y
(a, b) (). y k

. y(k) = 0
x > k |y | = y > 0 () y
2 y = x + c1 , x > k
2 y = x + c2 , x > k
k c1 = c2 = k
c1 (-)=(+)
y(x) = 1/4(x k)2 , x k

x < k c2
1
y(x) = (x k)2 , x R
4
y(x) = 0, x R (
y ) ( y

Darboux)
. (c, d) : y(x) = 0, x (c, d)
y(x) =
x < c
1
(x
4
c)2
1
(x d)2
4 1
2
4 (x c)
0
1
(x
d)2
4
x c
x > d
x d
x c
c < x < d
x d
c, d R
c<d
26 ( ) f :
R (0, +) ,
:f = f f ;
( ) f (x) >
0 x R.
x f (x) f (f (x)) > 0, x
R f (x) > 0 f R [1]
f (x) > 0 [1] f (f (x)) >
f (0) f (x) > f (0) (f (x) xf (0)) > 0
f (x) xf (0) R
x < 0 f (x) xf (0) < f (0) 0f (0)
f (x) < (1 + x)f (0) x < 0 [2]
f (x) > 0 f (0) > 0.
x < 1 [2],
16
27 ( )
f [0, +) lim [xf (x)] = 0,
x+
(James Merryeld) cos(2x+2 sin 3x)

,
2x2
lim f (t) dt = 0
x+
x2
1
2
2x2
lim
x+ x2
1
2
g(x)
dx = 0.
x
2x2
x2

x > 0.
cos(2t 2 sin 3t) dt =
cos(2t 2 sin 3t) dt := I2 ,
x+
x2
1
2

/3
, x +, +
lim |g()| = 0. , .
G(y) :=
cos(2t 2 + 2 sin(3t 3)) dt =
2I = I1 + I2 =
cos(2x) cos(2 sin 3x) dx =
5/3
cos(2x) cos(2 sin 3x) dx
(1).
1
|g(t)| dt = 2 x2 |g()| = |g()|,
x
(x2 , 2x2 ).

2

2x2
2x g(t) 2x2 g(t)
g(t)

dt

t dt 2 x2 dt =

x2
t
x2
x
1
x2
t=x+
:=I1
( ) xf (x) = g(x),
:
cos(2x + 2 sin 3x) dx

lim g(x) = 0,
cos(2x + 2 sin 3x) dx =

0
1
2

x+
I=
u=x+2/3
2I =
5/3
4
cos(2 sin(3u 2)) du =
cos 2u
3
/3
|g(t)| dt [x2 , 2x2 ]
5/3
/3
4
cos 2u
3

cos(2 sin 3u) du
(2)
28 ( )
I :=
cos(2x + 2 sin(3x)) dx
2I
u=x+4/3
7/3
/3
5/3
/3
8
cos 2v
3
2
cos 2v
3
cos(2 sin(3v4)) dx =

cos(2 sin 3v) dv
(1) + (2) + (3)

17
(3).
6I =

4
2
+
cos
2x
cos
2x
+
cos
2x
cos(2 sin 3x)

dx =
/3
3
3
A+B

5/3
0.
cos A + cos B =
AB
cos
.
2 cos
2
2
2
: a, c Z c a,
cos(ax +
=0
f : R R
T ,
a+T
f (x) dx a R.
f (x) dx =
a
b sin(cx)) dx = 0.
29 (Math Rider)
f : (0, +) R
f (x) + x1 f (x) = x12 , x > 0
A e, 1e .
) f
.
)
3
3
e dx
1
A Cf f (e) = 1e ln e+c
= 1e 1+c
e
e = e 1+c=
1c=0
f (x) = lnxx , x > 0. (
) f (0, +)
(ln x) xln x(x)
x
f (x) =
= 1ln
x2
x2
f ,

f :
xe dx
x > 0.
) g(x) =
x
1
f (t)dt, x > 0.
h : (0, +) R

1
ln2 x
h(x) = g(x) + g
x
(0, +).
)
x
1
x0+
2
ln t
dt + 2 2xf (x) =
t
x
f (0, e],
[e, +)
f (e) = 1e .

1
( lim f (x) = lim lnxx = lim
x ln x =
x
1
ln t
dt
t
x0+
x0+
(+) () = lim f (x) =

x+

(ln x)
+
1
+ = lim
(x) = lim x = 0 ).
(DLH)
x+
lim
x+
ln x
x
x+
) ) x > 0 :
f (x) f (e) lnxx lnee e ln x x ln e
x > 0.
ln xe ln ex xe ex (1) 0 < 3 < 2 < e
f
(0, e]
ln 3
ln 2
<
2
ln
3
<
3 ln 2
f ( 3) < f (2)
2
3
2
3
3
ln 3 < ln 2
3 < 2 3 (
ln ( 3) < ln 2
ln x ). (1)
x xe 0 x > 0. , (
1
1

e
) x > 0 : f (x) + x f (x) = x2
x
), 3 2 3 :
xf (x) + f (x) = x1 xf (x) + (x) f (x) = x1
2 3
2 3
2 3
,
(xf (x)) = (ln x) xf (x) = ln x + c f (x) = ln x+c
x
(ex xe )dx 0
ex dx
xe dx 0
x > 0.
3
3
3
18
2
2
2
2
x = 1 t(x) = 0 ( (3.
ex dx t (0, +)
3
3
3
3
t (x) = (x) ln2 x+x(ln2 x) +(2x) 2(x) ln x2x(ln x)
2 3
2 3
3
3

(2) =
ex dx
xe dx
ex dx
xe dx
3
3
ln2 x + 2x ln x(ln x) + 2 2 ln x 2x x1 0 =
2 3
2 3
x > 0.
ln2 x + 2x ln x x1 + 2 2 ln x 2 =
x
x ln t
ln2 x + 2 ln x + 2 2 ln x 2 = ln2 x > 0
f (t)dt =
) g(x) =
t dt , x > 0.
1
1
x > 0 x = 1.
g (0, +) t (0, +) ( t (x)
[ f (t) = lnt t (0, +) (0, 1) (1, +) t(x)
].
x = 1). x = 1
1
1
1 x
x ln t
t(x) = 0.
g x = f (t)dt =
t dt
xe dx
ex dx
xe dx
(0, +)
(0, +)
(x) = x1 g(x). h
(0, +)

h (x) = g(x) + g x1 ln2 x =

1
x
x

ln t dt + ln t dt + ln2 x
=
t
t
1
ln x
x
ln
1
x
1
x
1
x
x+

2 ln x(ln x) = lnxx + x ( ln x) x12 2 ln x x1 =
ln x
ln x
2 ln x
2 ln x
2 ln x
x + x x = x x =0
h (x) = 0 x > 0. h
(0, +).
) ) h(x) = c, c R
x > 0.

1
h(1) = g(1) + g 11 ln2 1 = 2g(1) 0 = 2 f (t)dt =
2 0 = 0.
30 (
)
f : R R
f
R. x0 R f (x0 ) > 0,
lim f (x).
h(1) = c0 = c.

h(x) = 0 g(x)+g x1 ln2 x = 0 g(x)+g x1 = ln2 x,
x > 0 (2)
:
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=55&t=7807&p=44481#p44481
( ) x > x0 .
f [x, x0 ]
,
(x, x0 ) f () =
f (x)f (x0 )
. f
xx0
> x0 f () > f (x0 )
xx0 >0
f (x)f (x0 )
> f (x0 )
xx0
f (x) f (x0 ) > (x x0 ) f (x0 )
f (x) > f (x0 ) + (x x0 ) f (x0 )
x R :
R :
f (x0 ) + (x x0 ) f (x0 ) 0 f (x0 ) + xf (x0 )

x0 f (x0 ) 0

0 )f (x0 )
,
f (x0 ) + xf (x0 ) x0 f (x0 ) 0 x x0 f (x
f (x0 )
1
1
x
x
x
, R
x ln t

ln t
ln t
ln t
2
t dt + 2 2xf (x) = x
t dt
t dt +
t dt + f (x0 ) + (x x0 ) f (x0 ) > 0 x (, +).
1
1
1
1

(2) f (x) > f (x0 ) + (x x0 ) f (x0 ) > 0,
2 2x lnxx = x2 g(x) + g x1 + 2 2 ln x = x2 x (, +),
1
ln2 x + 2 2 ln x = x2 xln2 x + 2x 2x ln x = 2 0 < 1 <
f (x)
f (x0 )+(xx0 )f (x0 ) x (, +).
xln2 x + 2x 2x ln x 2 = 0 (3)
1
lim f (x )+(xx
= 0 ,

0
0 )f (x0 )
x+
t(x) = xln2 x + 2x 2x ln x 2
, x > 0. = 1 t(1) =
f (x)>0
1
1 ln2 1 + 2 1 2 1 ln 1 2 = 0 + 2 0 2 = 0.
lim f (x)
= 0 im f (x) = +.
x+
19
x+
31 ( ) :
32 ( )
2
2x = y + y
2y = z + 2z
2z = x + x2
A = {[
2x2 + 10x + 19
]/x R}
x2 + 5x + 7
( )
( )
x, y, z = 0 x, y, z > 0.
$
:
( ) : K(x) = 2xx2+10x+19
,x
= 2 2 2x 2 2 x 2
+5x+7
2
R : x + 5x + 7
: y 2, z :
2
5
D = 3 < 0 : K(x) = 2 + x2 +5x+7
,x R
:

2
: x2 + 5x + 7 = x + 52
+ 34 , x R :
2 2 2
3
1
2
x + 5x + 7 4 , x R : 0 < x2 +5x+7
x+y+z = + +
x y z
4
5
20
3 0 < x2 +5x+7 3 , x R : 2 <
5
20
2
2
2 2 + x2 +5x+7 2 + 3 = 8 3 2

x 2, x 2 , y 2, y 2 , z 2, z 2

y+
2
y
2
y
x = x2 , y = y2 , z = 2z : (x, y, z) =

( 2, 2, 2)

( 2, 2, 2)
(x, y, z)
5
2 + x2 +5x+7
= 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 :
A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
. :
=
K(x) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
33 ( )
x, y, z > 0 x + y + z = 1

3xyz(xy + yz + zx) + 2xyz (xy + yz + zx)2
1
(
)
( :
xyz

(xyz)2 ). :

3
20
1 1 1
+ +
x y z

2
1 1 1 2
+
(
+ +
xyz
x y z
34 ( )
1
f : R R
x .
a=
1 1 1
+ + = 1 ab + bc + ca = abc,
a b
c
f (x + y) + f (x)f (y) = f (xy) + 2xy + 1
3(a + b + c) + 2abc (a + b + c)2 .

( abc )
abc = ab + bc + ca

3(a + b + c)
(a + b + c)2
.
3
(a + b +
3
c)2
9 a + b + c,
: a + b + c = (a + b + c)(
1 1 1
+ + )9
a b c
- .
2 ( )
%
%
%
%
(
xy)2 =
x2 y 2 + 2
xyz(
x)
%
%
x + 2xyz
=
x2 y 2
%
=
(x3 y 2 + xy 2 z 2 + x3 z 2 ) + 2xyz.
x y .
( ) y = 0
f , f (0) = 1.
x = 1, y = 1 f (1) = 1 f (1) = 0.
f (1) = 1, x = 1
f (x) = 2x1 . f (1) = a = 1,
f (1) = 0 (x, y) = (z, 1) (x, y) =
(z, 1) f (z + 1) = (1 a)f (z) + 2z + 1
f (z 1) = f (z) + 2z + 1. f (z + 1) =
(1 a)f (z 1) + a(2z + 1)
f (x) = (1 a)f (x) + a(2x 1) ()

x x
f (x) = (1 a)f (x) + a(2x 1).
%
%
xy)
(x3 y 2 + xy 2 z 2 + x3 z 2 ) 3xyz(
(a2 2a)f (x) = 2a2 x (a2 2a)
%
xy).
x3 (y 2 + z 2 ) 2xyz(
a 0 2, f (x) =
2ax
a2 1
a
= 2 f (x) = x 1. a = 2
-

%
%
%
%
3 2
2
3
2
2x yz = 2xyz(
x ) 2xyz
xy a = 0. a = 0 (*) f (x) = f (x)
x (y +z )
(x, y) = (z, z) (x, y) = (z, z) : f (2z) + f 2 (z) = f (z 2 ) + 2z 2 + 1
.
1 + f 2 (z) = f (z 2 ) 2z 2 + 1. :
f (2z) = 4z 2 1, f (x) = x2 1.
.
f (x) = 2x 1, f (x) = x2 + 1, f (x) = x2 1.
35 ( 2010)
c1 (O1 , r1 ) c2 (O2 , r2 ) , .
c1 (O1 , r1 ), c2 (O2 , r2 )
r1 < r2 , M A < M B .
21

x
f (x)
: f
= , x, y R (2).
f (y)
y

x
1 y f (y)

1
1
: f
=
, y R (3)
y
f (y)
1
(3)
(2) y
y
: f (xy) = f (x)f (y), x, y R . x =
y = 1 f (1) = 1 f (1) = 1.
f (1) = 1 f 1 1.
f (1) = 1 .
(0, +) f .
g(x) = ln f (ex ),
g(x + y) = g(x) + g(y)
( )
: O1 ABO2
O1 A, O2 B O1 A < O2 B . M
O1 A = O1 M O2 M =
O2 B , AM < M B .
O1 (0, 0), A(0, a), B(b, a), O2 (b, c) a, b, c > 0
M (x, y). |OA| = |OM | , |O2 M | =
|O2 B| : a2 = x2 + y 2 (1),
(b x)2 + (y + c)2 = (a + c)2 (2). (1)
(2)
2c(a c) = b(b 2c). M
a > y b > 2x (3).
, AM < BM
: x2 + (a y)2 < (b x)2 + (y a)2
a2 = x2 + y 2 ,
0 < b(b 2x),
(3).
: (O1 , r1 ) (O2 , r2 )
() , .

(
. ), g(x) = ax
a R. x > 0
ln f (ex ) = ax f (x) = xa a R.
f (f (x)) = x
a2 = 1 a = 1 a = 1 f (x) = x
g .
1
, x R . f .
x
(0, +) f (x) = x, x (0, +)
1
f (x) = , x (0, +).
x
f (x) =
36 ( 2010)

f : R R

1
=
f (f (x)),
: f
y
x, y R (0, +).
f (x)
f (y)
1 ( ) x = y
(i) f (x) = x, x (0, +)

f (x) = x, x R . x < 0 y < 0.
xy > 0 f (x)f (y) = f (xy)
f (x)f (y) = xy y = 1
f (x)(1) = x f (x) = x
x (, 0). ( x > 0 y < 0.
f (x)f (y) = f (xy)
xf (y) = f (xy) y = 1 : f (x) = x
x > 0 f (x) = x x < 0
1
.
f (f (x)) f (f (x)) = f (1)x, x
x
x < 0
R . a = f (1)
y > 0.)
1
f (f (x)) = ax,
x R .
x =
a
1

(ii) f (x) = , x (0, +)
1
x
f f
= 1 (1).
1
a

f (x) = , x R
1
x
(1)
y = f
.
a
1
1
: f (f (x)) = 1 f (f (x)), x R
f (x) = x, x R f (x) = , x R
f a
x
1
2 ( ) (1) y = x :
1 ax, x R x = 1 :
ax =
f (f (x)) = x f (1) (2). (2)
f a
1
= 1 (1): f (1) = 1 1 1 f . (2) x = 1 : f (f (1)) = f (1)
f
a
1 1 f
f (1)= 1. f (f (x)) = x
a = 1. (1) : f (f (x)) = x, x R
x
f (x)
x, R (3) f
= , x, y R
( 1f (y)
y
1 R ) (4)
: f (1) =
22
f (1)
f (1)
f (0, +) :
x
>
1 f
(x) > f (1) = 1 > 0 0 < x < 1

1
1
1
= f (f (1)) ,
1 f
>1f
> f (1) = 1 > 0 (5) f (x) > 0.
f (1)
x
x
, f (1) = 1.
x > 0 f (x) > 0. f

(, 0)
f (x)
(4) y = x : f
= 1 = f (x) < 0 x < 0. , f
f (x)
f (1) f : 1 1 f (x) = f (x), R . ,

(3), :
f .
f (x) = x x R .

1
1
f (0, +)
(4) x = 1, y = x :f
=
f
(x)
x
1
&
'

: f (x) =
1
1
1
1
x
f f
=f
f
=
(5).
x R .
f (x)
x
x
f (x)
(4) x = 1, y = 1 : f
37 ( ) (
) :
38 ( )
An = {k {1, 2, . . . , n} : 2k 1}
(n
(k 1)k
lim (k=1
n
k
n
k=1 (k + 1)
an = |An |
lim
n
an
n
( )
(
(
an = nk=1 (k1)k bn = nk=1 (k+1)k . http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=59&t=5619
(bn ) ,
k
. ,
( )
)
ln 10
ln210
1 k ln 2 , ln 2 + 1 N.
an+1 an
lim
=

n
bn+1 bn
nn+1
2
= lim 1 +
n+1
n (n + 2)
n
n
lim

n
(k1)k

1
2
n+2
Cesaro-Stolz,
n+2
+
n ln 2
+ O(1)
an =
ln 10
*
= e2
ln 2
an
=
.
n n
ln 10
lim
e2 .
( ):
: Cesaro-Stolz
: ln 2/ ln 10
(an ), (bn )
(bn ) , . Weyl :
a
an
, 0 a b 1 An = {k
limn bn+1
,
n+1 bn
|An |
an
limn bn .
= b a.
{1, 2, . . . , n} : a {k} b}, lim
lim
k=1
n
k
k=1 (k+1)
23
39 ( )
K1 = {a + b p : a, b Q}
( )
sn .
K2 = {a + b q : a, b Q}
n . , p, q , n- 1
sn = 1.
.
n = pk k > 1 p .
n-
pk1 - , 0,
sn = 0.
( )
n = pq gcd(p, q) = 1.

. : Q
p Q q k 1 s q 1 r p (s, q) = 1
, (r, p) = 1 k sp+rq mod pq . ,
=
()2 = p.
p
= () Q q 2 = p. = x + y q
pq
q
p

%
%
%
2i(sp+rq)

2 x, y 2 .
2ik
pq
x + y q + (2xy) q = p xy = 0 spq =
e
=
e pq
= sp + sq .

p, p/q
40 ( )
n
%
2ik
n
k=1
(k,n)=1
k=1
(k,pq)=1
s=1
r=1
(s,q)=1 (r,p)=1
sn
n
(1)r , n
r .
(n) Mobius.
41 ( )
f : R R , x0 R,
f (x0 ) lim f (x)

xx
0
24
|f (x)qy | > s > 0 s (

x). qx I
x0 (qx , qy ).
f (x0 +) lim f (x)

xx+
0
R {}.

f .
1 ( ) x
f n N.
f (x) f (x+) = (x, n) :
,
x D (rx , ry ) :
/ I , qx = rx , x I {x0 },
x
qy = ry .
42 ( )

+
%
3n 1
n 8n
n=0
() y1 (x 2, x) f (y1 ) f (x) <

1/n

() y2 (x, x+2) f (y2 ) f (x+) <

1/n.
(1 + z)n
n
1
dz ,
=
2i C z k+1
k
z1 (x , x) y1 |y1 z1 | <
0.
min{, x z1 }. y1 (x 2, x)

n
%
%
(1 + z)3
(1 + z)3n
1
|f (y1 ) f (z1 )| |f (y1 ) f (x)| + |f (x) f (z1 )| <

8n z n+1
z
8z
n=0
n=0
2/n.

1
z
z1 (x , x)
1
3
1 (1+z)
8z
8
8z(1+z)3
= z 3 +3z8
2 5z+1 =
8
(z1)(z 2 +4z1)
|f (z1 )f (z1 +)| |f (z1 )f (z1 )|+|f (z1 )f (z1 +)| < |z| = 1/2.

4/n

%
1 %
(1 + z)3n
3n 1
z2 (x, x + ) |f (z2 ) f (z2 +)| < 4/n.
=
dz =
n n+1
2i
n 8n
|z|=1/2 8 z
2(x, n)
n=0
n=0

dz
x, z , ( 8
=
2i |z|=1/2 (z 1)(z 2 + 4z 1)
x)

4
1
f (z) f (z+) < 4/n (1).
; 2 + 5
=
,
8 Res
2
(z 1)(z + 4z 1)
3 55
An = {x : |f (x) f (x+)| 4/n}. (1)

1
1
x An z (x(x, n), x+(x,
n)) z = x, z
/ Res
;
2
+
5 = d (z 3 +3z 2 5z+1)|

(z1)(z 2 +4z1)
1
1
z=2+ 5
dz
An . x 2 (x, n), x + 2 (x, n)

1
1
x An .

x An =
.

=
1
1
qx Q x 2 (x, n), x + 2 (x, n) .
3z(z + 2) 5 z=2+ 5 2 5 3 5
f : An Q

f (x) = qx 1-1 An .

arcsin x
f
(x)
=
sin
3
f An

%
1
3n 4n x2n+1
f f (x) =
.
3 n=0 n 27n 2n + 1

.
2 ( ) D R
f .

x0 D ymax = max {f (x0 ), f (x0 +), f (x0 )}
ymin = min {f (x0 ), f (x0 +), f (x0 )}.
ymin = ymax qy
(ymin , ymax ) {f (x0 ), f (x0 +)}.
f (x)
= x

sin arcsin
3
arcsin
f (x) =
1
x 1
3 cos
3
1x2

x
3 1 x2 f (x) = cos arcsin

3

x

2
1 x f (x)
f (x) =
3
1 x2

x 1
13 sin arcsin
3
1x2
I (x0
, x0 + ) , x 0 < |x x0 | < 9 (1 x2 ) f (x) 9x f (x) = f (x).
25
9 (1 x2 ) f (x) 9x f (x) + f (x) = 0

f (0) = 0 f (0) =
f (x) = sin
arcsin x
3
1

3
( 3n
n=0

cos

y 2n
= cos
33 y
arcsin
33 y
arcsin
3 3y
2
2 =
2
.
427y 2

%
1 % 3n 4n x2n+1
1
3n
1
, y =
g(x) =
=
3 n=0 n 27n 2n + 1
n 8n
8
n=0
, - 42
33
1
cos
arcsin
.
,
3
4 2
5
33
arcsin x
4 2
4
1
cos
arcsin
=
sin
=
3
3
4
2
n 2n+1
5
3 55

%
3n 4 x
1
33
1
.
2
cos
arcsin
=
n
3
n 27 2n + 1
3
4 2
n=0
33 3+5
1
1
n 2n+1
cos
arcsin
= 42
%
3
arcsin x
x
3 5
4 2
1
3n 4
=
=
sin

3
3
n 27n 2n + 1
33
3+ 5
3+ 5 3
n=0

= ... =
cos arcsin 4 2
3
= 4
1 % 3n 4n 2n
4 2
4 2
5
3
n 27n
n=0

4 2
%
arcsin x
1
3n
2x 2n
,
2
= cos
.

3

2
3 3
5
n
3
3
1
x
3
3
n=0
= ... = .
sin arcsin 4 2 = 1
4 2
4 2
2x
3 3y
y = x =
2
3 3
43 ( )

,
( ).
f (x)
(ax)2
b
= (ax)
2
f (x)
ax
b
ax
f (x)
ax
b
= ax
+c
f (x) =b + c (a x).
,
, .
2 ( )
( C 2 )
x
=x
(s) , s
. ,
1 ( ) :
M .
x
= m
x , m s.
, , ,
,
M .
x
= m x
+ m
x .
f : D , D : .
x

xo D , N (a, b).
x
x
= 0,
: y = f (x0 ) x + f (x0 ) x0 f (x0 )m
. x = 0.
xo D, f (x0 ) a + f (x0 ) x0 f (x0 ) = b. x
= 0, x
=a
+ sb, a
, b

: f (x) a + f (x) .
x f (x) = b. f (x) (a x) + f (x) =b
f (x)
ax
+ .
26
44 ( ) ( ) X Rn
x X .
Y X :
1 m n + 1
2 m n + 2 t1 ....
tr < 0 tr+1 ... tm
|Y | n + 1
x Y .
x=
m
(
i=1
i=1
m
(
i=1
m
(
i=1
ti xi = 0 p :
ci xi =
m
(
i=1
ci xi + p
m
(
i=1
t i xi =
m
(
i=1
(ci + pti ) xi
(ci + pti ) = 1 p
ci + pti 0 i.
p ct i ti > 0 p ct i ti < 0
i
i
p
ct i ti < 0 i r
( ) x
X . x1 , ...,xm X
c1 , ...,cm 1
x =
m
(
ci
p = t 0 ci +pti
i0

i0 x m 1 X
m .
ci xi
m x

m X .
45 ( )
()

()|
()

()
3.
n (n) = 9(11a + b) 0 (mod 9)

n (n) = (n) p (n) = (n)(p 1).
(n)(p1) 0 (mod 9)
((n), 9) = 1 p 1 0 (mod 9).
, p p 1 0
(mod 2)
p 1 0 (mod 18).
(3)
(1) (3) p
=
19, 37, 73, 109, 127, 163, 181, 199.
( ) n =
p = 163, 181, 199 (1) ( n
abc = 100a + 10b + c. (n) = a + b + c, ) (n) = 5
0 a, b, c 9 a = 0.
.
p = 109, 127 (n) = 5 7
.
p = 73 (n) = 5, 7, 11, 13
(1)
n = 7 73 = 511 n = 11 73 =
803.
p = 37 (n) = 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23
(2) n = 11 37 = 407,
n = (n) p, p 3
(n) = a + b + c 3
27
n = 13 37 = 481 n = 17 37 = 629.
p = 19 (1)
( )
n = 19(n),
100a+10b+c = 19a+19b+19c, b = 9a2c.
a 4 . a = 3
b = c = 9 .
a = 2 a + b + c = 2 + 18 2c + c = 20 c
c = 1, 3, 7, 9
n = 13 19 = 247 n = 11 19 = 209.
a = 1 a + b + c = 10 c
c = 3, 5
n = 7 19 = 133.

,
1. M N m > M
(m + 1)
1 m
k .
1
k+1
k + 1/2
> >
.
m
2
2m
2

2m + 1
2m
2m
< 2<
<
.
k+1
k + 1/2
k+1
n = 133, 209, 247, 407, 481, 511, 629, 803

( k
1
1
2m1 , > )
2
2
46 ( )
(k
+
1)
2 = 2m (k + 1)
2m .
an = [n 2] nN
m k ,
2.
m,
, 2,
an = [n 2], nN .
47 ( )
f : [a, b] R.
n
d2 d1 = d3 d2 = ... = dn dn1 , n N
[a, d1 ] , [d1 , d2 ] , ..., [dn1 , b]
:
1 , 2 , ..., n (a, d1 ) , (d2 , d1 ) , ..., (dn1 , b)
1 < 2 < ... < n
(n
j=1 f
[a, b] :
1
dj dj1
f (1 ) + f (2 ) + .... + f (n )
f (b) f (a)
=
ba
n
n
%
( ) [d1 , dn ]
n :
[d1 , d2 ] , [d2 , d3 ] , ..., [dn1 , dn ] :
28
i)
n
j=1 f
(n
f (dj )f (dj1 )
=
dj d
j1
)f (d1 )
f (dj1 ) = f (ddjnd
j1
j=1
(dj )
dj dj1 = dn d1 = n (dj dj1 )
j=1
(
1%
f (i )
n
j=1
f (dn ) f (d1 )
dn d1
. a = d1 , b = dn
f (dn ) f (d1 )
1
n
dj dj1
48 ( ) A
A2 A + I = O,
B = A kI
k R
A.
( ) A = B + kI ,
(B + kI)2 (B + kI) + I = 0
B(B + (2k 1)I) = (k2 k + 1)I (*).

k 2 k + 1 = (k 1/2)2 + 1/4
1
4
, (*),
, B 1 =
(B + (2k 1)I)/(k2 k + 1) = (A+ (k 1)I)/(k2 k + 1).
. 2 (
)
: B
k R, 0 = v Rn Av = kv .
(k 2 k + 1)v = 0, v = 0
k 2 k + 1 > 0 k R.
49 ( )
(, )
limxa+ f (x) = limx f (x) = ,
(, ) f () = 0.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=61&t=3018&view=next
1 ( )
g :
g(x) = ef (x) , x (, ) g() = g() = 0.
Rolle [, ] g .
+, g : g(x) = ef (x) , x
(, ) g() = g() = 0.
2 ( )
limxa+ f (x) = :
( ba
> 1 > 0)(x (a, a + 1 ))(f (x) < 0)
2

x1 (a, a + 1 ) f (x1 ) = 2f (a + 1 ). ,
lim f (x) = :
[x3 , x2 ]. 2f (a + 1 ) < 2f (b 2 ).
1 ( )

, .
.
1) g ,
. ..
g(x) = 1+f12 (x) a < x c
limxa+ f (x) c, . .
p, q p < (a + b)/2 < q
f (p) = f (q) = c. Rolle [p, q].
xb

( ba
> 2 > 0)(x (b 2 , b))(f (x) < 0) .
2
,
x2 (b 2 , b) f (x2 ) = 2f (b 2 ). :
2f (a + 1 ) = 2f (b 2 ) Rolle ( + - )
[x1 , x2 ] ( x1 , x2 .
1 , 2 3 ( )
a+b
) . .. .

2
2f (a + 1 ) > 2f (b 2 ), - : f 1 (a, x1 ) x3 1 ( ) (, )
f (x3 ) = 2f (b 2 ) . Rolle
29
f 1-1 c (**)
c
c
x1 , x2 (, ) x1 =

x2 f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) f 2c+1
, x f 12 2c+1
=
Rolle [x1 , x2 ] [x2 , x1 ] , () f (x) . ,
.
f (x) ,
(**) f 1/2.
.
50 (
)
f : (0, +) (0, +)
g g(x) = f 2 (x)+f (x), x >
1
f (x)
0, lim
=
x+ x
2
1 ( )
f = g = (f 2 + f ) = 2f f + f (*).
f (x) = 1/2 (*) 1/2 = 0.
(*)
f = 2ff+1 > 0. (**)
f x
c +.

.
f
De lHospital (x) = f ,
1/2.
2 ( ) , f
: ,
g g
, ,
lim g(x) = k > 0 g(x) < k, x > 0
x+
g , g = f = 2f +1 > 0,
g( 1+n
2 ) <
g(1)+g(n)
, n
2
g(1) + g(n)
)k
lim (
n
2
N lim g(
g(1)+k
2
1+n
)
2
k g(1), .
51 ( ) Lagrange
: , ,
5, 1974
f (x)
1,
x1 , x2 , ..., x x,
y1 , y2 , ..., y , :
y1
f1 (x) = (x1 x2 )(x1 x
3 )...(x1 x )
(x x2 ) (x x3 ) .... (x x )
y2
f2 (x) = (x2 x1 )(x2 x
3 )...(x2 x )
(x x1 ) (x x3 ) .... (x x )
..... :
f (x) = (x x1 )(x xy2 )...(x x1 )

(x x1 ) (x x2 ) .... (x x1 )
:
f (x1 ) = y1 , f (x2 ) = y2 , ..., f (x ) = y
f (x) = f1 (x) + f2 (x) + ... + f (x)

:
f (x1 ) = f1 (x1 ) + f2 (x1 ) + ... + f (x1 ) = y1

f (x2 ) = f1 (x2 )+f2 (x2 )+...+f (x2 ) = 0+y2 +0+...+0 =
y2
:
(
)
f1 (x), 1 :
f1 (x1 ) = y1 f1 (x2 ) = f1 (x3 ) = ... = f1 (x ) = 0.
:
f1 (x) = c (x x2 ) (x x3 ) ..... (x x )
f (x ) = f1 (x )+f2 (x )+...+f (x ) = 0+0+....+y = y

f (x) 1
. g(x) ,
:
f1 (x1 ) = y1 = c (x1 x2 ) (x1 x3 ) ..... (x1 x )
f (x1 ) = g(x1 ), f (x2 ) = g(x2 ), ....f (x ) = g(x )
:
30
f (x) g(x).
f (x)
.
: . , 1977
( )
, p(x) = a2n x2n + + a0
a2n > 0.
P (x) =
m
i=1
(x zi )(z zi )
(x i )2mi =
i=1

1 ( )
K

( 100),
k
k
89 (11 100).
a2m (x zi )
a2m (x zi ) =
89 11
i=1
i=1

89 ( 78) ... ,
L
(A(x) + iB(x)) (A(x) iB(x)) = A2 (x) + B 2 (x)
.
1. K zi , zi
:1,12,23,34,45,56,67,78,89
i .
( ) ,

2. L zi , zi .
.

3. A(x) , B(x) R[x].
67 (
4. (x i )
78) .
f (x) = (x )2k+1 g(x) g() = 0,
(
g ,
)
f ,
.
52 ( ) (
17 Hilbert). f (x)
, f (x) 0
x R. A(x), B(x)
,
f (x) = (A(x))2 + (B(x))2

x R.
Prasolov Polynomials, Springer, 2004

.
1967 T. Motzkin
F (x, y) = x2 y 2 (x2 + y 2 3) + 1.

.
31
. .
Leonardo da Vinci
(32-) . 30
. -
-
- quasiregular ,
( - ).
(0, 0, ),

, 1+
,
12 ,
2
2
1+ 5
.
2
:
mathematica.gr
mathematica.gr

2. (nsmavrogiannis)
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1. (grigkost)
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5. (chris_gatos)
12. (hsiodos)
6. (gbaloglou)
13. ( )
7. (R BORIS)
14. (bilstef)
8. (dement)
15. (xr.tsif)
1 ( )

:

.
.
, ,
,

. , ,
,
.
.

-
,
. ,

.
,

.
,

. ,
,
.

. , ,

3 ( )
30% , 20
30% .

;
7 ( )
a, b, c
2 ( papel)

.

;
4 (
)
9
1, 2, 3, ..., 8, 9

.
.

x;
a+b+c = 0

1
1
1
+
+
=0
b2 + c2 a2 c2 + a2 b2 a2 + b2 c2
8 ( ) a b

a
a+1
a + 2009
+
+ ... +
= 2010
b
b+1
b + 2009
a = b
9 ( ) > 2
> 2 > + .
10 ( )
m
|2x |2x 1|| = m2 x
5 ( KARKAR )
, E1 .
, E2 .
E2
E1
6 ( )
.
7 .

2 .

: 1...6
.

11 (
)
B = 45
= 30 .
= 15 .
B
12 (
)
,
, ,

.
19 ( )
f : R R :
f (x) =
13 (
:
2
2
( 2 + 1)(x+1) + ( 2 1)(x+1) = 2
14 ( )

3x+1 9x + 3 5x 25x = 15x + 3
15 ( KARKAR)
AB a, O, M
O. M
A N . N N,
A . A
a .
16 (
)
28

.
.
ax2 +x+b
x+3
, x = 3
, x = 3
f
y y
2 , .
. a = 1 b = 6.
. f x = 3.
. f

x x

20 ( )
x, y, z, x < y < z <
3, 3 4.
) x = 1 = 5
)
5
y z .
2
)
6
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6
6
xi = 38
i=1
6
x2i = 244
i=1

10 .
, ,

17 ( )
AB. E Z
AB B, ,
E Z A.
18 ( )

, ,
x

+x +
= 0
x2

0
) 2 4
)
2
=0
//
21 ( ) a, b, c 1
: a + b + c = 1
:
) ab + bc + ca = abc
) (1 a)(1 b)(1 c) = 0
1
1
1
) a2009
+ b2009
+ c2009
=1
) a, b, c,
, .
22 ( )
x2 x + = 0, , R
z1 , z2 C R.
, : z13 + z22 = 1
x, y R. :
) f (0) = 0 f (x) = f (x)
xR
) N x1 , x2 , ..... , x R
:
f (x1 + x2 + ..... + x ) = f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) +

..... + f (x ) (2)

f (1)
) f 1 = N .
) R, f (q) = q
q Q.
, ,

25 ( Stelmarg )

P (x) = x2n+1 2x + 1, n N, n 2
(0, 1)
( )
:
(0, 1)
(
, -
). xn ,
(0, 1), (xn ) limxn = 12 .
26 ( ) f : R
R f (x) > 0, x R
y R y(a) = k
R
y
, a, k, f (t)
,
y(x) f (x)y 2 (x) = 0, x R
, ,

27 (

F (t) =
sin x
dx
1 + x2
t > 0.
, ,
,
23 ( Iason Pap.)
f : R R
f (f (x)) = x3 x R
24 ( )
f : R R
f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) (1)

2
28 (

1
I=
0
xn (2 x)n dx = 22n
1
0
xn (1 x)n dx = J
. Juniors
29 ( )
ABC, (AB = AC)
= 20 .
A
AC D,
= 60 AB
DBC
= 30 .
E , ECB

EDB
30 ( ) f, g :
R ,
x, y [0, 1] ,
33 (
)

f : R R
f (f (x)) + f (x) = x x R.
34 (

1
4
. Seniors
31 ( ) a, b, c

a+b+c= 3
:
b
c
3
a
+ 2
+ 2
b2 + 1
c +1
a +1
2
41 ( )

111...111
3
(1)k
=
(2k + 1)3
32
k=0
91
.

:
,
, , .
, 1998.
[0, 1]
|f (x) + g(y) xy|
35 ( )
A
Q(x) = 12 (x, Ax) (x, b).
Q x0
Ax0 = b
21 (b, A1 b). ( n
n A

x Rn
(x, Ax) > 0.)
36 ( )
f Z[x] x1 , . . . , xn
M = max {|ai | : 1 i n}.
m Z |m| > M + 1 |f (m)| .
f Z[x].
42 ( )
A = {2n 3|n N}
()
43 ( )
1+
1x
= 1 x2 + x
2x

32 ( )
( , )
ABCD E, F,
AB, CD ,
AE
DF
=
=p
EB
FC
BC, EF, AD, K, L, M,
EL
AM
BK
=
=
=q
KC
LF
MD
KL
=p
LM
37 ( )
1
2
ln(1 x) ln x
dx .
x (1 x)
38 (

lim n2

1
0

2
1 + xn dx 1 =
12
39 (
)

.
40 ( )

(An )nN , (Bn )nN
An X = Bn n N
44 ( )
ABC
a2 cos2 A + b2 cos2 B = c2 cos2 C .

;
45 ( )
f R
f (x)sin3 x, f (x)cos3 x , f
.
46 ( )
P (x) n n
x1 , x2 , ..., xn . Q(x) n 1,

n

Q(xk )
xQ(x)
= lim
(x )
x
P
P (x)
k
k=1
47 ( irakleios)
P (x) R[x]
:
(x 1)143 + (x + 1)2002 = [P (x)]13
48 ( ) p(x)
n,
n
,
xi , xj xi xj >
1.
( :
)
: p(x) n n 1
,
xi , xj p
xi xj > 1
:
1 ( )
: .
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
, . .

- ,
. ,
. ,
. ,

. ,
,
.

. ,
,
.)
[ 1 3 ,
2 1 3 2 .]

. 7 .

. (
.)
.
2 ( papel)

.
;
( ) . 6
18 .

.
,,,,,,,,
( )
,
;.

. (
:
3 ( )
30% , 20
30% .
;
1 ( )
1:
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 9 = 45
(
70% 20
30% .
40% 20l. 20% 10l,
100% , 50l.
2 :
4 + 7 + 9 = 20.
3 : x
x x
20 23
45.
4 :
21, 1
45 21 21 = 3 x = 3 2, 5, 6, 8
x 22, 2
45 22 22 = 31 x = 1 3, 5, 6, 8
x .
1 :
, ,
2 ( ) A
,
4 ( )
9 1, 2, 3, ..., 8, 9

.
.
x;
A + A = 1 + 2 + 3... + 9 + x = 45 + x
x . x ,
1, 3, 5 ( 7, 9 ). x = 1 ,
x = 3 , x = 5 .
:
1 ( ) (K, R)
. E1
5 ( KARKAR )
, E1 .
, E2 .
E2
E1
E1 = 2R2
= R 2.
6
E2 =
4R2
5
2
4R
E2
2
= 52 =
E1
2R
5
6 ( )
.
7 . 2
.
: 1...6
.

1 ( )
. 2+7 6+2
. 9+9.
9+9=1..6. 9+9196 9+9106 .
, 1023. 9+9
6. 11 22 9+9
6 =13. 33
80.
2 ( ) ,
:
, 9+9, 9(+1).
9. 1..6
9,
2 (1+2+6=9 , ,
9)
126. 9+9=126 =13.

x.
KH,
.
H =
x
K = HZ = x HZK.
2
K2 + H2 = KH2
,
x2 +
x2
= R2
4
x2 =
4R2
5
:
(a + b)2 = c2 a2 + b2 c2 = 2ab
7 ( ) a, b, c
a+b+c=0
b2 + c2 a2 = 2bc
b2
a2 + c2 b2 = 2ac
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
=0
+ c2 a2
c + a2 b 2
a + b 2 c2
1
1
1
2 + a2 +b2 c2 =
b2 +c2 a2 + c2 +a2 b

2
2
1
1
1
1 a bc+b ac+c2 ab
+
+
=
2
2bc
2ac
2ab
2
(abc)
= 12 (a + b + c) = 0
1 ( () )
a+b+c=0
7
() a b. ( ),
b a, a = b.
2 ( )
8 ( ) a b

a a+1
a + 2009
+
+ ... +
= 2010
b
b+1
b + 2009
a = b
a + 2009
a a+1
+
+ ... +
= 2010
b
b+1
b + 2009
a a+1
a + 2009
b b+1
b + 2009
+
+ ... +
= +
+ ... +
b
b+1
b + 2009
b b+1
b + 2009
ab
ab ab
+
+ ... +
=0
b b+1
b + 2009
1
1
1
(a b)
+
+ ... +
=0
b b+1
b + 2009
ab=0
a=b
1 ( ) a > b,
1 k
a+k
>
b+k
= 0, 1, 2, . . . , 2009 ( 2010
). k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 2009,
2010 =
a + 2009
a a+1
+
+ ... +
> 1 + 1 + + 1 = 2010
b
b+1
b + 2009
:
9 ( ) > 2 > 2
> + .
> 2 A = [0, +).

x1 , x2 A
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) ( 1)x1 < ( 1)x2 (
1)(x1 x2 ) < 0 x1 x2 < 0 x1 < x2 ,
( > 2), f A.
f (2) = ( 1) 2 = 2 > 0 , x > 2 :
f (x) > f (2) > 0 = x x > 0 x > x +
x = , > 2
: > +
( ) 1 : > 2, > 2.
:
> 4 (1)
10 ( )
m
> 2 2 > 0, > 2 2 > 0

:
2 2 + 4 > 0 (2)
|2x |2x 1|| = m2 x
(1) (2) :
2 2 2 > 0 > +
2 = : 2 > 2
2 2 > 0 ( 2) > 0 , > 2.
> . :
( ) m = 0, 2x =
|2x 1| x = 1/4.
m = 0,
2 > + (1) ( )
:
m2 x = |2x |2x 1|| 0
> 2 > 2 (2) ( )

(1) (2):
x 0. , |2x 1| = 1 2x
|4x 1| = 1 4x
2 + > + + 2 > +
> .
3 > +
: 2 > 2 + 2 : + 2 2 > 0
: ( 2) + ( 2) > 0, > 2
> 2.
4
1 4x = m2 x

(4 m2 )x = 1
m2 4 , m2 > 4,
1
x = 4m
2.
f (x) = ( 1)x
8
:
11 ( )
B = 45 = 30 .
= 15 .
B

3 ( ) :
45
=
=
45
105
75
:
1 ( ) =45

2
2
6+ 2
4
= (1)
=60 =/2=
(1) =
= (2)
(150 )
(30 + )
2 2
4
2
=
(30 + )
6+ 2
+ 3
2 + 6 = 2 6 + 2 2
2 =
6 + 2 2 = 3 + 2
0 < < 45 , =
15 .
( : 15 =
15
=
15
6+ 2
4
6 2
4
= ... =
3 + 2)
4 ( ) .
==30 (3)
(2,3)
=15 .
2 ( )
= x :
B

,
.

B
b
=
2. sin x
sin 30
A(0, 1) B(1, 0)
= 105 , B
= 45
= 30 .
A
B
b
=
2. sin(45 x)
sin 75
sin 75
sin(45 x)
=
,
sin x
sin 30
=
B
(1)

x = 15 (1),
f (x) =
3, 0 .
sin(45 x)
sin x
9
1
2
3
2 +
3 1
,
. :
2 2
1
= 32
=
3+2
1
< 45
0 < B
= 15
B
12 ( )
, , ,
.
1 ( ) ABC ACD
: BAH1 = //2(OM ), DH2 = //2(OM ) AH1 =
//DH2 :
BD = //H1 H2

.
.
:
13 ( ) :
2
2
( 2 + 1)(x+1) = ( 2 + 1)(x+1) x = 1
2
2
( 2 + 1)(x+1) + ( 2 1)(x+1) = 2
4 ( )
:
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=21&t=12239#wrapheader
1 () ( 2 1)( 2 + 1) =
21=1
av + ( a1 )v = 2 a2v 2av + 1 = 0 (av 1)2 = 0 av = 1
a = 2 + 1, v = (x + 1)2 :
2
( 2 + 1)(x+1) = 1 (x + 1)2 = 0 x = 1
14 ( )
3x+1 9x + 3 5x 25x = 15x + 3
2
2
1
)(x+1) = 2 az + az = 2
( 2 + 1)(x+1) + (
2
+
1
2
az = ( 2 + 1)(x+1)
2.
az = 1 (x + 1)2 = 0 x = 1.
2 ( )

2
a + b 2 ab, a, b > 0 : ( 2 + 1)(x+1) +
2
( 2
1)(x+1)
2 [( 2 1)( 2 + 1)](x+1)2 = 2
2
2
( 2 + 1)(x+1) = ( 2 1)(x+1)
2
( 2 + 1)2(x+1) = 1 = ( 2 + 1)0
(x + 1)2 = 0 x = 1
:
3 ()
1 ( )
3(3x + 5x ) = 9x + 25x + 3x 5x + 3 (1)
9x + 25x 2 9x 25x = 2.5x 3x

(1)
3(3x + 5x 3x 5x 1) 0
(3x 1)(1 5x ) 0
(3x 1 5x 1) (3x 1 5x 1)
x 0x 0 x =0
0
2 () 3x = w 5x = y .
( 2 1)( 2 + 1) = 1 ( 2 1) = ( 2 + 1)1

2
(x+1)2
=2
: ( 2 + 1)(x+1)
+ ( 2 + 1)
w2 + y 2 + wy 3y 3w + 3 = 0
a + b 2 ab, a, b > 0

y 2 + (w 3)y + w2 3w + 3 = 0
2
2
( 2 + 1)(x+1) + ( 2 + 1)(x+1)
y D = 3(w 1)2
2 ( 2 + 1)(x+1)2 ( 2 + 1)(x+1)2 = 2.
w = 1 y = 1. x = 0
10
( )
:
( + 2)2 + ( 1)2 + ( 1)2 = 0, (1) -
= = 1
(1) = 3x = 5x
.
:
15 ( KARKAR) AB a,
O, M O. M
A N . N N,
A . A a .
1 ( ) ,
A
=
2
4
, :
x
(1)

M

3 1
,
.
4 4
=

N
1
y = x N
3
: y = x

1
1,
.
3
1
:
3
=

N
1
= 3 (x 1)
3, : y
3

5 5
,
,
6 6

2
2
5
(A) = 2 1
=

,
6
6
2
, :
x
4
(2) (1), (2)
=
2
(A) =
2
2
6
+
4
3 ( )
2
2
OM :
.
A =
6
( 45o ) = 12 = 3
2 ( )
N :
( ).
a
2a
(90o ) = N
a N = 3 AN = 3
(0, 0)
AN :
(1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1).
A
AN
(90) = (135)
1 1
,
O
.
A
2a
a 2
2 2
= 3(45+) A = 6
11
16 ( )
28
. .
M 2 = (M )(M K) =
2 2
(3)
9
(2) (3) :
AZ = M = ( )
1 ( ) :
(2) :
(14 )2 =
+ + = 28 (1)
2 2 2 + 2 2 2
.
9
4
(1) (4) : 2 12+35 = 0

: 1 = 7, 2 = 5
: 1 = 7, 1 = 14, 1 = 7
2 = 5, 2 = 10, 2 = 13
1.
.
2.
14,
.

C(A, 0).
- .

.
AZ 2 = (AK)(A) ( )2 =
= 2 (4)
2
1 2
2
= 2 (2)
3 3
9
:
17 ( )
AB. E Z AB B, ,
E Z
A.
( )
AB =
, A = , AM = xA, M E = y E
AM = xA = x(
+ ), (1)
AM = AE M E = 12 AB y E = 12
y( + 12
) =
(1y)
+
y
,
(2)
2
(1), (2)
x = y = 13 AM = 13 A
CN
18 ( )

, ,
x

+x +
= 0
x2

) 2 4
12
)
( ) x = 0 x = 0
= 0, .
2 4
2 4x2
0 x2
0
)
2
2
2
)2 0, .
( x
) 4x
0 ( x2
2 2
2
2
2
x ) 4x
= ( x2
) x = (
)2
2 2
2
...(
x a) = 0 = x a
=0
//
=0
= 2x

2x2
+ x
.
//
:
19 ( )
f : R R :

f (x) =
ax2 +x+b
x+3
, x = 3
, x = 3
f
y y 2 , .
. a = 1 b = 6.
. f x = 3.
. f
x x

f x x, = 1, = 4 ,
[0, ) x (0, /2),
.
20 ( ) x, y, z,
x < y < z < 3, 3 4.
) x = 1 = 5
)
y z .
)
6 x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6
6

xi = 38
i=1
5

2
6

x2i = 244
i=1
10 .
( )
f y y -2,
a 02 + 0 + b
= 2 b = 6 (I)
0+3
f R, -3, ( ) i. :
lim f (x) = f (3).
x = 3,
:
x = 4 (1)
x3
2
ax +x+b
2
:
f (x) =
f (x)(x + 3) = ax + :
x+3
lim [f (x)(x + 3)] = lim (x2 + x + b)

x + b,
+z
x3
x3
= 3 + z = 6 (2)
0 = (3)2 + (3) + b) 9 + b = 3 (II)
2
. () () : a = 1 b = 6.
:
x++z+
. a = 1 b = 6, :
= 3 x + + z + = 12(2) x + 6 + = 12
x2 +x6
4
, x = 3
x + = 6 (3)
x+3
f (x) =
5
,
x
=
3
(1) (3) : x = 1

=5
x 2 , x = 3
=
=x2
ii.
5
, x = 3

f R , f (x) =
(1 3)2 + ( 3)2 + (z 3)2 + (5 3)2
2
=
1, f (3) = 1.
4
. f
5
4 + ( 3)2 + (z 3)2 + 4
B(0, 2) A(0, 2).
=
2
4
f
f (0) = 2

OA = OB = 2,
(OAB) = 2..
13
5
( 3) + (z 3)
=
+2
2
4
6

( 3) + (z 3)
1
=
2
4
( 3)2 + (z 3)2 = 2
38 + 12
=
=5
10
10
2
2
2
2
1 + 2 + 4 + 5 = 1 + 4 + 16 + 25 = 46
10

xi = 50
=
(4)
(2),(4) :
i=1
( 3)2 + (z 3)2 = 2(2)

2
xi + 12
i=1
10

2
( 3) + (3 ) = 2 ( 3) = 1
x2i = 244 + 46 = 290
i=1
3 = 1 = 4 z = 2
3 = 1 = 2 z = 4
x = 1, = 2,z = 4, = 5
iii.
2
2500
10 )
10

1
x2i
10 (
i=1
10

i=1
x i )2
10
1
) = 10
(290
502
10 )
1
10 (290
1
= 10
(290
250) = 4
= 4 = 2
:
21 ( ) a, b, c
1 : a + b + c = 1
:
) ab + bc + ca = abc
) (1 a)(1 b)(1 c) = 0
1
1
1
) a2009
+ b2009
+ c2009
=1
) a, b, c, ,
.
1 ( ) z12 z1 + =
0 z22 z2 + = 0 z2 = z1 z13 + z22 = 1
z12 z22 .
a2 z1 ab z1b + az1 b = 1 (1).
z1 , z2 C R D = a2 4b
z1 =
1 (giannisn1990)
1
1
1
b =
c =

a
b
c
1 1 1
a+b+c = 1 a + b + c = 1 a+b+c = 1 + + =
a b c
1 ab + bc + ca = abc
) a =
a
+
2
4b a2
i
2
(1)
a2 b a = 0 (2)
(
a2 )
a ab 1 = 0 (3)
(2), (3) (a, b) = (1, 0) (a, b) =
(1, 2). (1, 0)
(1, 2)
.
2 ( )
ab + bc + ca = abc
ab + bc + ca abc = 0
b(a + c) + ca(1 b) = 0
b(1 b) + ca(1 b) = 0
(1 b)(b + ca) = 0
(1 b)(1 a c + ca) = 0
z13 + z1 2 = 1 (1)
(1 a)(1 b)(1 c) = 0
) (1a)(1b)(1c) = 0 a = 1 b = 1 c = 1
(1)
1
1
a = 1 . 2009 + 2009 =
b
c
z1 3 + z12 = 1 (2)
0 b2009 = c2009 a + b + c = 1
b + c = 0 b = c b2009 = c2009 b2009 + c2009 = 0
) |b c|2 = |a c|2 + |b a|2 . a = 1
(1)-(2) (z1 z1 )(z12 + z1 2 + z1 z1 ) (z1 z1 )(z1 + z1 ) = 0
b + c = 0 |2c|2 = |c + 1|2 + |c 1|2
(z12 + z1 2 + z1 z1 ) (z1 + z1 ) = 0( z1 |c + 1|2 + |c 1|2 = 2(|c|2 + 1) = 4 |2c|2 = 4
22 ( ) x2 x + = 0,
, R z1 , z2 C R. , : z13 + z22 = 1
14
(z1 + z1 )2 z1 z1 (z1 + z1 ) = 0
a2 b a = 0 (3)
(1)+(2) (z1 + z1 )(z12

(z1 + z1 )[(z1 + z1 )2
0 (a 1)2 (a + 1) = 0 a = 1 a = 1
+ z1 z1 z1 ) + (z1 + z1 ) 2z1 z1 = 2
3z1 z1 ] + (z1 + z1 )2 2z1 z1 = 2
= a2 4b < 0 (5)
a(a2 3b) + a2 2b = 2
a = 1 (3) b = 0 ,
a(a + b 3b) + a + b 2b = 2
(5) a = 1 (3) b = 2 (5) a = 1 b = 2
( (3) a(a 2b) + a b 2 = 0
.
a = 1 b = 2
: x2 + x + 2 = 0 z12 + z1 + 2 = 0 z12 = z1 2 (6)
z13 = z12 2z1 = z1 + 2 2z1 = 2 z1 (
(6) ) z22 + z2 + 2 = 0 z22 = z2 2
a 2ab + a b 2 = 0 a + b 2ab + a b 2 = 0
2a 2ab 2 = 0 a ab 1 = 0 (4)
(3) b = a2 a (4)
a a(a2 a) 1 = 0 (a 1) a2 (a 1) = z13 + z22 = 2 z1 z2 2 = (z1 + z2 ) = (1) = 1
:
23 ( Iason Pap.)
f : R R f (f (x)) = x3
xR
= :
f (x1 + x2 + ..... + x ) = (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + ... + f (x ) (A)

= + 1 :
f (x1 + x2 + ... + x+1 ) = f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + ... + f (x+1 )
:
f (x1 + x2 + ..... + x+1 ) =
( ) f ,
1 1 f (f (f (x))) = f (x3 ) f (f (f (x))) =
f (x)3 , f (x3 ) = f (x)3 f (0) = 0, f (1) =
f (1)3 , f (1) = f (1)3 . , f (1) = f (1)9 ,
f (1) = 1, 0 1. f (1) = 1, f (f (1)) = f (1) = 1,
f , f (f (1)) = 1, .
f (0) = 0 f 1-1, f (1) = 1.
f (1) = f (1)9 , f (1) = 1, 0 1,
f (1) = 1.
f (f (1)) = f (1) = 1 , f
f (f (1)) = 1, . .
(1)
f (x1 + x2 + ..... + x + x+1 ) =
(A)
f (x1 + x2 + ..... + x ) + f (x+1 ) =

f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + ..... + f (x ) + f (x+1 ) ()
(2)
N .
) (2) x1 = x2 = ..... = x = 1 :

1
1
1
+ + ..... +
=

1
1
1
+f
+ ..... + f
24 ( ) f : R

1
1
R
1
f
= f
f (1) = f
f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) (1)

1
f (1)
x, y R. :
(3)
f
=
) f (0) = 0 f (x) = f (x) x R

N
) N x1 , x2 , ..... , x R :
) q =
f (x1 + x2 + ..... + x ) = f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + ..... + f (x ) (2)
, Z , N .
1 f (1)
>
0
:
) f = N .

(2)

) R, f (q) = q q Q.
f (q) = f = f 1 = f 1 + 1 + ..... + 1 =

(3)

f 1 + f 1 + ..... + f 1 = f 1 = f (1)
= f (1) =
q f (1).
< 0:
1 ( )

> 0 ,

= .
) (1) x = y = 0 : f (0) = f (0) + f (0) f (q) = f = f = f = ... = f (1) =
f (0) = 0.
f (1) = q f (1). ( ) = 0 q = 0 :
(1) y x :
f (0) = 0 R. = f (1) R
f (0) = f (x) + f (x)
0 = f (x) + f (x)
, f (q) = q q Q.
f (x) = f (x) x R.
) = 1: f (x1 ) = f (x1 )
15
:
25 ( Stelmarg )

P (x) = x2n+1 2x + 1, n N, n 2
(0, 1)
( ) :
(0, 1)
( ,
- ). xn
, (0, 1), (xn ) limxn = 12 .
(1/2, 1) xn
(1/2, 1) : p(xn ) = 0 xn
y = 2x 1 , y = xn+1 y = xn+1
y = xn [*] 0 < xn+1 < xn (1/2, 1)
A(1, 1)
1 ( ) xn+1 2x+1 = 0 x(xn 1) =

x 1 x = 1 x(xn1 + ... + x + 1) = 1
f (x) = xn + ... + x2 + x 1, f (0)f (1) = 1 n < 0
Bolzano P
(0, 1)
2 ( ) (
) Pn (x)
(1/2, 1).
n = 2, 3, ... rn (1/2, 1) : Pn (1/2 + rn ) =
0 (1/2 + rn )n+1 2rn = 0.
Qn (x) = (1/2 + x)n+1 2x, (
rn (0, 1/2)
rn limrn = 0. Qn (0) > 0
n = 2, 3, ... x0 (0, 1/2)
an = (1/2 + x0 )n+1 2x0
(1/2 + x0 ) < 1. rn (0, 1/2)
Qn (x) an (rn ) = (1/2 + rn )n+1 2rn = 0
an an+1 (rn ) < 0,
Qn+1 (rn ) < 0, Qn+1 (0) > 0,
rn+1 (0, rn ), rn+1 < rn ,
rn . > 0
ln(2 )
( ln(1/2+ )
, n :
ln(2 )
ln(2 )
n+1 > ln(1/2+ )
. n+1 > ln(1/2+ ) (n+1)ln(1/2+) <
ln(2) (1/2 + )n+1 < 2 Qn () < 0 rn (0, ) :
Qn (rn ) = 0
limrn = 0
3 ( )
( !) ! p(1) = 0 p(x) = (x 1)q(x)
q(x) = xn + xn1 + ... + x + 1
q(1) = n 1 > 0, q(1/2) = 1
1
2n+1
( )
<0
AB f
AB f (a, b)
(a, b) C
[*] y = 2x 1
B xn+1 < xn
0 < xn x1 < 1 (xn )n 0 2xn 1 = (xn )n 0
xn 1/2
26 ( ) f : R R
f (x) > 0, x R y R y(a) = k R
y
, a, k, f (t)
,
y(x) f (x)y 2 (x) = 0, x R
( ) y(x) ,
. ( ) h
h(x) = y(x)e
x
a
f (t)y(t)dt
,x R
h R :
p (x) = (n + 1)xn 2 < 0
h (x) = e
16
x
a
f (t)y(t)dt
(y (x) f (x)y 2 (x)) = 0, x R
h . c = h(a) = y(a) = k
x
: h(x) = k y(x) = ke a f (t)y(t)dt x R
:
1) k = 0 y(x) = 0, x y(x)
( ).
2) k , y(x)
( , k )
k = 0 (
).
k .
y(x) . :
1
y (x)
= f (x) =
=
y 2 (x)
y(x)
f (t)dt + c
x = a c = k1 :
y(x) =
1k
k
x
a
f (t)dt
,x R
.
2 ( ) y (
)
(
k ( lim f (x), lim f (x))
x
x+
y 2 (x) y(x) =
1
f (t)dt
x
1
k a
y x0 2
.
) k = 0 ) k = 0
) a < x0 ( k < 0), (, x0 ) [1]
y(x0 ) = 0 limxx0 y(x) =
x0 .
( a f (t)dt) ,
a > x0
k = y(a) y
y(x) > 0 x > a x < a (, a)
1
y(x)
= F (x)+ c1 F f
x > a
2 F (a) + c1 ().
y 2
a
:
27 ( )

F (t) =
1
sin x
dx
1 + x2
I=
x (2 x) dx = 2
n
2n
t > 0.
1
n
xn (1 x) dx = J
0
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=54&t=7713&p=44293
1
dx =
1 + x2
t t 0

2x
1
(1 cos x)
dx
(1 cos x)
1 + x2 0
(1
+ x2 )2
0
t
2x(1 cos x)
1 cos t
=
+
dx > 0.
2
1+t
(1 + x2 )2
0
(James M erryf ield)
sin x
28 ( )
[1]
( )

1 2 n
J=
(2x) (2 2x) dx =
y (2 y n )n dy =
2 0
0
1
1 2 n
1
1
I+
y (2 y)n dy = I + K.
2
2 1
2
2

17
x=y1

0
2x=y
(1 + x) (1 x) dx
n
a
0
f (x)=
a
=0
f (ax)
I.
:
29 ( )
= 20 .
ABC, (AB = AC) A
= 60
AC D , DBC
= 30 .
AB E , ECB

EDB
= EM

B = 20 ,(CE BM ).
EBM
= DM
x =
AEM D (A
20 ).
= EDM
= EAM
= 10 .
EDB
30 ( ) f, g : [0, 1] R
, x, y [0, 1] ,
|f (x) + g(y) xy|
( )
1
4
( ) :
|f (x) + g(y) xy| < 14 x, y [0, 1]
:
x = y = 0 :
|f (0) + g(0)| < 14

x = 1, y = 0 :
|f (1) + g(0)| < 14
|(f (0) + g(0)) (f (1) + g(0))|

|f (0) + g(0)| + |f (1) + g(0)| < 12
|f (0) f (1)| < 12 , (1)
x = 0, y = 1, |f (0) + g(1)| <
1, |f (1) + g(1) 1| < 14
1
4
x = 1, y =
|(f (0) + g(1)) (f (1) + g(1) 1)|

|f (0) + g(1)| + |f (1) + g(1) 1| < 12
|f (0) f (1) + 1| < 12 (2)
(1) (2) :
|(f (0) f (1) + 1) (f (0) f (1))| |f (0) f (1) + 1| + |f (0)
f (1)| < 1 1 < 1 ()
x, y [0, 1]
1
|f (x) + g(y) xy|
4
BCM .
:
31 ( ) a, b, c

a+b+c=3
18
b
c
3
a
+
+
b 2 + 1 c2 + 1 a2 + 1
2
( )
1 ( ) a, b, c, d, e, f, k, l, m
d+pc
, e = a+pb
1+p f = 1+p ,
b2

c2
ab
a
a
()
+1
2
k=
bc
ca
b
c
b
c .
2
+1
2
a +1
2
ab + bc + ca
ab + bc + ca
=3
.
2
2
ab+bc+ca
3
3
2 , ,
2
ab + bc + ca 3,
(a + b + c) 3(ab + bc + ca) ()

(

),
2
,m=
a+qd
1+q ,
( )
b + qc
(a+pb)+q(d+pc)
1+p
1+q
(1 + p)(b + qc) (a + pb) q(d + pc)
=
(1 + p)(1 + q)
(b a) + q(c d)
=
(1 + p)(1 + q)
e+qf
1+q
b + qc e + qf
1+q
1+q
b + qc (e + qf )
=
1+q
LHS (a + b + c)
= a(b b+1)ab
= a bab
2 +1
2 +1 .
2
b + 1 2b,
2
ab2
ab
a bab
2 +1 a 2b = a 2 .
l=
kl =
a
b2 +1
b+qc
1+q ,
l m =
32 ( ) ( ,
) ABCD E, F,
AB, CD ,
p((b a) + q(c d))

,
(1 + p)(1 + q)
l m = p(k l) p
K, L, M
p.
2 ( ).
DF
AE
=
=p
(
EB
FC
)
BC, EF, AD,

K, L, M,
, ,
. ,,, 1, p, pq, q , .
(1) (p) (1 + p). ..
(pq) (q) F (pq + q). ..
L EF EL : LF = q . .. ( ,
,) . ,
.
(

. )
, .
EL
AM
BK
=
=
=q
KC
LF
MD

KL
=p
LM
:
33 ( )
f : R R
f (f (x)) + f (x) = x x R.
( )
19
1-1 .

f (f (x)) = x f (x)
. 1-1 .
g
x + g(x) = g(g(x)).
s R, t = f (s)
(xn ), (yn )
yn = f (yn1 ) y0 = s xn = g(xn1 ) x0 = t.
(yn ) yn =
yn2 yn1 n 2
yn = asn1 + bsn2 a, b R, s1 , s2
x2 + x 1 = 0 s1 > 0 > s2 .
xn = as1n
+ bs1n
.
1
2
ab = 0. ab = 0. f
, yn+2 yn+1 = (yn yn+1 )(yn1 yn ) = (f (yn1 )
f (f (yn1 )))(yn1 f (yn1 ))
xn1 xn2 = (xn+1 xn )(xn xn1 ).
y
n+1
s2 xxn+1
s1
1 ,
yn
n
s1 s2 0 s1 s2 = 1. s, a = 0,
b = 0. f (s) = s1 s, f (s) = s2 s.
f (x) = s1 x x R
f (x) = s2 x x R. x > 0, f (x) = s2 x
f . 0 > y > xs2 /s1
f (y) = s2 y > 0 > f (x), f (y) = s1 y > xs2 = f (x).
. f
f (x) = s1 x x > 0.
f ,
1-1 f (x) = s1 x x 0.
f f (x) =
s2 x x.

.
34 ( )

k=0
(1)k
3
=
3
(2k + 1)
32
2 ( ) Laplace
a yx
dx = (a+1)
y a+1 ( a = 2 y = 2k + 1)
0 x e

(1)k
1
k 2 (2k+1)x
x e
dx =
k=0 (2k+1)3 = 2
k=0 (1)
0
x2 ex
k 2kx
dx
k=0 (1) e
2
0
x2 ex
x2 ex
1
1
2
1+e2x dx = 2
1+e2x dx =
0
0
x2 ex
1
4
1+e2x dx f (z) =
2 z
z e
1+e2z
A(M, 0), B(M, i), C(M, i) D(M, 0).
f z 2 ez
2 i
z0 = i
2 Res f (z) = lim (z z0 ) 1+e2z = 8
z=z0
zz0
ABCD f (z) dz = 2i Res f (z) = 4 .
z=z0
z = M + iy z = M + iy y [0, ]
|f (z)|
ez (M 2 +1)
e2M 1
0 M
.

M ABCD f (z) dz
(x+i)2 ex+i
dx.
2x+2i
x1+e
xex
2 x
e
2 1+e2x
dx + 2i 1+e
dx
2x

ex
3
xex
2
1+e2x dx = 4 . 1+e2x
xex
ex
, 1+e
dx = 0. 1+e
dx =
2x
2x
1
ex
(1)k
2 0 1+e2x dx = 1 1+u2 du = 2 . k=0 (2k+1)3 =

3

x2 ex
3
1
1
3
dx
=
= 32 .
+
2x
4
1+e
8
4
2
x2 ex
1+e2x
dx +
3 ( ) Fourier
Edw http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=59&t=3614
1 ( )
f(x) = x( x) [0, ]
Fourier
2
b
sin(nx)
,
b
=
n
n
n=1
f (x) sin(nx) dx =
4
1(1)n
n3
. x = /2 .
(1)n+1 sin(nx)
x2 =
<
n=1
n
0 t x < .

2
n+1
/n2 = 2 /12 t4

n=1 (1)
2
12
n=1
(1)n cos(nt)
. 0
n2
(1)n sin(nx)
x3 2 x
=
.
n=1
12
n3
x
x = /2 .
:
35 ( )
A Q(x) = 12 (x, Ax) (x, b).
Q x0
Ax0 = b
12 (b, A1 b). ( n n A

x Rn (x, Ax) > 0.)
20
( )
0 x A1 b, A(x A1 b) =
x, Ax x, b A1 b, Ax + A1 b, b =
x, Ax 2x, b + A1 b, b = 2Q(x) + A1 b, b
x = A1 b.
36 (
f Z[x] x1 , . . . , xn M =
max {|ai | : 1 i n}. m Z |m| > M + 1
|f (m)| . f Z[x].
( ) f (x) = g(x)h(x)
g, h Z[x]. |f (m)| = |g(m)||h(m)| |f (m)|
|g(m)| = 1.
g(x) = k(x x1 ) (x
xr ) k Z 1 r n 1.
|m xi | |m| |xi | > M + 1 |xi | 1
r
1 i r. 1 = |g(m)| = |k| i=1 |m xi | > |k| 1,
.
( )
.
f Z[x] m Z |f (m)|
|m | > 1 f . f
Z[x].
:
1
37 ( )
1
2
ln(1 x) ln x
dx .
x (1 x)
1
( )
1/2
I=
0
1/2
ln (u) ln (1 u)
du
(1 u) u

ln(1 x) ln(x)
dx =
x
1
ln (1 x) ln (x) x=1u
dxdx=du =
x (1 x)
1
ln(1 x) ln(x)
dx
x
1
ln(x)
x

x3
x2
+
+ . . . dx =
x+
2
3

x x2
+ . . . dx =
ln(x) 1 + +
2
3

k=0
1
1
k+1
ln(x) xk dx =
k+1
=
ln(1 x) ln(x)
(k + 1)2
dx .
k=0
x (1 x)
0
0
1

u = 1x 1
1
ln(1 x) ln (x)
ln(1 u) ln(u)
du = dx
= (3)
dx
du =
=
(k + 1)3
x
1u
k=0
0
0
1
ln(1 x) ln(x)
dx.
1x
38 ( )
0

1
2
1
n
2
n
lim
n
1
+
x
dx
1
=
ln(1 x) ln(x)
1
n
12
dx =
I=
0
2
x (1 x)
I=
1/2
1
ln(1 x) ln(x)
dx =
x (1 x)
2
1
0
1
ln(1 x) ln(x)
0
ln(1 x) ln(x)
dx +
x
1
1
+
x 1x
1
0
dx =
( )
ln(1 x) ln(x)
dx =
1x
I = lim n2
1
n+
21
(1 + xn )1/n 1 dx =
lim n
n+

1
+
0
k=1
1/n
k

x
nk
lim
dx =

1
+

1/n
2
xnk dx =
lim n
n+
k
k=1
0

+

1/n
1
lim n2
=
n+
nk
+1
k
k=1

1 1
1
1
+

n2 n n 1 n 2 n (k 1)
lim
n+
nk + 1
k!
n+
lim
i+
i
(1)
k=1
limn+ limi+
k1 (n
i
k=1

1)(2n 1) (k 1)n 1
nk2 k! (nk + 1)
(1)k1 (k1)! nk1 +ak2 nk2 ++(1)k1

(k1)! k2 nk1 +k! nk2
)

i

(1)k1 (k 1)! nk1 + ak2 nk2 + + (1)k1
lim
=
lim
i+ n+
(k 1)! k 2 nk1 + k! nk2
k=1
( k n k 1)
lim
i
i+
(1)k1
k=1
2
1
=
k2
12
k=1
:
39 ( ) .
a < an+1 < n = min{an , a +
1
n+1 }.
an

an a. A
{a1 , a2 , ..., an , ...}
.
1 ( ) A R ( ).
x A x
{y A : y > x}. (x, x
.
An x (x, x )
1/n. A = n An .
An ( An n
) A .
2 ( ) 1 A R
a A a A (a, a + a ) = ,
|A| 0 U = {(a, a + a )/a >
0, (a, a + a ) A = }. U
, |U | 0 .
f : U A f ((a, a + )) = a. , |A| = |f (U )| |U | 0 . 2
A R |A| > 0 , a A
an an a
a A
b > a, (a, b)
A. a1 A a < a1 < a + 1, a2 A
a < a2 < 1 = min{a1 , a + 12 }.
a1 , a2 , ..., an A a1 > a2 > ... > an
a < ak < a + k1 , k = 1, 2, ..., n an+1 A
40 ( )

(An )nN , (Bn )nN

X
An X = Bn n N
( )
An Bn

n N.
(Bn An )
nN
Bn . , Bk Ak
nN
Bm , X
k - m.
,
X

nN
(Bn An ) X

nN
22
Bn
, 111...111
.

41 ( )
91
111...111

42 ( )
91
.
: , , , . , 1998.
A = {2n 3|n N}

.
1 ( )
111...111
= 1090 + 1089 + . . . + 10 + 1 =

91
1091 1
.
9
, 91 = 13 7 1013 1|1091 1. ,
1091 1 = (1013 1) , 1. ,
111...111
=

91
(1013 1)
1091 1
=
.
9
9
.
2 ( ) 91 = 7 13,
111...111
= 1111111
=

1111111
... 1111111

91
7
7
7

13
( ) . , S
A
(
, S = {22 3, 23 3}). ,
p1 , p2 , . . . , pn
S ( , pi = 2). ,
Fermat, 2(p1 1)(p2 1)...(pn 1) 1
pi , i = 1, . . . , n. , 2(p1 1)(p2 1)...(pn 1) 3
pi , i = 1, . . . , n. ,
2(p1 1)(p2 1)...(pn 1) 3 S,
.
=
1
0000001
0000001
...
0000001

.
1111111

7
13
:
43 ( )
1+
1x #
= 1 x2 + x
2x
( )
1 cos a
= sin a + cos a
2 cos a
2 cos2 a 1 + sin 2a = 1 cos a
sin 2a + cos 2a = 1 cos a

1+
sin 2a + cos 2a = cos

2

2a + cos 2a =

cos 2a
4
4

= 1 cos a
2 cos 2a
4

2a > 0
cos
4
2 cos
( )

= 1 cos a
2 cos2 2a
4

cos 4a
= cos a
2
4a = 2k+( a) , k Z 4a = 2k( a) , k Z
2
2
2k 3
2k
+
,k Z a =
,k Z
a=
5
10
3
6
a a = 3
10
x = cos 3
10 = sin 5
23
sin2 (2A) =
44 ( ) ABC
a2 cos2 A + b2 cos2 B = c2 cos2 C .

;

sin(2C sin(2B) sin(2C) + sin(2B)
sin2 (2A) = sin(2A) sin(2B 2C), (sin(2A) = 0)

sin(2A) = sin(2B 2C)
2A = 2B 2C B = 90 2A =
180 2B + 2C C = 45
( )
a2 cos2 A + b2 cos2 B = c2 cos2 C sin2 (2A) + sin2 (2B) =

... A = 90 sin2 (2B) =
2
sin (2C)
sin (2C), -
2
:
45 ( ) f
R f (x)sin3 x, f (x)cos3 x
, f .
( )
, .
P, Q
P (x) = f (x)sin3 x, Q (x) = f (x)cos3 x ()
(sin2 x + cos2 )3 = 1
,

( ),
.
.

,
.
,
.
46 ( ) P (x)
n n
x1 , x2 , ..., xn . Q(x) n 1,

((2P (x) cos x + 2Q(x) sin x) sin 2x (P (x) sin x Q(x) cos x) cos 2x) =
f (x) + H(x) ()
n

Q(xk )
xQ(x)
= lim

P (xk ) x P (x)
H . ,
(*)
k=1
(2f (x)sin3 x cos x + 2f (x)cos3 x sin x) sin 2x

3
(f (x)sin x sin x f (x)cos x cos x) cos 2x + H(x) =
1 ( ) C
R >
(0, 0)

2f (x)(sin2 x + cos2 x) sin x cos x sin 2x
{|x1 |, . . . , |xn |}.
f (x)(sin2 x cos2 x)(sin2 x + cos2 x) cos 2x + H(x) =
= f (x) sin 2x sin 2x + f (x)(cos 2x) cos 2x + H(x) =

= f (x) + H(x).
: H ,
G G = H. (**)
.
1 : () x1 , . . . , xn

2i
((2P (x) cos x + 2Q(x) sin x) sin 2x (P (x) sin x Q(x) cos x) cos 2x G(x)) =
n

Res(z = xk ; Q(z)/P (z)) =
k=1
= f (x) + H(x) H(x) = f (x)
f . ...
( )
.
, (
) :
Q(z)
dz
P (z)
2i
n

k=1
Q(xk )
x xk
= 2i
P (xk )
P (xk )
n
Q(xk ) lim
zxk
k=1
2 :
24
Q(z) Ak
=
P (z)
(x xk )
n
k=1

2i
n

k=1
Ak .
xQ(x)
=
Ak .
lim
x P (x)
n
k=1
2 ( ) :

(x1 , .., xn ) n 1.

xn1
.
i
4 ( ) :
Q(x)
Q(x)
P (x) , P (x) =
n

k=1
Ak
,
x xk
x
k <n1
(x r1 )(x r2 )...(x rn1 )
xQ(x)
P (x)
n

xAk
,
x xk
k=1
xQ(x)
=
Ak (1)
x P (x)
n
lim
. x, r1 , r2 , ..., rn1
P .
3( ) :
q(x) = xr p .
(x1 , .., xn )
n2 xr1 , .., xrk
xi . r < n 1 ( )
, - ,
. r = n 1
k=1
(x xk )Q(x)
=
P (x)
Q(xk )
(x xk )Q (x) + Q(x)
lim
=
xxk
P (x)
P (xk )
Ak = lim
xxk
n

k=1
Ak =
n

Q(xk )
P (xk )
(2)
k=1
(1) (2)
:
47 ( irakleios)
P (x) R[x] :
(x 1)143 + (x + 1)2002 = [P (x)]13
( )
[P (0)]13 = (0 1)143 + (0 + 1)2002 = 0, P 0.
[P (x)]13 13.
(x 1)143 + (x + 1)2002
( 143x + 2002x = 1859x). .
48 ( ) p(x)
n, n ,
xi , xj xi xj > 1.
( : ) : p(x)
n
n 1
, xi , xj p
xi xj > 1
1 ( ) :
x1 x2 ... xn x1 + 1.

1) [x1 , x1 + 1] m
2) m x1 , x2 , ..., xn (m, m + 1)
|n xi | < 1, i = 1, 2, ..., n,
p(m) Z |p(m)| = |m x1 ||m x2 |...|m xn | < 1
p(m) = 0, .

,
,
.

xi , xj |xi xj | 1, :
1) m x1 , x2 , ..., xn (m, m + 1),
.
2) m x1 x2 ... xi =
m xi+1 ... xn x1 + 1
p(x)
q(x) = xm
.
3) m x1 = m x2 ... xn =
m + 1.

p(x)
q(x) = (xm)(xm1) .

2, 2 ( )
25

. x1 , . . . , xk p.
p(x)
q(x) = (xx1 )(xx ) , n k
k
n k .
y, z y z > 1. y, z p
.
26
. .
Leonardo da Vinci
(32-) . 30
. -
-
- quasiregular ,
( - ).
(0, 0, ),

12 ,
, 1+
,
2
2
1+ 5
.
2
:
mathematica.gr
mathematica.gr

8. (gbaloglou)
9. (R BORIS)
10. (dement)
2. (nsmavrogiannis)
3. ( )
11. (swsto)
12. (achilleas)
4. ( )

13. ( )

14. (xr.tsif)
6. ( )

15. (Demetres)
7. ()

1. (spyros)
2. (p_gianno)
1. (grigkost)
2. (cretanman)
1. ( )
3. (kostas.zig)
4. (exdx)
5. ( )
2. (vittasko)
6. (mathnder)
3. ()
7. (mathematica)
4. (nkatsipis)
8. (rek2)
5. ( )
9. (hsiodos)
6. (chris_gatos)
10. ( )
7. (mathxl)
11. (bilstef)
6 ( ) ,
,
;
1 (
)
. 5
3.
2
4
2 (
)
1 6k + 2, k .

6

5
.
31
.
,
,

.

.
.

, 300
. , 14
15, ,
.
3 (
) :
103
A = 22011 (2100 + 2100 + 2101 + 2102 +

+ ... + 22010 )
4 ( )
2
A = 34 + 310 : 9 + 35 33 2 39
-3,
.
x(x + y) + z = y(y + 1) 3z + 1 = 0
11 (
)
,
=.
.
12 (
)
120 .

,
=2 = 4. :
) 120 .
) // = 3 ,
.
) .

,
7 ( )
,
2
(x + 4x + 1)(x + 4x + 7) + 9
5 (
)
120
, ;
10 (
8 (
) a, b, c
ABC
2
2(ab c ) = (a + b)(a + b 2c)

.
9 ( KARKAR)
:

x2 = 1 y
y2 = 1 x
13 ( )
:
2+1 x + 2 x = 1 (1),

2.
14 ( )
:
z
1 x
= 25
+ 9 25
2
4
36

y
x
6 34 = 14 + 14
9 y
5 z
9
15 6 = 4 + 4 16
15 (
) AB (30 , 60 , 90 )
,

B
= B
= 30 E
B (O, O = OE)
, E .

x = AO.
19 (
) A, B

1
P (B) =
2
3
P (A B) =
4

P (X), X , X A = B
20 (
)
x1 , x2 , ..., x2009
22 ( .
) z1 , z2 , z3

, , .
z1 + z2 + z3 = 0
z12 + z22 + z32 = 0

) z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 = 0
3
) z3 = z1 z2 z3
) z1 = 0 , z2 = 0 , z3
= 0
|z1 | = |z2 | = |z3 |
) .
, ,
,
f (x) = (x s) (x CV )
16 (
)
AB(108 , 36 , 36 )
= 6 , B
= 30 , A
=
: BA

B = 18 . x = A.
s, CV
(s = 5).

1
.
. x
=2
.
() : y = x + 1

f 3
i. s = 4
ii.
23 (
)
f : (0, +) (0, +)
x R
f (x)f
f (x) +
1
x
1
2
f (1).
24 ( ) f : R R,
:
f (f (x) + f (y)) = x + f (y) + 2010

x, y R.
(x1 , y1 ) , (x2 , y2 ) , ..., (x2009 , y2009 )

().
iii.

17 ( -
)
, :
, ,

21 ( .
) z, w

+ +
=6

|z 2| = |z + 4i|
9.
)

)
2 + 2 = 9,

, .
18 (
=
0
)

|
x
|
x = |
x + 8
|
|w + 2| = |w 4i|
) z, w
.
)
|z w|.
)
|z + w|.
)
|z w 2i|.
, ,

25 (
)
x

2 , 2
ex
1x
x
26 (
) f
[0, 3]
(0, 3). f (0) = f (3) =
0 f (1)f (2) < 0,
k [0, 3)

2
f (k)f (k) + f (k) 2k = 0
, ,

27 (
)
f [a, b] f (x) > 0

x [a, b].
F (x) =
b
|f (t) f (x)| dt.

a
F .
28 (
)
f : [0, +) R
.

|f (x)| |f (0)| +
x
0
|f (t) + f (t)| dt
x [0, +).
32 (
) n
.
.

.
29 (
) ABAB

CCC 639027.
A + B + C
A, B, C ;
30 (
)
:
x+y 1
2
x2 + xy + y 2
3
(i) k > 2 1 L(k) 2.

1
(ii) 0 < k <
, L(k) = 0.
1986
(iii) k R L(k) = 1985.
34 (
- 1984)
(
)
.

f (x) =
39 (
) f :
[a, b] R.
lim
b
a
f (x)
dx.
3 + 2 cos(nx)
40 (
) a > 0. ,

lim
n+
1
ln n

1kna
1
k

1
1
n
k
35 (
-
.)

T n . n + 1

n ,
T = I .
41 ( Stuart
Clark)
A,B , C < 1, 1, 1 > , <
1, 1, 2 >, < 0, 2, 1 >.

ABC
< 1, 0, 1 >.
f 2 (x) dx
2a 1
.
a2 + 6a 3
Mihai Piticari.
42 ( )
f : R 2 R2
1) f (0) = 0
2) |f (u) f (v)| = |u v| u, v
f .
a1 x + b1 x + c1 , x Q
a2 x2 + b2 x + c2 , x R Q
() f 1-1
() f
() a1 = a2 = 0, b1 b2 = 0,
c1 c2
b2

a, b a + b = p ab 1 mod p.

31 (
) f : R R
x2 + 1 Zp [x], p ,
36 (
)
f : [0, +) [0, +) a
, f (f (x)) = xa
x [0, +).
. Seniors
38 ( )

33 (
- 1985) k R L(k)
[x] = kx 1985. :
([...]= )
. Juniors
p 1, f (A)
.
( 1425 Mathematics
Magazine.)
b1
b2
37 (
) p
A (p 1) (p 1)
Ap = I = A.
f (x) -

43 (
) 20801
2015 1.
44 (
)
n m
2m 1 (mod n) n2 2
(mod m).
()
46 (
) :
sin x + sin y = sin(x + y)

|x| + |y| = 1
45 (
)
2
f (x) = x + 6x + 1, x R
S (x, y)

:
f (x) + f (y) 0
f (x) f (y) 0

S .
n, m .
n, m (x) p(x);
48 (
)
ax2 bx + c = 0
.
47 (
)
p(x) = (x + 1)n xn 1
(x) = (x2 + x + 1)m
a, b, c .
a, b, c

(0, 1)
a+b+c
.
1 ( )
. 5
3. 2

4
3) 5
1 3 .
4) ,
5
4 .
2 ( )
1 6k + 2, k
.

( )
5 3 gcd(5, 3) = 1,
: ! :
5
.
31
2315 = 1
8345 = 4
( ) 6k + 2 k
6.
(8 5) 3 + (4 + 3) 5 = 4
k
6k + 2
3 3 + (1) 5 = 4

.
31
, ,
1)
5
k
5 .
=
6k
+
2
31
2)
5 k = 10. 62 .
.
3 ( ) - 4 ( )
:

A = 22011 (2100 +2100 +2101 +2102 +2103 +...+22010 )
2
A = 34 + 310 : 9 + 35 33 2 39
-3, .
(T-REX) : 2100 + 2100 = 2 2100 = 2101

: 2101 + 2101 = 2 2101 = 2102

:
22010 + 22010 = 2 22010 = 22011 : A =
22011
22011
( ) : (34 )2 + 310 :
9 + 35 .33 2.39 = 38 + 310 : 9 + 38 2.39 = 38 + 310 :
32 + 38 2.39 = 38 + 38 + 38 2.31 .38 = 3.38 6.38 =

3.38 = 39 = (3)9 .
=0
5 ( )

120 , ;
1 (chris t)
.
=
6
180
(1)
2

.
.
+ = = - 120 (2)
(1) (2) 120 =
180
360
140
180
2
= 140
=
= 9.
.
= 120
2 ( ) A

,
300 . , 14 15,
, .
AE = 240 AB = 120 .
http:// http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=34&t=13918
( )
: x ,
x x x
+ + +3=x
2
4
7
28
- -

120
360
= 40 ,
=9
3
40
x
x
x
+ 28 + 28 + 28 x
2
4
7
14x + 7x + 4x + 84 = 28x
, 9-.
6 ( ) , ,
;
84 = 28x 14x 7x 4x
84 = 3x
.
, ,
x = 28
7 ( )
,
1 ( ) a = x2 + 4x
:
(a + 1)(a + 7) + 9 = ... = a2 + 8a + 16 = (a + 4)2
(x2 + 4x + 1)(x2 + 4x + 7) + 9
(x2 + 4x + 4)2 = (x + 2)4

2 + 4x + 7) + 9 =
2 ( )
(x2 + 4x + 1)(x

(x2 + 4x + 4) 3 (x2 + 4x + 4) + 3 + 9 =
(x2 + 4x + 4)2 9 + 9 = (x2 + 4x + 4)2 =(x + 2)4
3 (Irakleios) a = x2 + 4x + 7, a(a 6) + 9 =
(a 3)2 = (x2 + 4x + 4)2 = (x + 2)4
( )
8 ( ) a, b, c
ABC
2(ab c2 ) = (a + b)(a + b 2c)

2ab 2c2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab 2ac 2bc
2(ab c ) = (a + b)(a + b 2c)
a2 + b2 + 2c2 2ac 2bc = 0
(a c)2 + (b c)2 = 0
a=b=c
9 ( KARKAR)

:

5
x = 1+
y = 1
2
x2 = 1 y
y2 = 1 x
y=
:
stavros11
x2 = 1 y (1)
y 2 = 1 x (2)
x4 2x2 + x = 0
x x3 2x + 1 = 0
x x3 x x + 1 = 0
x x x2 1 (x 1)
=0
2
x (x 1) x + x 1 = 0
( )
x2 + xy + z = 0,
3x2 + y 2 + 3xy + y + 1 = 0
1 5
2
( )
2

y
2 y
+1 =0
3 x+
+
2
2
x = 0 y = 1
x = 1 y = 0
5
x = 1
x = y = 1 12 5
2
y =1
y=
y 2 + y 3z + 1 = 0
x = 0 x = 1 x2 + x 1 = 0 x =
6+2 5
4
x 1 y 1
(1) y = 1 x2
(2) :
x=
y =
x(x + y) + z = y(y + 1) 3z + 1 = 0
( )
1+ 5
2
2+2 5
4

2
1+ 5
2
10 ( )
:
62 5
4 y
1+ 5
2
22 5
4
y=
1+2 5
y = 2 x = 1.
z = 1.
(1, 2, 1)
.
11 ( )

, =.
.
NM = 360 2 135 + 135 + = 90
MNM
( ) M B = M N ()
M B = M D ... ( CM B, M CD ...)
= 45o ... (
(M, M B) N BD
D = 90o .
N D )... ... N M
1 ( )
, =
= .
12 ( )
120
.
,
=2 = 4. :
) 120 .
) // = 3 , .
) .
1 ( ) AB = A = 2x

AE = 4x, A = 8x
, .
BM = M = .

MB = M = 135

MBN = BNM = 90
BMN = 2
9
= 30
ABK
AK =
AB
=x
2
KE = 3x, = 6x
A
1
AK
=
=
KE
3
,
// .
.
A
E (0, 3), = 4 = 2.
150 ,
= AK
= 90 = 33 :
AE
A
, (

3
)
y=
= ABK
= 30
AEB
3 y=
3
x+1
3
3
, 3 + 1 , > 3

2

3

2
(A) = 8 +
=8
3
= 90 + 30 = 120
BE

x
AK
3
=
BK = 3x
30 =
BK
3
BK
2
= 64 2 = 48
3

3 = 4 3, 4 3, 3 .
2 +
B = 2 3x
60 =
E
E = 4 3x
4x
, ) E//x x E//B
BO
3
= 30

=
BEO
BEO =
EO
3

2 3x = 30 + 90 = 120 .
BE

( = // ) BZ = 6x
Z 2 3, 3
BZ = 3AB. ,
Z
E
2
.
2 ( )

A (0, 1) , B 3, 0 , 3, 0 , -
= 120
A
= = 2.

(BZ) =

2
3 3 + 9 = 36 = 6 = 3AB
) Z//B, Z = B
, . ( () ,
)
10
13 (
:
2+1 x + 2 x = 1 (1),

2.
, (1).
:

2+1 x = 2 x
1 =0
2 x 21 x
2 x = 2 x
2 x 22 x 1 = 0

(x = 0 x = 1)
(x = 0 x = 1)
1
1
=1
=1
x = 0 (2 x)
x = 0 (2 x)

(x
= 0 x = 1)
(x = 0 x = 1)
x = 0 2 x = 1
(x = 0 x = 0)
[x = 0 (x = 1 x = 0)] (x = 0 x = 1)
1 ( ) , x
cos x = 0 cos x = 1 .
.
x ,
. | sin x| < 1, sin2n x < 1,
cos2m+1 x > 0, cos x > 0.
, (1)
cos2m+1 x + sin2n x = sin2 x + cos2 x
cos2m+1 x cos2 x = sin2 x sin2n x 0

cos2m+1 x cos2 x
cos x 1, .
(1)
x = 2k, x = l +
, :
x=
+ x = 2, Z
2

.
3 ( )
x (cos x
= 0) (cos x
= 1),
:

a = cos2 x, sin2 x

b = cos2m1 x, sin2n2 x
a b =1
a | = cos4 x + sin4 x < cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
|

2(2n2)
2
2(2m1)
2
b
=
cos
x
+
sin
x
<
cos
x
+
sin
x
=
1

|
a | b < 1 =
a b
x = + x = 2, Z .
2
k, l Z.
2
2 ( )
x R (1), 1 <
(1) . :
a b

=
cos
a
,
b , .

|
a | b
2+1 x 2 x, (2)
14 ( ) :
2 x 2 x, (3)
(2) (3)
, ,
:
2+1 x + 2 x < 1
11
z
1 x 25
= 4 + 9 25
2
36

y
x
3
1
1
6 4 =4+ 4

z
y
5
9
9
15 6 = 4 + 4 16

1
3
5
(a )2 + (2b )2 + (3c )2 = 0.
2
2
2
1 ( )
1
3
5
( )x = a, ( )y = b, ( )z = c
2
4
6
1
1 3
3 5
5
( )x = , ( )y = , ( )z =
2
2 4
4 6
6
a=
(x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1) ,
, .
25
1
9
+ 9c2 , 6b = + a2 , 15c = + 4b2 .
4
4
4
15 ( )
AB (30 , 60 , 90 ) ,
= B
= 30 E B
B
(O, O = OE) , E

. x = AO.
BEO :
a(2 3)
OE = BE tan 15 =
3
a( 3 1)
a
E = B BE = a =
3
3
a( 3 1)
OK A. OK = E =
.
3
AK = A K = A OE =
a(1 + 3)
a(2 3)
=
a 3
3
3
1 ( ) B = a.
A = a 3. B :
AOK :
OK
31
=2 3
=
tan x =
AK
3+1
B 2 = B2 + 2 2B cos 120 = 3B2
a
B = B 3 BE = B =
3
x = 15 .
2 ( )
.
12
3 (KARKAR) (BC) = 1. OZ
AB, OH AC OK ( DO ).

EB
BDK
:
0
= OBE
= 30 = 150
OB
2
BD =
= ZBA
+ BAZ
= 300 + 300 = 600
BZ
1
2
3
, DK = , BK =
3
3
3
BO ,
2 33
DO =
3

= 600 = Z
BZ
Z = Z
0 ,ZB=90
0

BZ=30
2 2 3
BO =
3
B + Z
BZ
=
2
2
BZD ,
BOZ
3 3
2
... =
OZ = BO
2
3
= ZB
= 15
. . . B = Z BZO
0
3 3
3
=
OH = EC = 1
3
3

( OZ = OH AO
A.
)

= 600 150 = 450 = OBA
OZ
=x
= 150
OA
= ZBO
(
)
16 ( )
AB(108 , 36 , 36 )
= 6 , B
=
: BA

30 , A = B = 18 . x = A.
13
(
:
=
. , , = AE
= 72 , EA
= 36 , BEA
=
(EA
= EAB
= 36 , =
108 , EBA
. EN = EB
2 = EM ,
, 48 .

= 24 + 72 = 96 .
M
A = M
E = 24 A
17 ( )
, :

=6

|

|
9

)
9.
2
2
) + = 9, )

, .

+
= 9

( ) )
2
=
+ +

2 |
| =
+ +

+ +
= 6
( 2i) 48
). 9
6. 3.

= 0
, .

18 ( )

= 0

|
x
|
x = |
x + 8
|
2 =
+
+

2 =
+
+
+ +
= 6

4 |
| 36 |
| 9
1 ( )
x =
, :
0 = 9|
|
|
| = 0
= 0
14

(
=
0)
:
x =
|x + 8
|
|x |
|x + 8
|
0
|x |
0 1 : 2 = 8. .
(1) = 4, :
x = 4
,

2 ( )
x =
, > 0, ,

x =

:
|

|
= |
+8
|
| 1| = | + 8|
x =
(1)
, , ,
:

= 0.
:

2
= | + 8|
2
=+8
( > 0)
2
= 8
2 2 8 = 0
2
= 8
|
| | 1|
= |
| | + 8|
|
|
= 0
: | 1| = |l + 8|
> 1 : ( 1) = + 8 = 4 =
2(). = 4
= 4, = 2
19 ( )
A, B
P (B) =
1
2
P (A B) =
y B y
/ A A B =
2. :
P (A B) = P (A) + P (B)
3
4
1
3
= P (A) +
4
2
1
P (A) =
4
P (X), X ,
X A = B
3. P (X)

( ) 1. ,
. ,
,
,
,
, -
.
:
X AX
BX
P (B) P (X)
1
2 P (X)

y B y (X A) { y X y
/ A}
15
X A=B
X AB
P (X) P (A B)
P (X) 34
X A = B X = A B ... (1)
( )
)
1 :

(1):
x
=
yX
{ y (X A) y (X A)}
{ y B y A} y A B
1 + 1 + ... + 1
x1 + x2 + ... + x2009
>
=1
2009
2009
s
< s CV < s
x
f (x) 0
X A B ,
y AB
{ y A y B}
{ y A y (X A)}
yX
f (x) 0
(x s) (x CV ) 0
x (, CV ] [s, +)
A B X , A B = X
sxima
x

f (x)
f (x)
20 ( )

CV
x = CV
x = s
x1 , x2 , ..., x2009
f
s = 2CV
f (x) = (x s) (x CV )
s, CV
(s
= 5).
1
.
. x
=2
.
s
=2 x
=2
CV
) i) () : y = x + 1
f
3 : f (3) = 1 (3 s) (3 CV ) = 1
s2
3
= 1
9 3CV 3s + sCV = 1 9 s 3s +
2
2
s
=
5
s2 9s + 20 = 0 (s 4) (s 5) = 0 s = 4
ii)
y1 + y2 + ... + y2009
=
2009
f
(x1 + 1) + (x2 + 1) + ... + (x2009 + 1)
=
3
2009
i. s = 4
2009 (x1 + x2 + ...x2009 )
=1x
= 1 2 = 1
ii.
2009
2
(x1 , y1 ) , (x2 , y2 ) , ..., (x2009 , y2009 )
2009
2009
i=1 xi
1 2
2
iii)
S
=
x
x)2 =
= x2 (
x
i
().
2009
2009
() : y = x + 1
y =
iii.

i=1
x2 4 x2 = 4 + 16 = 20
16
21 ( . )
z, w
|z 2| = |z + 4i|
z, w
.
. :
|z w|min = d(1 , 2 ) =
|1 + 2(2) 3|
6
6 5
= =
d(M, 2 ) =
5
5
12 + 22
|w + 2| = |w 4i|
) z, w
.
) |z w|.
) |z + w|.
) |z w 2i|.
. w
2 : x + 2y 3 = 0
w 2 :
O(0, 0), 1 . , z
w . ,
|z + w|min = |z (w)|min = 0
( )
. v = w + 2i v = + i w = x + yi
. |z 2| = |z + 4i| (1) (1)
, , x, y . w
, A(2, 0)
2
B(0, 4) AB = 2,
+i = x+yi+2i x+2y 3 = 0,
1
v 3 : x + 2y 7 = 0
1 =
|z w 2i|min =
M (1, 2) .
|z (w + 2i)|min =
1
1 : y + 2 = (x 1) x + 2y + 3 = 0
2
d(1 , 3 ) = d(M, 3 ) =
10
|1 + 2(2) 7|
= =2 5
5
12 + 22
|w + 2| = |w 4i| (2)
(2)
, (2, 0) (0, 4),
= 2
22 ( . )
z1 , z2 , z3
, , .
z1 + z2 + z3 = 0
1
=
2
(1, 2) .
1
2 : y 2 = (x + 1) x + 2y 3 = 0
2
1 = 2
z12 + z22 + z32 = 0

) z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 = 0
) z33 = z1 z2 z3
) z1
= 0 , z2
= 0 , z3
= 0 |z1 | = |z2 | = |z3 |
) .
17
) z1 = 0 z2 + z3 = 0 z22 + z32 = 0.
z2 + z3 = 0 z2 = z3
( )
) :
(z1 + z2 + z3 )2 = 0
(z2 )2 = (z3 )2 z22 = z32
z12 + z22 + z32 + 2 (z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 ) = 0
z32 = z1 z2
z22 + z32 = 0 2z22 = 0 z2 = 0

z2 = z3 z1 , z2 , z3
. z2 = 0z3 = 0
3
z1
= 0, z2
= 0 , z3
= 0 . ) z32 = z1 z2 |z3 | =
2
|z1 | |z2 | z12 = z2 z3 |z1 | = |z2 | |z3 |
3
3
: |z3 | = |z1 | |z1 | = |z3 |
: z13 = z1 z2 z3 , z23 = z1 z2 z3 ,
z33 = z1 z2 z3 z13 = z23 = z33
.
) z32 = z1 z2 , z2 z3 = z12 . :
z33 = z1 z2 z3
z3 (z3 z2 ) = z1 (z2 z1 )
z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 = 0
) :
z1 + z2 + z3 = 0
z1 z3 + z2 z3 + z32 = 0
z32 = z1 z3 z2 z3
z13 = z1 z2 z3
|z3 z2 | = |z2 z1 |
z23 = z1 z2 z3
23 ( )
f : (0, +)
(0, +) x R
"
f (x)f
1
f (x) +
x
1
2
1
1
+
2f (x) f (x) +
1
1
+
2f (x) f (x) +
( ) :
"
f (x) +
1
x
x : f (x) + x1 , x > 0 :

= f (x)
1
x
f 1-1
f (1).
1
x
=x
2xf 2 (x) f (x) =
1
x
, f (x) > 0,
1
2f (x)
"

#
1
1
1

=

+
f f f (x) +
1
x
2f f (x) + x1
f (x) + x
f (x) =
1
x
f (x) = x1 , x > 0
.
18
24 ( )
f : R R, :
f (f (x) + f (y)) = x + f (y) + 2010
f 1-1 .
(1) x f 1 (x) y f 1 (y),
:
f (x + y) = f 1 (x) + y + 2010, x, y R
x, y R.
y = x
f (0) = f 1 (x) x + 2010
( )
f 1 (x) = x + f (0) 2010, x R
f (f (x) + f (y)) = x + f (y) + 2010 (1) x, y R
x, y
f (f (y) + f (x)) = y + f (x) + 2010 (2) x, y R
f (x) = x + 2010 f (0), xstoR
x, y R f (x) = f (y )
x = 0 f (0) = 1005
f (x) + f (y) = f (y) + f (x)
f (x) = x + 1005 x R
f (1) (1),(2)
f (f (x) + f (y)) = f (f (y) + f (x))

(1) , (2)
y + f (x) = x + f (y) (3) x, y R
x + f (y) + 2010 = y + f (x) + 2010
y R f (x) = y x,
x = 2y f (y)
(3).
x=y
25 (
)

x 2 , 2
ex
x
ex > 0, x > 0,
1 x
0<x+1<
$

, 1
2
+1
2
ex x + 1(x + 1 > 0)
1
>0
x > 0 x
( )
<x< +1<x+1< +1
2
2
2
2
+1<x+10
2
(1, )
2
19

x ( , )
2 2
.
26 ( )
f [0, 3]
(0, 3). f (0) =
f (3) = 0 f (1)f (2) < 0,
k [0, 3)

f (k)f (k) + f (k)
2

:
f (1)f (2) < 0
0.
f (0)
f (1)f (2) < 0
g(x) f (x)f (x) 2x = 1/2(f (x) 2x2 )
(f (x) 2x2 ) > 0
(0, 3)
2k = 0
h(x) = (f (x) 2x2 )

. Bolzano f
[1, 2] p (1, 2) : f (p) = 0
f 2 (p) 2p2 < f 2 (3) 2.32
( ) g(x) = f (x)f (x) +

2
(f (x)) 2x g [0, 3] Rolle
p2 > 9
f
m (0, 3) : f (m) = 0 g(m) = 2m < 0
a h(b)
g(0) = (f (0))2 0
f (0) = 0 k = 0 f (0)
= 0
Bolzano g [0, m]
q : h (q)
0 h h (x)/2 0 q
g(x) 0 q . Bolzano
g 0 q
27 ( )
f [a, b] f (x) > 0
%b
x [a, b]. F (x) = a |f (t) f (x)| dt.

F .
f . ,
a t x,
x t , f , F
&x
&
(f (x) f (t)) dt +
F (x) =
a
(f (t) f (x)) dt
x

( )
&x
&x
|f (t) f (x)|dt +
F (x) =
F (x) = f (x)(x a)
&
|f (t) f (x)|dt
x
&
f (t)dt f (x)( x).
f (t)dt +
a
F , ,
F (x) = f (x)(2x a ).
x [a, b].
20
f (x) > 0 x [a, b],

F x = (a + b)/2 .
( ) :
&
|f (t) + f (t)|dt
0
& x
x
x
e |f (x)| e |f (0)| + ex
|f (t) + f (t)|dt
& x 0
x
et |f (t) + f (t)|dt
e |f (x)| |f (0)| +
|f (x)| |f (0)| +
28 ( )

f : [0, +) R
&
e |f (x)| |f (0)| +
&0

ex |f (x)| |f (0)| +
&
|f (x)| |f (0)| +
x
0
x

[f (t)et ] dt

x

t
[f (t)e ] dt
ex |f (x)| |f (0)| + |e f (x) f (0)|
|f (t) + f (t)| dt
x [0, +).
.
f : [a, b] R ,
& b
& b

f (x) dx
|f (x)| dx

a
29 ( )
ABAB
CCC
639027.
A+B +C A, B, C ;
2 : C = 1 10A + B = 57,
A = 5 B = 7 ( A B
)
,
A + B + C = 13.
30 ( )
:
( ) :
(1000A+100B+10A+B)(100C+10C+C) = 111319101
x+y 1
2
x2 + xy + y 2
3
101(10A + B) 111C = 111 3 19 101,
(10A + B)C = 3 19
1 ( )
, :
1 : C = 3 10A + B = 19,
1
1
x = (a b) y = (a + b) .
A = 1 B = 9.
2
2
21
= 1 43 = 13 < 0 .
3 ( ) x, y
1
1
x + y 1 (a b) + (a + b) 1
2
2
1
a ,
2
x2 + y 2 + xy
x + y 1,
3
1
1
1
2
(a b)2 + (a + b)2 + (a b) (a + b)
2
2
2
3
3 2 1 2 2
a + b
2
2
3
x2 + y 2 + xy
2
.
3
x2 + x (y 1) + y 2 y +
1
0 (1)
3
3
1
3 1
2
a2 + b2 + b2 ,
3
2
2
4 2
"
1
= (y 1) 4 y y +
3
1
= 3y 2 + 2y
3
1
= (3y 1)2 .
3
2
.
().
,
4
2
, x2 + y 2 + xy
3
M (x, y)
y2
x2
+
= 1,

1
1
4/9 4/3
< 0 x2 + x (y 1) + y 2 y + > 0,
y=
3
3
x + y 1 M (x, y)
1
x . . . y = 1 . (1)
3
2

.
2 ( )
x, y
, :
,
1
x > 0 x + xy x 1 y y y + 0,
3
2
1
1
2
1
x2 x + 0 (x )2 0 x = .
3
9
3
3
, x + y = 23
x + y 1.
:
2
() a1 = a2 = 0, b1 b2
= 0, bb12 Q c1bc
Q
2
31 ( )
f : R R

a1 x2 + b1 x + c1 , x Q
f (x) =
a2 x2 + b2 x + c2 , x R Q
() f 1-1
( ) (3) = (2), (1) :

(3). ,
, 1-1. x R
() f
22
x c1
x c2
Q
/ Q ( ,
b1
b2
b2 c2 c1
,
Q) 1-1
b1
b1
.
.
2 = 3 :
.
a2 = 0, b2
= 0,
(

).
a1 = 0, b1
= 0,
x c2
Q
b2
.
x
x c1
Q
b1
x c2
/ Q ( ).
b2
c2 c1
x = c2
Q.
b1
b2
x = c2 + b2
Q.
b1
1 = 3 :
( )

K + E = A + 2, K, E, A ,
.
K + E = A + 1, E = A E + 1.
[ ,
.

( ,
, )].

:
" #
() : n +
n
4

1-1.
[ 4
a2 = 0, b2
= 0, , ,

.
, (
1-1
- )].
" #
a1 r 2 + b1 r + c1 c2
n
, r Q
() : n +

b2
2
c1 c2
" #
Q,
n
b2
+ 2
.
4
a1 b1
r = 1
,
Q. , a1
= 0,
Euler
b2 b2
1-1
" #
" #
" #
n
n
n
a1 , b1 . , a1 = 0, b1
= 0.
E = n+
+2
n
+ 1,
2
4
4
Q. r = 0
32 ( )
n .

.
" # " #
n
n
E=
+
+ 1.
2
4
33 ( -
1985) k R L(k)
[x] = kx 1985.
:
(i) k > 2 1 L(k) 2.

23
(ii) 0 < k <
1
, L(k) = 0.
1986
(iii) k R L(k) = 1985.

([...]= )
1985
.
1986
x R
(iii) k =
( )
[x] = kx 1985.
(i) k > 2 x R
[x] = kx 1985.
2)
[x] x < [x] + 1

k 1985
1985
[x] <
1k
1k
1985 k
1985
< [x]
.
k1
k1
1985 k 1985
k
,

.
k1 k1
k1
k
k > 2 1 <
< 2.
'k 1
"
1985 k 1985
,

k1 k1
1985 1986 [x] < 1985 1985 1986.

1985
.
1985 .
[1985 1986, 1985 1985 1986).
1985
+

k
k
. [x0 ] = .

x0 < +1.

# [1985 1986, 1985 1985 1986).
"
1985
L
= 1985.
1986
x0 =
2 .
2
[x], x"
.
'

1985 k 1985
,
.
k1 k1
x0 =
1985
+
k
k
.
[x0 ] = .
x0 < + 1.
'
"
34 ( -
1984) (
)
.
1985 k 1985
,
.
k1 k1
1
(ii) 0 < k <
. 1 ( )
1986
x R
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 .
v1 = A1 A2 ,
[x] = kx 1985.
v2 = A2 A3 , v3 = A3 A4 , v4 = A4 A5 v5 = A5 A1 ,
5

vi = 0 (1), |vi | = r > 0 i = 1, . . . , 5
[x] x < [x] + 1

i=1
v1 v2 = v2 v3 = v3 v4 = v4 v5 = v5 v1 = 0.

a1 =
v1 v3 , a2 = v1 v4 , a3 = v2 v4 ,
k 1985
1985
a4 = v2 v5 , a5 = v3 v5 . (1) ,
[x] <
.
5

1k
1k
5r 2
ai =
(2). (1)

1
2
i=1
0 < k <

1986

vi , i = 1, . . . , 5

ai
k 1985
1985
3r 2
[x] <
< 1985
1986 <
. , (2),

1k
1k
2
ai r 2 , :
.
r2
a1 = a2 = a3 = a4 = a5 = .
.
2
24
CD . ABC = DEA = 90 ,

r2
, .
v1 v3 =
= r 2 ).
,
(
2

v1 , v2 , v3 R3 ,

x1 , x2 , x3 , v4 = x1v1 + x2v2 + x3v3 (3). ,
(3)
v1 , v2 , v3
x
12 = x1 23
,

12 = x1
,

0 = x21 + x3

#
"
2 1 1
, ().
(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = , ,
3 2 3
,
2
1
1
v4 = v1 v2 v3 (4).
|AB| = |AE| = 1, CD//BE ABE =
3
2
3
AEB :
r2 r2
(4)
+ , EAB = 60 . (
v5 , 0 =
4
6
ABCDE (BCDE )
r = 0, . , .
(EBA) .)
2 ( ) ABCDE
():
, |AB| = |BC| = |CD| =
,
|DE| = |EA| = 1 ABC = BCD = CDE =
, (
DEA = 90 . EAB = 60.
),
BCD = CDE = 90 , |CD| = 1, |BC| = |Y Y |2 = |Y Y |2 + |Y Y |2 , |Y Y |
|DE| = 1, ( ) |Y Y |
, 1 Y XY = Y XX ( |Y X|
C , D , , 1 ).

v1 , v2 , v3
,
v1 v2 , v2 v3 v1 , v3
35 ( .)
T n . n + 1
n
, T = I .
T
n+1

i=2
1 ai xi = 1 x1 =
n+1

i ai xi
i=2

1
.
1 ( )
x1 , . . . , xn+1 1 , . . . , n+1 .
a2 , . . . , an+1
:
x1 =
n+1

i=2
ai xi .
2 ( ) A = Pk Dk Pk 1 k = n + 1
n
k = 1, 2, . . . , n
k - k - (n+1)- (n+1)-
.
25
Mihai Piticari.
.
3 ( ) ,
E = {v : T v = v}.
E
.

,
.
( )
f , f (0) = 0
f (1) = 1. Stieltjes
&
&
dim(E ) n.
n + 1 ,
dim(E ) = k k +1
E . n
, k = n.
E = V , V n- ,
T = I .
36 ( )
f : [0, +) [0, +) a
, f (f (x)) = xa
x [0, +).
1
0
f [f (x)] df (x) =
xa df (x)
0
0
& 1
& 1
a
f (x) dx = 1 a
xa1 f (x) dx,
=1
f (x) dx =
&
&
&
(1 + axa1 )f (x) dx = 1,
Cauchy-Schwarz
&
0
2a 1
.
f (x) dx 2
a + 6a 3
2
f 2 (x) dx % 1
0
1
(1 +
axa1 )2
dx
2a 1
.
a2 + 6a 3
37 ( ) p A (p1)(p1)
Ap =
I
= A. f (x) -

p 1, f (A) .
( 1425 Mathematics Magazine.)
p-
1 ( A = I
).

p 1, f (A) .
2 ( ) Ap I = 0,
p(x) A xp 1.
xp 1 = (x 1)(1 + x + x2 + + xp1 ).
1 ( )
p- Q, p ,

p1
+x
p2
+ + 1.
A (p 1) (p 1), -
1 + x + x2 + + xp1
Q ( Eisenstein) A
= I
deg(p(x)) p 1,
p(x) = 1 + x + x2 + xp1 .
f (x)
p 1,
26
f (x) p(x)
.
. a, b Z a + b = p
ab 1 mod p,
g(x)f (x) + h(x)p(x) = 1
f (x) = x2 + 1 = x2 + px + 1 = x2 + (a + b)x + ab =
g(x), h(x) Q.
, g(A)f (A) + h(A)p(A) = I .
p(A) = 0, g(A)f (A) = I ,
f (A) g(A).
= (x + a)(x + b),
f (x) .
a, b Z
38 ( )

x2 + 1 Zp [x], p ,
p = a + b ab 1 mod p.
f (x) = x2 + 1 Zp [x], r, s,
a, b
a + b = p ab 1 mod p.
r + s 0 mod p rs 1 mod p.
a, b {0, 1, . . . p 1} a r mod p
b s mod p. a + b r + s 0 mod p
a + b = p ab rs 1 mod p, .
( )
f (x)
, .
f (x) = x2 + 1 Zp [x]
&/2
&
u=x
cos2k+1 (x) dx +
cos2k+1 (u) du =
39 ( )
f : [a, b] R.
&
b
lim
n a
f (x)
dx.
3 + 2 cos(nx)
&/2
cos2k+1 (x) dx
&
a0 +
/2
&/2
cos2k+1 (x) dx = 0,
ai cos(ix) dx = . . . = a0 = 0 a0 = 0 .
i=1
m = 2k :
( ) (x) = &
&
m
cos (x) , m = 1, 2, 3, . . .
(x) dx = cos2k (x) dx =
.
m
. (x) = cos (x) = a0 +

a0 .
:
m = 2k + 1 :
&
&
(x) dx =
0
ai cos(ix)
0
&/2
0
2k
cos (x) dx +
i=1
0
&/2
cos2k (x) dx +
cos2k+1 (x) dx =
27
&
cos2k (u)du
/2
&/2
u=x
cos2k (x) dx =
/2
%
0
&1
0
k+ 21 1
&b
cos(x)=u
u= y
u2k
du =
1 u2
2
&1
cos2k (x) dx
(1 y)
1
1
2
&1
0
yk
dy =

y 1y
1
lim
3 n

dy = B k + 12 , 12 =
(2k)!

k + 12 12
k
(2k)!

.
= 4 k!
= k
k!
4 (k!)2
k+1
&
&

a0 +
ai cos(ix) dx = a0 dx = a0 ,
i=1
(x) = cosm (x) = a0 +
&b
1
3
&b
1
f (x)
dx =
3 + 2 cos(nx)
3
f (x)
"

(1)
k=0
2k
3k
&b
a
lim
lim
f (x) cosk (nx) dx =
(2m)!
.
9m (m!)2

(2m)!
1
3
1
m
x
.
=
2
(m!)
1 4x
m=0
f (x) dx

m=0
1
1
4
9
(2m)!
=
9m (m!)2
1
=
5
&b
f (x) dx,
a
1
f (x)
dx =
3 + 2 cos(nx)
5
&b
f (x) dx
a
40 ( )
a > 0. ,
1
lim
n+ ln n
#
cos (nx) dx =
k = 2m + 1 : ,
&b
&b
f (x) dx (
2
3
k &
1
k 2
f (x) cosk (nx) dx .
(1) k
3
3
k=0
&b
&b
f (x)
dx =
1 + cos(nx)

m=0
k=2m
=
1
3
&b
a
f (x) cosk (nx) dx
&b

2m
2
(2m)!
f
(x)
dx
=
(1)2m 2m m
3
4 (m!)2
f (x) dx
ai cos(ix) ,
Riemann Lebesgue
n
k=0
f (x) cos(nx) dx = 0 .
&b
2k
(1) k
3
k
i=1
m = 2k + 1
a0 = 0 ,
(2k)!
, m = 2k
a0 = k
4 (k!)2
lim
m=0
&b
1
3
(2k)!
.
a0 = k
4 (k!)2
1
3
f (x)
dx =
3 + 2 cos(nx)
lim

1kna
1
k
"
1
1
n
#k
( , )

1 k
x = ln(1 x) |x| < 1,
a 1:
k
k=1
,
n,

1
a
1
ln 1 1 n1 +
O (1 1/n)n =
ln n
ln n
f (x)
ai cos(inx) dx = 0
lim

n
1
a
n
i=1
O (1 1/n)
.
1+
a
ln n
k = 2m : ,
, a 1,
&b
a
(1 1/n)n (1 1/n)n 1/e,
lim
f (x) cosk (nx) dx =
n

1
a
a
O (1 1/n)n 1.
1+
ln n
&b
&b

#
1"
f (x) a0 +
ai cos(inx) dx = a0 f (x) dx =
lim
1 k
1
n
1
0
<
a
<
1
:
=
i=1
a
a
ln n
k
n
a
1kn
&b
(2m)!
"
"
##
[na ]
f (x) dx .
k
k(k 1)
1 1
4m (m!)2
1 +O
=
a
ln n
k
n
n2
&b
k=1
28
[na ]
1
ln n
k=1
[na ]
"
1
1
+O
k n
"
k1
n2
##
[na ]
[na ]
1 1
1
1 1
O
+
ln n
k ln n
n ln n
k=1
k=1
[na ]
[na ]
1 1
+O
ln n
k n ln n
k=1
ln[na ]
[na ]
+O
ln n
n ln n
"
"
1
ln n
"
k=1
1
ln n
#
1 + 1/2 + + 1/n n+
1
ln n
1 n+
1
1 + + +
ln n,
2
n
[na ]
na + 1
na
na [na ] na + 1
.
n ln n
n ln n
n ln n
[na ]
0

n ln n
ln[na ]
ln(na + 1) DLH
ln na
a=
a.
ln n
ln n
ln n
#
1"
1 k
1
= min{1, a}.
1
lim
n+ ln n
k
n
a
k1
n2
[na ]<n
n+
,
) *+
n+
)
*+ , a.
1kn
Cesaro - Stolz
41 ( Stuart Clark)
A,B , C
< 1, 1, 1 > , < 1, 1, 2 >, < 0, 2, 1 >.

ABC < 1, 0, 1 >.
(
1.)
42 ( )

f : R2 R2
1) f (0) = 0
( ) , - 2) |f (u) f (v)| = |u v| u, v
, f .
1, 0, 1
ABC ,
AB AC =
(1, 1, 2 1, 1, 1) (0, 2, 1 1, 1, 1) =

0, 2, 1 1, 1, 2 =
3, 1, 2
1, 0, 1.

1, 1, 2 1, 0, 1
1, 0, 1 3, 1, 2 = 1, 5, 1.
1, 5, 1
12 + 52 + (1)2 = 3 3
1 ( ) [ ]
f
.
f ((a, b) + (c, d)) = f (a, b) + f (c, d)
f ((a, b)) = f (a, b)

: :
.
3 5 3
3
,
,
9
9
9
f ((a, b) + (c, d)) = f (a, b) + f (c, d)

f ((a, b) + (c, d)) f (a, b) f (c, d) = 0
29
f 2 (a + c, b + d)) + f 2 (a, b) + f 2 (c, d)
2 ( ) [ ]
f .
=.
1) , , .
2)

2f (a, b)f (a + c, b + d) 2f (c, d)f (a + c, b + d)
+= ()
|f ((a, b) + (c, d)) f (a, b) f (c, d)| = 0

|f (a + c, b + d) f (a, b) f (c, d)|2 = 0
(f (a + c, b + d) f (a, b) f (c, d))2 = 0
+2f (a, b)f (c, d) = 0 (1)

()
=, =, =
|f (a, b) f (c, d)| = |(a, b) (c, d)|

|f (a, b) f (c, d)|2 = |(a, b) (c, d)|2
f 2 (a, b) + f 2 (c, d) 2f (a, b)f (c, d) =
(a, b)2 + (c, d)2 2(a, b)(c, d) (2)

|f (a, b) f (0, 0)| = |(a, b) (0, 0)|

|f (a, b) (0, 0)| = |(a, b)|
+= ()
f
. .
3) f
. .
4) ,,,
.
f (u + v ) = f (u) + f (v )
|f (a, b)|2 = |(a, b)|2

|f (a, b)|2 = (a, b)(a, b)
f 2 (a, b) = a2 + b2 (3)
(2) (3)
f (a, b)f (c, d) = (a, b)(c, d) = ac + bd (4)

(1) (3),(4)
5) OA =
u, OB = v > 0 ( ).

OA1 = OA, OB1 = OB

( f
) OAB = OA B , OA1 B1 = OA1 B1
A1 B1 = AB

(a + c)2 + (b + d)2 + a2 + b2 + c2 + d2
f ( (u v )) = f (u v ) ()
2(a+c)a2(b+d)b2(a+c)c2(b+d)d+2ac+2bd = 0
f (O) = O
a2 + c2 + 2ac + b2 + d2 + 2bd + a2 + c2 + b2 + d2
. w

2a2 2ac2b2 2bd2ac2c2 2bd2d2 +2ac+2bd = 0
w
= u v
0=0
f (w)
= f (w)
()
.

: (3), (4)
f 2 (a, b) + 2 f 2 (a, b) 2f (a, b)f (a, b) = 0
. (), () .
30
43 ( )
20801 2015 1.
a = 1, bm = (2m + 1)2 + 2 = 4m2 + 4m + 3,

m 3. (3, 7).
a > 1, a 3, n < m. , ab2n
1
n2 + 2 + 4m
(2m + 1)(n2 + 2)
2n =
=
nm
nm
2
4
2 4
n
+
+ < 1 + + < 3.
=
m nm n
9 3
( ) 20801 = 11 31 61,
20801 .
11 2015 1,
ab 2n =

3
2015 = (25 105 )3 (1)(1) 1 mod 11.
31 2015 1,
2015 = (43 53 )5 (2 1)5 1
ab 2n =
mod 31.
61 2015 1,
2015 (34 )1 5 = 360 1
mod 61
( Fermat).
11, 31, 61
2015 1,
11 31 61|2015 1, 20801|2015 1.
44 ( ) n
m
2m 1 (mod n) n2 2 (mod m).
n = b + 4, m = n + 2a ab = 2n + 1 =
2(b + 4) + 1 = 2b + 9. (a 2)b = 9,

(a, b) = (3, 9), (5, 3), (11, 1).
, (m, n) =
(19, 13), (17, 7), (27, 5).
2 :
m = k < 0 2k 1 = n n2 +2 = k
.
, 2n

n2 + 2 4k
(2k 1)(n2 + 2)
=
=
nk
nk
n 2
4
=
.
=
n
k
2n = 2n
( )
m n .
|n| = 1, (m, n) =
(1, 1), (1, 1) (3, 1), (3, 1), |n| = 3,
(m, n) = (1, 3), (11, 3).
|n| > 3
|m| 3.
(3, 7), (19, 13), (17, 7), (27, 5) (3, 5).
, n
m:
1 :
m > 0 2m + 1 = an n2 + 2 = bm
a b.
b+4
n + 2a
n2 + 2 + 4m
=
=
nm
n
m
9, n
4, n > 3 . ,
2
4
< < 2.
n
n
, n = 4, k = n 2
= 2n 1 = 2 9. , (2 ) = 9
(, ) = (1, 9) ,
(m, n) = (3, 5).
0 < 2n =
: 1676 Mathematics Magazine. 10 ,

77, . 3,
2004. 10 4 .
.
31
45 ( )
{x y 0 x + y + 6 0} (3)
f (x) = x2 + 6x + 1, x R
S (x, y)
:
f (x) + f (y) 0
f (x) f (y) 0
(2)
(3)
S
KB AKB.
E=

S .
R2
= 8
2
46 ( )
:
sin x + sin y = sin(x + y)

|x| + |y| = 1
( )
f (x) + f (y) 0 (x + 3)2 + (y + 3)2 42

S
K(3, 3) = 4
( )

f (x) f (y) 0 (x y)(x + y + 6) 0(1)

2 sin
1 , x y = 0
x+y
x+y
xy
x+y
cos
= 2 sin
cos
2
2
2
2
sin
C : (x + 3)2 + (y + 3)2 = 42
A(3 2 3, 3 2 3) , B(3 + 2 3, 3 2 3)

cos
x+y
=0
2
xy
x+y
= cos
2
2
2 , x + y + 6 = 0
x + y = 2k x = 2k y = 2k, k
C : (x + 3)2 + (y + 3)2 = 42
(3+2 3, 32 3), (32 3, 3+2 3) .

1 = |x| + |y| |x + y| = |2k| = 2|k|
1 , 2
k = 0, x + y = 0.
C, K(3, 3)
, 2
(1) {x y 0 x + y + 6 0} (2)
x = y =
32
1
1
x = y = .
2
2
1 = |2k| + |y| 2|k|
"
k = 0, x = 0 y = 1
,
3
x = 1, y = 0.
1 1
,
2 2
# "
#
1 1
, ,
, (0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0)
2 2
47 (

n((r + 1)n1 r n1 ) = 0
(n 1)((r + 1)n2 r n2 ) = 0
p(x) = (x + 1)n xn 1
r n2 (1 + r) r n1 = 0 r = 0 ().
m = 1, m = 2.
(x) = (x2 + x + 1)m
- m = 2 n = 6k + 5

4
n, m . n, m p (r) = 0 ... r = 1 r = 1 ().
-
m = 2 n = 6k + 1
(x) p(x);
(1)n1 r n1 = 1
n 1 3
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=60&p=66638#p66638 m = 1, n = 6k + 1 n = 6k + 5
n = 6k + 1, m = 1 m = 2.
( ) r
48 ( )
p. r 2 + r + 1 = 0 r 3 = 1, r
= 1

n = 6k + v, v = 0, 1, 2, ..., 5
ax2 bx + c = 0
p(r) = 0
a, b, c . a, b, c
(0, 1)

(r + 1)6k+v r 6k+v 1 = 0
(r 2 )6k+v r 6k+v 1 = 0
a+b+c
r 3 = 1
(r 2 )v r v 1 = 0
v = 1, v = 5
( ) f (x) = ax2 bx + c
n = 6k + 1, n = 6k + 5
p
r
(1)
p(r) = p (r) = p (r) = 0

x1 , x2

(r + 1)n tn 1 = 0
f (0) > 0
b2 4ac > 0

33
(1)
k2 > 4a
f (1) > 0 a b + c > 0 (2)
(4)
2a > k (4) k > 2

x1 + x2
- k = 3 a k = 3 4a 12 > k 2 ,
0<
< 1 b < 2a (3)
2
(4)
(3) b = 2a k (2)
- k = 4 a k = 4 4a 16 = k 2 ,
c > a k
(4)
- k = 5 a k ,
c =
a, a = 5
ak+1
34
http://www.mathematica.gr. .
-- : . : . LaTEX.
.
Leonardo da Vinci
(32-) . 30
. -
-
- quasiregular , ( ).

(0, 0, ), 12 ,
, 1+
,
2
2
1+ 5
.
2
:
mathematica.gr
mathematica.gr
12. (achilleas)
13. ( )
14. (xr.tsif)
2. (nsmavrogiannis)
3. ( )
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6. ( )
7. ()

1. (grigkost)
2. (cretanman)
15. (Demetres)
1. (stranton)
2. (spyros)
3. (p_gianno)
4. (kostas.zig)
5. (exdx)
6. (skap)
1. ( )
7. ( )
2. (vittasko)
8. (matha)
3. ()
9. (mathnder)
4. (nkatsipis)
10. ( )
5. ( )
11. (mathematica)
6. (chris_gatos)
12. ( )
7. (mathxl)
13. ( )
8. (gbaloglou)
14. (rek2)
9. (R BORIS)
15. (hsiodos)
10. (dement)
16. ( )
11. (swsto)
17. (bilstef)
1 ( )
.

.
. .
,
, ,
.
.
. .
;
6 ( )
S , 2011 :
2 ( )
.
( ...). , , ,
:
().

183, 186, 187, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 200
; (
).
S = 1 2 + 3 + 4 5 6 + 7 + 8 ...

7 ( )
.
. = 8 = 2 ,
.
3 ( qwerty)
, .
2 .
100, .
4 ( )
,
:
LI SARI BLO
GSP OT LI SA
8 ( )

(x + 1) (x 1) x2 5 (x + 2) (x 2) x2 2 4

5
,
1

,
9 ( ) :
( )
,
. 40 ,
;
x2
x3
x4
x1
+
+
+
=4
2+3+4
1+3+4
1+2+4
1+2+3
10 ( themiskant) :
x4 + 5x3 6394x2 32000x 38400 = 0

x > 0.
,
11 ( ) ,
. , Ox, Oy
xOy
, ++ .
12 ( )
,

. :
1. .
2. .
,
3. .
4. .
17 ( . ) :
x +
4 2 y 2 = 0 (1)
1. R,
(1) .
.
13 ( )
+1
ln x
5 = 11, 13 = 35

g (x) = 2x 1, x 0,
2
f (x) = ln( ln x) +
2. ,
,
.
18 ( )
AB K, AB ,
, f , ,
.
AK = AB
=
14 ( ) f

0 < < 1. B, K A
.
f (x) = ln (ex + 1)
1. f .
2. f R.
3. f

3x = f (x).
4. f (2x) > f (x).
19 ( )
5. f (x) = f (x) x x R.
= {1, 2, 3, 4, }

P (1) =
15 ( ) C
AB (O, R) Cx.
CA CB (K) , (L)

(O, R).
K
(K), (O)

Cx L
(L)
, (O)

Cx K L .
P (2)
P (3)
P (4)
=
=
2
3
4
A = { |
, 2, 4, 5 10}
B = {x ln(x2 x + 1) > 0}
1. .
16 ( ) ABCD
(O).
D DC, DA, DB
AB, BC, CA O1 , O2 , O3 .
O1 , O2 , O3
O (O).
2. A = {3, 4} B = {2, 3, 4}
3. P (A B) P (A B)
4. X ,
P (X) A X =
20 ( )
1. f .
2. g R.
= {1, 2, 3, ..., 2010, 2011}
3. f (g(x)) = x2 x R.

.
. f (x) = x2 + (1 x)2 x R
.
. A N (A)
(P (A))2 + (P (A ))2
.
. f (x) 1 x [0, 1].
. B,
2
, ,
25 ( )
x5 5x6 + 13x3 19x2 + 16x 8 = 0
(P (B)) + (P ()) + (P (B )) + (P ( )) = 2
26 ( )
f : [, +) R [, +)
lim f (x) = R. f .
B = B = .
x+
, ,
, ,
21 ( barsakis) z ,
:
27 ( )
f : [0, 1] R x, y
xf (y) + yf (x) 1.
1. i, z, zi
2. 1, z + i, iz + 1
f (x) dx
i)
3. 1, z, z 2 + 1
.
4
ii) .
22 ( g.liolios ) M M1
z = 2 + 2i R z1 = 3 i M
OM M M1 (
).
28 ( )
I(a) :=
a > 0.
1. M
z = x + yi.
2. w
w = 1z .
f (x) =
1
, x (0, )
sin x
) f .
) f .
) f .
) Cf
x x x = 3 , x = 2 .
f (x y) = f (x) f (y) , x, y R
1. f
.
30 ( ) f :
2. f .
R R R f (0) = 0 f (2) = 4.
) x > 0 : x f (x) < f (x).
x f (t)
) h(x) = 2 t dt x > 0 ,
i) h(x) (0, +)
ii) h(x) 2x 4 x > 0.
3. f (x) = 0 x = 0.
() f .
() z |z| = 1,

z + i + f (3) = f (7)

z
z
z
|a (2x) 2 x| dx,
29 ( ) f
:
23 ( )
f : R R
Im
, ,
, ,,
, ,
31 ( )

f : R R
24 ( ) f, g
R :
f (x) f (y)
max{f (x), f (y)}
xy
g(f (x)) = x3
x, y R, x = y.
x R.
32 ( ) f

2
Seniors,
f (x + y ) = xf (x) + yf (y), x, y R
39 ( ) ABC , (AB =
AC ), AD, BE, CZ H
. M BC N
ZE BC , (C) AH
(C ) M N .
) f (0)
) f .
) f (x+y) = f (x)+f (y) :
i) x, y
ii) x, y .
) f , ,
:
f (x) =
x+1
f (t)dt
40 ( ) (O)
P, . AB
(O), AB , Q.
A B , A (O) P A B (O) P B,
R, P Q.
f (t)dt, x R
, f (1) = 2012
Juniors, - -
33 ( )
f, g, h : R R
41 ( - 28 )
x, y, z x + y + z = 0. :
(x y)f (x) + h(x) xy + y 2 h(y)

(x y)g(x) + h(x) xy + y
y (y + 2)
z (z + 2)
x (x + 2)
+
+
0
2x2 + 1
2y 2 + 1
2z 2 + 1
x, y R.
42 ( )
p p3 + p2 + p + 1
.
34 ( )
n

1
1
1
1
1+ 2
1+
1 + 3 ... 1 + n < 3
2
2
2
2

Juniors,
43 ( ) f1 , . . . , fn
[0, 1]
35 ( )
AB A.
B ( ) E , E = A.
B = E .

j=1
37 ( )
a1 , a2 , . . . , an
k=1
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
a1
a2
an

fj2 (x)
dx n

j=1
1
0
2
fj (x) dx
a1 + a2 + ... + an = n
1
1
=
a2k + a2k+1 + 2
4
44 ( )
f : R R
F f . an = F (n) n ,
f (x) = 1 x R.
Seniors, - -
fi (x)fj (x) dx = 0
i = j .
36 ( )
ABC A BC L
N . L
AB, AC K, M .
AKN M ABC .
45 (
R.
k = xk = x x R.
( an+1 = a1 ).
38 ( ) ( Turkevici)
46 ( ) G
. T
G , T (x) = x1 x G
G .
x, y, z, t > 0, ,
x4 + y 4 + z 4 + t4 + 2xyzt
2 2
x y + y 2 z 2 + z 2 t2 + t2 x 2 + z 2 x 2 + y 2 t2
47 ( )

53 ( )

+

ln(1 + 1/k)
.
ln k
k=2
f (x) =
48 ( )
2x
,x 0
1 + e2x
, n . (
(n)
: f (0) Z, n 0)
1 + sin z
dz = ln(2)
n
z
2
2n
n=1
54 ( )
f : [0, +) R
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 0
x+
49 ( Mulder)
4 + 3 ( 4 1),
.
x+
x+
x+
50 ( )

x2 = y 7 + 7
,
()
55 ( ) a, b, c C
:
51 ( ) a, b, c R
a + b + c = 0 :
a7 + b7 + c7
=
7
a2 + b2 + c2
2
a5 + b5 + c5
5
(a b)5 + (b c)5 + (c a)5 = 0

a, b, c
.
52 ( )
x2 + y 2 = r 2
56 ( ) (
M obius) a, b, c, d
w = az+b
w
cz+d
z
) ;
) ;
() A(x1 , y1 ), B(x2 , y2 ).

K = (1 x1 )(1 y1 ) + (1 x2 )(1 y2 )
1 ( )
.
.

. .
, ,
,
.
.

.
.
;
.
.

!
1 ( )
.
,
.
,
, .
.
2 (nickthegreek)
...
:
( )
; ; , ,

.
,
( )
2 ( )
. ( ...).
, , ,
:
().

183, 186, 187, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 200
; (
).
( ) 5
54
= 10
2
, .
.

(183 + 186 + 187 + 190 + 191 + 192 + 193 + 194 + 196 + 200)
= 478
4
<<<<
,
+ = 183

+ = 200
6
, ,
= 478 ( + + + ) = 478 183 200 = 95
= 196 = 196 95 = 101
+ = 186
= 200 = 99
= 186 95 = 91
91, 92, 95, 99, 101.

( )
. ,
...
.
= 183 = 183 91 = 92

+ = 196
4 ( )
,
:
3 ( qwerty)
,
.
2 . 100,
.
LI SARI BLO
GSP OT LI SA
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=33&t=16302&p=84664#
( )
2,
3, 4 6.
3, 4, 6, 12.
( 100) 12 96.
98.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=33&t=
( )
,
, , 0 9.
0 .
,
0. 0
5 ( )
, ,
1 .
40 ,
;
6 ( ) S ,
2011 :
S = 1 2 + 3 + 4 5 6 + 7 + 8 ...
( )
4 ( )
+, -.
( 4
2008) S
S = 1 2 + 3 + 4 5 6 + 7 + 8 ...
+2007 + 2008 2009 2010 + 2011 =
1 ( ). xm
(x + 2) m
.
E = x2 m2
( )
= (2011 2010) + (2009 + 2008) + (2007 2006)+
EM = (x + 2)2 =
2
(2005 + 2004) + ... + (7 6) + (5 + 4) + 3 2 1

2
(x + 2) (x + 2) = x + 2x + 2x + 4 = x + 4x + 4 m

0,
0.
2011 4 2011 4 + 1 = 2008
, 2008 : 4 = 502 ,
E = 40
EM E = 40 :
x2 + 4x + 4 x2 = 40
4x = 36
x = 9m
S = 502 0 + 3 2 1 = 0
E = 92 = 81 m2
7 ( )

. . = 8
= 2 ,
.
AM 2 = AE2 + EM2 (2)

(1) (2) :
A2 + M2 = AE2 + EM2
x2 + 42 = 82 + (x 2)2
x2 + 16 = x2 4x + 68
4x = 52 x = 13
:
E=
AE EM
13 4 8 11
A M
+
=
+
= 70.
2
2
2
2
2(AB) 2E = 2 8 13 2 70 = 68.
2 ( ) 2
, ( x ) :
64 + (x 2)2 = x2 + 16
x = 13
:

2 (13 8) 2
8 11 4 13
+
2
2
8 (

= 68..

(x + 1) (x 1) x2 5 (x + 2) (x 2) x2 2 4
1 ( ) .
. , .
A = x EM = x 2 AE = 8
:
1 ( )

x2 1 x2 2 x2 4 x2 5 4 =

2
x 3 + 2 x2 3 + 1 x2 3 1 x2 3 2 4 =
AM 2 = A2 + M2 (1)
:
9
x2 3 = :
(x4 6x2 + 5)(x4 6x2 + 8) 4

x4 6x2 =
( + 2) ( + 1) ( 1) ( 2) 4 =

2
4 2 1 4 =
4 52 + 4 4 =
4 52 = 2 (2 5) =
(x2 3)2 ((x2 3)2 5) = (x2 3)2 (x4 6x2 + 4)
( + 5)( + 8) 4 = 2 + 13 + 36 =
( + 9)( + 4) = (x4 6x2 + 9)(x4 6x2 + 4) =
(x2 3)2 (x4 6x2 + 4) = ...
2 ( )
(x2 1)(x2 5)(x2 2)(x2 4) 4 =
9 ( )
:
x > 0.
x2
x3
x4
x1
+
+
+
=4
2+3+4 1+3+4 1+2+4 1+2+3
( alexandropoulos)
x4 6394x2 38400
1 ( )
. , .. x = 0
.
, x = 10 ,
.
12 ( )
( x2 = y 0)

x4 6394x2 38400 = (x2 + 6)(x2 6400)

,
x4 + 5x3 6394x2 32000x 38400 = 0
x2
x3
x4
x1
1+
1+
1+
1=0
9
8
7
6

1 1 1 1
+ + +
=0
(x 10)
9 8 7 6
x = 10
10 (
:
5x(x2 6400) + (x2 6400)(x2 + 6) = 0

(x2 6400)(x2 + 5x + 6) = 0
(x 80)(x + 80)(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0
themiskant)
x4 + 5x3 6394x2 32000x 38400 = 0
x = 80 x = 80 x = 2 x = 3
x = 80.
10
11 ( )
. ,
, xOy
Ox, Oy , ++
.
2. .
3. .
4. .
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=20&p=#p72741
( )
, ,
, , Ox, Oy .
()
A + + B = A + + B
A 1 + 1 1 + 1 B = A B

( ).
1 , 1 A B

xOy .
12 ( )
,
.
:
1. .
11

1. AB
= A
(B A AB A
=
2. AB
o
=
B A = 90 B . AB
, AP B = + ,
= P A
+ AB
= +
= AP B ,
P AB
.
3. BK P A
,
, A P B

.
ZE (3), 3
4.

( , ) = (1), = (2) AP
,
.
13 ( )

f (x) = ln( ln x) +
Df = (0, 1) .
x1 , x2 (0, 1) x1 < x2 :
+1
ln x
5 =
11, 13 = 35

g (x) = 2x 1, x 0,
2
, f , ,
.
( ) , :
:

a5 = a1 + 4 = 11
a13 = a1 + 12 = 35
a1 = a = 1 , = 3
g(x) : x 1 2x
2 2x 1 1 g(x) 1 gmax = = 1
f : f (x) =
ln ( ln x) + ln1x + 1 :
x
>
0
x
>
0
ln x > 0
ln x < 0
ln x = 0
ln x = 0
x>0
x>0
ln x < ln 1
x<1
0<x<1
x
=

1
ln x = ln 1
x1 < x2 lnx1 < ln x2

1
1
>
ln x1
ln x2
1
1
+1>
+ 1 (1)
ln x1
ln x2
x1 < x2 ln x1 < ln x2
ln x1 > ln x2 ln ( ln x1 ) > ln ( ln x2 ) (2)

(1) (2)
x1 < x2 f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) f
x (0, 1).
1
+1=0
ln ( ln x) +
ln x
1
ln x = u ln(u) + + 1 = 0
u
u = 1.
f
:
u = 1 ln x = 1
1
e
f
ln x = ln e1 x = e1 x =

1
1
f (x) < 0 x
,1 .
e
e

1
1
1
f (x) > 0 x 0,
x < f (x) > f
.
e
e
e
1
x > f (x) < f
e
14 ( )
f
f (x) = ln (ex + 1)
12
1. f .
3) f
2. f
R.
3. f

3x = f (x).
2 x0 + 2 x0 =0
2 x0 + 2 x0 =1
1 = 0 ().
:x

: 3x = x 3 =
x
x =
3 x = 6
x
x = k + , k Z
6
4. f (2x) > f (x).

5. f (x) = f (x) x xR.
f (.o)
4) f (2x) > f (x)

2x > x x >
0
5) : f (x) = ln (ex + 1) = ln e1x + 1 =
ex >0,xR
( ) 1)
+1>0
x R Af = R, Af f
ex x
e 1

f (.o)f :11
3 x = f (x)
3 x = x : (1)
x0 R x0 = 0
x0 =0
3 x0 = x0 x0 =
0
ex
+1
2) x1 , x2 Af = R x1 < x2
< ex2 ex1 +
1 < ex2 + 1 f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) f
R.
ln
ex +1 ln
ex
1
2
=ln 1 ln 2 ,1 ,2 (0,+)
ln (ex + 1)ln ex
f (x)=ln(ex +1),ln ex =x
f (x) = f (x) x
15 ( )
C AB (O, R)
Cx.
CA CB
(K) , (L)
(O, R).
K
(K), (O)

Cx L
(L)
, (O)

Cx
K L .
( )
K S AB, AC = a, CB = b, OA =
OK = OA r
a+b
a
r , KK = + r ,
OK =
2
2
OK = OA KA =
a+b
2
a
2
OK =
a+b
2
( :) )
b
2
OS = OC + r = OA a + r OS =
OKK (KK )2 =
(OK)2 + (OK )2 2 OK OS

ba
+r
2
r=
13
ab
2(a + b)
OLL : ABCD .
1.
- ABC P,
ab
.

r =
2(a + b)
P A, P B, P C P,
BC, AC, AB ,
.
D, E, Z,
BC, AC, AB ,
16 ( ) P AP, BP, CP.
,
ABCD (O).
DB EC ZA
D DC, DA, DB DC EA ZB = 1 , (1) P DB, P DC
AB, BC, CA O1 , O2 , O3 . DB = (P DB) , (2)
DC
(P DC)
O1 , O2 , O3
(P EC)
(P ZA)
ZA
=
,
(3)
EC
EA
ZB = (P ZB) , (4)
(P EA)
O (O).
(P DB) (P EC) (P ZA)
EC ZA
(2), (3), (4), = DB
DC EA ZB = (P DC) (P EA) (P ZB) , (5)
AP P D BP P E = BP D = AP E
DB)
(P D)(P B)
= (P
(P EA) = (P E)(P A) , (6) ( ,
). BP P E CP P Z
EC)
(P E)(P C)
= BP Z = CP E = (P
(P ZB) = (P Z)(P B) , (7)
CP P Z AP P D = AP Z + CP D = 180o
(P ZA)
(P Z)(P A)
= (P
DC) = (P D)(P C) , (8) ( ,
).
EC ZA
(5), (6), (7), (8) = DB
DC EA ZB = 1
1 .
2. - ABC
(O) P BC
A.
P B, P C P,
AC, AB, E, Z, .
EZ O ABC .
H, K, E, Z P C, P B
1 ( ) - M, N, P B, P C,
.
:
EP P K ZP P C = CP E = ZP K
1. ABC P,
, HP E, KP Z,
.
PH
EH
P A, P B, P C P, P K = ZK , (1)
ABP C, = ACP =
BC, AC, AB , .
. ABK ,
. ( , HCE, KBZ,
CH
EH
1973 ), 1019, 87
ZK = BK , (2)
PH
CH
PH
PK
(1), (2) = P
4 .
K = BK = CH = BK =

PH
PK
2. ABC P H = BK (3) P H = CH

(O) P BC
M
(3) = P HP H = P KBK
= 2HN
= 2P
BK
BK
PH
P H
A.
M
= PHN
= PBK
, (4)
H
P B, P C P,
HN
PM
HN
PM
(4) =
= P M +BK = N P = M K , (5)
AC, AB, E, Z, .
EZ O ABC .
,
1, O1 , O2 , O3 ,
, ().
D, ABC,
(O) ()
O1 , O2 , 2 ,
O
HN +P H
(5), H, N, P P, M, K,

, E, O, Z,
,
2 .
, ,
14
,
.
2 ( )
1. ABCD
(O).
E F
AB CD . EB F C
K , EA F D L.
KL O . S
AE F C T EB F D .
= ( ),
= . = ( ABCD ),
= EST F .
ST BC AD LO

= = K CB
EB K K CK
AE S (). . Desargues ADL CK B
S T BC AD , S S
K K .
2. () ABCD (O). E F
AD CD . EB
F C K , EA F D L.
KL O . S
BE F D T EA
1 2 3 4
F C .
= = = = , 1 : ,
2 : , 3 : ABCD 4 :
, SEF T : ,
ST AD BC .
S TE = S F E = E AD
KO EA L L
DL BE S ().
. ADL CKB
S T BC AD , S
S L L .
.
E , F H A , B C , ACEH
ABEF .
O1 , O O2 .
O1 , O O3
. O1 , O , O2 O3 .
: . Desargues

,
,
( )

.
17 ( . )
:

x +
y 2 = 0 (1)
1. R,
(1) .
.
: = [2, 2].
2) , ,
K (, ) > 0 , :

+ 4 2 2
d(K, ) =
=
2 + 4 2

+ 4 2 2 = 2 (2)
2. ,
,
.
( ) 1) R
(1) , :
, ,
(2) .
) (2) . (2)
= 2, = 2 = 0 :
0
4
2 4 2 2

= 0 4 2 0
15
|2 2| = 2
|2 2| = 2
|2 2| = 2

| 1| =
| + 1| =
| 1| =
1 ( ) ,
, :
| + 1| = | 1|
= | + 1|
| 1| =
=0
=1
( = 2 = 0)

1
1
(AB + )
N M = (KB + ) =
2
2

1

P N = (AK + ) = (AB + )
2
2
) .
= 0, = 2 = 1. ,
, (2) .
= = 0 = 1. .
, (2) . .
, ,
(0,0) =1. :
x2 + y 2 = 1.
18 ( )
AB K, AB
,
, ,
2 ( ) M, O N
B, K A, .
AK = AB
=
(1 )AK = BK
0 < < 1, :
OK = (1 ) OA + OB
0 < < 1. B, K
A .
(1 ) =
AK = AB
=

N M //P N
O = (1 ) O + O

OK = O
(1 ) OA OB = (1 ) O + O

(OB + O) = (1 )(OA + O)
2 ON = 2(1 ) OM
1
OM
ON =
B, K A
.
19 ( )

= {1, 2, 3, 4, }
P (1) =
16
P (3)
P (4)
P (2)
=
=
2
3
4
k . k = 3, 4 A = {3, 4}
B x2 x + 1 > 0 x R
= 3 < 0 ln(x2 x + 1) > 0
A = { |
ln(x2 x+1) > ln1 x2 x+1 > 1 x(x1) > 0

x x > 1 x = 2, 3, 4
B = {2, 3, 4}

3. A B = P (A B) = 0 A B =

{1, 2} {2, 3, 4} A B = P (A B) =
1
, 2, 4, 5 10}
B = {x ln(x2 x + 1) > 0}
1.
.
2. A = {3, 4} B = {2, 3, 4}
4. P (X)

X A X =
B .
A = {3, 4} B = {2, 3, 4}
2
X = {2} P (X) = P (2) P (X) = 10
= 15
3. P (A B) P (A B)
4. X ,
P (X) A X =
20 ( )
( )
P (2)
2
1. P (1) =
P (3)
3
P (4)
4
= {1, 2, 3, ..., 2010, 2011}
= :
P (1) =
P (2) = 2
P (3) = 3
P (4) = 4
P (1)+P (2)+P (3)+P (4) = 1 10 = 1 =

:
1
10

.
. f (x) = x2 + (1 x)2
x R .
. A N (A)
(P (A))2 +
(P (A ))2 .
. f (x) 1 x [0, 1].
. B,
(P (B))2 + (P ())2 + (P (B ))2 + (P ( ))2 = 2

B = B = .
1
10
2
P (2) =
10
3
P (3) =
10
4
P (4) =
10
P (1) =
( ) ) :
f (x) = 2x 2(1 x) = 2(2x 1)

x R. f ( 12 ) = 0. f (x) < 0
1
2
x (, ) f
2. :
1
s =
v
2
v

i=1
1
s =
4
2
x2i

( vi=1 xi )2
144k2
46k
4
2
x (, ]. f (x) > 0 x ( 12 , +)
2
f x [ 12 , +).
f x = 12 f ( 12 ) = 12 .
)
(P (A))2 + (P (A ))2 = f (P (A))
5
s = k2
2
P (A)
0,
5
s2 > 10 k2 > 10
2
k2 > 4 k > 2
2
2010
1
,
, ...,
,1
2011 2011
2011
(P (A))2 + (P (A ))2
17
f (0), f (
2
2010
1
), f (
), ..., f (
), f (1)
2011
2011
2011
2
1005
1
,
, ...,
2011 2011
2011
1
x (, ]
2
. : 2x(x 1) 0 x [0, 1].

x 1 0 x 0
x [0, 1]. x = 0
x = 1.
)
0,
f (P (B)) + f (P ()) =
(P (B))2 + (P (B ))2 + (P ())2 + (P ( ))2 = 2
P (B) P () [0, 1]
()
2
1005
1
,
, ...,
0,
2011 2011
2011
f (P (B)) 1(1)
1005
2011 .
2010
1006 1007
,
, ...,
,1
2011 2011
2011
f (P ()) 1(2)
[ 12 , +),
x

.
f(
f (P (B)) + f (P ()) 2(3)
1007
2010
1006
), f (
), ..., f (
), f (1)
2011
2011
2011
1005
1006
f ( 1006
2011 ). f ( 2011 ) = f ( 2011 ).
(P (A))2 + (P (A ))2
N (A) = 1005 N (A) = 1006.
) :
f (x) = 2x2 + 2x + 1 = 2x(x 1) + 1
(3)
(1) (2) . P (B) = 0, 1,
P () = 0, 1. N (B) = 0 N (B) = 2011 N () = 0
N () = 2011. B,
.
B = B =
21 ( barsakis)
z ,
:
yi)i = y + xi (y, x). :

= (x, y 1), A
= (y, x 1)
AB
, ,

AB//A
1. i, z, zi
2. 1, z + i, iz + 1

x y1

y x 1
3. 1, z, z 2 + 1
x2 + y 2 x y = 0 (I)
( ) z = x + yi, x, y R.
1. : i
A(0, 1), z
B(x, y), zi = (x +
18

=0

() : (1)2 + (1)2 4 0 = 2 > 0,

1 1
,
2 2
2
.
2
2. 2. : 1
w w = 1z .
D(1, 0), z+i
E(x, y + 1), zi + 1 =
y + xi + 1 Z(y + 1, x). :
= (x 1, y + 1), DZ
= (y, x)
DE
( ) M (2, 2),
, ,
M1 (3, 1), M (x, y).

DE//DZ

x1 y+1

y
x
1. OM M M1
= M1 M x3 = 2, y +1 = ,
: OM
x 3 = y + 1 y = x 4
y = x 4.

=0

x2 + y 2 x + y = 0 (II)
() : (1)2 + 12 4 0 = 2 > 0,

1 1
,
2 2
2
.
2
3. :
1 D(1, 0),
z B(x, y),
z 2 + 1 = x2 y 2 +
1 + 2xyi H(x2 y 2 + 1, 2xy).
= (x 1, y), DH
= (x2 y 2 , 2xy)
: DB
, ,

DB//DH

x1
y
=0
x2 y 2 2xy
2. w = x+yi, x, y R z = a+(a4)i, a R.
:
z
1
a (a 4)i
= 2 x + yi = 2
z
|z|
a + (a 4)2
4a
a
,y = 2
(I)
x= 2
2
a + (a 4)
a + (a 4)2
w=
a = 0, () :
4a
y
=
ay = 4x ax a(x + y) = 4x(II)
x
a
x + y = 0, ()

=0, =0,
1
= 0.
z
x + y = 0, () :
4x
a = x+y
, ():
w=

x
y(x2 + y 2 2x) = 0
y = 0 x2 + y 2 2x = 0(III)

(2)2 +02 40
() :
= 4 > 0,
()
(1,
0)
4
= 1.
2
4x
x+y
x x (1, 0)
1.
22 ( g.liolios ) M
M1 z = 2 + 2i R
z1 = 3 i M OM M M1 ( ).
1.
M z =
x + yi.
19
2
+
4x
x+y
x
2
2
4x
4x
4
=
x+y
x+y
4y
x+y
2
=
4x
x+y
4x
16x2 + 16y 2
=
(x + y)2
x+y
16x(x2 + y 2 ) 4x(x + y) = 0
4x(4x2 + 4y 2 1) = 0 x2 + y 2 =
1
4
x = 0 . w
1
.
2
1
a = 0, () x = 0, y = ,
4
O(0, 0)
23 ( )
f : R R
zi zi
+
+ 1 = 16
z
z

z z
i = 14
z z
z
=7
Im
z
f (x y) = f (x) f (y) , x, y R
1. f
.
2. f .
24 ( )
3. f (x) = 0
f, g R :
x = 0.
g(f (x)) = x3
() f .
() z |z| = 1,

x R.
1. f .

i
+ f (3) = f (7)
z
z

f z +
2. g R.
3. f (g(x)) = x2
x R.
Im z .
( )
( )
1. x = y = 0 f (0) = 0
2. f
x = 0 f (y) = f (y) ,
3.
() x1 , x2 f (x1 ) = f ( x2 ).
f (x1 ) f ( x2 ) = 0
f (x1 x2 ) = 0.
f (x) = 0 0 ,
x1 x2 = 0 x1 = x2 .

() f z + zi = f (7) f (3)
f z + zi = f (7 3)
f z + zi = f (4)

f 1 1 z + zi = 4

i
i
= 16
z
z+
z
z
zz
1. x1 , x2 R, f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) g(f (x1 )) =

g(f (x2 )) x1 3 = x2 3 x1 = x2 , f
1-1.
2.
g(x) = y f (g(x)) = f (y)

x3 = f (y)

3
f (y), f (y) 0
x=
x = 3 f (y), f (y) < 0
, g(R) = R.
3. f (g(x)) = x2 f (g(f (x))) = f 2 (x)
f (x3 ) = f 2 (x)
x = 0, f (0) = 0 f (0) = 1
x = 1, f (1) = 0 f (1) = 1
x = 1, f (1) = 0 f (1) = 1
f (0) = 0,f (1) = 1, f (1) = f (0) f (1) =
f (1)
f (0) = 1, .
1
zi zi
+
+
= 16
z
z
zz
20
25 (

5
5(x 1)4 + (9x2 18x + 11) > 0 (2)
x
:
x 5x + 13x 19x + 16x 8 = 0
5 (x 1)4 0, x R
.
1 ( )
9x2 18x + 11 > 0, x R
f (x) = x5 5x4 + 13x3 19x2 + 16x 8

f f
f (x) = 5x4 20x3 + 39x2 38x + 16

f
f (x) = 20x3 60x2 +78x38 = (x1)(20x2 40x+38)
= 72 < 0
(1) (2) . x1
.
3 ( ) :

(x 1)5 + 3(x 1)3 + 2x 4
( < 0
20x2 40x + 38 > 0

) f (1) = 0 x > 1
f (1) > 0 x < 1 f (1) < 0. f
1 xR
f (x) f (1) = 2 > 0
f R
f (x) = 0 R
2 ( )
f (x) = x5 5x4 + 13x3 19x2 + 16x 8
,
.
.
:

5(x 1)4 + 9(x 1)2 + 2 2 > 0

, .
26 ( )
f : [, +) R
[, +) lim f (x) = R.
x+
f .
, http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=53&t=14506
x1 . ( ), ( )
x2 ... :
x0 : f (x0 ) 0
1. f (x0 ) > 0 f (x) > f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x
f (x1 ) f (x2 ) = f ()(x1 x2 ) f () = 0 (1)
x0 ), x > x0 (Cf ). f (x) +
:
2. f (x0 ) = 0 x1 > x0 : f (x1 ) > 0 f

4
3
2
f (x) = 5x 20x + 39x 38x + 16 =
.
21
27 ( )
f : [0, 1] R
x, y xf (y) + yf (x) 1.
1
0
|a (2x) 2 x| dx, a > 0.
.
4
f (x) dx
i)
28 ( )
I(a) :=
( ) I(a)
ii)
/2
.
|a (2x) 2 x| dx,
x=/2u
( )
1
/2
2I(a) =
0
x=y
f (x) dx =
I :=
yf (y) dy
1
I(a)
2
y=/2t
1
2
/4
/2
tf (t) dt
1
2
/2
2I =
/2
dt =
0
()
/2
|a (2x) 2 x|+|a (2x)2 x| dx
()
tf (t) + tf (t) dt
/2
0
()
| 2 x 2 x| =
1
x x dx
2
2
/2
(2x) dx
1
2
/2
/4
2 x 2 x dx =
/2
(2x) =
/4
1
.
2
()
() x [0, /2]
I .
2
4
2 x 2 x 0 x x x [0, /4]
() x = t
y = t.

2 x 2 x 0 x x x [/4, /2].
x2
1
[0, 1].
, I a = 1/2 :
O(0, 0) 1, I = 4 .

f ,

1 /2 (2x)
2 (2x)
2
x, y [0, 1]
I(a) =
x
+
x

dx =

f (x) =

(x2 1 y 2 )2 0
( y 2 1 x2 )2 0
2

x +1y 2
2 1 y 2 = x 1 y 2 (+)
x
2

y 2 +1x2
2 1 x2 = y 1 x2
y
2
1
2
1
2
xf (y) + yf (x) 1
22

0
/2
0
/4
x|x x| + x|x x| dx =
1
xxx dx+
2
2
/2
/4
2 xxx dx =
/4
1
1 + (2x) (2x) dx+
4
(2x) = 2xx
1
4
2 x =
/2
1 (2x) (2x) dx =
/4
1
2
1 (2x)
2
1 + (2x)
2
2 x =
1/2
:
x(0,)
29 ( )
f :
f (x) =
x < 0

,
x
2
1
, x (0, )
sin x
) f .
)
f.
) f .
)
Cf x x x = 3 , x = 2 .
x
f (x)
f (x)
/2
0
-
f 0,

2
,
2
f
f (x) =
( ) ) f
f (x) =
2 x + 2 2 x
=
3 x
1 + 2 x
> 0, x (0, )
3 x
x
, x (0, )
2 x
:
f (x) = 0
x
=0
2 x
x = 0
x=
f .
) f (0, )
.
x(0,)
lim f (x) = lim
:
f (x) > 0
x
2 x>0
>
0
2 x
3 x 2x x (x)
=
4 x
x0+
x0+
1
= +
x
1
= +
x
x = 0 x =
Cf .
lim f (x) = lim

f ((0, )) = f
23
0,

f
,
=
2
2

, lim f (x) f
, lim f (x) =
f
2 x0+
2 x
[1, +) (1, +) = [1, +)
) ) h
h (x) =
)

2
2
1 x>0
1
dx =
E =
dx =
x
x
2 x2
+ 2 x2
2 x2 x2

f h

3
2
dx =
x2
2 x2
2
dx +
x2
2 x2
h (x) =
dx =
xf (x) f (x)
, x>0
x2
() h (x) < 0, x > 0 h

(0, +)
) g(x) = h(x) 2x + 4, x > 0

x 2
ln3
x
ln 2
=
ln 2
2
2 3
2
30 ( )
f : R R R f (0) = 0
f (2) = 4.
) x > 0 : x f (x) < f (x).
x
f (x)
, x>0
x
f (t)
) h(x) = 2 t dt x > 0 ,
i) h(x) (0, +)
ii) h(x) 2x 4 x > 0.
g (x) = h (x) 2 =
f (x)
2
x
g (2) =
f (2)
2=22=0
2
g (x) = h (x) < 0 g

(0, +) x > 2 g (x) < g (2) = 0
( ) )
g [2, +) 0 < x < 2
[0, x], x > 0 f g (x) > g (2) = 0 g (0, 2]
(0, x)
x0 = 2 g
f
(x)
f
(x)
f
(0)
g(2) = h(2)4+4 = 0 g(x) g(2) = 0

f () =
x
h(x) 2x + 4 0, x > 0
< x f R f
f () > f (x)
f (x)
> f (x) f (x) > xf (x), x > 0
x
31 ( )

f : R R
1 ( )
g(x) =
f (x) f (y)
max{f (x), f (y)}
xy
f (x)f ()
x
f ()
, x =
,x=
( R)
x, y R, x = y.
lim g(x) = lim
24
f (x) f ()
= f () = g ()
x
g g
R {}
g (x) =
f (x)(x ) (f (x) f ())

=
(x )2
i) x, y
ii) x, y .
) f , ,
:
1
f (x) f ()
(f (x)
)
x
x
x+1
f (x) =
x

f (t)dt
1
0
f (t)dt, x R
, f (1) = 2012

f (x) f ()
max f (x), f () f (x), x =
x
:
f (x)
( ) )
x = y = 0, f (0) = 0.
) y = x y = x,

f (x) f ()
0, x =
x

2xf (x) = f 2x2 = xf (x) xf (x)

1) g (x) 0 , x >
2) g (x) 0 , x <
xf (x) = xf (x)
g g
. x R
:
x R
x = 0
f (x) = f (x)
g(x) g()
x = 0, f
.
) (i) x, y > 0. ,
f (x) f ()
f (), x =
x
f (x + y) =

2
x + ( y)2 =
f

xf
x + yf ( y) =

f (x) f ()
max f (x), f () f (), x =
x
x = :
f (x) + f (y)
f (x) f ()
= f ()
x
f (x) =

2
x + 02 =
f

xf
x
f (x) = f ()(x ) + f () : (1)

(1) x = :
f (x) = f ()(x ) + f (a), x R
x, y < 0. ,
: f (x) = x + , x R , R
. ( )
f (x + y) =
f ((x) + (y)) =
32 ( )
f
[f (x) + f (y)] =
f (x2 + y 2 ) = xf (x) + yf (y), x, y R
f (x) f (y) =
f (x) + f (y)
) f (0)
) f .
) f (x+y) = f (x)+f (y)
:
) (ii) x > 0
y < 0.
f (a b) = f (a) f (b) a, b > 0 ,
25
G (x + y) f (x) G (y) = f (x + y) f (x) f (y) = 0
a b > 0. :
x + y > 0 ,
f (x + y) = f (x (y)) =
y R. , g R,
f (x) f (y) =
g (0) = G (x) G (x) G (0) + G (0) = 0
f (x) + f (y)
, , x, y R,
x + y < 0 ,
G (x + y) G (x) yf (x) G (y) + G (0) = 0
f (x + y) =
y = 0,
x R,
f ( (x + y)) =
f ((y) x) =
f (x) =
[f (y) f (x)] =
f (y) + f (x) =
1
[G (x + y) G (x) G (y) + G (0)] (1)
y
f
R. F (x) =
f (x) + f (y)
f (t)dt,
G (x) = F (x) + c, c R . x = 0,
c = G (0) , y = 1
(1)
x + y = 0
f (x + y) = f (0) = 0
f (x) = G (x + 1) G (x) G (1) + G (0) =
= f (x) f (x) =
f (x) + f (x) =
F (x + 1)+G (0)F (x)G (0)F (1)G (0)+G (0) =

1
x+1
f (t)dt
f (t)dt (2)
= F (x + 1)F (x)F (1) =
f (x) + f (y)
) G f . x R
(2) ,
, y R,
x R, f (x) = f (x + 1) f (x) = f (1) = 2012
f (x) = 2012x + k, k R . , ,
g (y) :=
f (0) = 0, k = 0,
G (x + y) G (x) yf (x) G (y) + G (0)

f (x) = 2012x
g ( y ) R,
g (y) =
x R.
26
,
,
33 ( )
f, g, h : R R
f (x) = f (0) x, x R
(x y)f (x) + h(x) xy + y 2 h(y)
(x y)g(x) + h(x) xy + y 2
y x + 1 x 1

x, y R.
g(x) = f (0) x, x R
( ) x 0
:
yf (0)+h(0)+y 2 h(y) yg(0)+h(0)+y 2 , y R (1) 34 ( )

n

1
1
1
1
1+ 2
1+
1 + 3 ... 1 + n < 3
yf (0) + h(0) + y 2 yg(0) + h(0) + y 2 , y R
2
2
2
2

yf (0) yg(0), y R
1 ( ) ln, :
y 1
n

ln 1 + 2i < ln 3
i=1
f (0) = g(0) (2)
:
(1) (2)
n

h(y) h(0) yf (0) + y 2 , y R
i=1

n

1 i
ln 1 + 2i n ln 1 +
2
n
i=1
h(y) h(0) yf (0) + y 2 , y R
1 i
2
1+
n
<3
i=1
h(x) = h(0) xf (0) + x2 , x R (3)

(3)
y
x + 1 x 1
n

2i = 1 2n
i=1
f (x) f (0) x, x R
!

1
n
12
n ln 1 +
< ln 3
n

!

1
1 2n 1 2n < ln e < ln 3
n ln 1 +
n
f (x) f (0) x, x R
27

2 ( )
:

1+
1
2

1+
1
22

1+
1
23

... 1 +
1
2n

<3
<
n+
1+
1
22
1+
<e
n

1
ln 1 + k
2
ln
1
2
n
ln(1 + x) < x
( ).
3 ( )
! - :

1+
n+1
n
4 ( ) x > 0
k=1
<
2n+1 (3n 1)(n + 1)
1
i=1 2i
1
n
.
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 .
n 6
n
1
23

... 1 +
1
2n
n
"
1+
k=1
n
"
k=1
1
1+ k
2
<
n

1
1
=1 n
k
2
2
k=1
1
2k

1
< ln e1 2n
< e1 2n < e < 3
35 ( )
AB
A. B ( )
E , E = A.
B = E .
E 2 = (ax)2 +x2 2x(ax) cos 120o = a2 +x2 ax , (2)
(1), (2) = B = E .
2 ( ) K
B K = .
K . AK
E ( E = AK = 120o
A = E K = ) AK = E , (1)
AK BK ( AK =
BK = 120o K BK = B K =
A = A ) AK = B , (2) (1)
(2) .
3 ( ) Z
AB, Z B. BZ
E ( Z = A = E
ZB = E ZB = E )
B = E .
4 ( ) K
B
1 ( ) A = E = x
AB = B = A = a = a x.
K = 30o =
B
E :
B 2 = (ax)2 +a2 2a(ax) cos 60o = a2 +x2 ax , (1)

28
K =
(AKN M ) = 2(AKN ) =
(AK)(N T ) , (2) T N
AB .
ABC (ABC) = (ABL) +
BK = A K = A
A A
A A
=
+
, (1)
2
2
2
1
(ACL) = (LK)(AB + AC) , (3)
2
LK
AL
=
, (4)
KL T N =
AN
NT
KE = K + E =
A A
A A
+ A =
+
, (2)
2
2
2
(1), (2) = BK = KE
BE .
36 ( )
ABC A
BC L
N . L AB, AC
K, M .
AKN M ABC .
(1),
(2),
(3),
(4)
(AKN M )
(ABC)
AL N T
2(AK)(N T )
=
= 1 = (AKN M ) =
(LK)(AB + AC)
AN LK
(ABC) 2 ( )
AC CD = AB
ABN, DCN , AB = CD BN = N C
= N CD
ABN
(
ABN C ).
1 ( ) AC
CP = AB AK KS = AK =
AM .
A
AN C
2
A
2
KLM
A
( AKLM ).
2
ABN P CN (
LM
AN
,
=
= (AN )(KM ) = (LM )(AB +
AB = P C BN = CN ABN = P CN )
AD
KM
AM L SKL AC) = (AN )(ZM + ZK) = (AB)(LK) + (AC)(LM )
1
1
1
( AM = AK = SK M L = KL ).
= (AN )(ZM ) + (AN )(ZK) = (AB)(LK) +
2
2
2
1
A
(AC)(LM ) = (AKN M ) = (ABC)
CP N = KSL =
2
2
3 ( )
, AN P
AL
2(AK)
AL
AS
bc
=
=
=
, (1)
ALS
AN =
(1)
AP
AN
AB + AC
AN
w
a
AKN, AM N ,
AN AK = AM KAN =

A
M AN =
ABL, AN C , wa AL.
2
29
AKN M
AL AK = AM
1
(AKN M ) = (AN )(KM ) (2)
2
AKLM
AL
KM = wa sin A (3)
(1), (2), (3) = (AKN M ) =
(ABC)
, ,
37 ( )
a1 , a2 , . . . , an
n

a1 + a2 + ... + an = n
n

k=1
1
1
=
4
a2k + a2k+1 + 2
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
a1 a2
an
1
bc
wa sin A
=
2
wa
j=1

1
1

.
2
2
2
aj + aj+1 + 2 j=1 2aj + 2
1
1
(ai 1)2 0
2
4ai
2ai + 2
i {1, 2, ..., n} .
n
1 1
.
:
4
aj
( an+1 = a1 ).
j=1
1 ( )
Andreescu ( CS) :
a1 = a2 = = an .
(1) :
1
1
1
+
2
,
4a21 + 4 4a22 + 4
a1 + a22 + 2
1
1
1
+ 2
2
,
2
4a2 + 4 4a3 + 4
a2 + a23 + 2
..
.
1
1
1
+ 2
.
2
+ 4 4an + 4
a1 + a2n + 2
(a1 , a2 , ..., an ) = (1, 1, ..., 1)

1 ( )
-
i = 1, 2, . . . , n, an+1 = a1 ,
a2i + a2i+1 + 2 2 (ai + ai+1 )
4a21
30
1
ai
8
1
+ ai+1
ai = ai+1 .
,
a2i
1
1
2
8
+ ai+1 + 2
1
1
+
ai ai + 1
x y z t > 0.
:
2
2
2
2
2
x z 2 + y 2 z 2 + x2 t 2 + y 2 t 2
2 (xy zt)2 (1)
i = 1, 2, . . . , n
1
1
1
+ + 2
2
2
2
4
a1 + a2 + 2
an + a1 + 2
a2 + b2

1
1
+ +
,
a1
an
(a + b)2
a := x2 t2 b := y 2 t2 , :
2

2 2t2 2
2

x
+
y
2
2
x t2 + y 2 t2
.
2
a1 = a2 = = an .
()
x + y 2 2xy xy t2 xy zt 0, (2)
(a1 , a2 , . . . , an ) = (1, 1, . . . , 1).
38 ( ) (
Turkevici) x, y, z, t > 0, ,
x4 + y 4 + z 4 + t4 + 2xyzt
2

2
2

2xy 2t2
2 2
2 2
+ y t
x t
2
2

= 2 xy t2
2(xy zt)2 ,

x y +y z +z t +t x +z x +y t
(1), .
: (1)
.
(V
o Quoc Ba Can, (2)
) , .
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
31
39 ( )
ABC , (AB = AC ), AD, BE, CZ
H . M
BC N ZE
BC , (C) AH
(C ) M N .
1 ( )
X AD
(C ) M N O AH.
BCEZ, AEHZ
MB = MC = ME = MZ =
AH
OE = OZ =
2
BC
OA = OH =
2
(C ), (M ) (C)
AH ( O
), (M ) ( OE EM ),
(C ).
2 ( ) Z, E, C, B,
(C1 ) M, M Z = M E = M C =
M B AB = AC , (C ) AM ,
K .
N K AM , (1)
A (C1 )
N H
N H AM , (2)
(1) (2) N, H, K
HKA = 90o , K
(C).
F AH P M N .

P KF = 90o K1 + K2 = 90o A1 + M2 = 90o ,

.
OEM = OEH + HEM =

OHE + HBD = 90o = OE EM
OZ ZM XM N
(M X)2 = (M D)(M N ) , (1)
AEZHBC N, B, D, C, Newton, (M B)2 = (M C)2 = (M D)(M N ) , (2)
(1), (2) = M X = M B = M C ,
X AD (C ), (M ) BC. 40 ( )
, AD (O) P, .
32
AB (O), AB
, Q.
A B , A (O) P A B (O) P B,
R, P Q.
( )
P u2 = (P O)2 r 2 ( =
P (O) ),
(O) .
R A B
C D P R ,
(K), (L) P AB, P CD,
A B , C D ,
.
P, R, R ,
(K), (L)
Q
, (QA)(QB) = (QC)(QD)
ACBD.
R (K) (L)
P Q,
(QR )(QP ) = (QA)(QB) , (1)

Q (K).
, ,
(P R)(P R ) = (P A )(P A)
R
P Q .
41 ( -
28 ) x, y, z x + y + z =
0. :
2x y + z
z (z + 2) 1
+
2z 2 + 1
2

1=
()
(1 x)2
y2 + z2 + 1
( )
: x2 y 2 z 2 :
2
[(2y + 1) + (2z + 1)]2

1=
4 (y 2 + z 2 ) + 4
(2z + 1)2
(2y + 1)2
+
1
2(2y 2 + 1) 2(2z 2 + 1)
x (x + 2) y (y + 2) z (z + 2)
+
+
0
2x2 + 1
2y 2 + 1
2z 2 + 1
y (y + 2) 1
+
2y 2 + 1
2
x (x + 2)
(1 x)2
1= 2
2
2x + 1
2x + 1
()
C S :
y (y + 2) z (z + 2)
+
=
2y 2 + 1
2z 2 + 1
x (x + 2) y (y + 2) z (z + 2)
+
+
0
2x2 + 1
2y 2 + 1
2z 2 + 1
33
m = 2k (1) :
p + 1 p2 + 1
= k2 (4)
2
2
(x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0) ,

1
1
1 1
1 1
, , 1,
, , ,1
1, ,
2 2
2
2
2 2
(3) (4)
q, rN p + 1 = 2q 2 (5)
42 ( )
p p3 + p2 + p + 1 .
( ) m N :
p2 + 1 = 2r 2 (6)
(6) (5)
:p(p 1) = 2(r q)(r + q).
rq < p :
p|r + q r + q p

p+1
p2 + 1
+
p
2
2

( p + 1 + p2 + 1)2 2p2

2 (p + 1)(p2 + 1) p2 p 2
p 3 + p 2 + p + 1 = m2
(p2 + 1)(p + 1) = m2 (1)
(p2 + 1, p + 1) = d.
d|(p + 1)2 (p2 + 1) d|2p

(p, p + 1) = 1 (p, d) = 1
4(p + 1)(p2 + 1) p4 + p2 + 4 4p2 2p3 + 4p

6p3 + 7p2 p4
d|2 (2)
6p + 7 p2
p = 2, . p
2|p + 1, 2|p2 + 1 (2)
p + 1 p2 + 1
,
2
2
p7
p = 7,
(73 + 72 + 7 + 1 = 202 ).
= 1 (3)
43 ( )
f1 , . . . , fn [0, 1]

1
0
(
-
)
1 2
0 fj (x) dx = 1
j = 1, . . . , n. :
fi (x)fj (x) dx = 0
i = j .
n
"
j=1 0
fj2 (x) dx nn
n
"
j=1 0
n
"
j=1
fj (x) dx
1
1/n
|Ij |
1
,
n
Ij = 0 fj (x) dx. n
,
j=1 |Ij |
n.
34

|Ij | =
n(m1)r
1
0
Ij > 0,
Ij = 0,
Ij < 0.
n

j=1
n(m1)r
g(s + mr) ds =
0
g(s) ds,
Cauchy-Swartz

,
2

n

|Ij | =
g(s + (m 1)r) ds +
1
j = sgn(Ij ) = 0

j fj (x) dx
j fj (x)dx
j=1
2

n

j fj (x) dx =
1 2
fj2
j
0
j=1
= n.
44 ( )
f : R R
F f .
an = F (n) n , f (x) = 1
x R.
g .
G(n + kr) G(n) = kD k, n Z,
r
D = 0 g(s) ds.
A = G(R) .
.
: r , x R
kn , mn mn
xn = mn + kn r x.
a A x G(x) = a.
kn , mn
mn xn = mn + kn r
x. G
G(mn + kn r) = G(mn ) + kn D G(x) = a
kn D a. B = {kD : k Z}
A. A
B
D - .
,
Kronecker > 0,
a1 , b1 Z |x a1 b1 r| < . ,
i 2 ai , bi Z ai = 0
|ai + bi r| < /i2 . ai 1.

( )
F (n) n 0. g(x) = f (x) 1

k
k
k
G(x) = F (x) x,

2
1
<

.
a
+
b
r
x

g r ,
j
j

j2
6

j=1
j=1
j=1
G G(n) 0, g
.
x
6
G(x) = 0 g(t) dt + G(0). n Z = 2 > 0,
k
k
m Z n < mr < n + r .
q = j=1 aj + j=1 bj r |q x| < q = a + br ,
G(n + r) G(n) =

mr
g(t) dt =
n
n+r
g(t) dt +
n
n+r
g(t) dt =
mr

a, b Z a = kj=1 aj k 1 + a1 .
k a = k 1 + a1
35
45 ( )
R.
k = xk = x x R.
1 ( ) x R. R

x R x2 R xn R
( )
n G

S = x G : T (x) = x1 , |S| > 3n
4 .
x S . xS = {xy : y S} K (x) =
S xS . |S xS| |G| = n
|S| + |xS| |K (x)| n |S| = |xS| > 3n
4 ,
n
|K (x)| > 2 . z K (x).
z S T (z) = z 1 . , z = xy
T (y) = y 1 , T (x1 z) = z 1 x.
n, R
z 1 = T (z) = T (xx1 z) = T (x)T (x1 z) = x1 z 1 x,
,
x ,
kx = x xkx = x x .
xz = zx.

, C(x) kx > x . = max {x : x R}
'
k = + xR (kx x ) xk = x x R. x G, K(x) C(x).
C(x)
,

G, , Lagrange,
xk = x +(kx x ) yR{x}(ky y )
C(x) = G. x

( x )+kx +(kx x )[ yR{x} (ky y )1]
Z(G) G. S Z(G)
=x
n
Z(G) = G |Z (G)| 3n

4 > 2 . , G
( x )+ x +(kx x )[ yR{x} (ky y )1]
=x
.
= x +(kx x )[
yR{x} (ky y )1
] = = x .
2 ( ) R = {x1 , . . . , xs }
Rs = R R
x = (x1 , . . . , xs ). Rs

k, k = xk = x .
xki = x i i .
46 ( )
G . T
G ,
T (x) = x1 x G G .
U : G G x U (x) = x1 .
G , U
G T (x) = U (x) x S .
S G, G S
G, G.
, , T (x) = U (x) = x1 x G.
3n
4 .
, D8
8 a = (1234)
b = (13), T (x) = bxb1
(12) (34) (14) (23) (
), 6
D8 .
36
47 ( )
+

ln(1 + 1/k)
ln k
k=2
k ln k
an
= 1.
lim
= lim k=1
n bn
n ln (ln n)
n
n

1
n
ln (ln n) +.
k ln k
k=1
n

48 ( )
x
f (x) = ln(1 + x)
2

+
[0, 1] f (0) = 0.

1 + sin z
dz = ln(2)
f (x) > 0 (0, 1] k = 2, 3, 4, . . .
n
z
2
2n

n=1
1
1
ln 1 + k
.
2k

ln 1 + k1
1
1
1

=
= + .
( )
ln(k)
2k ln(k)
2
k ln(k)
n=2
n=2
k=2

1
sin(z) z=2nx 1
sin (2nx)

1
dz =
dx =
= +

n
z
n
x
k ln(k)
n=1 2n
n=1
n=2
Cauchy.

1
sin (2nx)
dx =
2 ( ) mini
x
n
n=1

!

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
ln 1 + n =
+
n =
sin (2nx) eny dy dx =
ln n
ln n n 2n2 n2
x
n=1

0
1
1
1
1

+ 2
n , (x) 1

1
1
2n n ln n
n ln n
en(y2ix) en(y+2ix) dy dx =
: R+ R : lim (x) = 0.
2i
x
x0
:

1
1
1
1
2n 1
= 1

, 1
2
2n ln n
2n n ln n
2n ln n
2n
1
.
2
.
3 ( ) an =
n

k=2
k ln k
bn = ln (ln n) : bn
. ( , -
an+1 an
=
) lim
n bn+1 bn
1
=
lim
n (n + 1) ln (n + 1) (ln (ln (n + 1)) ln (ln n))
1
2i
1
2i
1
2i
1
2i
1
2i
`
= 1 . Stolz-Cesaro
37
1
x
1
x
1
x
0 n=1

e(y+2ix)
e(y2ix)
1 e(y2ix) 1 e(y+2ix)

dy dx =

ln 1 e(y2ix) ln 1 e(y+2ix) dy dx =
ln
1e(y2ix)
1e(y+2ix)

dy dx =
1 1e2ix 1
ln 1e2ix dx =
x
2i
2x
1
i 2x + 2
x
2
1 i (2x+)
ln e
dx =
x
!
dx =
1
2 n=1
1
2 n=1
(n+1)

n
(n+1)

n
N

x
1
2x + 2
dx =
x
n=1
N

1
( 2x + 2n) dx =
x

1
(2n + 1) ln n+1
2
n
2

ln
n=1

ln
(n+1)n+1/2
enn+1/2
n+1
n

1 =

=

(N + 1)1/2 =

N
1/2
(N
+
1)
ln e1N (N +1)
N!

1
ln n+1
1 =
n+
n
2
n=1

N
1/2
(N
+
1)
=
lim ln e1N (N +1)
N!
N

N
lim ln e1N (N +1) N (N + 1)1/2 =
2N (N/e)
N

N N +1 1/2

e
lim ln 12 1 + N1
=
ln
N
2
ln
n=1

n+1
1
1
sin(z)
n+
dz =
ln n 1
n
z
2
n=1
n=1
2n

1cos(2x)isin(2x)
1e2ix
ln 1e
=
ln
2ix
1cos(2x)+isin(2x) =

sin(x)eix
ln 2i
= ln e2ix = ln ei (2x+)
2i sin(x)eix

!
i (2x+)
2x
: ln e
= i 2x + 2
2
1
n+
2
1
eN
21 32 ...N N1 (N +1)N
11 22 33 ..N N

1
sin(z)
1
dz =
ln n+1
1
=
n+
n
n
z
2

n=1 2n
n=1

1
e
(, ] .
= 1 ln (2) .
ln
2
2
49 ( Mulder)
4 + 3 (
4 1), .
.
( ) Dirichlet a, d
,
a + nd, n .
.
( )

a = 3, d = 4
. 4 + 3
.
p1 , p2 , . . . , pn .
A = 4p1 p2 . . . pn 1. 50 ( )
A 3 (mod 4). , A
4 + 3 (
x2 = y 7 + 7
4 + 1 A 4 + 1, )
4 + 3
, pi
i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
, pi |4p1 p2 pn , pi |A, pi |1, ( ) x2 +112 = y 7 +27 .
. 4 + 3 modulo 4,
38
x 0 mod 2 y 1 mod 4. y + 2 3 mod 4.

p p 3 mod 4 p|(y + 2).
p|(y + 2) p|x2 + 112 p 3 mod 4
p|x p|11. (*) p = 11
y + 2 = 11n k n
k
11. q q 3 mod 4 k . k 1 mod 4 y + 2 3 mod 4,
n , n = 2m + 1.
x2 + 112 = (112m+1 k 2)7 + 27 . 112 ( 11|x) 113 (
1 modulo 11).
112 , m 1.
113 , .
(*)
p p 3 mod 4 p|a2 + b2 , p|a
p|b. p b c
bc 1 mod 11. (ac)2 + (bc)2 0 mod p
(ac)2 1 mod p. -1
modulo p
p 3 mod 4.
51 ( )
a, b, c R a + b + c = 0 :
a7 + b7 + c7
=
7
a2 + b2 + c2
2
a5 + b5 + c5
5
P = ab+bc+ca, Q = abc (
). ,
, sk = ak + bk + ck .
s2 s5
s7
=
s1 = 0.
7
2 5
, Taylor ln(1 + ax) +
ln(1 + bx) + ln(1 + cx).

1 ( )
.
, ,
,
.
Vieta, , ,
3
x + Ax
+ B = 0 (*).
a2 = a2 +b2 +c2 = (a+b+c)2 2(ab+bc+ca) =

0 2A.
(*)
,
,
s1 x
s2 2 s3 3
x x + ...
2
3
ln(1 + ax) + ln(1 + bx) + ln(1 + cx)

=
ln [(1 + ax)(1 + bx)(1 + cx)] =
= ln(1 + s1 x + P x2 + Qx3 ) = ln(1 + x2 (P + Qx)) =
(x2 (P + Qx))2 (x2 (P + Qx))3
+
= x2 (P + Qx)
2
3
... = ...
,
x5 = x3 x2 = (Ax + B)x2 = Ax3 Bx2 =
2
2
2
sk P, Q
= A(Ax B) Bx = Bx + A x + AB
x = a, b, c . ..
P, Q.
2
5

2

a = B a + A
a + 3AB = B(2A) + 0 +
: P, Q
3AB = 5AB
7
.

a
7
3
4
4
5
4
x = x x = (Ax B)x = Ax Bx = P, Q ....
.
Ax5 B(Ax B)x = ...
,
() . 52 ( )
.

2 ( ) ,
.
x2 + y 2 = r 2
39
() A(x1 , y1 ), B(x2 , y2 ).

( ) :
r 2 = M B + M A E + ()
K = (1 x1 )(1 y1 ) + (1 x2 )(1 y2 )
P PM.

1 ( )
,
L (1 + ) (1 + ) + (1 + ) (1 + )
x1 = r sin a, y1 = r cos a, x2 = r sin b, y2 = t cos b
2 + 2 = 2 + 2 = r 2

2r (sin a + cos a + cos b + sin b)+r2 (cos a cos b + sin a sin b) = , , , . :

2 r 2 sin a + 4 + sin b + 4
+r2 cos (b a) 2 +

2

2
L 2+r 2 +( + )+( + ) 2+r 2 +2 2r =

2+r
2
2 + r .
2 2r + r =
2+r
2
(*). :
r 2
x1 = x2 = y 1 = y 2 =
2
Kmax = Lmax =
2 ( ) .

2+r
2
, o = = = = r
2
2
(**)
1 1x 1+|x| =
1 + a, a = |x|.
53 ( )

f (x) =
1 ( )
2x
,x 0
1 + e2x
f (x) =
, n
. ( : f (n) (0) Z, n 0)
2x
xex
xex
,x 0
= ex +ex =
2x
1+e
cosh
x
2
cosh x = 12 ex + ex
40
lim g(x) = lim g (x) = 0
f (x) cosh x = xe
0
f (x) cosh x + f (x) sinh x = (1 x) e
g = f f + f
, f (0) = 1
g + g = f + f 0
f (x) cosh x + 2f (x) sinh x + f (x) cosh x

= (x 2) ex , f (0) = 2
Hardy, g 0
f f = f g 0 ()
f (3) (x) cosh x + 3f (x) sinh x+

3f (x) cosh x + f (x) sinh x
= (3 x) ex , f (3) (0) = 0
1

1.

0 0 1.
,
.
2 ( )
f (x) + f (x)e2x = 2x [1]

f n (x) + (f (x)e2x )(n) = 0, n 2
0
(e2x )k = 2k , k = 0, 1, ..., n
Leibniz

n
n
n
20 f (n) +
21 f (n1) + ...+
2n f (0) = 0
fn+
0
1
n
n > 1

n 0 (n1)
n n1 (0)
fn +
2 f
+ ... +
2
f =0
1
n
(*)
h + h = f f + f f =
f f + (f f ) 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
Hardy
h 0, h 0
f f 0 f f 0.
f 0 f 0
f 0.
2 ( )
Taylor: Taylor
x x + h
f (x + h) = f (x) + hf (x) +
54 ( )
f : [0, +) R
:

x+
h2
h3
f (x) + f ()
2!
3!
x x + 1
f (x + 1) = f (x) + f (x) +
f m n > 1 0.
.
x+
h = f f
1
1
f (x) + f ()
2!
3!
x 1 x
f (x 1) = f (x) f (x) +
1
2! f (x)
f (x + 1) f (x 1) = 2f (x) +
x+
x+
x+
lim f (x) = 0
x+
(*).
1
1
f () + f ()
3!
3!
0 = 2 lim f (x) + 0
1
3! f ()
x ,
, ,
:
(*), ,
1 ( )
Hardy
lim (g(x) + g (x)) = 0
lim f (x) = 0
x+
41
55 ( )
a, b, c C
:
2 ( ) (1):

a, b, c .
a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
(a b)5 + (b c)5 + (c a)5 = 0
1 ( )
:
a, b, c = 0
a5 + b5 + c5 = 0, a + b + c = 0
|a| = |b| = |c| .
a2 + b2 + c2
:
a5 + b5 + c5 + a3 (b2 + c2 ) + b3 (c2 + a2 ) + c3 (a2 + b2 )

= 3abc(a2 + b2 + c2 )
:
b2 + c2 = (b + c)2 2bc = a2 2bc
5
a5 + b5 + c5 = abc(a2 + b2 + c2 ) (1)
2

c2 + a2 = (c + a)2 2ca = b2 2ca

a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 2ab = c2 2ab
a2 + b2 + c2 = 0
2(a5 + b5 + c5 ) 2abc(a + b + c) = 3abc(a2 + b2 + c2 )
ab + bc + ca = 0
( a + b + c = 0).
bc = a(b + c) = a2 abc = a3 |a|3 = |abc|

,
|b|3 = |c|3 = |abc|
(1): x3 + px q = 0
a, b, c,
p = ab + bc + ca q = abc.
56 ( ) (
M obius) a, b, c, d
w = az+b
cz+d
w z
) ;
) ;
a3 + pa q = 0
1 ( )
b3 + pb q = 0
w=
c3 + pc q = 0
d w + b
az+b
z=
cz+d
cwa
a2 b2 ) M z .
c2 ,
5
a +b +c = q(a +b +c )3pabc = q(a +b +c )3pq

( a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc = 3q ). a + b + c = 0
a2 + b2 + c2 = 2p (1).
42
|z z0 | = R > 0

d w + b

c w a z0 = R
|(d + c z0 ) w (b + a) z0 | = R |c w a|

b + a z0

= R |c| w
|d + c z0 | w
d + c z0
a

c
|d
+ c z0 | =
R |c|

. :
z
b + a z0
a
B
d + c z0
c
|d + c z0 | = R |c|
(

a
|z z1 | = |z z2 |
b + a z0
) M A = M B A
,B
d + c z0
c
z1 = z2
R |c|
=
.
z |z z1 | = |z z2 |
|d + c z0 |
) z z1 = z2 .
A

( ), z1 z |z z1 | =
z2 |z z1 | = |z z2 |. |z z2 | , z1 = z2 , > 0 = 1
= 1 .
d w + b

z =
cwa
.
1)

2)
3) w =
az+b

cz+d
|z z1 | = |z z2 |

dw b

dw b

z
=
1
2
cw a
cw a
|(cz1 + d) w (az1 + b)| = |(cz2 + d) w (az2 + b)|
cz1 + d,
w ,
cz
+d

2
( w ).
2 ( )

cz2 + d

az2 + b
az1 + b

. ,
w cz1 + d = cz1 + d w cz2 + d
,

. .

+
b
az
2
= |az1 + b|
w
:

cz2 + d |cz2 + d|
c = d = 0

z . |c| + |d| = 0.
w az1 + b = |az2 + b|

ad bc = 0 c = 0
cz1 + d
|cz1 + d|

.

(adbc)
a
c2
.

+
c
z + dc
:

ad bc = 0 c = 0 d = 0
ad = 0 a = 0 .
az+b
b
( )
cz+d = d

;
ad bc = 0
) c = 0 z = dc . z z + a
w = ac z az -
1
.
z
z
) c = 0 z
( )
w . :
az + b
az + b
=
=
cz + d
c z + dc

a z + dc + b ad

c =
c z + dc
a
1
az + b
= + p.
cz + d
c
z+
dw b
az + b
=wz=
cz + d
cw a
43
d
c
p =
(adbc)
c2
:

1
d
1
1
a
+
p.
xz+
p.
.
1
c 2 z + dc 3 z + dc 4 c
z + dc
.
1 4 , 2 :
3 +. .
44
6
2011
www.mathematica.gr
LaTEX: , - : , : . LaTEX.
.
Leonardo da Vinci
(32-) . 30
. -
-
- quasiregular , ( ).

(0, 0, ), 12 ,
, 1+
,
2
2
1+ 5
.
2
:
.

12. (R BORIS)
13. ( )
14. ( )
2. (nsmavrogiannis)
3. ( )
15. (dement)
4. ( )
16. (swsto)
5.
17. (achilleas)
(m.papagrigorakis)
6. ( )
18. ( )
7. ()

19. (xr.tsif)
20. (Demetres)
1. (grigkost)
2. (cretanman)
1. (spyros)
1. (stranton)
2. (p_gianno)
2. ( )
3. (kostas.zig)
3. (vittasko)
4. (exdx)
4. ()
5. ( )
5. (s.kap)
6. (mathnder)
6. (nkatsipis)
7. (mathematica)
7. ( )
8. ( )
8. (chris_gatos)
9. (rek2)
9. (matha)
10. (hsiodos)
10. (mathxl)
11. ( )
11. (gbaloglou)
12. (bilstef)
6 ( ) 9

1 ( ) .
120 , ... ,
70
. :
36 ,
35 ,
40
42 .

;
2 ( )

2.
.
x , x
x. 1089.
..
572. 752 257 x = 752257 =
1
cm 1cm.
2
.
12cm , .
297
7 ( )

.
, 792 + 297 = 1089

361. 631 136 x =
631 136 = 495
, 594 + 495 = 1089

8 ( KARKAR) a > b > 0 x =
ab
,y =
a+b
a 2 b2
) x, y ) () a 2 + b2
x.
3 ( )
.

72
.
,
,
50 ;
,
9 ( )
|x|
|x y|
= 1
x
|2x y| + |x + y 1| + |x y| + y 1 = 0
4 ( KARKAR) ,
, 300 ,
.
20 ,
24
10 ( )
30.

3

3
2
+
9

3
4
=
9

3
3
21

5 ( KARKAR) ,
( 2011) 12.
3 24, 2
.
1) ;
2) ,
;
,
11 ( KARKAR) M , ABC , (K, R) , AB, AC Z, H .
ZK, HK BC T, S .
: ZH = ST .
17 (
)

a, b, c |a| = 1, b = 2, |c| = 3. 2a +3b +c =
0.
12 ( ) B

30 45 . M B,
.
MA
18 ( )
x2
y2
+ 2 = 1 E(, 0). K
2
a
C , (EK) + (E) = a,
K , .
C:
,
13 ( )
(an ) (bn ) ( )
a1 = b1 , a2 = b2 , bn > an n 3.
,
19 ( ) f, g : R R f (x) = (a2 + b2 )x2 2ax g(x) = 4bx + 5.
14 ( KARKAR ) : (x
x + 1)x < 1
i) lim f (x) + lim g(x) = 0 a = 1

b = 2.
x1
x1
ii) a, b
f (x) 35
lim
.
3
x 5 g(x) + 13x 8
15 ( ) ABC AB = AC = 1. AB
K, L, M AK = KL = LM = M B AC P, Q
AP = P Q = QC . D CK, P M , E
CK, QL Z P M, QL
DEZ .
iii) a, b
f ( 35 )ln2 = g (2012).
20 ( ) k , c.
fi .
. c k .
. c, k .
. f1 = 25, fi
16 ( KARKAR) S
, ABC , ST, SP ,
CA CB .
P T AS .
, ,
21 ( )
z 2 z + = 0 , R,z C z1 , z2
, ,
27 ( )
f : [a, b] R

z1 = 2 + i
i. , R
ii. z12008 + z22008 R. A(z1 ), B(z2 ), (z3 )
z1 , z2 z3
a+b
2
z1
1
z3 =
+ (17 + i)
z2
5
f (x)dx <
b
a
xf (x)dx
28 ( ) f, g
R
1) f (x) =
0, x Z,
, :
iii. AB .
iv. |w z1 | = |w
z1 | w R.
2) f (x) =
v. w
|w z2 | + |w
z2 | = 10,
f (t)eg(t) dt, x R.
f (x) = 0, x R.
, ,
29 ( Christiano ) f : R R
2f 3 (x) + 2f (x) = sinf (x) + x2 |f (x)| |x|.
22 ( ) z = x + yi x, y R : (1 i)z = 4 2i, R
) : (x + y) + (x + y)i = 4 2i
) (x, y) z .
) (x, y) O(0, 0);
30 ( )
f : R R f (x) = 0 . f
A (1, 0) B (2, 1).
, ,,
A f R.
23 ( )
f : R R x R :
e1f
(x)
B f .
u.

f 2 + f (|i u + 1|) < 0
f 1 (x) = x + 1
1. f .
u.
2. :
. f .
. f, f 1
.
3.
f 1 (x)
.
x
x
i. lim
z, z1 , z2 , w

|z z1 | = f (1), |w z2 | = f (2) |z1 z2 | = 2f 32 .

|z w|.
1
f (x) + x
, ,
ii. lim
31 ( )
24 ( ) f, g , f 2 (x) + g 2 (x) = 1
x .
ex x1

>
ex 1
x
xln(x+1)
x (0, +)
f 4 (x)
g 4 (x)
1
, +
=
+
0, + = 0
)
x
ln (x + 1)
32 ( )
f : R R <
< f (f () + b) + f (f (b) + ) = f () f (b) + f ()
f (b) + f () + f (b) f ,
.
g (x)
1
f (x)
+
=
.
3
3
( + )3

) |f (x) + g(x)| 2 + 2 .
, ,
33 ( ) AB
AA1 , BB1 , 1 . BA1 + B1 + A1 = A1 + B1 A + 1 B ,
25 ( ) : f, g :
[0, 1] R
1) f (1) = g(0) + 1
34 ( ) a R b, c R 4ac < (b 1)2 f : R R

f (ax2 + bx + c) = af 2 (x) + bf (x) + c, x R.
f (f (x)) = x
.
2) f (x) g(x), x [0, 1]

3) f (sin2 x) + g (cos2 x) = 2, x R
: f = g
26 ( )
f : R (0, +) f (x) = 3 ln f (x) x R f (1) = 1.
Juniors, - -
35 ( )
,
f (x) = [x] + [2x] +
5x
3

43 ( )
:
+ [3x] + [4x],
9x + 10y = 12z + 1
x [0, 100].
36 ( )
0, 1, 2, ..., 100 . , A, 50 + 50
( .)
a.
B + +
A ,
b. a + b 2011,
.
44 ( ) (n)
(n) n,
(n)
n+1
(n)
2
;

45 (
Juniors,
n=1
37 ( )
ABCD. AC, BD
O.
OAB, OBC, OCD, ODA r1 , r2 , r3 , r4
E ABCD. :
r12 + r22 + r32 + r42 E. ;

ln 1 +
ln 1 +
1
2n
IMC
ln 1 +
2011/B3)
1
2n+1
46 ( IMC 2011/A4) A1 , A2 , ..., An ,

, . :
f (t) =
n

(1)k1 t|Ai1 Ai2 ...Aik | .
k=1 1i1 <i2 <...<ik n
=
38 ( ) ABC, A
90o , AB = AC, D BC . DE AB, DZ AC H BZ CE .
DH EZ .
f [0, 1].

47 ( ) A
M3,2 (C), B M2,3 (C)
Seniors, - -
1
AB = 0
0
39 ( ) f : Z Z
1
0
0
2
2
2
det(BA).
f (x y + f (y)) = f (x) + f (y)
48 ( ) n n A = (aij ), aij {0, 1} i, j {1, 2, . . . , n},

t
AA = mIn + Jn , m , Jn
n n 1, In n n t
A A.
A , AAt = At A.
x, y Z.
40 ( ) x, y, z > 0
xyz = 1, :
1
1
1
1
+
+

2
2
2
2
2
2
(x + 1) + y + 1
(y + 1) + z + 1
(z + 1) + x + 1
2

49 ( ) ,
,
Seniors,
41 ( ) ABC

M .
A
lim
n+
BC AM, B AC BM, C AB CM E1 =

(BA M ), E1 = (CA M ) E2 = (CB M ), E2 = (B AM )

1
1
1
E3 = (AC M ), E3 = (C BM ).
+
+
=
E1 E2 E3
1
1
1
+
+

E1
E2
E3
n2
ln2 n
1
.
n
ln k ln(n k)
k=2
50 ( )
42 ( )
ABC , (1 ) O (2 )
AOC . OQ
(2 ) M, N
AQ, AC , AM BN
.
M N, BQ (2 ).
cos x 1
dx , a > 0 .
x2 (x2 + a)
= A,
51 ( ) A
. A = B + C , B
C
. ( A, A = B, B + C, C

x A y (x B y x C y (x B y C)) ).
52 ( )
X X
.
.
x0
( ),
( lim
xx0
f (x)
) g(x)
de l Hospital,

f, g ( x0 )
53 ( Atemlos) ,
,
.
lim
xx0
,
;
54 ( )
a, b, c R3 . x + (x a)b = c.
60 ( ) f : R
R
R .
;

55 ( ) an = 24n + 1, n = 1, 2, . . .
2 3.
,
61 ( ) [. ,
, ( ,
1976)]
P K
E Z
.
56 ( )

, .
( 83 73 = 512 343 = 169 = 132 13 = 22 + 32 )
62 ( )
.
()
57 ( ) ,
sin2 50
sin 1 + sin 3 + sin 5 + + sin 99 =
sin 1
f (x)
.
g (x)
63 ( ) P (x)
.
P (1) = 6 P (7) = 3438,
x = 3.
58 ( )
3a, a
E1 , E2 .
64 ( )
2
E : E = (E1 + 9E2 ).
9
P (x) = xn + a1 xn1 + + an
,
59 ( pla.pa.s )
Q(x) = xn + b1 xn1 + + bn
C.
P
x1 , x2 , ..., xn ,

Q x21 , x22 , ..., x2n . a1 + a3 + a5 + R
a2 + a4 + a6 + R, , b1 + b2 + bn R.
f (x)
de l Hospital g (x) . ;
f (x)
g(x)
:
1 ( ) . 120 ,
... , 70
.
:
36 ,
35 ,
40
42 .

;
.
32.
,
50 35 = 15
,
32 15 = 17
32, 17
.
17.
1 ( )
50 36 = 14
36 + 35 = 71 > 120 70 = 50
17 14 = 3
21 2
. :
17.
,
, 3 .
3 ( )
40 + 42 = 82 > 50
32 .
36 + 35 + 40 + 42 = 153
32 + 21 = 53 > 50
50 3 ,
150.
3 .
3 4
2 ( )
2 ( )
2.

.
x , x
x.
1089.
..
120 70 = 50
, 42 .
50 42 = 8
, 40 ,
40 8 = 32
6
572. 752 257
x = 752 257 = 297

, 792 + 297 = 1089
361. 631 136
x = 631 136 = 495
, 594 + 495 = 1089
99a = 90a + 9a = 100a 10a + 9a = 100a a =

100a 100 + 100 a =
(a 1)100 + 9 10 + (10 a)
( )
xyz zyx
(10 a)100 + 9 10 + (a 1)
99(x z)
99 a99 a 2 8.
a99 .
1089.
:
3 ( )
.

72 .
, ,
50 ;
20 ,
24
30.
;
( ) ,
300 ,
( )
72 .., 72 : 2 = 36
..
1 1 1
, ,
20 24 30
a, b, c , :
1
20
b
1
24
c
1
30
a+b+c
1
1 =
+ 24
+ 30
1
20
300
15
120
a
1
20
,
6 . 62 = 36.
6 . 2 6 = 12 .,
b
1
24
= 2 12 + 2 6 = 36
c
1
30
, , 3650 = 1800 .
= 2400
= 2400 a = 120
= 2400 b = 100
= 2400 c = 80
:

.
4 ( KARKAR) ,
, 300 ,
.
:
5 ( KARKAR) ,
( 2011)
12.
3 24, 2 .
1)
;
2)
, ;
) 720, , , 720 2011,

365+355 -
2012 - 11 ,
20 2012!
6 ( )
9

(KARKAR) (
), 12 24 . (24-)
2 5 .
, 12
( = 720 ). 720 : 5 = 144 .
144 3 = 432
(= 7 12 ),
144 2 = 288 (= 4 48 ).
12 ( ),
7.12 (12+7.12, 124.48)
, 144
2011,
(31+28+31+30+24) , 24 .
, ,
12
720 : 3 = 240 .
,
12 720 : 2 = 360 .
( 240, 360
1
cm 1cm.
2
.
12cm ,
.
( )
4 ,
( )
2
1
5
cm. ,
1+
=
2
2
5
+ 1 + 2 12 = 8 5 + 25 cm
16
2
:
7 ( )

.
)
- .
8 ( KARKAR) a > b > 0
x=
1 ( ) AB
AB//.
B A, B AE, Z .
ABE Z.
-
ab
a2 b2
) x, y
,y = 2
a+b
a + b2
) ()
x.
ab
a2 b2
a2 b2
x=
=
, x < y ,
=
a+b
(a + b)2
a2 + 2ab + b2
= Z
= 90 ) ABE
= Z

(AEB
.
: AE = Z
( ) , AB =
,
. .
2 ( )

.
ABD, BCD
BD . (

(a2 b2 ),
(a2 + 2ab + b2 > a2 + b2 ).
)
a2 b2
a2 b2
<
2
a2 + b2
a2 + 2ab + b2
1
2
< 2
2
2
a +b
a + 2ab + b2
2
a + 2ab + b2 < 2a2 + 2b2
y x < x y < 2x
a2 2ab + b2 > 0 (a b)2 > 0,

, .
10
9 ( )

10 ( )
|x|
= 1
|x y|
x
|2x y| + |x + y 1| + |x y| + y 1 = 0
2
+
9
4
=
9
21
1 ( ) (x, y) ( x = 0).
( ) a =
0 = |2x y| + |x + y 1| + |x y| + y 1
b=
|2x y (x y)| + |x + y 1| + y 1
= |x| + |x + y 1| + y 1 |x + y 1| + x + y 1
.
(2x y)(x y) 0, x > 0, x + y 1 0. (1)
x > 0,
|x y| = 0, x = y.
, (1) x
1
.
3
1
2
+
9
4
9
a3 + b3
a+b
3
2
1
+
3
3
3

=
3
3 2
3 1
2+1
3 +
3
= a2 ab + b2 =
=
1
.
2
(a, a)
1
a 0,
.
2
2 ( ) x 0 , |x y| = 0 x = y .
: x + |2x 1| + x 1 = 0
1
|2x 1| = (2x 1) 2x 1 0 x
2
x < 0
|x y| + 1 = 1 |x y| = 2.

21 =
=
=
=
1
: (x, y) = (a, a), 0 < a .
2
11

3
21 3 2+1
3
2+1

3
3
21 3+33 4+33 2
3
2+1
3

3 3 3
3
3
1
4
+
2
+
1
3
2+1
3
3
3
3
3
.
2
1
=
3
3
2+1
2+1
3
:
B , C
AC, AB
11 ( KARKAR) M
, ABC ,
(K, R) ,
AB, AC Z, H .
ABC , : AB
AC
.
.
AA BC
=
AB
C B //BC
AC
.
=
AA C B : (1). ZC
ZM

C KM KH
. M KB

KM H, KA T , KM = KA =
oo

o
= M KB
=

= M KH
BCM
o . (1)
, ,
=
A KT

M H = A T : (2). ZKM, SA K , ZM =
A S : (3). , (2) (3)
: ZH = ST .
2 ( ) D, N, E (K, R)
AB, BC, CA . N
BC : BD = BN =
CN = CE : AD = AE .
AE
AD
=
DE//BC (1).
BD
CE
ZK, HK BC
T, S . : ZH = ST .
1 ( ) ABC
(AB = AC), AK () BC A .
F KZDM G KH M E . KDZM, KM HE , F, G DM, M E

(1)
= x
M DE : F G//DE // BC . F GK
12
= x ( ), F M
K = x ( T SK

= 90
KF M G, Z F M = M GK

) F ZM = x( F ZM
F = 90 x).
ZM
KM Z, KN S (
AM .
:
45 + x =
180 30
x = 30 .
2
2 ( )
M M B , E
BA.
- ),
KZ = KS . KZH, KST
, ZH = ST .
12 ( ) 30
45 . M
B
.
B, MA
1 ( )
BA .
= 45 ( AB)
A
= 45 ( B
A
= 15 ).
= 30 AB
B

B EC
= 90 , M EB
M EC .
1

AEM ACM
2
E EA,
= 1 60 = 30 .
= 1 M EC
M AC
2
2

=
ACM
A ,
M ( M)
13
:
: y > x n 3. :
13 ( )
(an ) (bn ) (
) a1 = b1 , a2 = b2 ,
bn > an n 3.
y>x
q n1 > pn1 + (n 1)(q p)pn2
(q n1 pn1 ) (n 1)(q p)pn2 > 0
1 ( ) , . , . . .
:
= a2 a1 , = bb21 =
= a1 ( 1)
q n1
> p + (n 1)(q p)
pn2
(qp)(q n2 +q n3 p+...+pn2 )(n1)(qp)pn2 > 0

(qp)(q n2 +q n3 p+...+pn2 pn2 pn2 ...pn2 ) > 0
a2
a1
(qp)[(q n2 pn2 )+p(q n3 pn3 )+...+pn3 (qp)] > 0

(qp)2 [(q n3 +...+pn3 )+...+p(q n4 +...+pn4 )+...+pn3 ) > 0
bn = b1 .n1 , an = a1 + (n 1)
bn > an n 3
.
14 ( KARKAR )
: (x4 x + 1)x < 1
a1 .n1 > a1 + (n 1)a1 ( 1)
n1
( ) :
> 1 + (n 1)( 1) ( a1 > 0)

Bernoulli :
n1
n1
= [1 + ( 1)]
x4 x + 1 = x4 x2 + x2 x + 1 =
1 + (n 1)( 1)
1
1 1
+ x2 x + + =
4
4 2
1
1
1
= (x2 )2 + (x )2 + > 0
2
2
2
x4 x2 +
( 1 > 1,
> 0 ).
n 1 = 1 , n = 2
n 3
.
2 ( )
p, q () x, y
. :
(x4 x + 1)x < 1 :
x ln(x4 x + 1) < 0, (1)

x = 0 (1)
x > 0 (1) : ln(x4 x+1) < 0 x4 x+1 <
1 x4 < x x3 < 1 x < 1 0 < x < 1.
x < 0 (1) : x4 x + 1 > 1 x4 > x
0
x3 < 1 x < 1. x <
x ( , 0) (0, 1).
x = p + (n 1)(q p)
n1
q
q n1
y =p
= n2
p
p
14
15 ( ) ABC AB = AC = 1.
AB K, L, M AK = KL = LM =
M B AC P, Q AP = P Q = QC .
D CK, P M , E
CK, QL Z P M, QL DEZ .
: (DEZ) =
1
3
=
2
12
48
2 ( )
AM P KDC :
1 MD 2
AK M D P C
=1
= 1 MD =
KM DP CA
2 DP 3
3DP (1).
AM P L, Z, Q:
2 MZ 1
AL M Z P Q
=1
= 1 MZ =
LM ZP QA
1 ZP 2
ZP (2)
(1) :
1 ( ) ,
12 (...
3, 4).
A (0, 0)
(2)
M D = 3P D M Z + ZD = 3P D ZP + ZD =
3P D
ZP P D + ZD = 2P D 2ZD = 2P D
ZD = P D (3)
D ZP .

AKC P DM
QEL :
K (3, 0) , L (6, 0) , M (9, 0) , B (12, 0) , P (0, 4) ,

Q (0, 8) , C (0, 12). ABC
AK = KL = LM = M B, AP = P Q = QC
CK y = 4x + 12, P M : y =
4
4
x + 4 QL : y = x + 8 , 9
3

:
3
9
9
, 3 , E
, 6 , Z
, 2 DE =
D
4
2
2

9
1
3
, 1 (DEZ) = |6| = 3
, 3 , DZ =
4
4
2
DE = KD (4)
(3) (4)
KZEP .
EZ
ALQ :
AL =
15
2
5
1
4
, AQ = LQ = a =
2
3
6
10
/ : =
2
a
=
2
10
2 ( )
= B CS
= x (1), CABS : BAS

1
1
E (KZEP ) = (EZ) =
4
4
1 5/6 2
1
1 LQ a
..
=
=
=
4 2 2
4 2 10
48
CT P S
E(DEZ) =

=
C TS = C PS = 90 : (B CS)
= P CS
(1)
P TS = x
= B AS
(1)
= x.
T S, AB : T SA
16 ( KARKAR)
S , ABC ,
ST, SP , CA
CB . P T
AS .
M T S, M T A (
) M T , M AS .
3 ( )
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=22&t=18701&p
1 ( ) SK AB
T, P, K ( Simson).

: F SP (ABC) ,
AM = M S
SP = P F
P M F A P M S = F AM =

2BAM = 2M ST = AM T.
T, M, P .
AT SK AS, T K
M.
16
17 ( )

a, b, c |a| = 1, b = 2, |c| = 3.
2a + 3b + c = 0.

1 (b, c) 1
2a + 3b + c = 0
1 ( )
2a + 3b + c = 0
18 ( )
x2
y2
+
= 1 E(, 0). K
a2
2
C , (EK) + (E) = a,
K
3b = c 2a
C :

3b = |c 2a| |c| + |2a|
6 2+3
, .
, .
2 (parmenides51) :
( ) K (xk , yk ) , (xl , yl ).
:
2a + 3b + c = 0
EK = a xk
3b + c = 2a
(3b + c)2 = (2a)2
9b2 + 6bc + c2 = 4a2
E = a xl
EK + E = a

9|b|2 + 6|b||c| (b, c) + |c|2 = 4|a|2
(xk + xl ) = a

9 2 + 6 2 3 (b, c) + 32 = 4 12
2
xk + xl =

36 + 36 (b, c) + 9 = 4
xm =
41

(b, c) =
36
a2
a2
2
2
a
M x = 2
.
17
19 ( )
f, g : R R f (x) = (a2 + b2 )x2 2ax
g(x) = 4bx + 5.
i) lim f (x) + lim g(x) = 0

x1
a = 1 b = 2.
x1
ii) a, b
f (x) 35
lim
.
x 53 g(x) + 13x 8
iii) a, b

f ( 35 )ln2 = g (2012).
( )
. 5, 45 .
x1 , x2 , ..., xk . ,
c
c
40
2 + ck + 2 = 45 5 c = k+1 .
( )
i. 0 = lim f (x) + lim g(x) = lim [(a2 + b2 )x2

x1
x1
x1
2ax] + lim [4bx + 5] = a2 + b2 2a + 4b + 5.
. ,
, c. ,
b = 12 + k + 12 = k + 1.

100,
:E = 100 12 50b =
100 12 50(k+1) = 100 k = 3 c = 10.
x1
:a2 + b2 2a + 4b + 5 = 0 (a 1)2 +
(b + 2)2 = 0 a = 1 b = 2.
f (x) 35
5x2 2x +
= lim
5x 3
x 53 g(x) + 13x 8
x 3

5
1
(5x 3) x + 5
4
1
= lim x +
= .
lim
3
x1
5x
3
5
5
x 5
ii. : lim
3
5
. k = 3, f2 = 50
f3 = 100 (25 + 50) = 25
.
iii. f (x) = 10x 20 g (x) = 8

f ( 35 ) = 8 g (2012) = 8
f ( 35 )ln2 = g (2012) ln2 = 1 =
e = 1e
20 ( )
k , c.
fi .
. c k .
. c, k .
. f1 = 25, fi
18
21 ( )
z 2 z + = 0 , R,z C z1 , z2
z1 = 2 + i
22 ( )
z = x + yi x, y R :
(1 i)z = 4 2i, R
) : (x + y) + (x + y)i = 4 2i
) (x, y) z
.
) (x, y) O(0, 0);
i. , R
ii. z12008 + z22008 R.

A(z1 ), B(z2 ), (z3 ) z1 , z2 z3
z3 =
z1 1
+ (17 + i)
z2 5
( ) :
, :
(1 i)z = 4 2i
(1 i)(x + yi) = 4 2i
iii. AB
.
(x + y) + (x + y)i = 4 2i
x + y = 4, x + y = 2, R (I)
iv. |w z1 | = |w
z1 | w R.
v.
w |w z2 | + |w
z2 | = 10,
) (I) : (x + y) + (x + y)i =
4 2i
)
x, y :

(I)

(x, y) =
( )
i. z2 = 2 i Vietaz1 + z2 = = 4
z1 z2 = = 5.
Dx Dy
D , D
2+4 424
,
2 +1 2 +1
, R. :
(x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 =
2
2

4 2
2 + 4
2 +
+1 =
=
2 + 1
2 + 1
2 2
2

+ 4 1
22 + 2 + 2
+
= ...
=
2 + 1
2 + 1
.... = 5
ii. z12008 + z22008 = z12008 + z1 2008 = 2Re(z1 ) R.

iii. z3 = 4 + i, A(2, 1), B(2, 1), (4, 1). :
AB = A = 2 ABA,
.
iv. |w z1 |2 = |w
z1 |2 (z1 z1 )(w
w) = 0
w
= w w R.
(x, y)
z (2, -1) 5.
) (x, y) = (0, 0).

(1 i)z = 4 2i 0 = 4 2i, .
(x, y)
O(0, 0).
v. : |w z2 | + |w
z1| =
10 |w z2 | + |w z1 | = 10, |z1 z2 | =
|2 + i (2 i)| = |2i| = 2 10 .
19
M f 1 .
Cf , Cf 1
M ( y = x)
: Cf , Cf 1
A(x1 , y1 ) , x1 = y1
( y = x). :
f (x1 ) = y1 f 1 (x1 ) = y1 f (y1 ) = x1 , :
f (x1 ) f (y1 ) = y1 x1 e1x1 x1 1 (e1y1
y1 1) = y1 x1 e1x1 e1y1 = 0 e1x1 =
e1y1 x1 = y1
23 ( ) f : R R
x R :
e1f
1 (x)
f 1 (x) = x + 1
1. f .
2. :
. f .
. f, f 1
.
3. : i. lim
ii. lim
f 1 (x)
f 1 (x) + x
.
1
3. i) (1) f 1 (x) = e1f (x) x 1 f 1 (x) >
x 1
lim (x 1) = +
lim f 1 (x) = +
( )
e1f
1 (x)
(1) f 1 (x) + x = e1f
f 1 (x) = x + 1 (1)
x R .
f, f 1 ( )
R.
1. (1) x f (x) , x R
1
: e1f (f (x)) f 1 (f (x)) = f (x) + 1
lim

1
f 1 (x) + x = lim e1f (x) 1
x
u=f 1 (x)
e1x
x 1, x R
2. ) x1 , x2 R x1 < x2 x1 < x2 x1 >
x2 x1 1 > x2 1 (), , x1 < x2
x1 > x2 1 x1 > 1 x2 e1x1 > e1x2 ().
(), () :
1x
e 1 x1 1 > e1x2 x2 1 f (x1 ) > f (x2 )
f .
f (x) =
1 (x)
lim e1u 1 = 0 1 = 1
u+
f 1 (x)
=
x
x
f 1 (x) + x x
f 1 (x) + x
= lim
1=
lim
x
x
x
x

1
1
1 = (1) 0 1 = 1.
lim f (x) + x lim
x
x x
ii) lim
)
f, f 1 : f (x) = x (2) f (x) x =
0 e1x 2x 1 = 0 (3) , x R g(x) =
e1x 2x 1 ( )
[0, 1] g(0)g(1) = (e 1)(2) < 0 .
Bolzano (3) (2)
(0, 1). g
(
f x , )
1 1 (2) (0, 1),
f
y = x M (, ) , (0, 1).
24 ( ) f, g ,
f 2 (x) + g 2 (x) = 1 x .
g4 (x)
1
f 4 (x)
+
=
,
+
0, + = 0
)
1
f 8 (x) g8 (x)
+
=
.
3
3
( + )3
) |f (x) + g(x)|
20

2 + 2 .
1 ( ) ( ) , :
f 2 (x) =
( + ) f 4 (x)+ ( + ) g4 (x) = f 2 (x)+g2 (x)
2 4
2 4
f (x)
g (x)
g8 (x)
f 8 (x)
+
=
+
= ... =
3
3
3
3
+
1
4 =
( + )
( + )3
f 4 (x) + 2 f 4 (x) + g4 (x) + 2 g4 (x) =

f 2 (x) + g2 (x)
2 ( ) ( )
Lagrange:
, :
2 f 4 (x) + 2 g4 (x) =
2 + 2 = (f 2 (x) + g2 (x))(2 + 2 ) =

f 2 (x) 1 f 2 (x) + g2 (x) 1 g2 (x)
(f (x) + g(x))2 +(g(x) f (x))2 (f (x) + g(x))2
, :
2 f 4 (x) + 2 g4 (x) = 2f 2 (x) g2 (x)
2 + 2 |f (x) + g(x)|
3 ( ) ( ) CauchySchwarz
, g2 (x) =
+
+
f 2 (x) ag2 (x) = 0 f 2 (x) = g2 (x)
|f (x) + g(x)|
f 2 (x) + g2 (x) = 1

2 + 2
: f 2 (x) + g 2 (x) = 1
21
2 + 2

f 2 (x) + g2 (x)
25 ( )
: f, g : [0, 1] R

m M h (u) h (1 u) M m
1) f (1) = g(0) + 1
mM 0M mm=M
2) f (x) g(x), x [0, 1]

3) f (sin2 x) + g (cos2 x) = 2, x R
: f = g
h (u) = c f (u) u = c f (u) = u + c
u = 0 f (0) = c. f (u) = u + f (0),

.
( )
f (sin2 x) + g (cos2 x) = 2
26 ( )

f : R (0, +) f (x) =
3 ln f (x) x R f (1) = 1.
sin 2xf (sin2 x) + sin 2xg (cos2 x) = 2 sin 2x

2
f sin x g cos2 x = ( cos 2x)

f sin2 x g cos2 x = c cos 2x
x = 2 1 = c + 1 c = 0.

f sin x g 1 sin2 x = cos 2x = 2sin2 x 1, x R
2
sin2 x = u [0, 1]
f (u) g (1 u) = 2u 1 (1) u = 1 u f (1 u) g (u) = 1 2u (2).

f () > g (). x =
(1), (2)
( )
ln t t 1 f (x) 3(f (x) 1)
x, (1).
g(x) = e3x (f (x) 1),

x R. g (x) = e3x (f (x) + 3f (x) 3). ,
(1), g (x) 0 x R. g R. , x (1, +)
g(x) g(1) = 0, f (x) 1,
.. f (x) 0. f (1, +). f (x) f (1) = 1 x (1, +). , f (x) = 1 x (1, +). (, 1)
f (x) = 1 x (, 1).
f (1) = 1, , () ,
f (x) = 1.
f () g (1 ) = 2 1
f (1 ) g () = 1 2

f () g () + f (1 ) g (1 ) = 0
.
u [0, 1] f (u) = g (u)
, f (x) = a ln f (x)
f (1) = 1 a < 0.
2 ( )
.
f (u) f (1 u) = 2u 1
f (u) u [f (1 u) 1 + u] = 0
h (u) = f (u) u, u [0, 1] [0, 1]
M m.
m h (u) M, u [0, 1]. u = 1 u
: t ln t t + 1 0 t > 0.
t = 1 . , .
m h (1 u) M M h (1 u) m
22
(f (x))2 = 3f (x) ln f (x).
x = 1 c = 0.
x
3f (t) ln f (t)dt
1

x
= 3 f (t) ln f (t)
1
x
f (t)
+ 3
f (t)
dt
f (t)
1
= 3f (x) ln f (x) + 3f (x) 3
(f (t)) dt =
ln f (x) e1
4 ( ) ln(y(1)) = 0. x.

x0 : lny(x0 )) = 1
1 y
. ln(y(x)) = 0x (1, x0 ) [1].
. Rolle (1, x0 ) : y () = 0
3ln(y()) = 0 [1]. x > 1
x 1. (
). , ,
f (x) = 1 x 1.
x < 1;
3 ( )
x
(ln f (x)) e1
(ln f (x)) +
x
(ln f (x)) e1
x
y
dy
= 3
= 3(x 1) [2]. lny
lny
1
[2] x 1.
(x1)1/lnu = 3(x1)
1 0.
3
ln f (x) = 0
f (x)
x
3
dt
f (t)
+ e 1
3
dt
f (t)
ln f (x) = 0
3
ln f (x) = 0
f (x)
x
3
dt
f (t)
x
ln f (x) e1
+ e 1
3
dt
f (t)
3
dt
f (t)
ln f (x) = 0
x
= 0 ln f (x) e1
3
dt
f (t)
=0
ln f (x) = 0 f (x) = 1
= 3(f (x) ln f (x) f (x) + 1 0
(ln f (x)) +
3
dt
f (t)
=c
23
27 ( )
f : [a, b] R
a+b
2
f (x)dx <
28 ( )
f, g R
1) f (x) = 0,
x Z,
x
2) f (x) =
f (t)eg(t) dt, x R.
f (x) = 0, x R.
xf (x)dx
( )
( ) f
R
a+x
2
g(x) =
x
a
f (t)dt
x
a
tf (t)dt, x [a, b]
f (x) = f (x)eg(x)
g(b) < 0. g
(a, b) g(a) = 0 x (a, b)
k Z . f [k, k + 1]
.

1 x
xa
f (x) =
g (x) =
f (t)dt
2 a
2
x
a

x a a f (t)dt a f (t)dt
f (x)
2
xa
xa
(f () f (x)) < 0
g (x) =
2
(a, x) g [a, b]
g(b) < g(a) g(b) < 0.
f (k) = f (k + 1) = 0
f
r (k, k + 1) Fermat
f (r) = 0 f (r)eg(r) = 0 f (r) = 0
(*)

y

f (t) dt [a, x].
. f (x) = 0 x [k, k + 1]
k Z . f (x) = 0 x R.
24
:
29 ( Christiano ) f : R
R 2f 3 (x) + 2f (x) = sinf (x) + x2
|f (x)| |x|.
( ) ) f (x) = 0
f , R
f (x) > 0 f (x) < 0
[1, 2]
( )
f (2) f (1)
= 1 < 0
21
f (x) < 0 f R
1-1 f (1) = 0 1
f R.
) f R
x < 1 f (x) > f (1) = 0 f
(, 1] x > 1
f (x) < f (1) = 0 f
[1, +) x0 = 1 f (1).
) f (2 + f (|iu + 1|)) < 0 f (2 +

f (|iu + 1|)) < f (1) f
R
2 + f (|iu + 1|)) > 1 f (|iu + 1|)) > 1
f (|iu + 1|)) > f (2) |iu + 1| < 2
|i(u i)| < 2 |u i| < 2
u
K(0, 1) 2.
) z A(z1 )
1 = f (1) w B(z2 ) 2 = f (2).

f

3
3
1,
,
, 2
2
2
3
1 + 2 < AB
f (1) + f (2) < 2f
2

,
3
+ f (0) + f (1)
max |z w| = AB + 1 + 2 = 2f
2
x0 (0, 1) f (x0 ) =
2f (x)(1 + f 2 (x)) = sin f (x) + x2

2|f (x)|(1 + f 2 (x)) = | sin f (x) + x2 |, 2|f (x)|(1 + f 2 (x)) | sin f (x)| + x2 |f (x)| + x2 .
|f (x)| = a 0.
2a(1 + a2 ) a + x2 a + 2a3 x2 .
a2 a + 2a3 .
2a3 + a a2 = a(2a2 a + 1) 0.
30 ( )
f : R R
f (x) = 0 .
f A (1, 0)
B (2, 1).
A f R.
B f .
u.

f 2 + f (|i u + 1|) < 0
u.
z, z1 , z2 , w
|z z1 | = f (1), |w z2 | = f (2)
|z1 z2 | = 2f 32 .
|z w|.
min |z w| = AB 1 2 = 2f ( 32 ) f (0) f (1).
25
31 ( )
x
ln (x + 1)
ex x1
>
ex 1
x
32 ( )
f : R R < < f (f () + b) +
xln(x+1)
f (f (b) + ) = f () f (b) + f () f (b) + f () + f (b)

f , -
x (0, +)
( ) f (t) = ln t ln(x + 1) x, x 0 , x > 0 [ln(x + 1), x]

[ln(x + 1), x]
f () =
( )
(
).
,
.
(a, f (a)) :
f (x) f (ln(x + 1))
x ln(x + 1)
f (x) f (ln(x + 1))

1
=
x ln(x + 1)
f (x) f (a)(x a) + f (a), x R
x = f (b) + a :
0 < ln(x + 1) < < x
f (f (b) + a) f (a)(f (b) + a a) + f (a)
1
1
1
< <
x
ln(x + 1)
f (f (b) + a) f (a)f (b) + f (a) : (1)
(b, f (b)) :
f (x) f (ln(x + 1))

1
1
<
<
(1)
x
x ln(x + 1)
ln(x + 1)
x ex 1 , x > 0 [x, ex 1]
(x, ex 1)
f (x) f (b)(x b) + f (b), x R

x = f (a) + b :
f (f (a) + b) f (b)(f (a) + b b) + f (b)

f (f (a) + b) f (b)f (a) + f (b) : (2)
1
f (ex 1) f (x)
f (ex 1) f (x)
=
f () =
x
e 1x
ex 1 x
(1) (2) :
f (f (b)+a)+f (f (a)+b) f (a)f (b)+f (a)+f (b)f (a)+f (b)
x < < ex 1
ex
1
1
1
< <
1
,
: f (a) + b = b f (b) + a = a (
).
: f (a) = 0 f (b) = 0
Rolle (a, b) f () = 0.
( )
.

[a, ] f (x) < 0 .
: a < f (a) > f () f () < 0
f (ex 1) f (x)
1
1
<
< (2)
ex 1
ex 1 x
x
(1) (2)
f (x) f (ln(x + 1))

f (ex 1) f (x)
<
x
e 1x
x ln(x + 1)
(x ln(x + 1)) ln
ex 1
x
< (ex x 1) ln
x
ln(x + 1)
26
:
f (ax2 +bx+c) = af 2 (x)+bf (x)+c, x R.
f (f (x)) = x
.
33 ( ) AB
AA1 , BB1 , 1 . BA1 + B1 + A1 =
A1 + B1 A + 1 B ,
.
(Eukleidis) ax2 + bx +
c = x (1) ax2 + (b 1)x + c = 0,
(b 1)2 4ac,
, (1) x1 , x2 .
x = x1
( ) a, b, c
B, A, AB .
:
1)
BA1 + B1 + A1 = A1 + B1 + AB1
f (ax21 + bx1 + c) = af 2 (x1 ) + bf (x1 ) + c
ccosB + acos + bcosA = bcos + acosB + ccosA

a2 + b2 c2
c2 + b2 a2
a2 + c2 b2
+a
+b
c
2ac
2ab
2cb
c2 + a2 b2
b2 + c2 a2
a2 + b2 c2
+a
+c
=b
2ab
2ac
2bc
2
2
2
2
2
2
bc(a +c b )+ac(a +b c )+ab(c2 +b2 a2 ) =
= bc(a2 + b2 c2 ) + ab(c2 + a2 b2 ) + ac(b2 + c2 a2 )
bc(c2 b2 ) + ac(a2 c2 ) + ab(b2 a2 ) = 0
... ()
(c b)(c a)(b a)(a + b + c) = 0 a = b b =
c c = a, .
f (x1 ) = af 2 (x1 ) + bf (x1 ) + c

af 2 (x1 ) + (b 1)f (x1 ) + c = 0
f (x1 ) (1). (1)
x x2 f (x2 )
(1). {x1 , x2 } = {f (x1 ), f (x2 )},

. f (xi ) = x1 , i = 1, 2
. f (x1 ) = x2 f (x2 ) = x1
)
f (f (xi )) = xi , i = 1, 2, .
)
f (f (x2 )) = f (x1 ) = x2 , ,
.
.
34 ( ) a R
b, c R 4ac < (b 1)2 f : R R
27
,
,
35 ( )
,
f (x) = [x] + [2x] +
5x
3
36 ( )
0, 1, 2, ..., 100
. , A, 50
+ 50
( .)
a. B +
+ A
, b. a + b 2011,
.
+ [3x] + [4x],
x [0, 100].
( )
g (x) = [x] + [2x] + [3x] + [4x]

f (x) = g (x) +
( )
. , 51
.

.
.
+.
a ,
1, 3, . . . , 99
+ A. x++
+, x+ +
x+ x . a
x++ .
b + , b
x .
2x++ + x+ + x+ = 50 50 +. 2x + x+ + x+ =
50 . x++ = x . a
b a + b .
a + b
1
.
5x
3
g ,
x R
g (x + 1) = g (x) + 10. x [0, 1), g -
1 1 1 2 3
4 3 2 3 4
0, , , , , ,
g ([0, 1))

1
1
2
3
1
,g
,g
,g
,g
g (0) , g
4
3
2
3
4
g ([0, 1)) = {0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6}

, g 6 [0, 1).
f ,
x R f (x + 3) = f (x) + 35. x [0, 3),
f
3 6 9 12
g 4 , , , . , 5 5 5 5
f 3 6 + 4 = 22
[0, 3). , f 33 22 = 726 [0, 99).
28
37 ( )
ABCD . AC, BD
O . OAB, OBC,
OCD, ODA r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 E
ABCD . : r12 + r22 + r32 + r42 E. ;
( )
2r1 AB 2r2 BC 2r3 CD
2r4 DA.
4(r12 +r22 +r32 +r42 ) (AB)2 +(BC)2 +(CD)2 +(DA)2

(AB)2 + (BC)2
+
2
(BC)2 + (CD)2 (CD)2 + (DA)2 (DA)2 + (AB)2
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= 4(r1 +r2 +r3 +r4 ) (AB)(BC)+(BC)(CD)+
(CD)(DA) + (DA)(AB), (1).
=
4(r12 + r22 + r32 + r42 )
ZCD, DEK
ZC
ZD
KZ
=
=
, (1) ZC = ZD .
KD
DE
DE
, DZL,
EBL
ZD
ZD
LD
=
=
, (2)
LE
BE
DE
DEZ
= 4(r12 + r22 + r32 + r42 ) 2[(ABC) +

(BCD) + (CDA) + (DAB)] = 4E
(1)
DS
SZ
DS
, (3)
=
, (4)
ZD
ZD
DE
SE
=
DE
ABCD .
(3), (4), =
(DE)2
, (5)
(ZD)2
38 ( )
ABC, A = 90o , AB = AC, D
BC . DE AB, DZ AC
H BZ CE . DH EZ .
DE
SE ZD
=
SZ DE
ZD
(1), (2), (5), =
SE
=
SZ
KZ LD SE
= 1, (6)
KD LE SZ
(6), Ceva, DS EK ZL H
DH EZ.
1 ( ) DS DEZ K
DZ CE L DE BZ.
2 ( ) M, ABM C
K CE M Z L BZ M E.
29
(CZ)2 , (1)
, BM E
(M E)2 = (M B)2 + (BE)2 , (2)
(1), (2) = (M Z)2 (M E)2 = (DZ)2
(DE)2 , (3) M C = M B DZ = CZ
DE = BE .
(3) M D EZ, (4)
ABZ, BM E,
AZB = BEM AELZ .
, ZL M E, (5) EK
M Z, (6).
M EZ, (4), (5), (6), M D EK ZL H
DH EZ.
CM Z,
, (M Z)2 = (M C)2 +
30
, ,
39 ( )
f : Z Z
40 ( )
x, y, z > 0 xyz = 1, :
1
1
1
1
+
+

2
2
2
2
2
2
(x + 1) + y + 1 (y + 1) + z + 1 (z + 1) + x + 1
f (x y + f (y)) = f (x) + f (y)
x, y Z.
( )
( )
.
f . , x = y , f (f (x)) =
2f (x), f
.
y 2y f (y) = a = 0.
x = a f (a) = 0. y = a ,
f (x a) = f (x), f
, .

f f (x) = 2x x Z f 0.
:
.
(x +
1)2
1
1
2
+y +1
2xy + 2x + 2
!
cyc
1
1.
xy + x + 1
b
c
a
,y =
,z =
=
b
c
a
!
bc
1
1
=
= 1.

xy + x + 1
ab + ac + bc
xy + x + 1
cyc
31
41 ( ) ABC M

. A BC AM, B AC BM, C

AB CM E1 = (BA M ), E1 = (CA M ) E2 =

(CB M ), E2 = (B AM ) E3 = (AC M ), E3 =
(C BM ).
1
1
+

E2 E3
( )
Ceva
,
.

ABC AA BB CC M,
42 ( ) ABC , (1 )
O (2 ) AOC .
OQ (2 )
M, N AQ, AC , AM BN
.
M N, BQ (2 ).
1
1
1
1
+
+
= +
E1
E2
E3
E1
Ceva,
E1 E2 +E2 E3 +E3 E1
2 E3 +E3 E1
= E1 E2 +E

E1 E2 E3
E1 E2 E3
1
1
1
1
1
1
E1 + E2 + E3 = E1 + E2 + E3
( ) X
M N BQ Y ,
AOC, BQ
Y X.
Z AC BQ K, H
AC,
AOC.
AB BC CA
=
A C B A C B

E1 E2 E3

= 1 E1 E2 E3 = E1 E2 E3
E1 E2 E3
:
E3
MC
E3
=
=

MC
E1 + E1
E2 + E2

E2 E3 + E2 E 3 = E1 E3 + E 1 E3 , (1)

E2
E2
M B
=
=

MB
E3 + E3
E1 + E1

E1 E2 + E1 E2 = E2 E3 + E3 E2 , (2)

E1
E1
MA
=
=

MA
E2 + E2
E3 + E3

E3 E1 + E1 E3 = E1 E2 + E2 E1 , (3)
(1), (2), (3)

E1 E2 + E2 E3 + E3 E1 = E1 E2 + E2 E3 + E3 E1
AQB -
MA
BX
=
, (1)
XQ
MQ
BZ
MA
=
, (2)
AZ M B =
MQ
BQ
BHZ, QY O, BH
HZ
=
= (HZ)(Y Q) = (OY )(BH) , (3)
OY
YQ
M N,
32
OBY, KBH BOY = BKH ,

BQ -
ABC.
( BKH = C + KBC = C + ZBA =
BCE = BOY , E (1 ) BQ ).
BY
OY
=
= (OY )(BH) =

KH
BH
(BY )(KH) , (4)
(3), (4) = (HZ)(Y Q) = (BY )(KH) =

HZ
BZ
BY
=
=
, (5)
YQ
KH
BQ
(1), (2), (5), =
BX
BY
=
, (6)
YQ
XQ
(6) X, Y ,
BQ ( B 90o ),
( B 90o ).
33
:
r, s, t pr , ps , pt
ab, n an bn . r+s = t.
p = 2, a, b a
b mod 2 r, s, t
2r , 2s , 2t a2 b2 , n an bn
r + s = t + 1.
43 ( )
:
9x + 10y = 12z + 1
44 ( )
(n) (n)
n,
1 ( )
lift the exponent (
).
x, y z .
z > x z > y . 9x + 10y = 12 12z1 + 1 >
2 12z1 , .
: x z .
3z ||10y 1. 32 ||10 1 3z2 ||y
z 4 3z2 > 3z .
.
2
y z . 22z ||9x 1. 24 || 9 21
22z4 ||x z 4 22z4 > 2z .
. .
x = y = z = 3 (
Ramanujan)
.
2 ( ) mod5:
1 mod 5.
x .
mod16: y 4 z 2
x
9 1 mod 16 x .
y < 4 z < 2. z = 1
x
9 + 10y = 13 . y < 4.
y = 1 9x + 9 = 12z 9
27 z = 2 . y = 2
9x + 99 = 12z z = 2
. , y = 3 9x + 999 = 12z . x = 1
. x 2 27
81 . z = 3
x = 3 .

.
: p , a, b
a b mod p n .
n+1
(n)
(n)
2
;
( ) (n) = 1, n = 1
. (n) > 1: n
, (n) :
1 = d0 < d1 < d2 < ... < d (n) = n n.

i N di d (n)i = n - :
(n)
(n)
"
# (n)
#%
!
(n)
di $
di
(n)
1
(n)
i=0
i=0
"
# (n)/2
# %
(n)
$
di d (n)i

(n)
i=0
(n)
2
-
, .
n = 1. n , n = d2j , ,
-:
(n)
(n)
=
=
=
=
34
1
(n)

(n)
(n)
(n)
"
# (n)
#%
!
(n)
di $
di
(n)
i=0
i=0
(n)1
2
(n)1
2
(n)
2
dj
1
n2
= n
: n = 1 . n > 1:
n
, (n) :
.
:
n (n) = 2
n+1
(n)
(n)
2
2d0 d (n) + 2
(n)
2
(n)
2d0 d (n) + 2
n (n) (n)
+
2 (1)
(n)
(n)
1 = d0 < d1 < d2 < ... < d (n) = n
i=0
(di + d (n)i ) =
(di + d (n)i ) 2d0 2d (n) =
n (n) (n)
+
(n)
(n)
d0 d (n) + d1 d (n)1 + + dk d (n)k +

+d0 d (n) + d1 d (n)1 + + dk d (n)k =
2
(n)
+
(n) (n)
(n) 2
= 2+
(n)
2
(1)
:
(n)/2
i=1
(n)/2
&
di d (n)i
2(n) 2
2
n (n)
=2
.
(n)
(n)
(n)
(n) = n + n + n + + n =
i=1
(n)/2
&
2n + 2(n) 2 2n = 2(n) 2
n di d (n)i = n i N.
di d (n)i
i=0
(n)/2
&
2d0 d (n) + 2
(n + 1) (n) 2(n)
(n + 1)
(n)/2
&
di d (n)i
2+
i=0

x, y :
(n) 2
(n) 2
2
0 (n) 2
(n)
(n)
, n > 1
n = 1, n .
n ( n = d2j ), : dj 2 d2j 2dj .
:
xy x + y
xy x y + 1 1
x(y 1) (y 1) 1
n (n) = 2(d0 d (n) + d1 d (n)1 + + dj1 d (n)j+1
(x 1)(y 1) 1
+ dj+1 d (n)j1 + + dk d (n)k + d2j

2 2 ,
.
2,
, 1,
. ,
2,
2d0 d (n) + 2(d0 + d1 + d2 + + dj1

+ dj+1 + + d (n) ) + 2dj 2(d0 + d (n) )
= 2n + 2(n) 2n 2 = 2 2
n
.
35
45 ( IMC 2011/B3)
ln 1 +
n=1

ln 1 +
1
2n

ln 1 +
1
2n+1
. :
.
f (t) =
( ) cn = ln(1 + 1/n)
cn = c2n + c2n+1 . L
:
3L =
=
=
3cn c2n c2n+1 =
n=1
( ) x A1 An
t . ( .) E
Ai . Pr(E)
t ( [0, 1]).
I [n], ( [n] = {1, . . . , n}) EI
x iI Ai .
Pr(Ei ) = t|iI Ai | .
3(c2n + c2n+1 )c2n c2n+1
[(c2n + c2n+1 )3 (c32n + c32n+1 )]
n=1
[c3n (c32n + c32n+1 )] = c31 = (ln 2)3 .
n=1
ln(2)3
].
3

.
46 (
IMC
2011/A4)
(1)k1 t|Ai1 Ai2 ...Aik | .
f [0, 1].
n=1
k=1 1i1 <i2 <...<ik n
n
!
Pr(E) =
(1)|I|1 Pr(Ei ) = f (t)
I[n]
f (t)
A1 , A2 , ..., An , , -
[0, 1].
36
At Jv, ej = v, J(Aej ) Aej -
47 ( )
A M3,2 (C), B M2,3 (C)
v . 1 =
(1 1 1)ei = (1 1 1)At v = (m + 1)(1 1 1)v = 0,
. .

(i, j) 2 i, j
2

.
.
((i1 , j1 ), (i2 , j1 )) i1 = i2 2
A . ,
,
n(n 1). , i, xi (xi 1)
xi .
1 1 2
AB = 0 0 2
0 0 2
det(BA).
( )
AB 0, 1, 2, : pAB () = ( 1)( 2) = 3 32 + 2.
BA
: pBA () = 23 pAB () = 2 3 + 2,
det(BA) = 2.
48 ( ) n n A = (aij ), aij {0, 1} i, j {1, 2, . . . , n},
AAt = mIn + Jn , m , Jn n n
1, In n n At A. A ,
AAt = At A.
n
!
xi (xi 1) = n(n 1).
(1)
i=1
, ((i1 , j1 ), (i1 , j2 ))
j1 = j2 2 A .
nm(m + 1)
n(n 1) j1 , j2 i1 .

m(m + 1) = n 1. (2)
( )

A ,
m + 1
2
.
At A
1.
i, j At Aei , ej = 0. i = j A . v
At v = ei At Aei = At AAt v =
At (mv + Jv) = mei + At Jv 0 = At Aei , ej =
(1),(2)
n
!
i=1
x2i = n2 (n 1) + n
n
!
xi
i=1
= n2 (n + m) = (n(m + 1))2
' n
(2
!
=
xi
i=1
Cauchy-Schwarz xi m + 1 ,
At A.
37
n
+O
ln n
49 ( ) , ,
k=2
n/2
2 ln2 n !
1
.
n
ln k ln(n k)
k=2
1 ( ) (an ) . ln(ln x) ,
1
1
1
=
=
ln(1+k/n)
ln(n k)
ln n 1 +
ln n

ln(1 + k/n)
1
1
1
1+O
=
+O
.
ln n
ln n
ln n
ln2 n

1
1
1
1
=
+
O

ln k ln(n k)
ln n ln k ln k
ln2 n
n/2
2 ln2 n !
1
=

n
ln k ln(n k)
ln k ln(n k) (ln(n/2))2
k=2
n3
1
ln k ln(n k)
(ln n ln 2)2
, Chebyshev,
n2
!
k=2
1
1
ln k ln(n k)
n3
'n2
(2
! 1
.
ln k
k=2
k=2
Cesaro-Stolz),
`
lim an = 1 .
n+
k=2
n/2
ln n
2ln2 n !
1
=
+O
n
ln k ln(n k)
ln(n/2)
1/(ln x)
,
k=2
1
1
1
1
=
=
ln x
ln n 1 + ln(x/n)
ln n
ln n
1
dx.
ln x

1+O
ln(x/n)
ln n
(1 +
x)1
n2
1
dx =
+O
ln x
ln n
k=2
1
ln n

1
cos x 1
dx , a > 0 .
x2 (x2 + a)
1 ( )
50 ( )
ln(x/n)
< 0.
1 <
ln n

k=2
k=2
n+
k=2

n/2
!
n/2
n
1
=
+O
ln k
ln(n/2)
ln2 (n/2)
2 ( ) -
n
!
1
ln k
n/2
n+
n
!
1
.

ln k
n/2
! 1
2 ln n ! 1
+ O(1/n)
.
n
ln k
ln k
(ln n)2
n3
, an bn =
n (ln n ln 2)2
'n2
(2
! 1
(ln n)2
an cn =
.
n(n 3)
ln k
k=2
lim bn = lim cn = 1 (
n+

n
.
ln2 n
, x = n/2,

n2
ln2 n !
1
lim
.
n+ n
ln k ln(n k)
n2
!

ln(x/n)
dx
ln2 n
eiz 1
.
z 2 (z 2 + a)
i a
i a .
f (z) =

=
38
2
(z 2 (z 2 + a)) = 2a , (z 2 (z 2 + a)) = 0 , z = 0
eiz 1 = ieiz = 0,
z = 0 . 1 .
f (z) = 2Res (f, ai) + iRes (f, 0)
e a
1
1
.
=
2ia
a
+ a))
(
'

i
1 e a
+ i =
f (z) dz = 2i
a
2ia a
C

1 + a + e a
z = R eit =
a a
Res (f, 0) =

[1]
ay (cos x 1) eyx dx dy =

2
1
dy+
y
2
y (y + 1)
a a
+
a a a

sin

0

0

0

0

sin

ay
1
dy =
+ 1)
y (y 2
sin ( ay) y= x
=
dy
y (y 2 + 1)
sin ( ax)
dx =
x (x + 1)

1
sin ( ax)
sin ( ax)
dx
dx =
x
a a
x+1

sin y
dy
y
y=x
ax e(x+1)t dt dx =

+
a a a
a a

0
sin (x)
dx
x

[2]
et sin ax ext dx dt =
+
a a a a a
e
0
t= x1
a
a
e 4t dt =
2t t

[3]
a
1
(1 a)
e 4t et dt =
2a
a a
t t
2 ( )
sin
(cos x 1) eyx dx dy
2
+
a a a

1
+
a
+
e
cos x 1
dx =
.
x2 (x2 + a)
a a
cos x 1
dx = 2
x2 (x2 + a)
a a
yeyx dy dx
+
a a a
cos x 1
dx =
x2 + a

yx
(cos x 1) sin ay e
dy dx =
+
a a a

iR cos R sin

e
e
1
it

iRe
dt

R2 e2it (R2 e2it + a)
0

iR cos R sin
e

e
1
it

R2 e2it (R2 e2it + a) iRe dt
0
iR cos R sin
e
e
+1
Rdt 0 .
2 (|R2 a|)
R
0

Rei cos R sin 1
iReit dt = 0
lim
R 0 R2 e2it (R2 e2it + a)

a
+
1
+
ix
a
+
e
e 1
dx =
.
2
2
a a
x (x + a)
R ,
(cos x 1)
a a
(x2 (x2
R (cos + i sin ) ,
iR cos R sin
R
eix 1
e
e
1 it
dx +
Re dt =
2
2
2
2it
2
2it
R e (R e + a)
R x (x + a)
0

1 + a + e a
a a
2
a
e a
2

a a
R a
2
cos x 1
dx
2
x
a
2
a
1
eiz 1
Res (f, 0) =
lim
=
0! z0 z (z 2 + a)
iz

e 1
i
= .
lim

2
z0 (z (z + a))
a
2
a
cos x 1
dx =
x2 (x2 + a)

(1 a)
2 e a =
.
a a
2a
a
a a
39
yx
(cos x 1) e
[1] :
0

[2] :
0
[3] :
1
1
y
=
dx = 2
.
2
y +1 y
y (y + 1)
m2
1
my
yx
e 4x e
e
dx = 2
.
x x
m
(. - ... 3
- . 350 - 355
).

m m2
sin m x eyx dx = e 4y
2y y

sin
40
xy
ax e dx =
a
.
y2 + a
:
.
.
51 ( )
A = A, .
+ C , B

A = B
C . (
A, A =
) B, B )+ C, C x A y
(x B y x C y (x B y C)) ).
1 ( )
.
a, b {a, b}
. Q
. x. y
X . x X {y}
x {t X : x t}. x
x
x, x .
(xn ) x1 = x xn = y
xn+1 = xn
{x1 , ..., xn , ...}
.
n xn = y . X = {x1 , ..., xn }
Q . :

.
2 ( ) X .
x X I(x) = {y X : y x}. A
x X I(x)
. X , A. A ,
a. I(a) \ {a}

, a .

a
/ A,

I(a ) = I(a) \ {a} .

X .
( ) A
B = . A ,
C = . , .
.
C x y y x.
C
m C .
m, C C , m,
.
p C q p q C (
y q p.
B = A C B, C
A. x A y .
B C , .
B C .
x C y C . , x B, y C .
. , x B
)
)
y x C y (x B y C). , . x B y C ,
C x A y , x A y .
52 ( ) X
X
41
S Q
/ , . , T (S) = S
53 ( Atemlos) ,

, .
.
54 ( )
a, b, c R3 .
x + (x a)b = c.
( ) S R3 , S
S . S ( :
).
( )

a
x + (x a) b = c (x a) + (x a) a b = (a c)
p , p S = C , C K . ,
p K .
P ,
. P C A, B S .
, P S
. O
AB , . , ,
= {M, N }, S = {M, N }.
T (S) (
O )
P .
T (S) = S , S
.
T (S) S .
Q S
Q
/ T (S). Q , Q {M, N },
Q T (S), . , Q
/ ,
Q ,
T (S), T (S) . S ,
x a =
a c
1 + a b
x = c
a c
1 + a b
b
1 + a b = 0,
x = m b + n c

m b + n c + (m + n (a c)) b = c
n c + n (a c) b = c, :
a c = 0 n = 1
x = m b + c, m R

a c = 0 b, c
.

a c = 0 b, c

k b + k b a b = b b = 0 b = 0 c = 0.
a c
b
1 + a b
1 + a b = 0 a c = 0 x = m b + c, m R
1 + a b = 0 a c = 0 b, c 1 + a b = 0 x = c
( ), .
1 + a b = 0 c = 0 x = m b, m R.
42
55 ( )
an = 24n + 1, n = 1, 2, . . .
2 3.
( )
(x + 1)3 x3 = y 2
( )
p2 1
24
3x2 + 3x + 1 y 2 = 0

= 12y 2 3
.
,
p > 3.
12y 2 3 = z 2
p 1 = (p 1)(p + 1)
3|z , z = 3z1 .

p 1, p + 1 ( p = 2),

4y 2 1 = 3z12
8|(p 1)(p + 1)
, p 1, p, p + 1 3
. 3. p p = 3,
p 1, p + 1 3.
, 3|(p 1)(p + 1).
,
(2y 1)(2y + 1) = 3z12
(2y 1, 2y + 1) = 1,
) 2y 1 = 3y12 2y + 1 = y22 y1 y2 = z1
y22 3y12 = 2,
y22 2 (mod 3), 2
mod 3.
) 2y1 = y12 2y+1 = 3y22 y1 y2 = z1
2y = y12 +1, y1 , y1 = 2k+1.

..(3, 8) = 1

3 8|(p 1)(p + 1)
2y = 4k2 + 4k + 2
56 ( )

, .
( 83 73 = 512 343 = 169 = 132
13 = 22 + 32 )
y = 2k2 + 2k + 1
y = k2 + (k + 1)2
43
57 ( ) ,
sin 1 + sin 3 + sin 5 + + sin 99 =
sin2 50
sin 1
sin 1 sin 1 +
sin 1 sin 3 + sin 1 sin 5 + .... + sin 1 sin 99 = sin2 50
1
(2 sin 1 sin 1 + 2 sin 1 sin 3 +
:
2
2 sin 1 sin 5 + .... + 2 sin 1 sin 99 ) = sin2 50
1
: (1cos 2 +cos 2 cos 4 +cos 4 cos 5 +
2
.... + cos 98 cos 100 ) = sin2 50
1
: (1 cos 100 ) = sin2 50 .
2
(A1 , B1 , C1 ) (

) (

ABB A ) A1 B1
: A1 B1 =
58 ( )
3a, a E1 , E2 .
E :
E=
2
(

) E =
2 3 (3)
2
(E1 + 9E2 ).
9
( ) (
(3)2
E1 =
4
2 3
(2)
E2 =
4
E=
92 3
E1 =
(1)
4
(2)2
4
E =
42 3
E1 =
4
k :
3 +
AB + A B
=
A1 B1 = 2
2
2
2
9
2
9
2
9
(1),(2)
(E
9E2 ) =
1 2+
9 3
2 3
+
9
=
4
4
18 2
4 3=
(3)
2 3 = E
k2 3
4
E =
44
2
(E1 + 9E2 )
9
59 ( pla.pa.s )
2 ( )
de l Hospital
. ;
f (x)
g(x)
f (x)
g (x)
(=1). l Hospital
1 + cos x
(x + sin x)
=
.

x
1
3( )
: f (n) = 1 n
n + 2 , f (n) = 0.

x0 ( ),
( lim
xx0
f (x)
) g(x)
g(n) =
h(n) =
f (x)
.
g (x)
1
. 1
1 + g(n)
0.
h(n) . 0
,
,
;
1

k+1
k .

h(n) 0.
.
:
Goedel.

0 .
1 ( )
f (x) = 2x + sin(x)
g (x) = 3x + sin (x)

x +.

x x0 = 0 f x12 , g x12 .
:

.
60 ( ) f :
R R .
R ;
f (x) = 2x5 5x4 + 5 x [2, +)
( ) g1 : (, 0) R, g2 :
[0, +) R R (). -

[11, +).
. g
. lim g (u)
( ). ..
g1 (x) = ln(x) g2 .
*
u0
g1 (x)
f (x) g2 (x)
*
f (x) g1 (x)
G(x) =
g2 (x)
f
( ()).
f .
( )

. lim g (u) .
f (k). g(n)
(k, k + 2) k n. -
f, g ( x0 )
xx0
n
!
k=1
de l Hospital,
lim
x + sin x

x
F (x) =
u0
45
, x<0
, x0
, x<0
, x0
= F + G F, G
61 ( ) [. , ,
( , 1976)]
P K
E Z
.
1 ( )

:
,
, L, C, T.
LC, CT.
G, R
: GC = CR, GCR = 2 .
:
F LG, T R
LT ,

CT 4 , GCRF
.

A L
EP 4 , B T KZ 4 ,
I P K
N .

(IA = IB, IAIB) (N G = N R, N GN R) ,
. [ (P IK) P IK = 2 IB =
2N R = 2N G = IA.]

: K, L
A, A .
B, C K, L , A BC BC = 2h, h
. ,
, KLD KD = h.
2 ( )
L, T , EP ,
ZK 450 , *. A, B E Z ,
E , Z E , Z L,
T , . ( C , D ,
46
2BC + AD
MG
MG
(*)
=
= ,
GN
2AD + BC
GN
2B +
=
> 0 , B
2 + B
BZ , AP AE , BK , :
ABC = Z BZ BAD = E AE ,
ZBK = CBD EAP = DAC
450 , )
*
, 2 2 =
4 ,
,
.
, B , M, N G
62 ( ) .
2B +
.
2 + B
1
N M
+1
A = (1, 0), B = (4, 0), C = (4, 4),

D = (1, 1):
M, N AD, BC
1 ( )
P , Q, R, S ABD , BCD , ABC , ACD
G ABCD ( AD//BC )
P Q, RS .
: G
|GP |
(ABD)
|AD|
|GR|
(ABC)
|BC|
|GQ| = (BCD) = |BC| |GS| = (ACD) = |AD| ,

.
A = (1, 0), B = (4, 0), C = (4, 4),
D = (1, 1):
P : 23 ( 52 , 0) + 13 (1, 1) = (2, 13 )
Q: 23 ( 52 , 52 ) + 13 (4, 0) = (3, 53 )
R: 23 ( 52 , 0) + 13 (4, 4) = (3, 43 )
S : 23 (1, 12 ) + 13 (4, 4) = (2, 53 )
7
P Q: y = 4x
3 3
RS : y = x3 + 73
7
G: ( 14
5 , 5)
2 (parmenides51) [, 15]
2 2
. (1) ABCD AD//BC
(AD ) M, N ,
E
BA, CD. AED, ABC
M N EM, M N .
(1) M N . (2) BD (z), (w)
(z) AD
DB . P, Q ABD, BCD
(z), BM (w), DN . (1)
P Q.
(3) (2), (3) G
ABCD P Q, M N
.
-
M G = GN N G =
1
, (4, 2) .

2
B = BC = 4, = AD = 1
24+1
9
3
2B +
=
= = .
=
2 + B
21+4
6
2
1,
NG =
(x 4, y 2) =
(x 4, y 2) =
(x, y) =
(x, y) =
1
NM
+1

1
1
1 4, 2
3
2
2 +1

3
2
3,
5
2

3
6
4 ,2
5
5

14 7
,
5 5
3 (parmenides51) 1:

.
2:
( )

.
ABCD AD//BC (AD
) , E BA, CD V, G, W
EAD, ABCD, EBC .
V, W (
). E, V, G, W (1) EAD, EBC E . E ( ) EBC T
ET = EW -
KG
BC
=
AD
GL
47

2
8 2
4
4 5
(EW ) =
+
=
3
3
3
V E .
(2) (EAD)(EV ) + (ABCD)(EG) = (EBC)(ET )
.
(EAD)(EV ) + (ABCD)(EG) = (EBC)(EW )

EG EG//EV ,
G, ABCD.
16
(EB)(BC)
=
= 8 EB BC .
2
2
ABCD G
(EBC) =
A = (1, 0), B = (4, 0), C = (4, 4),

D =*(1, 1):
*
A = (1, 0)
C = (4, 4)
AB : y = 0,
B = (4, 0)
D = (1, 1)
*
AB : y = 0,
E(0, 0)
CD : y = x ,
CD : y = x
EAD

V
0+1+1 0+1+0
,
3
3

=
(ABCD) =
EB BC ( ).

(EAD)(EV )
+ (ABCD)(EG) =
(ECD)(EW )
4 5
7 5
1 5 15
+ (EG) = 8
(EG) =

2
3
2
3
5
*
E = (0, 0)

EV : x = 2y V = 23 , 13
E, V, G G(x, y) = (2y,
y)
2
2
2
2
(2y) + y = |y| 5
(EG) = x + y =
7 5
7
= |y| 5 y = y > 0
(EG) =
5
5

14 7
,
G(x, y) =
5 5

2 1
,
,
3 3

2
1
5
2 2
(EV ) =
+
=
3
3
3

1
(EA)(AD)
= EA AD .
2
2
EBC
(EAD) =

W
0+4+4 0+4+0
,
3
3

=
15
(AD + BC)(AB)
=
2
2
(
) .

8 4
,
,
3 3
48
:
63 ( )
P (x) . P (1) = 6 P (7) = 3438,
x = 3.
A(0) .
B(7) = 70 A(0) = 1 (4)
B(1) = 4.

: C(x)
1 ( )
4 74 < 3438 < 75 .
B(x) = xC(x) + B(0)
P (x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e
B(7) = 7C(7) + B(0) (5)
a, b, c, d, e ,
P (1) = 6 a + b + c + d + e = 6
B(1) = C(1) + B(0) (6)

B(0)
B(1), 7. (5)
B(7) : 7. C(7)
B(0) .
C(7) = 10 B(0) = 0 (6)
C(1) = 4. C(x)

, P (7) = 3438
: a = 1, b = 3, c = 0, d = 1, e = 1,
P (x) = x4 + 3x3 + x + 1 P (3) = 166.
2 ( )
[0, +)
. A(x)
4 = C(1) < C(2) < C(3) < C(4) < C(5) < C(6) < C(7) = 10
, C(3) = 6.
B(3) = 3C(3) + B(0) = 18
P (x) = xA(x) + P (0)
A(3) = 3B(3) + A(0) = 55
P (3) = 3A(3) + P (0) = 166
P (7) = 7A(7) + P (0) (1)
64 ( )
P (1) = A(1) + P (0) (2)

P (0)
P (1), 7. (1)
P (7) : 7. A(7)
P (0) .
A(7) = 491 P (0) = 1 (2)
P (x) = xn + a1 xn1 + + an
Q(x) = xn + b1 xn1 + + bn
C.
P x1 , x2 , ..., xn ,
Q x21 , x22 , ..., x2n . a1 + a3 + a5 + R
a2 + a4 + a6 + R,
,
A(1) = 5.
B(x)
A(x) = xB(x) + A(0).
b1 + b2 + bn R.
A(7) = 7B(7) + A(0) (3)
A(1) = B(1) + A(0) (4)
( ) :
A(0)
A(1), 7. (3)
A(7) : 7. B(7)
P (x) =
n
%
i=1
49
(x xi )
Q (x) =
n
%

x xi 2
n
%
i=1
P (1) = a1 + a2 + + an R
(1 xi ) =
n
%
i=1
i=1
n
%
n
%
(1 + xi ) =
i=1
(1 x
i )
(1 + x
i ).
i=1
P (1) = a1 a2 + + (1)n an R.
n
%

i=1
, :
n
%

1 x2i =
1x
2i ,
i=1
P (1) = P (1)
Q (1) = Q (1)

P (1) = P (1),
b1 + b2 + + bn R
50
LaTEX: , , , , , ,
, : , : ,
, , : . LaTEX.
.
Leonardo da Vinci
(32-) . 30
.
- - quasiregular ,
( - ).
(0, 0, ), 21 , 2 ,
1+ 5
2
1+
2
:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosidodecahedron , :
.

12. (R BORIS)
13. ( )
14. ( )
2. (nsmavrogiannis)
3. ( )
15. (dement)
4. ( )
16. (swsto)
5.
(m.papagrigorakis)
17. (achilleas)
6. ( )
18. ( )
7. ()
19. (xr.tsif)

1. (grigkost)
2. (cretanman)
20. (Demetres)
1. (spyros)
2. (p_gianno)
1. (stranton)
2. ( )
3. (vittasko)
4. ()
5. (s.kap)
3. (kostas.zig)
4. (exdx)
5. ( )
6. (mathnder)
6. (nkatsipis)
7. (mathematica)
7. ( )
8. ( )
8. (chris_gatos)
9. (rek2)
9. (matha)
10. (hsiodos)
10. (mathxl)
11. ( )
11. (gbaloglou)
12. (bilstef)
7 ( )
a(b + c) c(a + b)
+
= a + c,
a+b
b+c
B.
a, b, c ABC
1 ( Atemlos) .
.
8 . 6 4740
3 4695.
;
8 ( )

:
1
5
+
6
18

2
2) B = 1 + 1 +
5
1) A =
2 ( ) :
,
.
1
5
6
18

2
2
2
1+ 1+
6
7
58
9 ( KARKAR) x, y,
:
x1+
y1= x+
10 ( ) x, y, z x + y + z = 0
:
3 ( )
1618 , 1816 .
x3 y3
z3
x2 + y2 y2 + z2 z2 + x2
+
+
=
+
+ .
x+y
y+z
z+x
yz zx xy
4 ( ) 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . , :
1
2
3 4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
11 ( KARKAR )
= 90 ), E
ABC ( A
D AB

AD . D AC,
CE, BE S , T . AES T .
()
20 , ;
() 2011;
5 ( KARKAR)
a.

x a.
6 ( )
:
() A = 3183 B = 2307 2306 2305 .
() =
320
518
= 42 .
30
2
2
12 ( KARKAR ABC
. = 150 , A MC
= 135 ,
AM . C

A BC .
13 ( )
17 ( KARKAR) BC ABC ,
: M BC , N
AM L BN . AL
BC S .
111 (x) + 111 (x) = 1 = (x) + (x) = 1.

( :
)
18 ( )
b ,
a
= 5
14 ( )
y1
, 2 x1
3
3
2
P(x)
=
3
x
+
ax
+
bx
6,
(x
1 , y1 )
y = 3 + 6
:
x + log y = 3 .
a, b
1
BC.
6
BS =
: 3
b
a

b =
5
b + 3
a

a.
a
b.
19 ( )
f (x) = xex+ ,
x R,
> 0.
()
15 ( )
ABC (O, R) H .
K AB : AK = AH L AC : AL = AO : KL = R.

f
2
= 0.
()
C f M (0, f (0)) 45 xx .
() f .
() f
.
20 ( )
f (x) = x2 + (3 )x ( + 5),
x, R.
f
;
,
,
21 ( ) z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 C, z1 , z2 0
16 ( ) ABC
AD, BE, CZ . H A , HB , HC
ZAE, DBZ, ECD ,
HA HB HC = DEZ .
z1
C \ R.
z2
z1 + z3 + z4 z2 + z3 + z4
,
.
z2
z1
z1 + z2 + z3 + z4 = 0.
,
,

22 ( 77)

z, w 60 .
|z + w| 3 |z w|.
,
, ,
29 ( BAGGP93)
f : [0, +) R f 2 (0) = 1
f 2 (x) 6 x x [0, +).
23 ( )
f f ( f (x)) = x x R,
f () = .
i) f 2 (x) 6 x =
: f (2008) = 1 , f (2009) = 10
f ( f (x))
f ( f (x) + 3)
=
, x R :
f ( f (x) + 2)
f ( f (x) + 1)
) f (2) f (3) = f (4) f (5).
) f 1 1.
e1
x R.
31 ( )
f : [0, 1] R
x 1 x
+ f
= 2 x x [0, 1].
f (x) f
2
4 4
f .

x R .
32 ( ) : f : R+ R g : R R ,
: f (0) = g(0) = 0 f (x) + g( f (x)) = 0, x 0.
: f (x) = 0, x 0.
27 ( -
) f : R R

f (t)dt
0
f (x)
1
dx = (b a).
f (x) f (x)
2
,
,
,
,
33 ( )
f (t)dt = 2 x2 + 2 x + 1 x R.
lim
x+
28 ( -
) f : [0, +) R

x
f (t)dt < f (x),
x2 ln x x
.
(ln x)x + x
34 ( )
f : R R
f (0) = 0 f (x + y) f (x) + f (y), x, y R.
x [0, +).
f (x) > 0,
3. f (b) f (b) = f (a) f (a).

f (x) ln( f 2 (x) + x2 ) + x4 =
f 2 (x)
tdt
1
b
e1
2. f (x) > f (x), x [a, b]
25 ( )
f : R R
f (x) 0, x R. :

f (x) ( f 2 (x) + x2 )

f 4 (x) 12 x f 2 (x) dx + 72
1. f (x) = f (x), x [a, b]
,
,
30 ( )
f [a, b],
:
3 f (x0 ) = f (x1 ) + 2 f (x2 ).
Pla.pa.s)
x [0, +) .
) f [2008, 2009] x1 , x2
[2008, 2009], x0
[2008, 2009] :
x+1
ii)
) [2, 3] : f 2 () = f (2) f (3).
26 (
f : R R
2
x [0, +) .
24 ( Chris) f
R f (x) 0, x R.
f (x + f (x)) f (x),
216 x3 2 2 f (x) f (x) 6 = f 6 (x) 18 x f 4 (x) + 108 x f (x) ,
x [0, +).

Juniors, -
-
42 ( ) ABC
(I) .
AI, BI, CI I, (I)
S , M, N, P, .
AM, BN, CP T.
35 ( )
x(x + 1) = pq(x y),
p, q , . 2
(x, y) N , y
.
43 ( )
M
36 ( )
f : N N
(a + bc)(b + ac)(c + ab)
f (x)y
f (x) + y
2(x + y)
+
=
, x, y N
x + f (y) x f (y)
f (x + y)
45 ( ) f : [0, 1]
xn
= xn +
x1
46 ( )
xn 1 n

n Z[x].

47 ( )
G a, b a3 b = ba2 a2 b = ba3 .
a5 = e, e G.
48 ( ) H C 2 = x 2
x. : C2 Aut(H) (x)(h) = h1 h H . ( H
, ).
G := HC2 . G
h2 = 1 h H .
40 ( )
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
= = xn1 +
Mabc
[0, ) .
1
1
1
x2 f (x) dx
f (x) dx.
39 ( )
2011 2011 .
:
2 2
, , .

.

Seniors, -
-
x3
() 2010 .
1005
1005 .
= x2 +
() 100 .
, 50 .
38 ( )
ABCD
: E A DE.
Z B AZ .
H C BH K D CK. (EZHK) = 5(ABCD).
44 ( )
37 ( )
ABC AB = AC K, L
A, B, AK = KC CL ACK
BK = 2 KL. ABC.
x2
a, b, c
a + b + c = 1.

Juniors,
x1 +
=2

Seniors,
49 ( ) xn
x0 , x1
41 ( )
ABC . BD AB
BC K L .
K L X . BX
AC .
xn =
(n 1) c
1
xn1 +
xn2 , c > 0 .
1 + (n 1) c
1 + (n 1) c
lim xn .
n+
50 ( ) f : R2 R
58 ( KARKAR) S T
s, (s <
), AB,
2
OAB. , S D, T E,
OA, S Z, T H , OB.
S T ,
. : E1 + E2 + 2 E3 , .
( E1 , E2 , E3 )
| f (x) f (y)| d(x, y) , x, y R2 ,

d R2 .

51 ( ) X P() :
(B C) X = (B X) (C X)
B, C ( ).
52 ( ) X P() :
A (X B) = (A X) B
A, B ( ).

53 ( )
N 169 | 33n+3 26n 27.
54 ( ) a b
. a b a + b
2 q r
,
a b = q(a + b) + r 0 r < a + b.
(a, b)
q2 + r = 2011.
59 ( ) z5 = 1,
55 ( )
f : R R f (0) = 0
x R f (2 x) x + f (x) f (3 x) 2 x + f (x).
56 ( )
f : [0, 1] R | f (x) f (y)| |x y|,
x, y [0, 1].
1
0

1
1
f (t)dt dx +
12
A=
z
z2
z3
z4
+
+
,
+
2
4
1+z
1+z
1 + z 1 + z3
B=
z
z2
z3
z4
+
+
.
+
1 z2
1 z4 1 z 1 z3
2 , z 1.
60 ( ) x1 , x2 , ..., xn , ,
f (x)dx.
0
nx +
n

k=1
xk =
n

k=1
x2k
xk x
0 n 1
57 ( KARKAR) ABCD, K , CB, DA,

S.
M, N AB, CD : CD = 2 AB,
3
: MN = S K .
4

()
61 ( )
, (x, y)
|x| |y| 1 |y| 1. .
62 ( )

x4 3 x3 + 5 x2 + ax 2 = 0, a R,
.
:
(x 2)15 = 4740 x = 318. : 15318 = 4770
1 ( Atemlos) .

.
8
. 6 4740
3 4695.
;
2 ( )

:
, .
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?p96480
( ) abcd
1000a + 100b + 10c + d = k2
1000(a + 1) + 100(b + 1) + 10(c + 1) + (d + 1) = l2 .
k2 + 1111 = l2 (l k)(l + k) = 11 101

lk = 11 l+k = 101 k = 45
2025.
( (KARKAR) ) x, y .
:
(x 2)y = 4740 (x 5)y = 4695.

:
3y = 45 y = 15 :
:
3 ( )
1618 , 1816 .
4 ( )
1, 2, 3, 4, . . . ,
:
1
2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f33&t21069
1 ( )
1618 = (24 )18 = 272
1816 = (32 2)16 = 332 216 .
()
20 ,
;
216
256 = (27 )8 (34 )8 ,
() 2011;
27 = 128 34 = 81.
.
2 ( )
,
( )
:
18
16
1618
182
162
8
9 =

1
324
= 8
256
2
3248
2569
( )
() 12 = 1, 22 = 4,
32 = 9, . . . , 19
192 = 361. , 20
361 + 1 = 362, 212 1 = 440.
1
3248
256 2568
324
=
512
() 442 = 1936 452 = 2025, 2011

45 (14
74 ).
<1
: 6
22 21.
:
5 ( KARKAR)
a.

x a.
( )
()
A = 3183 = (33 )61 = 2761
B = 2307 2306 2305
( ).
a 2a.

a2 + (2a)2 = 2
= 5a.
k
.

k
2
= 2305 (22 2 1)
= 2305
= (25 )61
= 3261
= a
2
>A
2 5a
.

5
2 5a
5a = 2a2 ,
5
a
. x2 + k2 = a2 , x =
5.
k=
()
9
> 1,
8
10
(32 )10 910

320
9
= 30 = 3 10 = 10 =
8
2
(2 )
8
6 ( ) :
0 <
() A = 3183 B = 2307 2306 2305 .
125
< 1,
128
(53 )6 1256
518
125
= 42 = 7 6 =
=
6
128
2
(2 )
128
320
518
() = 30 = 42 .
2
2
, > .
> 1,
6
< 1.
:
7 ( ) a, b, c ABC
1 (angvl () ) 1:
.
a(b + c) c(a + b)
+
= a + c, a+b
b+c
B.
1
5
+
=
6
18
( (Eagle) ) (, , , ) :

B =
.
8 ( )

:
1) A =
2) B =
2
1+
5
2
1+
6
1
5
6
18
2
1+
7

1+
18
5+1
.
6
2 ( () )
2:
(a c)2 = 0 a = c.
1
5
+
6
18
51
.
6

1
.
3
2abc = a b + c b a 2ac + c = 0
2
a2 b + abc + ab2 + cb2 + ca2 + ac2 + abc + c2 b

2
2
5+1
3+ 5
18
ab2 + 2abc + ac2 + ca2 + 2abc + cb2

2

a(b + c) c(a + b)
+
=a+c
a+b
b+c
a(b + c)2 + c(a + b)2 = (a + c)(a + b)(b + c)
=
3
5
+
=
18
18
2
58

2
1+
5
7
2
1+
6

2
1+
7
10
...
8
1+
59
57
2
58
60
58
7 8 9 10
59 60

...
5 6 7 8
57 58

59 60
59
=
10 = 118.
5
6
5
:
9 ( KARKAR)

x1+ y1 =
x, y, :
x+
a = 0
2
b = 2 0
x1 =
2
y 12 = 22
1 ( ) x 1
y 1
(x 1)
10 ( ) x, y, z

x + y + z = 0 :
x3 y3 z3
x2 + y2 y2 + z2 z2 + x2
+
+
=
+
+ .
x+y
y+z
z+x
yz zx xy
1
y1
( x 1 )2 + (
1)2 = 0,
2

, x =
y1
1
x1+ +(
y 1 + 1 ) = 0,
4
x1=a =
y 1 = b = 2
1
5
1
=
x
x = 1
4
4
y 1 = 4
y = 5 1
x1=
5
y = 5.
4
1
y 1 = 2.
2
1 ( )
2 (parmenides51)
x 1 = a2
x1=a 0
y 1 = b2
y1=b0
x = a2 + 1 (1)
,
y = b2 + 1 (2)
x2 + y2 y2 + z2 z2 + x2
+
+
=
z
x
y
x3 y + xy3 + y3 z + yz3 + z3 x + zx3

=
xyz
x3 (y + z) + y3 (x + z) + z3 (x + y)
=
xyz
x 1 y 1 (1),(2)
a + b = a2 + 1 +
b2 + 1
x3 y3 z3
x4 y4 z4
=
+
+
xyz
yz xz xy
2 ( )
4
4a + 4b = 4a2 + 4 + b2 + 1
x2 + y2 y2 + z2 z2 + x2
+
+
=
x+y
y+z
z+x

2
x + y2 y2 + z2 z2 + x2
+
+
=
z
x
y

2
x2 y2 y2 z2 z2
x
+
+
+
+ +
=
z
y
z
x
x
y

2
x (y + z) y2 (z + x) z2 (x + y)
+
+
=
yz
xz
xy
4a2 4a + 1 + b2 4b 4 = 0
(2a 1)2 + (b 2)2 = 0,
2a 1 = 0
b 2 = 0
,
10
x3 y3 z3
+
+
yz xz xy
B=
3 (dr.tasos) :
(x2 + y2 + z2 )2 2(x2 y2 + z2 y2 + x2 z2 )
.
xyz
(x + y)2 2 xy (z + y)2 2zy

A=
+
x+y
z+y
(x + z)2 2zx
+
z+x
(x2 + y2 + z2 )2 = 4(x2 y2 + z2 y2 + x2 z2 ).

xy yz zx
+ +
A=2
z
x
y
(x2 + y2 + z2 )2 = 4(x2 y2 + z2 y2 + x2 z2 )
(x2 + y2 + z2 )2 = 4(x2 y2 + z2 y2 + x2 z2 ),

A=2
x y +z y +x z
xyz
2 2
2 2
2 2
+ 8 xyz(x + y + z)
.
11
:
+ C AD
= 45 x + 2 x = 45 + x = C AT
,
.
DAT
C AT
.
ACE,
CE AT .
BE S A. E
AE S T .
11 ( KARKAR )
= 90 ), E
ABC ( A
AD .
D AB
CE, BE
DAC,
S , T . AES T .
12 ( KARKAR ABC
=
. = 150 , A MC
AM . C
135 , A
BC .

(KARKAR) C
BA ACB
2 x 90 2 x .
E AS T .
1 ( ) BDAC
= 30
C
MDC (120 , 30 , 30 ), MBD
BAD. 60 + 45 = 105 .
= 45 x.
CE ACE
= ACD
, AD .
=
DAB
D AT

45 x. C AD = D BA, AD
12
AKC AC = 2AK .
B B K .

BC = 2KB + 2BM = 2K M = 2AK = AC.
= 75 . ABC , B
= 105o .
A BC
2 ( ) AK . AK M .
AK = K M .
13
:

2 x 109 x 1 = 2 x 1 109 x
13 ( )

(x) + (x) = 1 = (x) + (x) = 1.

111
111
|x| 1 109 x 1

109 x 1 0 2 x 109 x 1 0.
( :
)
|x| 1 109 x 1

1 109 x 0 2 x 1 109 x 0.
1 ( ) a = x, b = x.
a111 + b111 = 1
(1).
(1) 0 a 1 0 b 1.
1 b < 0
(1) a111 = 1 b111 > 1 .
14 ( ) a, b
a 1 b 1 : a (2)
b111 b2 (3) (2), (3)
a = 0 b = 0 .
a = b = 0
(2), (3):
111

2 x 109 x 1 = 2 x 1 109 x = 0
x = 0 , x = 1
x + x = 1
x = 1 , x = 0
1 ( )
y > 0.
1 : y 6 = 3x
log3 (y 6) = x, y > 6,
2 :
(a + b)2 = 1
a2 + b2 + 2ab = 1
log3 (y 6) + log3 y = 3 log3 (y2 y) = 3
ab = 0
y2 6y = 27 y = 9
(a = 0 b = 1) (b = 0 a = 1).
( y = 3 < 6 ).
x = 1, x1 =
1, y1 = 9.
2 x1 =
(1).
2 ( )
2,
x + x = 1
111
x + x = x + x
111
, 2 x1
a = 1 ( b = 0) b = 1 ( a = 0).
a + b = 1.
.
a + b = 1
111
2
P(x) = 3 x3 + ax
+ bx 6, (x1 , y1 )
y = 3x + 6
:
.
x + log3 y = 3
a111 + b111 < a2 + b2 1 < 1, .
111
y1
y1
3
= 3 ,

24 + 4a 2b 6 = 0
P(2) = 0
...
P(3) = 0
81 + 9a + 3b 6 = 0
a = 2
b = 19
111 x 2 x = 2 x 111 x
14
:
15 ( ) ABC (O, R)
H .
K AB : AK = AH
L AC : AL = AO : KL = R.
Z H AC ,
AOZ, AKL , AO = AL, AK =
AH = AZ OAB = LAH, LAZ = LAH OAZ =
KAL. , KL = OZ = R.
16 ( ) ABC AD, BE, CZ .

HA , HB , HC ZAE, DBZ, ECD ,
HA HB HC = DEZ .
1 ( ) T
AK F BC. OFC =90 , OF =

=
2
, FOC =, OC = AL AT L = OFC
LT AT . LT AK , AL = LK = R.
2 ( )
,

,

(OAC = BAH ):
( )
.
15
Ha EDHb
. : Ha E = 2R A cos E (1)
= AHZ
.
: 2RA = AH E = AEZ
DHb = 2RB cos D (2) : 2RB = BH
= BDZ
= BHZ
D
Ha = Hb (3).
(1) (2) (3)
=
: 2RA cos E = 2RB cos D AH cos(AHZ)

BH cos(BHZ)
HZ = HZ. .
(3).

: Ha //Hb AB.
Ha EDHb
DE = Ha Hb .

.
.
16
:
17 ( KARKAR)
BC ABC ,
: M
BC , N AM L BN . AL
BC S .
BS =
BN M
S L A. :

BS MA
NL
=1
S M AN
LB
AN
BS
=
S M AM
BS
AN
=
BS + S M AN + AM
AM
1
BS
=
= AM 2
BM
3
+ AM
2
1
BS
= .
BM 3
1
BC.
6
1 ( ) K S M
BS = S K. BNK LS NK.
AS M K S M ,
BS = S K =
N AM KN AS .
KM =
BM
3
BC
6
S BM.
B S
BC .
5 ( ) KN//BM .
: BLS = NLK KN = BS (1). :
1
KN = S M (K, N S AM) (2) :
2
(1), (2) BS = 21 S M BM = 3 BS BC = 6 BS .
2 ( )
B(0, 0), C(a,
0), A(p, q) a, p, q
a
2p + a q
2p + a q
0. M , 0 , N
, , L
, .
2
4
2
8
4
q 4q
6q
a 6 p AL =
=
,
2 p+a
6p a
p 8
6q
(x p). S (s, 0)
(AL) : y q =
6p a
0q=
6q
6p a
(s p) s =
6 pq
6 pa
6q
6 pa
aq
6q
a
6
6 ( ) ML
AB K .
BS MN AK
=1
. Ceva ABM :
SM NA KB
KB
KB
BS
BS
(1).
=
=
SM
AK
BM
AB
N K M
AB T .
1
BS = BC .
6
a = 6 p, AS ,
.
AN
AT
=
TK
NM
BL
BK
=
BK =
AT = T K KL//T N
KT
LN
KT .
1
BK = AB, (1)
. T N//K M
= xBC
= x(
b
a), (1)
3 ( ) BS
1
+ yAS
, y 1, (2)
= BL
+ LS
= BN
BS
2
a), BM
= 1 BC
=
a+ BS
= 1 (
b
a), AS
= 1 (BM
BN
2
2
2
1
b, (3)
= 8y 3
a +
(2) BS
8(1 y)
8(1 y)
1
= 1 BC
.
(1), (3) = x = BS
6
6
3
1
1
BS = BM BS = BC .
3
6
7 ( ) CB
|BD| = |BM|, AB
ADM , DN .
P AB DN ADM , MP AD
4 ( )
17
(3 p2 3 p = 5 p + 3 3 p2 3 p = 5 p 3) p = 3
1
p = . p > 0,
b = 3
a,
3

a
b = 15.
, Q. BN//DA, MP
BN , L.
AS , BN , MP ABM , Ceva
|BS |
1
1
|NA| |PB|
=
= 1 = ( N AM
|S M| |MN| |AP|
2
2
|BS |
1
= .
P ADM )
|BM| 3
18 (

)

a
a
= 5 -
2 (
) x =
a
b,
x 5
.
=
5

a,
b ,

x 5
x
5

a
b
= 5
5,

a
b
=
5
5

a,
b :
a
b
b
, :
b
a

b =
5
b + 3
a

a.
a
b.
a
b
5
b + 3
a
= 5(x2 + 6 x + 9),
5
b + 3
a
= 5|x + 3|.
a
b
= 5 |5 x| .
a, 3 |5 x| x = 25 |x + 3|,
x = 15.
1 ( ) 3
b
a

b =
5
b + 3
a

a
a,
b ,
b = p
a, p > 0. :
b
a

b =
5
b + 3
a

a
3|p 1||
a|p
a = |5 p + 3||
a|
a
|3 p2 3 p| = |5 p + 3|,
18
:
() f (0) = e . f x0 = 0
x x 45 .
19 ( )
f (x) = xex+ ,
x R,
> 0.
()
f
f
f (0) = 45 e = 1 = 0,
2 f
> 0.
= 0.
() f (x) = ex+ + xex+ x R, > 0
() C f M (0, f (0))
45 xx .
f (x) = 0 ex+ + xex+ = 0

ex+ (1 + x) = 0
1 + x = 0
()
f.
x=
() f
.
f (x) > 0 ex+ + xex+ > 0

ex+ (1 + x) > 0
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f18&t20955&start20
1 + x > 0
( )
x> .
() f (x) = xex+ , x R, > 0,

f ( 1 ) = 1 e1+ > 0. f
R
f (x) = ex+ + xex+ x R, > 0
f
(, 1 ] [ 1 , +).
f x0 = 1
f ( 1 ) = 1 e1 .
f ( ) = 2e1+ > 0.
() g() = 1 e1 , > 0.
g (0, +)

f R

g () =
f (x) = ex+ + ex+ + 2 xex+

x+
= 2e
x+
+ xe
2
x R, > 0
e1 =
e1 (
), > 0.
3e1+ = 0
19
e1
e1 = 0
1
1
)=0
e1 (
1
=0
=1
1
3e1+ 2e1+ 2 e1+ =
3e
e1
g () = 0
f ( ) f ( ) 2 f ( ) =
1+
f ( 1 ) = 3e1+ > 0.
1
g () > 0
e1 > 0
1
1
)>0
e1 (
1
>0
<1
2
e1
> 0 (3 )2 + 4( + 5) > 0
9 6 + 2 + 4 + 20 > 0
2 2 + 29 > 0.
= 112 < 0 R f . x1 , x2 .
: S = 3 P = ( + 5)
g (0, 1]
[1, +).
= 1 g(1) = 1.
f
= 1.
x21 + x22 = (x1 + x2 )2 2 x1 x2

= S 2 2P = ( 3)2 + 2( + 5)
= 2 4 + 19.
g() = 2 4+ 19 R.
g R
g () = 2 4 R.
20 ( )
f (x) = x2 + (3 )x ( + 5),
x, R.
g () = 0 2 4 = 0 = 2

f ;
g () > 0 2 4 > 0 > 2.

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f18&t20955&start60
( )
,
g (, 2]
[2, +)
= 2 g() = 15.
20
:
21 ( ) z1 , z2 , z3 , z4
z1
z2
z1 + z3 + z4 z2 + z3 + z4
C \ R.
,
z2
z1
. z1 + z2 + z3 + z4 = 0.
C, z1 , z2 0
z2 + z3 + z4
z2 + z3 + z4
R
+1R
z1
z1
z1 + z2 + z3 + z4
R
z1
z1
R
z1 + z2 + z3 + z4
1 ( )
z1 + z3 + z4
z1 + z2 + z3 + z4 0.
R
z2
z1 + z2 + z3 + z4
z1 + z3 + z4
+1=
R.
z2
z2
z2 + z3 + z4

R
z1
z1 + z2 + z3 + z4
z2 + z3 + z4
+1=
R.
z1
z1
(1), (2)
z1 + z2 + z3 + z4 = 0.
z1 +z2 +z3 +z4

z2
z1 +z2 +z3 +z4
z1

z2
z1
+
R
z1 + z2 + z3 + z4 z1 + z2 + z3 + z4
z1 + z2
R
z1 + z2 + z3 + z4
(1) ( + i) z2 + z2
R
z1 + z2 + z3 + z4
(2) z2 (1 + + i)
R
z1 + z2 + z3 + z4
z2
(1 + + i) R
z1 + z2 + z3 + z4
(1 )
(2)
z1
R, .
z2
z2
= 0 ,
z1 + z2 + z3 + z4
, z1 + z2 + z3 +
z4 = 0.
2 ( )
w = z1 + z2 + z3 + z4 .
w z2
w
z1 + z3 + z4
w
=
=
1
1 R
z2
z2
z2
z2
w
w
R.
R. w 0.
z2
z1
z1
w/z2
=
R, , w = 0.
w/z1 z2
22 ( 77)
z, w 60 . |z + w|
3 |z w|.
3 ( )
z1
z1
C\R
= + i, 0
z2
z2
z1 = ( + i) z2 , , R, 0. (1)
1 ( ) OAB (A, B
= 60
O ) AOB

z1 + z2 + z3 + z4 0.
z1 + z3 + z4
z1 + z3 + z4
R
+1R
z2
z2
z1 + z2 + z3 + z4
R
z2
z2
R
z1 + z2 + z3 + z4
|z w|2 = |z|2 + |w|2 |z||w|.
(1 )
, , , |z+w|2 +|zw|2 = 2(|z|2 +|w|2 ),

, (1)
(2)
|z + w|2 = |z|2 + |w|2 + |z||w|.

21
(2)
, (1),(2) (|z| |w|)2 0, .
(1)
|z + w|
2
2
AB
OA
OB
2 ( 77) A, B z1 , z2 ,
M AB :
3 |z w| 2
OM
AB
2
4
OM
AB
OA
+ 2
OB
AB
AB
(2)
, (2)
: 2
OA
OB
OA
OB
OA
OB
2
OA
OB
0, .
(1)
22
:
23 ( )
f f ( f (x)) = x x R,
f () = .
x f (a),
.
4 ( )
g(x) = f (x) x, x R.
f (0) = 0, .
1 ( )
R. g (x) = f (x) x
R , R. g (x) > 0 x R
(1) g (x) < 0 x R (2)
f 1 1 R,
f .
f ( f (x)) = x, x f 1 (x),
f (x) = f 1 (x) x.
(1) f (x) > x, x f 1 (x),
x > f 1 (x) x > f (x) (
(2) ). R
f () = .
f (0) = 0,
> 0.
: f () = f ( f (0)) = 0.
g [0, ] f ()
x (),
g () = f () = < 0, g (0) = f (0) 0 = ,
, g() g(0) = 0 (g(), g(0)),

(0, ) g () = = 0 f () = .
24 ( Chris)
f R f (x) 0, x
R.
2 ( )
f (0) = 0 = 0.
f (0) 0 (

f (0) > 0) 0, f (0)
h (x) = f (x) x h (0) = f (0) > 0
h ( f (0)) = f ( f (0)) f (0) = f (0) < 0.
. Bolzano (0, f (0))
h () = 0 f () = .
: f (2008) = 1 , f (2009) = 10
f ( f (x) + 3)
f ( f (x))
=
, x R :
f ( f (x) + 2)
f ( f (x) + 1)
) f (2) f (3) = f (4) f (5).
) [2, 3]
: f 2 () = f (2) f (3).
) f 1 1.
3 ( ) f (x1 ) = f (x2 )
f ( f (x1 ) = f ( f (x2 ), x1 = x2 . ,
1 1 R,
.
.
xo f (xo ) = xo ,
f (xo ) > xo f (xo ) < xo .
. f ( f (xo )) > f (xo )
xo > f (xo ), .
. ,
R R,
) f [2008, 2009]
x1 , x2 [2008, 2009],
x0 [2008, 2009] :
3 f (x0 ) = f (x1 ) + 2 f (x2 ).
1 ( ) ,
f (x) 0, f (2008) > 0, f (x) > 0 .
1 : ,
q (2008, 2009) f (q) = 2.
23
x = q .
f (x2 ) f (2009) = 10,

f (x1 ) + 2 f (x2 )
10,
1
2 : f (2) = f (3) r = 2 r = 3.
,
f (2) f (3). .. f (2) > f (3).
f (2) >
f (2) f (3) > f (3) (). ,

, (2, 3)
f () = f (2) f (3).
3
,
f. (
.)
3 : 1-1,
f (5)
f (2)
=
,
. 1)
f (4)
f (3)
. f , < 1,
> 1. .
2 (Chris) 3 )
: f 2 () = f (2) f (3), [2, 3].
)
: f 2 (k) = f (4) f (5), k [4, 5]

f 2 (k) = f 2 () f (k) = f () f (x) > 0 , x R.
k [2, 3] k [4, 5] f
1 1.
4 :
x1 , x2 [2008, 2009], 1 = f (2008) f (x1 ) f (2009) = 10, 1 = f (2008)
24
:
f
.
25 ( )
f : R R
f (x) 0, x R. :
f (x + f (x)) f (x),
1. A 0 f (x) 0, x R f
x + f (x) x f (x + f (x)) f (x).
x R.
2. () A < 0 a : f (a) = 0
f 0 (, a] f
x + f (x) x, f (x + f (x) f (x), x

(, a] x [a, +), f (x) f (a) = 0
1 ( ) x
f (x) = 0 !
1 .
() A < 0 a1 : f (a1 ) = 0
f (x) < 0, x R, 2()
.
f (x+ f (x))
f (x).
x ( )
f (x) < 0 [x + f (x), x]

f (x) f (x + f (x)) = f (c) f (x) c
x + f (x) < c < x f (c) f (x) < 0.
f (x) f (x + f (x)) = f (c) f (x) < 0 .
26 ( Pla.pa.s)
f : R R
x ( ) f (x) > 0 [x, x + f (x)]

.

f (x) ln( f 2 (x) + x2 ) + x4 =
2 ( ) :

. .
.
x0 R f (x0 + f (x0 )) < f (x0 )
f (x0 ) = 0 .
f (x0 ) > 0 .
.. [x0 , x0 + f (x0 )]
:
f (x) ( f (x) + x )
> x0
f ()

x R .
f 2 (x)
1 (Pla.pa.s)
f (x0 + f (x0 )) f (x0 )

< 0,
f () =
f (x
0)

x0 , x0 + f (x0 )
f (x)( ln( f 2 (x) + x2 ) + x4

( f 2 (x) + x2 ) +
f (x
0 ) > 0 .

f (x0 ) < 0 [x0 + f (x0 ), x0 ].
f 2 (x)
= 0),
x R .
f 2 (x), x2 > 0
f (x0 ) f (x0 + f (x0 ))

> 0.
f () =
f (x0 )
< x0 f () f (x0 ) < 0 .
f (x + f (x)) f (x), x R.

ln( f 2 (x) + x2 ) + x4 ( f 2 (x) + x2 ) +

> ln f 2 (x) +
3 ( )
.
25
f 2 (x)
1 (1)
f 2 (x)
g(u) = ln u + u1 1 Dg = (0, +).

u1
g (u) = 2
ln f 2 (x) +
f 2 (x)
10
(2).
(1) (2)
u

(0, 1), (1, +)
u = 0 g g(1) = 0. u = f 2 (x)
g
ln( f 2 (x) + x2 ) + x4 ( f 2 (x) + x2 ) +
f 2 (x)
> 0, x R .
f (x) =
0, x R . f (x) = 0.
26
:
27 ( )
f : R R

3
0

f (t)dt
28 (
- )
f : [0, +) R

f (t)dt = 2 x + 2 x + 1 x R.
2
f (t)dt < f (x),
x [0, +).
f (x) > 0,
x [0, +).
( )
3 f (x) + f (x) = 4 x + 2 x R. x x
( )
x
g (x) = e
x [0, +)
f (t)dt
0
3 f (x) + f (x) = 4 x + 2,

g (x) = e
f (x) =
1
2x +

2

.
.

f (x)

f (t)dt > 0
x [0, +), g
[0, +). , x > 0 g (x) > g(0) = 0,
x
f (t)dt > 0, f (x) > 0. ,
f (0) > 0,
f (x) > 0 x [0, +).
27
:
29 ( BAGGP93) f : [0, +) R
f 2 (0) = 1 f 2 (x) 6 x x [0, +).

ii)
e1
e1
2
( f (x) 12 x)dx =
(g2 (x) 36 x2 )dx
1
2
216 x3 2 2 f (x) f (x) 6 = f 6 (x) 18 x f 4 (x) + 108 x f (x) ,
e1
e1
=
g2 (x)dx 36 x2 dx
x [0, +) .
i) f 2 (x) 6 x =
x+1
e1
e1
1
2
1
g (x)dx =
dx = [ln(x + 1)]e
1
x+1
x [0, +) .
ii)

e1

f 4 (x) 12 x f 2 (x) dx + 72
e1
e1x
e1 x
1 2
tdt dx =
t dx
2 0
tdt
1
2
e1
x2 dx
1
e1
1 ( )
i) g(x) = f 2 (x) 6 x
[0, +)
g(0) = f 2 (0) = 1. g(x) 0, x
[0, +) 2 g (x) =
g (x)
= 1
g3 (x) g(x) 0 2 3
g (x)
(
g2 (x)
1
g2 (x)
x+1
= g2 (x) |g(x)| =
x+1
e1
e1
g2 (x)dx =
=
1
tdt dx
x+1
1
dx = [ln(x + 1)]e
1 .
30 ( )
f
[a, b], :
= x + c, x [0, +).
g2 (x)
e1
e1
e1
2
2
g (x)dx 36 x dx + 36 x2 dx
=
) = (x) , x [0, +)
x = 0 c = 1
e1
x

4
2
f (x) 12 x f (x) dx + 72
= x+1
1. f (x) = f (x), x [a, b]
, x [0, +).
2. f (x) > f (x), x [a, b]

3. f (b) f (b) = f (a) f (a).
g(x) 0, x [0, +) ,
[0, +) g(0) = 1 > 0 g(x) > 0 1
, x [0, +) f 2 (x) 6 x =
g(x) =
x+1
1
, x [0, +).
x+1
b
a
28
f (x)
1
dx = (b a).

f (x) f (x)
2
I J = b a
b
I+J=
( )
b
I=
a
b
J=
a
b
f (x)
dx
f (x) f (x)
f (x) + f (x)
dx =
f (x) f (x)
f (x) f (x)
dx =
f (x) f (x)

ln( f (x)) f (x) ba = 0.
f (x)
dx
f (x) f (x)
2I = b a .
29
:
1
M M = 0. h(x) = 0
2
x [0, 1].
1 x
g(x) = g
g(x) = 0
2 2
32
x [0, 1]. f (x) =
x x [0, 1],
9
.
31 ( )
f : [0, 1] R x 1 x
f (x) f
+ f
= 2 x
2
4 4
x [0, 1]. f .
1 ( ) g(x) = f (x)

32 ( )
: f : R+ R g : R R
, : f (0) = g(0) = 0
f (x) + g( f (x)) = 0, x 0. : f (x) =
0, x 0.
x
1
f
2 2

1 x
= 2x
2 2

x
1
1
1
g(x) n g
= 2 x n1
n
1
2
2
2
2
x 1 x
1
1
g n1 n g n = 2 x n1
n
1
2
2
2
2
4
g(x) g

1 ( ) f (x) + g( f (x)) = 0
x 0 (1).
> 0. f
[0,], .
n = 1, 2, ..., n n, ,
n +
1
8x
g(x) 0 = 2 x
=
1 1/4
3
x 1 x
1
1
f
n f n = (8 x/3) n1 .
n
1
n
1
2
2
2
2
4
f [0,]
:
f (x) 0 = (8 x/3)(4/3) =
i) f
k (0, a).

Fermat f (k) =
32
x,
9
(1 )
0 g( f (k)) = 0 (2)
x [0, a] :
2 ( )
g(x) = f (x)
g(x) = g
x
2
32
x.
9
x
1
g
.
4
(1)
g( f (x)) 0 (3) f (x) 0

f (x) 0
f [0,]
x [0, a] f (0)

1 x
h(x) = g(x) g
. h(x) =
2 2

f (x) g(0) g( f (x)) 0 g( f (x)) (4).

(3), (4)
x [0, a] g( f (x)) = 0 (1)

f [0,]
f (x) = 0 .
f (0) = 0 f () = 0 .
1 x
h
. x [0, 1].
2 2
M |h| [0, 1]
|h(x)|
(2)
f (x) f (k) g( f (x)) g( f (k))
1
M.
2
30
ii) f
k (0, a).
(ii) f
0

f () = 0 f (x) = 0 x 0.
f

:
2 ( ) g
R : f (x)g( f (x)) 0, x 0 ().
x 0 :
(i) f 0
.
g( f (a)) 0.
x [0, a] :
( 1)

f (x) + g( f (x)) f (x) = 0
f (x) f (x) + f (x)g( f (x)) = 0
2 f (x) f (x) = 2 f (x)g( f (x)) 0

f 2 (x) 0
f (0) f (x) f (a)

g(0) g( f (x)) g( f (a))
0 g( f (x)) g( f (a)) 0
(1)
f 2 [0, +)
x 0 : f 2 (x) f 2 (0) f 2 (x) 0 f (x) = 0
: f (x) = 0, x 0,
.
g( f (x)) = 0 f (x) = 0
f () = 0.
31
:
33 ( )

( , ..
2(ln x)2 x
1 .
l Hospital
x2 ln x x
.
x+ (ln x)x + x
lim
34 ( )
f : R R

f (0) = 0 f (x + y) f (x) + f (y), x, y R.
( ) x > e

2 ln x > 2 > 1, x2 ln x x > 0.
( ) y g(x) = f (x + y) f (x). g
R g(x) f (y) = g(0),
x. , g 0 .
, Fermat, g (0) = 0.
g (x) = f (x + y)(x + y) f (x) = f (x + y) f (x),
f (y) = f (0).
y. , f (y) = y f (0),
f (0 ) = 0 .
x2 ln x
x2 ln x
x2 ln x x
()
0<
(ln x)x + x (ln x)x + x (ln x)x
.
x ee ln x e
() <
x2 ln x
.
ex
0 x +. ,
2(ln x)2 x . -
32
,
,
35 ( )

(1)
.
2 :
(ap, a (p b)) p > b > 0 bq ap = 1.
q > a. (mq, m (q k)) q > k > 0
bq ap = kp mq = 1
kp mq = 1.
(b + m) q = p (a + k).
q/ (a + k). a + k < 2q.
a(p b) = m(q k).
a + k = q b + m = p.
x(x + 1) = pq(x y),

p, q , .
2
(x, y) N , y .
36 ( )
f : N N
( ) (x, y)
x(x + 1) = pq(x y), p, q
, .
p, q x
x + 1. x = apq a
a (x + 1) = x y x + 1 a (x + 1) = x y < x,
. x + 1 = apq
f (x) + y f (x)y 2(x + y)

+
=
, x, y N
x + f (y) x f (y)
f (x + y)
1 ( ) : f (x) = x, x
N .
f (n) + n f (n)n
4n
+
=
,
x = y = n
n + f (n) n f (n)
f (2n)
f (2n) = 2n ().
f (1) = a N . x = 2, y = 1
a(3a + 6)
2
6
2+1
+
=
, f (3) =
=
2 + a 2a
f (3)
2a + 1
a(a + 5)
.
a+
2a + 1
, a 2a + 1 ,
2a + 1|a + 5. 2a + 1 a + 1, a 4.
a = 1 a = 4.
a = 4.
x = 4, y = 1 ()
f (4) = 4,
4
10
5a(a + 4)
4+1
+
=
.
f (5) =
, 4 + a 4a
f (5)
3a + 2
a = 4 .
a = 1. , f (1) = a = 1.
x = 2n, y = 1, (),
2n + 1 2n
2(2n + 1)
=
+
, f (2n + 1) = 2n + 1,
2n + 1 2n
f (2n + 1)
() f (m) = m, m,
.
x ax = x y < x.
.
1: x = ap x + 1 = bq a, b
. ab = x y.
y = a (p b) .

p>b>0
(1)
bq ap = 1
(2).
,
,
a, b (1),(2). p, q , . (a0 , b0 )
(2). (a, b) (2)
a = a0 + kq
b = b0 + kp k .
(1) 1
b0
b0
> k > .
p
p
.
2: x + 1 = kp x = mq k, m
. km = x y.
y = m (q k) .

q>k>0
2 ( ) y = x
f (2 x) = 2 x.
(1).
33
x = 1, y = 2 f (3) N f (1) = 1
f (3) = 3 f (1) = 4 f (3) = 1. f (1) > 4
f (3) N.
f (1) = 4 x = 2, y = 1
f (3) = 8 .
f (1) = 1 x = 1, y = 2 x f (2 x + 1) = 2 x + 1.
f (x) = x .
34
37 ( )
ABC AB = AC
K, L A, B, AK = KC
CL ACK BK = 2KL.
ABC.
K D CK.
(EZHK) = 5(ABCD).
( ) AEZ, ABD
EAZ + BAD = 180 o
(KARKAR ) KL = x, AL = y,
KC = x + y AB = AC = 3 x + y.

,
(AZ)(AE) 2(AB)(AD)
(AEZ)
=
=
= 2 =
(ABD) (AB)(AD)
(AB)(AD)
KAC ,
x+y
CK LK
=
=
=
CA
LA
3 x + y
= 3 x2 + xy = xy + y2 = y = x 3
,
AC,
3 x+x 3
AD
3+ 3
2
=
A =
=
AK
x + x 3 2( 3 + 1
B = C = 75o
x
y
(AEZ) = 2(ABD)
, CHK, CBD
HCK + BCD = 180o

DAK, D
(1)
3
= A = 30o
2
(CHK) (CK)(CH) 2(CD)(CB)

=
=
= 2 =
(CBD)
(CB)(CD)
(CB)(CD)
(2)
(CHK) = 2(CBD)
38 ( ) ABCD : E
A DE.
Z B AZ .
H C BH
(1), (2) =
(AEZ) + (CKH) = 2(ABD) + 2(CBD) = 2(ABCD)

35
(3)
(BZH) + (DEK) = 2(BAC) + 2(DAC) = 2(ABCD)
(EZHK) = (AEZ) + (CHK) + (BZH) + (DEK) + (ABCD) =

5(ABCD).
(4)
(3), (4) =
36
, ,
39 ( )
2011 2011
.
:

2 2 , ,
.

.
40 ( )
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn

x1 +
x2
= x2 +
x3
= = xn1 +
xn
= xn +
x1
=2
( ) , ,
xi . .. x1 < 0. ,
1
1
= 2, 0 < x2 < ,
x1 +
x2
2
1
2
1
= 2 < x3 <
x2 +
x3
2
3

n1
xn <
.
( ) 2 2

. 20102 2 2,

20112 20102 = 2010 + 2011 = 4021
xn > 2,
n1
, .
2 <
,
20102 .

2010 ,
.
:
xi > 0 i = 1, 2, . . . , n. ,

n

xi +
i=1
n

1
= 2n,
x
i=1 i
,
n

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f...85039
i=1
xi
xi
xi = 1 i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
37
= 0,
41 ( )
ABC .
BD AB BC K L
. K L X . BX
AC .
1 ( ) E
(O) AD, BX.
XK, XL (O)
BE X,
KBLE
D.KBLE , D (O)
, .
(O) BD XMN (I)

AC ,
F.
D, F,
MN XMN
FN = MD , (1)
KD, KB,

F , F, F F (I).
KAD, LCD,
M, N
AD, CD, MA = MK = MD , (2)
NC = NL = ND , (3)
(1), (2), (3) = FC = NF+NC = MD+ND , (4)
(4) = FC =
.
B BT
AC BK DK BT DB BL
DL BE DE,

D.KBLE, B.AT LE , B.AT LE
.
AD CD AC
+
=

2
42 ( )
ABC (I) .
AI, BI, CI I, (I)
S , M, N, P, .
AM, BN, CP T.
AC BT,
MA = MC, M AC BX .
2 ( ) M ACXK
N AC XL.
( ) D, E, F,
38
(I) ABC,
BC, AC, AB, .
(I) EF
M , S
MI, EF MI
Y.
, Y S EF,
A, M
(I), AM
.
, X, Z S DF, DE
, BN, CP , (I).
X, Y, Z ,
Simson S , DEF.
,
AM, BN, CP
(I),
T .
39
:
43 ( )

M

(a + bc)(b + ac)(c + ab)
( )
()
.

.
x
.
y1 < y2 < < y100 .
y = (y50 + y51 )/2
.
Mabc

a, b, c a + b + c = 1.
) 1
64
M
.
a = b = c =
3
3
,
64
.
M =
3
a + b + c = 1, a + bc = (a + b)(a + c),
b + ca = (b + a)(b + c), c + ab = (c + a)(c + b)

() P .

( ) . ()
r1 < r2 < < r1000 P
P (r500 + r501 )/2
.

2 1 1 1
+ +
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
a b c
64
(a + b + c)2 abc.
3
(..
,
8
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) (a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca).
9
, ,
(ab + bc + ca)3 27(abc)2 ,
-.
()
.

.
44 ( )
() 100 .
,
50 .
AlexandrosG: .
.
2 .

2 .

.
() 2010 .
1005
1005
.
40
:
45 ( )
f : [0, 1] [0, ) .
1
x f (x) dx
2
( ) . ,
m n d1 , . . . , dk
"
n (di ) = m. ( f - .) k
2 k .
3 .
p2 pn . m p2 pn+1 ,
m = (pn+1 1)t + r,
0 < r pn+1 2 p2 pn . ( p2 pn + 2 p2 , . . . , pn .)
t < p2 pn a = t, b = r.
f (x) dx.
0
( ) , a, x, y [0, 1]
f (ax + (1 a)y) a f (x) + (1 a) f (y) a f (x)

y = 0, a = x x f (x) f (x2 ).
x [0, 1]
1
x f (x) dx =
2
2
1
=
2
1
=
2
r + (t p2 pn )(pn+1 1) = m p2 pn (pn+1 1)
p2 pn .
x f (x)2 xdx

f (x2 )2 xdx
m = (pn+1 1)p2 pn + r + (t p2 pn )(pn+1 1)
f (x2 )d(x2 )
= a(pn+1 1) + b,
f (x) dx.
a = p2 pn , b = r + (t p2 pn )(pn+1 1). m = (pn+1 1)a + b a, b p2 pn .

a, b f - p2 pn

pn+1 a.
46 ( )

xn 1 n
n Z[x].
41
:
47 ( )
G a, b a3 b =
ba2 a2 b = ba3 . a5 = e, e
G.
48 ( )
H C 2 = x
2 x. : C2 Aut(H)
(x)(h) = h1 h H . ( H
, ). G := HC2 . G
h2 = 1
h H.
1 ( )
a3 = ba2 b1
a2 = ba3 b1 .
a6 = ba4 b1
a6 = ba9 b1 . a4 = a9 ,
a5 = e .
( )
,
2 ( )
h2 = 1 h H = h1 = h h H
a3 b = a(a2 b) = a(ba3 ) = aba3
= (x) = 1H
a3 b = aba3
= H C2 = H 1H C2 = H C2 .
ba2 = aba3
b = aba.
G .
, G ,
a3 b = ba2 a3 aba = ba2
(h, 1)(1, x) = (1, x)(h, 1) h H
a4 b = ba
= (h (1)(1), 1 x) = (1 (x)(h), x 1) h H
a(a4 b) = a(ba)
= (h, x) = (h1 , x) h H
a5 b = aba
= h = h1 h H
a5 b = b
= h2 = 1 h H.
a5 = e.
42

lim xn = x1 1 +
ak x0
ak .
n
49 ( ) xn
x0 , x1
k=2
(n 1) c
1
xn =
xn1 +
xn2 , c > 0 .
1 + (n 1) c
1 + (n 1) c

lim xn .
n+
S =
( ) x1 = x0
c
1
x2 =
x0 +
x0 = x0 ,
1+c
1+c
2c
1
x0 +
x0 = x0 ... xn = x0
x3 =
1 + 2c
1 + 2c
lim xn = x0 ( ).
1
1 + (n 1)c
S (x) =
1 + (n 1)c
S = S (1)
c
2 xc
+ . . .
1 + c (1 + c) (1 + 2c)
x
S (x)
1
=
+ . . . ,
x
1 + c (1 + c) (1 + 2c)
x
S (x)
1
+ c S (x) =
+ ... =
x
1 + c (1 + c) (1 + 2c)
x2
x
+
...
1
(1 + c) (1 + c) (1 + 2c)
c S (x) =
(xn1 xn2 ) .
yn1 y1 = x1 x0 = A 0.
{yn }n=1,2,3..
1
1
1
A , y3 =
y2 =
A
y2 =
(1 + c) (1 + 2c)
1+c
1 + 2c
yn =
S (x)
+ c S (x) = 1 S (x) .
x
n1
(1)
A .
(1 + c) (1 + 2c) . . . (1 + (n 1) c)
(1)n1
A=
(1 + c) (1 + 2c) .. (1 + (n 1) c)
(1)n1
.
xn1 + an A , an =
(1 + c) (1 + 2c) .. (1 + (n 1) c)
xn = xn1 + an A
n
n
n
n

xk =
xk1 + A
ak xn = x1 + A
ak
xn = xn1 +
k=2
k=2
k=2
n
n

xn = x1 1 +
ak x0
ak
k=2
x2
x
1 + c (1 + c) (1 + 2c)
x3
...
+
(1 + c) (1 + 2c) (1 + 3c)
x [0, 1] .
yn = xn xn1 ,
1
1
1 + c (1 + c) (1 + 2c)
1
+
...
(1 + c) (1 + 2c) (1 + 3c)
xn xn1 =
(-).
x1 x0 .
1 + (n 1)c 1
1
xn1 +
xn2 =
xn =
1 + (n 1)c
1 + (n 1)c
1
(xn1 xn2 )
xn1
1 + (n 1)c
yn =
k=2
S (x)
+ c S (x) = 1 S (x)
x
1+
S (x) + S (x) =
e x/c x1/c ,

1
1 x/c 1/c
x/c 1/c
e x S (x) + 1 + e x S (x) =
k=2
k=2
43
1
ex/c x1/c ex/c x1/c S (x) = ex/c x1/c
c
c
1
1

1
ex/c x1/c dx
ex/c x1/c S (x) dx =
c
1
1/c
e S (1) =
1
|F(x) F(y)| x y2 .
ex/c x1/c dx
, int(E m ) E m ,
T = [a, b] [a, b]. N N.
[m, m] N 2 2m/N 2 .
, T N 2 ,
(N + 1)2 ( ).
x, y - |F(x) F(y)| 2Nm2 .
S =
1/c
1
ex/c x1/c dx
lim xn = x1 (1 + S ) x0 S .
x y2
50 ( )
f : R2 R
ba
N .
N N.
d R2 .
2 ( )
, : E =
f (R2 ) g : E R2 f ,
1-1, 1-Lipschitz.
sn = 1 + 1/2 + . . . + 1/n
En = E (0, sn ).
| f (x) f (y)| d(x, y) , x, y R2 ,
, A1 = E1 An =
En \ En1 n 2 En = E (sn , 0)
. , A , A
An = En \ En
n
n
1
#
n=1 (An An ) = E .
1 ( )
Em = {x R2 : | f (x)| m} m = 1, 2, . . . .
, Baire m N
int(E m ) . f E m F
:
, diam(g(Ak )), diam(g(Ak )) k1 , g(Ak ), g(Ak ) Bk , Bk , 1/k. m2 Lebesgue R2 , :
|F(x) F(y)| x y2 x, y E m .

(.. x E m \ Em (znx ) Em
znx x. , | f (znx )| m BolzanoWeierstrass
( f (znx )) zx
[m, m]. F(x) = zx = limn f (znx ).)
"
m2 (g(E))
k=1 m2 (g(Ak )) + m2 (g(Ak ))
" 2
"
2
k=1 m2 (Bk ) = k=1 k2 < + ,
, m2 (g(E)) = m2 (R2 ) = .
F : E m [m, m]
44
:
A, B ( ).
51 ( )
X P() :
(B C) X = (B X) (C X)
B, C ( ).
( ) x A B,
x (A \ X) \ B
( ) x X

x (B C) X
x A \ (X \ B)
x (B X) (C X)
x A, x X \ B.

x B.
A B = . ,
X
X=
.
52 ( )
X P() :
A \ (X \ B) = A \ X = (A \ X) \ B
A (X B) = (A X) B
45
:
f (x) = (n + 1)xn (n + 1).
53 ( )
N 169 | 33n+3 26n27.
f (0) = 0 f (0) = 0.
, 0 f (x).
, g(x)
1 ( )
f (x) = x2 g(x)
33n+3 26n 27 = 27(27n 1) 26n
= 27(27 1)(27
n1
+ 27
n2
, f (26) = 27n+1 26(n + 1) 1 (3).
+ 27 + 1) 26n
4 ( ) .
n = 1, n = 2 .
n N ,
= 26(27n + 27n1 + + 27 n).

,
26.
,
33n+3 26n 27 = 169.

,
27n + 27n1 + + 27 n
= (27n 1) + (27n1 1)+

+ (27 1) 0
(3)
(mod 26).
33n+6 26(n + 1) 27 = 169.
, 262 | 33n+3 26n 27.
2 ( )
33n+6 26(n + 1) 27 = 27 33n+3 26n 53
3n+3
26n 27 = 27(27 1) 26n

n
= 27(169 + 26n + 27) 26n 53
= 2 13(27 1) + 27 1 26n.
n
= 169.
27n 1 26n 169.
54 ( ) a b . a b a + b 2
q r
27n 1 26n = 26(27n1 + 27n2 + ... + 27 + 1 n)
= 2 13 [(27n1 1) + (27n2 1)+

+ (27 1)].
a b = q(a + b) + r 0 r < a + b.

26, 13.
(a, b)
3 ( )
q2 + r = 2011.
f (x) = (x + 1)n+1 (n + 1)x 1

46
a q = 1 b q = 2011 a q = 2011 b q = 1.
(4),
(a, b, q, r)
1 ( )

q 2011 = 44,
ab
r
=

q < q +
a+b a+b
(4)
q < a q < b.
(5)
(q + 1, q + 2011, q, 2011 q2 )
(q + 2011, q + 1, q, 2011 q2 )
q = 0, 1, . . . , 44, 90
(1, 2011, 0, 2011), (2011, 1, 0, 2011)

(2, 2012, 1, 2010), (2012, 2, 1, 2010)
(3, 2013, 2, 2007), (2013, 3, 2, 2007)
...
(45, 2055, 44, 75), (2055, 45, 44, 75).
(a q)(b q) = ab q(a + b) + q2 = r + q2 = 2011

(5) ( a q > 0 b q > 0),
2011 ,
47
:
55 ( )
f : R R
f (0) = 0 x R f (2 x)
x + f (x) f (3 x) 2 x + f (x).
( ) ,
.
,
1
1
1
1
1
f (x)dx
x f (x)dx +
f (x)dx,
12
2 0
0
01
1
1
x f (x)dx .
,
2
12
0
, f (x) = x + g(x). ,
(air) x R .
:
x
2n 1
f (x)
x + f ( n )n N
n
2
2
x
3n 1
f (x)
x + f ( n )n N .
3n
3
n f
:
f (x) x + f (0) = x f (x) x + f (0) = x
f (x) = x. x R
.
(2 x 1)g(x) 0 ( -
). ,
|g(x) g(y) + x y| |x y| x, y [0, 1] ().
, g [0, 1].
, x, y [0, 1] x > y. , g(x) > g(y), ()
g(x) g(y) + x y x y g(x) g(y), .
g(x) g(y) g .
, 2 x 1 g .
Chebyshev
56 ( )
f : [0 , 1 ] R
| f (x) f (y)| |x y|, x, y [0, 1].

1 x
1
1
1
f (t)dt dx +
f (x)dx.
12
2 0
0
0

0
1
(2 x 1)dx
g(x)dx
0
0
1
g(x)dx = 0
= 0
(2 x 1)g(x)dx
0
48
:
57 ( KARKAR)
ABCD, K , CB, DA, S .
M, N AB, CD :
3
CD = 2AB, : MN = S K .
4
2 ( )
:

L MN KS L KS .
( ) ABCD ( )
:( S AB S DC) , ( KAB KDC)
AB DC=2AB 1
=
,
( )
DC
2
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/posting.php?modeedit&f62&p99515
1 ( )
CB = a, AD = b, CS D = x.
S AB S DC
AB
1
SB SA
=
=
=
S D S C DC 2
S D = 2S B : (1)
():
DS = 2BS , BS =
a
a + 2b KB
=
,
3
KD 2b
S C = 2S A : (2)
DC = 2AB : (3)
+ DA
2N
M = CB
4 MN 2 = CB2 + DA2 + 2CBDAcosx =
KD = 2KA : (4)
:
KC = 2KB : (5)
= a2 + b2 + 2abcosx
:
a
aS
D + 2bS
B
KB
=
S
K =
KD 2b
a + 2b
2
2
2
a
S
D
+
4
b
S
B2 + 4abS DS Bcosx
S K2 =
(a + 2b)2
4a2 S B2 + 4b2 S B2 + 8abS B2 cosx
S K2 =
(a + 2b)2
2
2
a + b + 2abcosx
S K 2 = 4S B2
=
(a + 2b)2
(a + 2b)2 4 MN 2
16
= MN 2 .
=4
9
9
(a + 2b)2
( S AB S DC) , ( KAB KDC)

1
,
2
S M S ACS DC 1 KACKDC K M
=
=
S N
2
KN
S N = 2S M : (6)
KN = 2K M : (7)
K MB KNC
KAB KDC
49
= NPL
: (15)
KAS
= K
Mathematica : KNC
MB : (8)
(11) , (13) , (15)
(10):MN= 34 LN
NPL = S AK
MN =
3
KS
4
S MB S ND ( -
LN = KS
) : S
ND = S
MB : (9).

58 ( KARKAR) S T -
+ S
(8) , (9) KNC
ND = K
MB + S
MB
s, (s <
),
2
AB, OAB.
, S D, T E , OA,
S Z, T H , OB.
S T , . :
E1 + E2 + 2E3 , . (E1 , E2 , E3
)
S
KNC+
ND=1800 S
NK,K
MB+S
MB=K
MS

MS
180 S NK = K

S NK + S NK = 1800
0
K MS ,KNS
(K MS )
(KNS )
(MK)(MS )
(NK)(NS )
NK=2K M,NS =2 MS
(K MS )
1
=
...
(KNS )
4
MM
(K MS )
(KS ) (KNS ) = MM
NN
1 LNN LMM NN = LN LM
1
MM
=
=
NN
4
LN
4
LN MN
MN
1
1
3
= 1
= . . . MN = LN :
LN
4
LN
4
4
(10)

LM
1 (
) R = 1.
D(x1 , 0), E(x2 , 0), Z(0, y1 ), H(0, y2 ).
:
S D :
N DC
.
DS C :
P DS
S C S C=2AS
NP = AS : (11)
NP = 2
NP//S C NPD
= DS
B : (12)
L DK
.
:
DS K
:
P DS
KD KD=2KA
LP = KA : (13)
LP = 2
LP//KD LPS
= KDS
: (14)
BDS
Eo = (OE)(OZ) (OD)(OH) =
= x2 y1 x1 y2 =
= cos(T OA) sin(S OA) cos(S OA) sin(T OA) =
= sin(S OA T OA) = sin(S OT ).
)
CBD(
= DS
B + KDS

CBD
CAD(
)
(12),(14),CBD=
, NPD+

1800 KAS
LPS =1800 NPL
CAD=
= NPD
+
CAD
LPS
0

180 KAS = 1800 NPL
50
2 (
)
ZO S P (S ZP) = (S OP) , OD PT (PDT ) =

(POT ) (S ZP) + (PDT ) + (S PT ) = (S OT ) E1 + E2 +
2E2 = 2 (S OT ).
51
:
59 ( ) z5 = 1,

60 ( )
x1 , x2 , ..., xn ,
,
z4
z
z2
z3
+
+
+
,
1 + z2 1 + z4 1 + z 1 + z3
A=
nx +
n

n

xk =
k=1
z4
z2
z3
z
+
+
+
.
1 z2 1 z4 1 z 1 z3
B=
k=1
x2k
xk x
0 n 1

2 , z 1.
1 ( ) x = 0
n

( )
xi =
n

i=1
A=
=
z3
2z
x1 < x2 < ..... < xn
( x 0) :
nx +
z4
z3
z3
z4
+
+
+
=
z3 + z5 z + z5 1 + z 1 + z3
z3
. ( )
z
z
zz
zz
+
+
+
=
3
2
4
1
+
z
+z z
1z+z z
1 + z3
3
=
=
z4
z
z2
z3
+
+
+
=
1 + z2 1 + z4 1 + z 1 + z3
+1
2z
z+1
2z
(z +
2z4
(z + 1)(z2 z + 1)
1)(z2
z + 1)
2z
z+1
nx +
B=
nx +
2z3 (z2 z + 1)
=
(z + 1)(z2 z + 1)
n

n

xi =
nx +
x2i x2 + x2
xi x
n

(xi x)(xi + x)
xi x
n

xi = nx +
i=1
n

xi +
n

i=1
x2
n

x
i=1 i
n

i=1
x2
xi x
i=1
x2
xi x
x0
x
1
xi x
=0
=0
f
1
f (x) =
+ ... +
x1 x x2 x
xn x
x (xi , xi+1 ), i = 1, 2...n 1
z4
z3
z3
z4
+
+
+
=
z3 z5 z z5 1 z 1 z3
3
xi =
x2i
xi x
z4
z
z2
z3
+
+
+
=
1 z2 1 z4 1 z 1 z3
i=1
n

i=1
2z3 (z2 + 1)
2(z5 + z3 )
=
=2
z3 + 1
z3 + 1
n

i=1
i=1
z3
z4
z z2
z z3
+
+
+
=
= 3
z z3 z2 1 z z4 z 1 z 1 z3
=
xi =
i=1
2z4 + 2z3 (z2 z + 1)

2z3 (z + z2 z + 1)
=
=
=
(z + 1)(z2 z + 1)
z3 + 1
n

i=1
xi
i=1
, ,
z
z
z
z
+
+
+
=0
1 z 1 1 z 1 z3
z3
f (x) =
52
x1 x
x2 x
+ ... +
xn x
x (xi , xi+1 ), i = 1, 2...n 1
.
.
(xi , xi+1 ), i = 1, 2...n 1
n

k=1
xk x
= 0 (1)
lim f (x) =
g(x) = (x x1 )(x x2 )...(x xn )
xxi
lim f (x) = +
(1)
xxi+1

R.
0 R i (xi , xi+1 )(i = 1, 2...n 1)
( ) :
f (i ) = 0 (i = 1, 2...n 1)
2 ( ) -
g (x)
= 0 g (x) = 0
g(x)
n 1
k
(xk , xk+1 ), k = 1, 2, ..., k 1, (Rolle) k .
53
:
61 ( )
,
(x, y) |x| |y| 1 |y| 1.
.
g(x) = a,
2
g(x) = x3 3 x2 + 5 x , x 0.
x

g (x) = 3 x2 6 x + 5 +
1 ( )
:
1
x2
> 0, g

(, 0), (0, )
1
lim g(x) = , lim g(x) = +
x+
1+|y|
1|y|
lim g(x) = +, lim+ g(x) = ,
1dxdy,
x0
x0
g
(, 0), (0, ) R.
g(x) = a
R , ,

y-
x y 6.
2 ( )
y = 1, y = 1, x = |y| + 1 x = |y| 1
:
x4 3 x3 + 5 x2 + ax 2 = 0.
2 ( ) Vieta:
xi , i = 1, 2, 3, 4 4 .
:
4

E =422
xi = 3
(6)
xi x j = 5
(7)
i=1
4

1
2 1 = 6 ..
2
i j=1
4
'
xi = 2
(8)
i=1
62 ( )

(8) 4 .
:
x4 3 x3 + 5 x2 + ax 2 = 0, a R,
.
4

i=1
4 2
4

2
xi =
xi 2
xi x j
i=1
i j=1
(6)(7)
= 9 10
= 1
1 ( ) 0 .
4 .
54
2 2
, (8)
.
(i)
p(x) = x4 3 x3 + 5 x2 + ax 2 (
a > 0 a < 0
a = 0) 3 1 .
:
.
(ii) p(x) =
x4 + 3 x3 + 5 x2 ax 2 ( a > 0 a < 0 a = 0) 1
.
3 ( ) ,
Descartes, .
,
, ,
.
, .
(1 1 ) (3
1 ).
4 ,
4

k=1
55
2k = ... = 1. .
LaTEX: , , : , : , , : . LaTEX.
.
Leonardo da Vinci
(32-) . 30
. -
- - quasiregular ,
( - ). (0, 0, ),

1+ 5
1
,
, 1+
,
.
2
2
2
2
:
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12. (bilstef)

1 ( )
( ) !
25
10 (
).
6 ( KARKAR) , 60% 70% ,
. ,
,
.
2 ( )
7 : 38.

7 ( )
1
.

3 ( )
1
2
A=(
ZE.
8 ( KARKAR)

.
3
5
7
97
99
) + ( ) + ... + (
)
4
6 8
98 100
1. , .
B=
2. .
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ +
+ ... +
)( + +
+ ... +
),
2 6 10
98
4 8 12
100
A + B.
,
4 ( parmenides51)
492
23%. 13%,
;
9 ( )

, 1 2 :
x2 x + = 0
:
3 1 2 2 =
10 ( irakleios)
m
5 ( )
. 6m
1m ,
.
;
x2 2(m + 1)x + m2 = 0
(0, 2);
14 ( )

x3 x2 + 27x 3
(x + x)2 = 6
11 ( KARKAR) ABC
B = 70

C = 60 . S , B
SC =
100 S B = S C . CS , BS AB, AC D, E
=
. S DE
.
,
15 ( KARKAR) BC
BC ,

BC . BC.
BC !
12 ( ) AB
B = E.
A = E.
16 ( KARKAR) D AB
ABC, (AB = AC), ,
AC E, BC Z .
AD = CZ , E BC ,
AB.
:

, D ;
,
13 ( )
1 , 2 , ..., 2+1 ,
:
1 3 21
...
2 4 2
,
17 ( KARKAR) S
1
1
y = x, A y = x
2
2
: (S A) = 6. M
S A.
1
.
2+1
18 ( )
x2 y2
C1 : 2 2 = 1 C2 : x2 + y2 = a2 a, b > 0.
a
b
K(x0 , y0 ), x0 > 0, C2
b
( ) : y = x C1 , C2 K
a
E .
, , ,
23 ( )
f : R R :
lim
x2
f (x)
= 3.
x2
:
,
lim
x2
19 ( ) X
t1 , t2 , ..., tv , x 0 , R

g (x) =
x(t1 +t2 +...+tv )2v x

,
x2 4
v x
2
x=2
0<x2
f (x)
.
sin(x)
24 ( ) f
R 1 1 :

.
f (x) f (1 x) = f (ax + b),
x R
1. g xo = 2 , = 21 .
1. a = 0
2. g

A(3, 20) , vi=1 ti = 100.
2. f (b) 0
3.
i=1 ti fi = 1, fi
, v .
4. f R.
v
3. f (1 b) = 1
20 ( )
s, s 0.
R 0 < 2 s v.
, ,
25 (
)
R, f
, ,
f (x + f (x)) = f (x)
(1)
1. f
21 ( ) z, w
4|z|2 2zw
= 1,
x R
2. (1)
|w|2 2zw = 3.
3. f a, b a < b.
u (a, b) f (u) 0.
1. |2z w| = 2.
2. z w
,
.
26 ( )
f [4, 10]
f (A) = [1, 5] f (4) = 2, f (10) = 4.
1 , 2 (4, 10) : f (1 ) = f (2 ) = 0.
3. |6z + w|.
4.
z w.
, ,
22 ( ) f
R, f (x) 0 x R
|z|
f (x)dx = 0
27 ( ) f : [0, 1] [0, +)
,
f (1 ) = 1 .
f 2 (t) 1 + 2
1. f (x) > 0.
f (u)du, t [0, 1].

0
f (t) t + 1, t [0, 1].
2. z.
(|z + z| 3) x + x
.
(|z z| 3) x2 + x
4. f x x x = 0 x = 1
|z + 2z|,
x
f (t)dt = 3 x2 + 6 x 6
3
28 ( ) f
[0, 1]
3. lim
f (t)dt
x
1 x2
x [0, 1].
2
( f (x))2 dx
(0, 1).
x f (x)dx.
0
33 ( )
, ,
lim
x+
29 ( ) :
sin(cos x) = x
.
;
x2 ln x x
(ln x)x + x
34 ( )
ABC I . BI, CI AC, AB
B , C . AB AC , AI 2 A
, .
cos(sin x) = x
30 ( ) z w 2
2z 1
.
z+1
|z 1| = 1 w =
f (x) = ln x
Juniors,
- -
|w| x.
35 ( ) a > 1,
f : R (0, +)
1. f ,
2. f ,
3. f ,
1. f (x) ax , x R
4. lim x2 f 1 (x) .
2. f (x + y) f (x) f (y), x, y R.
x0
36 ( )

, ,
2 x+1 = 2[x] + 2{x} .
31 ( )
f : R R,
f (0) = 1
ex f (x) = f 2 (x) x R.
Juniors,
32 ( ) f : R
R f (x) =
37 ( )
ABCD BCD, DAB
80o , 40o , . BC = CD = DA,
ABC = x.
t2
g : R R
dt
ex (1+t )
dt.
1 + t2
2
g(x) =
0
1. x0 R,
lim
xx0
ex
2 (1+t 2 )
dt =
ex0 (1+t ) dt.

2
2. x0 R,

g (x0 ) = 2ex0
2
x0
et dt
2
f (x) + g(x) =
x R.
3. lim g(x) = 0
x+
lim
x+
et dt =
38 ( KARKAR)
ABC, M AC. (B, BM)
BC N. N M BA
S .
,
AMS .
44 ( ) a, b, c
a + b + c = 1,

1+b
1+c
1
1+a
b+c
c+a
a+b
abc

45 ( vzf)

,
.
46 ( Vojtech
Jarnk 1997)
a . d|(a2 + 2)
d 1 mod 8 d 3 mod 8.
Seniors,
- -
47 ( ) :
39 ( ) n 17
.
n .

ac
1

b
40 ( ) P,
,

P(0) = 0 P (x + 1)3 = (P(x) + 1)3 .
ab
1

bc

1 = (a b)(b c)(c a).

a
48 ( ) G
a, b G a2 b = ba2 =
ab = ba.
() G 2n , .
() .
Seniors,
41 ( )
ABCD AB = AD B = D = 90o . DC, BC,
E, Z , AE, DZ .
BE AZ.

49 ( )

42 ( ) I
ABC IA, IB, IC
D, E, Z ,

+

(2n)
n=1
IA IB IC
+
+
3
ID IE IZ
2n
(s) Riemann.
1+ 5
50 ( ) a = ln
:

1.
43 ( - 1995) , :
+

(1)n1
4a
1
2n
= +
n=1
2.
+

n=1
(.
), ,

.
n1
(1)
2a
2n
= .
5
n n

,
.
5 5
51 ( )
9.999
.
56 ( KARKAR) D
ABCD DA ,
S . CT S D S A, S B
Q, P . CP = PQ.
52 ( )
n
a=n+3
b = n2 + 3
()
53 ( ) :
x5 40 x4 + Px3 + Qx2 + Rx + S = 0
.
10.
|S |.
54 ( )
ee
e .
,
55 ( KARKAR) (O) (K)
A, B .
A, B T . S (O)
S T C . S A
(K) P, AC Q. S T
PQ.
57 ( )
f, g C[x], .
f 2 (x) + g2 (x) r C,

( f (r))2 + (g (r))2 = 0.
58 ( )
Cauchy. a1 , a2 , ..., an

a1 + a2 + ... + an
n a1 a2 ...an
n
.

, ,
.
:
1 ( )
(
) !

25 10 (
).
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF44&tF18414
( ) A
, B 10 A B ,
(KARKAR)
12 , 30o ,
.
360o 60 ,
6 .
7.38 , 19o ,
210 + 19 = 229 ,
6 38 = 228 .
!
A + 3 B + 5(10 A B) = 25
50 4A 2B = 25,
( F ).
2 ( )
7 : 38.
:
[ + ]
3 ( )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A = ( ) + ( ) + ... + (
97
99
)
98 100
B=
1
1
5 1
9
1
+
+
+ ...
+
+
+
2 2
6 6
10 10
97
1
3
1
7
1
11
1
+
+
+
+
+
...
98 98
4 4
8 8
12 12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ +
+ ... + ) ( + +
+ ... +
),
2 6 10
98
4 8 12
100
99
1
+
=
100 100
A + B.
= 1 + 1 + 1 +...+ 1 1 1 ... 1 = 0
25 25 .
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/posting.php?modeFquote&fF33&pF113111
4 ( parmenides51)
492
23%.
13%,
;
( ) :
1 3
5 7
A+B=
+
+ ...
2 4
6 8
1 1
97
99
1
+ +
+ ...
+
+
98 100
2 6 10
1
1
1
1
1
+ +
+ ... +
=
+
98
4 8 12
100
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/posting.php?modeFquote&fF33&pF105629
( ) 492
,
( ), 23 % .
23
492
.
100
, 492
1 + 0, 23 = 1, 23. ,
492 : 1, 23 = 400 .
, 13 % , (
) 400 1, 13 = 452 .
[ ]
1 3 5 7
+ + ...
2 4 6 8
97
99
1
1
1
+ + +
+ ...
+
98 100 2 6 10
1
1
1
1
1

...
=
+
98 4 8 12
100
:
5 ( )
.
6m
1m ,
.
;
(R 1)2 = (R 1)(R 1) = R2 R R + 1 = R2 2R + 1.
6 ( KARKAR)
, 60% 70%
, .
,
,
.
( ) a, k
.
0, 6a
0, 7k. , :
( ) R
, K PQ AB,
0, 6a = 0, 7k
KP = R, KQ = KB QB = R 1.
k=
KPQ :
KP = KQ + PQ
2
6a = 7k
6a
.
7
(2)
, :
: 0, 6a+0, 7k = 0, 6a+0, 6a = 1, 2a .
R2 = (R 1)2 + 62
R2 = R2 2R + 1 + 36
2R = 37
(2)
a+k = a+
AB = 37.
6a
7a + 6a
13a
=
=
7
7
7
, :
, 37m.
: (ab)2 =
a2 2ab + b2 ,

p=
1, 2a
13a
7
8, 4a
8, 4
=
13a
13
840
% 64, 6%.
13
:
7 ( )
1 .
AK EZ//K Z
AK (5).
(3),(4),(6)
ZH = ZE + EH =
K M K
=
+ K
2
2
3K
=
KM
2
K =
ZE =
ZE.
1 ( )
A K M .
ZE K.
1
K = .
K A .
3
1
ZE = .
6
1
.
6
k2 k
.
k2 1
=
2
,
10 99
(4)
k2 1
2
99
20 k2 1 198
(5)
AK M ZH//K M H
AM .
ZE =
( + 1)2 2 = k2 2 + 1 = k2 .
(3)
10
KM
( ) , + 1
, .
Z AK
A , B , H K, E .
2.
.
180
AB AB
KM
1. ,
.
2 (Parmenides 51)
A ,K M H
AB, ZE .
ZH =
KM
8 ( KARKAR)
.
EH = K
KM
21 k2 199
21 k
199
4, . . . k 14, . . . .
(6)
k 5 7 9 11 13.
10
132 1
= 84 + 1 = 85
2
2
85 842 = 169 = 132 .
85
84.
k
.
(61, 60), (41, 40), (25, 24)
(13, 12).

.
k = 13 =
11
:
9 ( )

,
1 2 :

,
, :
(31 22 = 32 21 = )
(7)
0
(31 22 ) (32 21 ) = 0
2 4 0
131 2 6 2 + 2 (1 + 2 ) + 2 = 0
1
2
2 4 0
25 62 = 0
62
= 25
2 4 62 0
25
62 = 25
62 = 25
2 0
x2 x + = 0
:
31 22 =
1 ( ) .
Vieta:
1 + 2 = , 31 22 =
:
1 =
3
3
2
, 2 =
= .
5
5
5
3
, 1 2 = , 5 5 =
():
62
= ,
25
1
= 2 4 1 =
2
25
:
1 =
51
+ 51
2
3
5
62
25
62 = 25
.
10 ( irakleios)
m
x2 2(m + 1)x + m2 = 0
(0, 2);
( ) m = 0
: x2 2 x = 0 x1 = 0, x2 = 2
.
m 0. :
2 ( ) :
= 2 4,
(9)
()( 21 + 22 = (1 + 2 )2 21 2 )
2
31 22 = .
2
5

62
= .
,
25
1 =
(8)
()
D = b2 4ac = 4(2m + 1)
:
(7)
1 + 2 = ,
(8)
1 2 = .
(9)
1
2
D>0m> .
12

1
: : D = 0 m =
2
1
b
: x =
= (0, 2)
2a
2
1
m = .
2
D > 0
x1 , x2 x1 < x2 .
0 2
. :
2
:
a f (2) < 0 m(m 4) < 0 m (0, 4) .

m (0, 4) 2
0 .
(0, 2)
.
m
:
f (0) = m2 > 0

1
A=
(0, 4).
0 .
:
f (2) = m2 4m = m(m 4).
13
:
11 ( KARKAR) ABC
= 60 .

B = 70 C
S C = 100 S B = S C . CS , BS
S , B
AB, AC D, E .
=
.
S DE
= ZDE ZDC
DZ=ZC
ZDE DCZ
= 30 .
0
2 ( )
1 ( )
BS C
,
DBC
B = D = 700 , BEC = 800
ECS ,
S C = CE.
(10)
ECZ . (10)
S CZ ,
S ZC = 700 = ABC
S Z//BD (BZS D )
DZ = BS = ZE
DZE
DZE = DZS + S ZE = DBS + S ZE = 40 0 .
14

S BC 100 , 40 , 40 ,

CBD 40 , 70 , 70

CS E 20 , 80 , 80 .
BE EZ = EC ,
ECZ, S BC (
= 60 ,
CZ = CB = CD) DCZ
CDZ . DE CZ ,
= 30 .

K//AB AKB ,
AK = B = E K
( ).
K =

AK = E = 1200 AK, E
( ), A = E.
12 ( )
AB
B = E. A = E.
2 ( )
AB 60
AZ = 60 ,
A ( AZ). A = AZ
AZ
E, Z ( ) E = Z = A.
: KARKAR
.
1 ( )
15
:
13 ( )
1 , 2 , ..., 2+1
, :
1 3 21
...
2 4 2
2 ( ) a, b, c ..,
ac a+c
= b.

2
1
.
2+1
a1 a3 a2 ,
a3 a5 a4 , ...,
a2n1 a2n+1 a2n
a1 (a3 a5 ...a2n1 ) a2n+1 a2 a4 ...a2n
1 ( )
a1 a3 a22
a (a + 2) (a + 2)
a2 + 2a a2 + 2a + 2 0 2
a1
a2n+1 a2 a4 ...a2n
3 ( ) ,

.
a3 a5 a24
(a + 2) (a + 4) (a + 3)2
i1 i+1 2i
a2 + 6a + 82 a2 + 6a + 92 0 2
i = 2, 3, ..., 2.
a21 a2+1 a22
x =
(a + (2 2) ) (a + 2) (a + (2 1) )2

a2 + 2 (2 1) a + 42 4 2

a2 + 2 (2 1) a + 42 4 + 1 2
1 3 ...21
2 4 ...2
x2 =
0 2
1 (1 3 )...(23 21 )21

22 24 ...22
1 22 24 ...222 21
22 24 ...22
1
x
2+1
a1
a1
a1 a3 a22 a1 a3 a2

a2
a3
a3
a3
2
a3 a5 a4 a3 a5 a4

a4
a5
....................................
a21 a2+1 a22
a21
a21 a2+1 a2
a2
=
1 21

22
1
2+1
14 (

x3 x2 + 27x 3
a21
a2+1
a21
a1 a3
...
a2 a4
a2
(x + x)2 = 6
a1
a3
a21
a1
...
=
a3
a5
a2+1
a2+1
.
16
27a = r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 3

3
r12 r22 r32

3
3
= 3 92 a2 = 3 9(r1 + r2 + r3 )2 a2
(1)
3
3 9 34 a3 = 27a
( )
Vieta r1 , r2 , r3 ,
.

r1 r2 =

r2 r3 = r3 r1 r1 = r2 = r3 = .
3
r1 + r2 + r3 = r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 = 27a r1 r2 r3 = 3a
-
r1 + r2 + r3 3 3 r1 r2 r3 = 3 3a = 3 3 3(r1 + r2 + r3 )a
a =
x + x =

(r1 + r2 + r3 )2 34 a (1)

2 x +
17
34
2 x +

4
> 1 .
:
15 ( KARKAR)
BC BC ,
BC .
2 ( )
BC. BC !
AB = BC = CA = BD = DC
BS = S T = T C, K AS BD
L AT DC.
BK =
BD
2
BC
2
DBC =
BK = K L = L C, CK BD,
3
BL CD.
. BC

K , L K K L L.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF22&pF116634#p116634
1 ( ) O BC .
BOC AB : 2 = a : 2
BOK CS A
BK : AC = 0, 5
BS = 0, 5S C =
1
1
BC = a
3
3
TC = 31 a S T = 31 a

16 ( KARKAR) D
AB ABC, (AB = AC),
, AC E ,
BC Z .
AD = CZ , E
BC , AB.
:
, D ;
18
1 ( ) .
BD
ABC EC
AE = BZ = cosB (1)
sinC = sinB =
DE
(3)
sinA =
AE
ES
(2)
EC
M
MA m
=
M Od
MB
n
sinA
=
(3) : (2)
sinB
DE
AE
ES
EC

.
2) .
sinA DE EC (1)
=
sinB ES AE
DE
sinA
= cosB
sinB
ES
sinA
DE
=
ES
sinB cosB
.
sinA BC
=
sinB AC
cosB
AC
BC
=2
AC
BC
DE
=2
ES

: OA1 = m, OB1 = n

M , ,
.
3) :
.
2 ( )
D
E
, E
B 1 : 2.
:
1) .
19
4 ( ) AM
ABC (AB = AC)
BM =

.
: .

.
3 (KARKAR) (. )
DA = ZC , :
) :
( CBA
BD
BD
ZB
=
= BC
AB BM
2
BD
ZB
=2
:
AB
BC
(2)
ADE, ABC
:
BAC
(ADE) AD AE
=
(ABC)
AB AC
DB
=
ZB
(*):
EC = EA
: (1).
ZDB AMB
DE
ES
, EA =
EC =
EC DB
=
()
EA
ZB
AM , ,
BC
AC=AB
(ADE) AD AE
=
: (3)
(ABC)
AB2
DE
ES
=
DE
DE
ES =
ES =
2
2
ECZ, ABC
+ ACB
= 1800 () :
ECZ
(ECZ) CE CZ
=
(ABC) CB AC
AC=AB,CZ=AD
(ECZ) CE AD
: (4)
=
(ABC) CB AB
(3) : (4)
(ADE)
(ABC)
(ECZ)
(ABC)
ADAE
AB2 AC=AB
CEAD
CBAB
20
(ADE) CB AE
: (5)
=
(ECZ) AB CE

ABC
ZED :
1=
ZB CE AD ZC=AD
ZC AE DB
ZB CE
: (6)
1=
DB AE
(ADE) BC AE ZB CE
=
(ECZ) AB CE BC AE
(5) (6)
(ADE)
(ECZ)
ED
ES (
ED
=
ES
BD
ED
=2
ES
BC
() ,
E AC. ABC
DEZ,
AD, CZ)
BD
ZB BC (2): ZB
AB =2 BC
AB BD
BC
= 2 ED = 2ES
BD
DA ZB EC
= 1 =
DB ZC EA
.
4 ( )
ZB
EA
=
, (1 )
EC DB
F , C AB
CF ZD, ,
BC
BC
EA
ZB
=
, (2) (1), (2) =
=
, (3)
DB
BF
EC
BF

E :
P ABCP
Q
AP, PQ = BF. P
CQ,
AC E,
(3). , D
E AB, AD = CZ ,
Z BC DE () .
5 ( ) CT , K
D AM , N AB
EN BC , I EN AM L
AC T L BC .
ADK, BDZ CT DZ , :
DBZ
AEC, ,
ED CZ AB
= 1 =
EZ CB AD
ED EZ
=
, (1 )
BC
AB
BD T D
DK
=
=
DK = T D
AD
BZ
ZC
( AD = CZ ).
MAB, S EZ
ES
EZ
2ES
=
=
, (2) ( BC = 2BM ).
AB
BM
(1), (2)

T K AT
L
ADK, AIE , :
BC
AT
AK AD AT
=
=
=
AI
AE
AC
AB
ED 2ES
=
=
=
BC
BC
ED = 2ES , (3)
, I
ABC , K AT L
() .
21
NE
AT
. EI = EC =
,
AB
2
ES C, EDN
ES
1

= . , E
ED
2
A
,
ABC .
22
:
17 (
KARKAR) S
1
y = x, A
2
1
y = x : (S A) = 6.
2
M S A.

MA = 3

2
x1 + x2 2
x1 x2
1
+ x2
=3
x2
2
x x 2
2
1
2
x + x 2
2
1
4
x2M
S (2, ) ,
4y2M
1 ( )
A (2, ) ,
x 2
(2yM )2 +
62
M (x, y) .
x2M
36
=9
=9
=1
y2M
+
2 = 1,
3
2
2a = 12, 2b = 3.
:
18 ( )
2 2
x=
= x
+ = 2y
y=
x2 y2
= 1 C2 : x2 + y2 = a2
a2 b2
a, b > 0. K(x0 , y0 ), x0 > 0,
b
C2 ( ) : y = x C1 ,
a
C2 K
E .
C1 :
:
1 ( )
K(x0 , y0 )
(S A)2 = 62
( )2 + (2 + 2)2 = 36
x0 =
x + (4y) = 36
2
x2
36
x2
62
y2
36
16
2
a2 + b2
a2
ba
ba
y0 =
=
2
2
a +b
(
E(, 0)
). K
xx0 + yy0 = a2
=1
y
+
2 = 1.
3
2
a2

. ( E(, 0)
x0 > 0).
E(, 0) x0 = a2 x0 =
2 ( ) S x1 ,
x + x x x
1
2
1
2
,
.
M
a2
x1
2

x2
, A x2 , .
2
2 ( ) C2
K xx0 + yy0 = a2 . y0 = x0
a
2
4
S A = 6 :
23
E(c, 0), :
x20 + y20 = a2
b2
+ 2 x20 = a2
a
a2 x20 + b2 x20 = a4 .
cx0 = a2
x20
c2 x20 = a4
(a2 + b2 )x20 = a4 ,
(11)
(11).
24
:
19 ( )
X t1 , t2 , ..., tv ,
x 0 , R

g (x) =
x(t1 +t2 +...+tv )2v x

,
x2 4
v x
x=2
0<x2
2.
g(3) = 20
3v x 2v x
= 20
94

.
(12)
v x = 100
1. g xo = 2 ,
= 21 .
t1 + t2 + ... + tv = 100
v

ti = 100.
2. g

A(3, 20) , vi=1 ti = 100.
i=1
3. vi=1 ti fi = 1, fi
, v
.
3.
:
v

ti fi = 1
i=1
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF18&tF21166&startF20
t1 f1 + t2 f2 + ... + tv fv = 1
v1
v2
vv
t1 + t2 + ... + tv = 1
v
v
v
t1 v1 + t2 v2 + ... + tv vv = v
1 ( )
1.
t1 + t2 + ... + tv
v
t1 + t2 + ... + tv = v x
t1 + t2 + ... + tv = v
x =
v = 100.
(12)
x(t +t +...+t )2v x
1 2 x2 4 v
g (x) =
v x
20 ( )
s, s 0.
R 0 < 2 s v.
,0 < x 2
.
,x=2
x(t1 + t2 + ... + tv ) 2v x
x2
x2 4
v x (x 2)
= lim
x2 (x 2)(x + 2)
v x
v x
=
= lim
x2 (x + 2)
4
lim g(x) = lim
x2
g(2) =
v x
2
1 ( ) :
R = tmax tmin
= (tmax x) (tmin x)
xo = 2
v x
4
R = (tmax x)2 + (tmin x)2 2 (tmax x) (tmin x) .

2
v x
2
1
2
= .
:
25
, . (
a < x < < x < a ). ti , i = 1, 2, ...,
[(tmax x) + (tmin x)]2 0
, :
(tmax x)2 + (tmin x)2 +

2 (tmax x ) (tmin x) > 0
s2 =
2 (tmax x)2 + (tmin x )2 (tmax x)2
(ti x )2 .
i=1
+ (tmin x)2
ti
2 (tmax x) (tmin x)

(ti x )2 <
2 (tmax x)2 + (tmin x )2 R2

2 (tmax x) + (tmin x )
2
i=1
(tmax x)2 + (tmin x)2
(ti x)2
(ti x )2 < s2
| ti x | < s .
R.
(ti x)2
i=1

2
(ti x)2
2 (tmax x)2 + (tmin x)2
i=1

2 (tmax x)2 + (tmin x)2 2s2

2 (tmax x)2 + (tmin x)2 s 2
:
R s 2
| tmax x | < s
tmax x < s
tmax < s + x
(13)
| tmin x | < s
x tmin < s
tmin > x s .
(14)
0

, 3
.
(13),(14) :
tmax tmin < 2 s R < 2 s .
2 ( ) s 0
2
26
:
21 ( )
z, w
4|z|2 2zw = 1,
2.
|w|2 2zw = 3
ww 2zw = 3
|w|2 2zw = 3.
w(w 2z) = 3
1. |2z w| = 2.
|w| |w 2z| = 3
2 |w| = 3
2. z w
,
.
|w| =
3
2
3. |6z + w|.
4 |z|2 2zw = 1
4.
z w.
zw=wz
4zz 2zw = 1
4zz 2zw = 1
2z(2z w) = 1
1
|2z| |2z w| = 1
4 |z| = 1
1
|z| =
4
( )
1.
z
1
1 = ,
4
w
3
2 =
2
4 |z|2 2zw = 1
2zw = 4 |z|2 1
4 |z|2 1
R.
zw =
2
3.
zw = zw =
zw = zw
1
4 16
1
1
4
1
2
43
2
|6z + w|2 = (6z + w)(6z + w)
|2z w| = (2z w)(2z w)

2
= 36zz + 6zw + 6wz + ww
= 4zz 2zw 2wz + ww
zw=zw
==== 36 |z|2 + 12zw + |w|2

36
3
9
=
+ 12 +
= 4 |z| 2zw + |w| 2zw

2
= 4 |z|2 2zw + |w|2 2zw
16
8
9 18 9
=
+
4
4
4
=0
= 4.
|2z w| = 2
27
3
8
|6z + w| = 0. A
6z B w, A B.
4.
( )
1. f x
.
f (1) = 1 > 0, f (x) > 0 x
|z w|2 = (z w)(z w)
= zz zw wz + ww
zw=wz
==== |z|2 2zw + |w|2

1
3
9
=
2 +
16
8
1
3 9
=
+ +
16 4 4
1
=3+
16
49
=
16
|z|
1
f (x) > 0 x |z| = 1.

z
.
3. z = a + bi, a, b |z + z| = 2 |a|
|z z| = 2 |b|.
7
.
4
|z w| =
(|z + z| 3) x3 + x
=
x (|z z| 3) x2 + x
(2 |a| 3) x3 + x
=
lim
x (2 |b| 3) x2 + x
(2 |a| 3) x3
=
lim
x (2 |b| 3) x2

2 |a| 3
x = .
lim
x 2 |b| 3
lim
7
= .
4
: 3
A 6z B w
, z,
, O, B
|z w|min = |z w|max =
OB O .
: z
3
|a| 1 < , 2 |a| 3 < 0.
2
2 |b| 3 < 0.
3 1
7
|z w| = B = BO + O = + = .
2
4. C f
x = 0, x = 1
22 ( )
f R, f (x) 0 x R
|z|
f (x) dx = 0 x
2.
f (x)dx = 0
1
f (x) dx 1 f (x) > 0
f (1 ) = 1 .
x .

1. f (x) > 0.
1
f (x) dx < |z + 2z|
2. z.
(|z + z| 3) x3 + x
.
x (|z z| 3) x2 + x
|z| + 2 |z|
3. lim
= |z| + 2 |z|
4. f x x x = 0
x = 1 |z + 2z|,

= 3 |z|
= 3.
f (t)dt = 3 x2 + 6 x 6
1
(0, 1).
f (x) dx 3 < 0.
0
28
(15)
x
h (x) =
1
f (t) dt 3 x 6 x + 6
2
h (0) = 6 > 0 h (1) =
x [0, 1]. h (x) [0, 1]
x
x
(15).
f (t) dt ( f (x)
Bolzano,
xo (0, 1)
xo
f (t) dt ) 3 x2 6 x + 6
f (x) dx 3 < 0
h (xo ) = 0
( ).
f (t) dt 3t2 6t + 6 = 0.
0
29
:
1. a = 0
23 ( )
f : R R :
2. f (b) 0
f (x)
lim
= 3.
x2 x 2
:
3. f (1 b) = 1
4. f R.
f (x)
.
x2 sin(x)
lim
1 ( )
1 ( )
1. x = 0, x = 1 :
f (x)
=
x2 sin(x)
lim
f (x)
x2
lim
x2 sin(x)
x2
f (1) f (0) = f (a + b) = f (b),

f 1 1,
sin(x)
x2 x 2
sin(u)
= lim
u0
u
sin(u)
= lim
u0
u
= .
=
lim
a + b = b a = 0.
2. : f (x) f (1 x) = f (b). f (b) = 0,
f (x) f (1 x) = 0. x = 0, x = 2, :
f (0) = 0 f (1) = 0
2 ( )
f (2) = 0 f (1) = 0.
f (x)
f (x) x 2
= lim
x2 sin 2x
x2 x 2 sin x
x2
f (x)
= lim
x2 x 2 sin (2 x)
f (x)
x2
= lim
x2 x 2 sin (x 2)

(x 2) 1
f (x)
lim
= lim
x2 x 2 x2 sin (x 2)
lim
f (0) = f (2)
f (0) = f (1)
f (1) = f (2)
f (1) = f (1)
f 1 1,
0=2
24 ( )
f R 1 1
:
f (x) f (1 x) = f (ax + b),
2 = 1 1 = 2
1 = 1 ,
, f (b) 0.
3. x = b, :
x R
f (b) f (1 b) = f (b) f (1 b) = 1.
:
30
4. x0 R, f (x0 ) = 0.
x = x0 , :
2 ( )
2. f (b) = 0 x = 0
f (x) f (1 x) = f (x0 ) f (x) f (1 x) = 0.
f (0) = 0 f (1) = 0 b = 0 b = 1
x = 2, x = 3
x = 3
f (2) = 0 f (1) = 0
f (3) = 0 f (2) = 0,
f (3) = 0 f (2) = 0 b = 3 b = 2
f (2) = f (x0 )
f (1) = f (x0 )
f (3) = f (x0 )
f (2) = f (x0 )
4. f
k
0 x = k 0 = f (b) .
R.
f 1 1,
2 = x0
1 = x0
3 = x0
2 = x0 ,
3 (KARKAR)
2. f (b) = 0.
f (1/2) f (1/2) = 0
f (1) f (0) = 0,
f (1/2) = 0 f (1), f (0)
0, .
2 = x0 = 3
2 = x0 = 2
1 = x0 = 3
1 = x0 = 2,
3. x = b
, x0
R f (x0 ) = 0, 0
, f (A) R
4. f (x) = 0 x f (b) = 0 .
31
:
25 ( ) f
R,
f
f (x + f (x)) = f (x)
x R
(1)
x.

. ,
...
.
f (x)
1. f
(
) x + f (x)
A x B (1)
f (A) = f (B) Rolle
2.
(1)
3. f a, b a < b.
u (a, b)
f (u) 0.

f (x) 0, x R
... f (x) 0 :
[A, B] [B, A]
x R
Rolle f [A, B] :
f () = 0 f (x) 0 x R.
1 ( )
2.
.... ;
.
1.
1
f (x) . (
)
f (x) = c
(1)
. . .
(
) :
f (x)
f
(1) f .

( )
2 . f (x) x R
x R : f (x) = 0.
deg( f ) = n > 2, deg( f ) = n 1

deg(x + f (x)) = n 1, n > 2 0, 1, 2.

.. f (x)
. f (x) f (x) .
. 1 1

n(n 1) = n > 2
n = 0 f (x) = c
f (1)
x + f (x)
A x B f (A) = f (B), f :
1 1

n = 1 f (x) = ax + b, a 0.
n = 2 f (x) = ax2 + bx + c...
a = 1, b = 0, c = 0 f (x) = x2 ...
A = B x + f (x) = x f (x) = 0
32
3. f (a) = f (b) = 0

(2)
f (x) = 0, x (a, b).
: u (a, b) f (u) 0
f (x) < 0
b.
1 f
1 1 (a, b)
R.
y (a, b) y + f (y) (a, b)
f 1 1.
26 ( )
f
[4, 10] f (A) = [1, 5]
f (4) = 2, f (10) = 4.
1 , 2 (4, 10) : f (1 ) = f (2 ) = 0.
f (x)
(a, b)
f (x) > 0
(2)
(
f ,
) a < x + f (x) <?
b.
x
, x
x + f (x).
( )
x1 , x2
[4, 10]

f (x)

a x + f (x).
; . (

).
1 < f (4) < 5 1 < f (10) < 5

x1 , x2 (4, 10), , Fermat
f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = 0
f (x1 ) = 1, f (x2 ) = 5 x1 < x2 .
. ()
1 = f (x1 ) f (x) f (x2 ) = 5, x [4, 10]
a, b (x1 , x2 ) : f (a) = 2, f (b) = 4.
lim (x + f (x)) = a + f (a) = a + 0 = a.
1. a a : f (c) = 4 d < b : f (d) = 2
a < x0 + f (x0 )
x0 , x0 + f (x0 ) (a, b) f 1 1
(1)
2 Rolle [4, d] [c, 10]

.
x0 + f (x0 ) = x0 f (x0 ) = 0
( a = b 2 = 4).
33
:
27 ( )
f : [0, 1] [0, +) ,
!
!
!
"
g (t) =
t
1+2
f (u)du t, t [0, 1] g (0) = 1.

0
f (t) 1 + 2
f (u)du, t [0, 1].
g
[0, x] x (0, 1] g (t) 0, t [0, 1].

(0, x)
g (x) g (0)
g () =
x0
f (t) t + 1, t [0, 1].
( )
f , f (t) 0 t [0, 1]
1+2
x
x(0,1]
f (u)du 0
!
!
!
"
x
1+2
t
1+2
f (u)du x 1
t
2
#x
!
!
!
"
f (u)du > 0
f (u)du x 1 0
0
x
1+2
f (u)du x + 1
0
t
f (t) 1 + 2
!
!
!
"
f (u)du
f (t)
t
1+2
!
!
!
"
f (u)du
t = 0
t
f 2 (t) 1 + 2
t
1+2
f (t)
1+2
#t
f (u)du .
0
f (u)du
.
28 ( )
f [0, 1]
f (u)du
f (t) t + 1 t (0, 1] .
f (t)0
f (t)
1+2
0
!
!
!
"
| f (t)|
t
f (u)du
f (t)dt
1 x2
x [0, 1].
2

!
!
!
t
"
1 + 2
f (u)du t 0
( f (x)) dx
2
34
x f (x)dx.
0
:
1
( )
:
1 1
1
f (t)dt
0
( f (x) x f (x))dx
1 x2
dx
2
(x)
1
+
f (t)dt
x [0, 1]
f 2 (x) 2 x f (x) + x2 0,
x [0, 1]
f (x) x f (x) x f (x) x2 ,
1
1
f (x)dx
2
(2)
0
( f (x) x)2 0,
1
3
( f 2 (x) x f (x))dx 0
x f (x)dx
1
1
x f (x)dx
3
1
x f (x)dx
3
1
x2 dx
(2) 1 1
= 0.
+1
f (t)dt
1
1
1
( f 2 (x) x f (x))dx
1
x f (x)dx
1
1
1
2
x [0, 1]
35
x f (x)dx.
0
:
29 ( )
:
sin(cos x) = x
g [1, 1]
cos(sin x) (
) x ()
cos(sin x) = x
f (x) = cos x sin(sin x) 1,
.
;
g (x) < 0, x [1, 1] cos x, sin(sin x)

(1, 1), g ,
.
,
g 0,
( - )
sin(cos x) = x ,
[1, 1] sin(cos x) [1, 1].

g(0) = 1 > 0

2
2
<
g
< 0,
= cos
x [1, 1].
f [1, 1]
sin(cos x) (
) x ()
Bolzano

g(x) = 0 0,
,
4
(1, 1),
.
x1 x2
.
f (x) = sin x cos(cos x) 1, x [1, 1].

f (x) < 0, x [1, 1] sin x, cos(cos x)
(1, 1), f ,
.
,
f 0,
[1, 1] 4
cos(sin x) ( ) x
()
f (x) = sin(cos x) x,
x [1, 1].
x1 = sin(cos x1 ) = |sin(cos x1 )| < |cos x1 | = cos x1 ,
[1, 1] 4
sin(cos x) ( ) x
()
x1 < cos x1
(3)
f (0) = sin 1 > 0

2
2
<
f
< 0,
= sin
4
Bolzano
0 < sin x2 < x2 <
cos(sin x2 ) > cos x2

f (x) = 0 0,
x2 = cos(sin x2 ) > cos x2 ,
,
4
(1, 1),
.
cos(sin x) = x ,
[1, 1] cos(sin x) [1, 1].

g(x) = cos(sin x) x,
x2 > cos x2 .
x1 x2 ,
(3)
(4)
x1 < cos x1 cos x2 < x2 x1 < x2 ,

.
x1 < x2 .
x [1, 1].
36
(4)
30 ( )
z w 2

|z 1| = 1 w =
2z 1
.
z+1
f (x) = ln x
( ) f
.
3.
f , ,

|w| x.
lim+ f (x) = lim+ ln x 1 x =
1. f ,
x0
2. f ,
3. f ,
2 1
4. lim x f
x0
x0
f (1) = ln 1
(x) .
11=0
f .
,
f () = (, 0] .
( )
1. w :
w=
4. ( ). f
( )
(, 0] (0, 1],
w+1
2z 1
,
z=
z+1
2w
f (1) = 0 f 1 (0) = 1

1
= 1 |2w 1| = |w 2|
|z 1| = 1 2w+
1
w
(2w 1) (2w 1) = (w 2) (w 2)
ww = 1
|w| = 1
D f = (0, 1]
2. : f (x) = ln x 1 x,
x (0, 1)

f (x) =
2 1x
lim f 1 (x) = 1.
x0

lim x2 f 1 (x) = 0 1 = 0.
x0
> 0,
37
:
31 ( )
f : R R,

ex f (x) = f 2 (x)
f (x) ex f (x) f
#x

#x
et f (t)dt
et f (t)dt
f (x) e0
e0
f
f (x)
x
# t
f (0) = 1
ex f (x) = f 2 (x) x R.
(x) = 0
(x) = 0

= 0
e f (t)dt
e0
f (x)
#x
= c.
et f (t)dt
e0
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF56&pF113616
x = 0 c = 1.
1 ( ) ,

. x0 R f (x0 ) 0.
#x
f (x)
#x
= 1 f (x) = e0
I
.
ex f (x) = f 2 (x)
f (x)
= ex
f 2 (x)

1
= ex
f (x)
f (x)
= ex , x I
f 2 (x)

1
= ex , x I

f (x)
1
ex + c
I
, a, f (a) = 0.
0 = f (a) = lim
xa
ex + c
= ex + m.
f (x)
x = 0 m = 0
, x I
<0
et f (t)dt
e0
x R.
f J
x0 f (x) f (x0 )
x J .
f (x) =
et f (t)dt
f (x)
= ex f (x) = ex
xR
Zaris

.
.
I = R
c = 0.
32 ( )
f : R R f (x) =
f (x) = ex , x R,
.

g(x) =
0
38
dt
2 ( )
t2
ex (1+t )
dt.
1 + t2
2
g : R R
1. x0 R,
lim
x2 (1+t2 )
xx0
2.
dt =
g(x) g(x0 )
=
x x0
ex0 (1+t ) dt.

2
1 + t2
x20
x0
g (x0 ) = 2e
g(x) g(x0 )
2
lim
= 2 x0 ex0
x x0
xx0
x R.
x+
lim
x+
t2
dt =
1. t [0, 1] x0 R.
e
ex
B x = max{x2 (1 + t2 ), x20 (1 + t2 )}.

ex
[A x , B x ]
2
ex0 (1+t
x x0
(1+t2 )
= e (x + x0 )(1 + t2 )
= (t, x) x20 (1 + t2 ), x2 (1 + t2 ) .
ex
(x + x0 ) > 0,
ex (1+t ) ex0 (1+t )
= 2
x (1 + t2 ) x20 (1 + t2 )
2
ex (1+t ) ex0 (1+t )
x2 (1 + t2 ) x20 (1 + t2 )
2
ex (1+t ) ex0 (1+t )
= 2
x (1 + t2 ) x20 (1 + t2 )
2
A x = min{x2 (1 + t2 ), x20 (1 + t2 )}
x20 (1+t2 )
e(x0 t) dt.

t2 )
( )
x2 (1+t2 )
x0 0, x x0 x < 0.
,
t [0, 1],

ex x20 (1 +t2 ), x2 (1 +
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?fF56&pF113616
e =
3. lim g(x) = 0
= (t, x) (A x , B x ).

ex
1

1

x2 (1+t2 )
x20 (1+t2 )
e
dt
e
dt
0
0

0
1

x2 (1+t2 )
x20 (1+t2 )
e
dt
e

0
= |x
2
x20 |
e (1 + t2 )dt
ex
xx0
ex
(1+t2 )
dt =
(x + x0 )(1 + t2 ) <
ex0 (1+t
x x0
(1+t2 )
ex0 (1+t ) (x + x0 )(1 + t2 )

2
(1+t2 )
ex
lim
(x + x0 )(1 + t2 ) <
ex0 (1+t ) (x + x0 )(1 + t2 ),
xx0
(1+t2 )
e (x + x0 )(1 + t2 ) <
2|x2 x20 | 0,

f (x) + g(x) =
ex0 (1+t )
dt.
x x0
(1+t2 )
et dt
ex
2. x0 R,
ex0 (1+t ) dt.

2
39
<
(x + x0 )
ex
(1+t2 )
ex
(1+t2 )
g(x) g(x0 )
x x0
dt <

0
1 + t2
c = f (0) + g(0)
1
1
dt
=
1
+
t2
0
/4
1
1
t=tan x
dx
=
2
1 + tan x cos2 x
0
/4
=
1 dx
ex0 (1+t )
dt <
x x0
(x + x0 )
ex0 (1+t ) dt
2
(5)
x x0 ,
1,

lim
xx0
g(x) g(x0 )
2
= 2 x0 ex0
x x0
e(x0 t) dt.
2
f (x) + g(x) =
x0 > 0,
, (5)
.
g (x) = 2 xex
x2
xt=u
0
= 2e
ex , f
R, 2
x2
( f (x) + g(x)) = 2e
ex (1+0)
dt
1 + t2
0
1
1
x2
dt
=e
2
0 1+t
2 x+
0.
= ex
du.
ex (1+t )
dt
1 + t2
u2
x R.
0 g(x)
e(xt) dt
x
3.
x R
t2
e
0
2ex
dt

2 , lim f (x) + g(x) =
eu du
2
lim f (x) = lim
= 0,
x+
x+
lim
x+
f (x) + g(x) = c x R.
40
x2
e
0
x+
ex
:
33 (

x
x
lim
x
x+ (ln x) + x
2 ln x
cos
A
2

=

=
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?pF78536
cos
( ) x > e

2 ln x > 2 > 1, x2 ln x x > 0.
0<
A
2

=
1 + cos A
=
2
1+
b2 +c2 a2
2bc
(b + c)2 a2
4bc
s (s a)
.
bc
(7)
(6) (7) :
x2 ln x
x2 ln x
x2 ln x x
().
(ln x)x + x (ln x)x + x (ln x)x
AI 2 =
x ee ln x e
() <
bc (s a)
.
s
, :
2 ln x
ex
AB AC < AI 2
0
x +.
, 2(ln x)2 x .
( , ..
2(ln x)2 x
1 .
l Hospital
b2 c2
(a+b)(a+c)
bc(sa)
s
AB AC
<1
AI 2
<1
bcs
<1
(a + b) (a + c) (s a)
bc (a + b + c) < (a + b) (a + c) (b + c a)
34 ( )
ABC I .

BI, CI AC, AB B , C .
AB AC ,
AI 2 A
, .

a < ab2 + ac2
3
a2 < b2 + c2
A < 90 .
.
2 ( )
, .
AD I
ABC ,
ABD
1 ( )
AB =
bc
a+c
AC =
bc
.
a+b
, IKAB,
AK
A sa
cos =
cos =
2
AI
2
AI
A
AI =
(6)
cAD
.
BD + c
s ABC.
, :
BD =
41
ac
.
b+c
AI =
,
.
AD (b + c) AD (b + c)
=
.
a+b+c
2s
AI 2 =
(b + c)2
AD2 .
2
(2 s)
AI 2 =
AD2 =
4bcs (s a)
(b + c)2
bc (s a)
.
s
42
,
,
:
x0 R f (x0 ) > ax0 , 2.
35 ( )
a > 1, f : R (0, +)

1 = f (0) = f (x0 x0 ) f (x0 ) f (x0 ) > ax0 ax0 = 1,
1. f (x) ax , x R
2. f (x) = ax , x R.
2. f (x + y) f (x) f (y), x, y R.
36 ( )

2x+1 = 2[x] + 2{x} .
1 ( ) g(x) = loga f (x),

g(x) x
(8)
g(x + y) g(x) + g(y)
(9)
1 ( ) x =
[x] + {x}
(8),(9) x = y = 0
0 g(0) 0
(10)
(9) y x (10)
g(x) + g(x) 0 g(x) g(x),
(1)
2[x] =
f (y) =
x x g(x) x
, (8) g(x) = x
x.
,
f (x) = ax . 2 ( ) -
2 2{x} 1
(14)
y
y [1, 2) .
2y 1
f [1, 2)

f ([1, 2)) =
: 1. x = 0
2
,1 .
3
[x]
(14) [x] 1 2[x] 2 [x] 1
2[x] 0
f .
[x] = 0 2{x} = 1
{x} = 0
x = 0.
(11)
2. x = y = 0
f (0) f 2 (0)
f 2 (0) f (0) 0
f (0) ( f (0) 1) 0
f (0) 1
2{x}
2{x} = y 1 y < 2
g(x) x g(x) x.
f (0) 1
(13)
0 {x} < 1
(13) :
g(0) = 0
2[x] 2 2{x} 1 = 2{x}
2 ( )
(12)
x 0 2x 2[x] = 2{x} 2x
(11) (12) f (0) = 1.

43
x < 0 2x+1 2 2[x]+{x} 2x 2x 2x 1
2x 2[x] 0 2{x} 2x
x = {x} = [x]
.
x = 0.
x = 0.
44
:
KB = KD = BC = CD = DA , (3)
37 ( )
ABCD
BCD, DAB 80o , 40o , .
BC = CD = DA,
ABC = x.
(2) DAB = 40o ,

(K, KB) A, D
KB = KD.
KAD KA =
KD = CD = AD AKD = 60 o =
ABD = 30o , (4)
, ABC = ABD + DBC = 30 o + 50o = 80o =

x = 80o .
2 ( )
DCB AB
G BD (
CDD ), E.
1 ( ) K,
C M BD KBCD BC = CD
,
.
GAD, GCD 40o

CD = DA, GD
AC AGC.
AGD = DGC = CGB = 60 o , (1)
DBC = 50o
BCK
BCD
2
40o
(1) BGC ABC =

180o BCGCGB = 80o = x = 80o
.
, (1 )
KBCD DKB = BCD =
DKB = 80o , (2)
3 ( ) BD.
45
1 ( ) :
BDC DCB = 80o BC = DC = a

= DBC = CDB = 50o
. :
BC
BD
=
=
80o
50o
BD
a
80o
50o
240o 40o
(90o 50o )
240o
= AM =
ABD . :
BD
40o
AD
ABD
BD
a
2 3
a
2
40o
ABD
= 240o = ABD =
: BM = BN =
, ABD < 140o , :

40o
ABD
a 2
2
NC = a a
3
=
2

ABC N MS
1
= ABD = 30o
2
BN CM AS
=1
NC
MA S B
a 3
AS
31
2
= AS = a
=
, (1 )
4
a( 2 3 ) AS + a
:
, x = 50o + 30o = 80o

38 ( KARKAR)
ABC, M AC.
(B, BM) BC N.
N M BA S .
,
AMS .
S M
S BM S M =
6
, (2)
a
4
:
x = 180o 60o = 120o , (3)

(
)
:
cos y =
= y = 45o , (4)
: S MA = 180o 120o 45o = 15o , (5)
2
2

BMA S MA
:
(AMB)
SA
(AS M)
(AMB) = ... =
=
= (AS M) =
S
A
AB
AB
3 3 2
a ( (1)
32
)
46
2) MDS B. AMD (60o , 30o , 90o )
2 ( ) 1) BM
- - ABC
a, (
- ) N MC = S MA =
NBM
MAS = 120o MS A = 45o
AM =
(
= 15
o
, AD =
30o
, AS =
a 3
) MD = DS =
31
a 3
4
4
4
4

S DM
a 6
S M =
4

2
AS MD a 3 3
3) (AMS ) =
=
2
32
47
, ,
:
n 17 .
39 ( )
n 17 .
n .
40 ( )
P,

, P(0) = 0
3
P (x + 1) = (P(x) + 1)3 .
( ) n = 1, 4, 9
n .

m n ,
m
m n ,

m+(n 1) .
1 + 3k + 8l ,
k, l . l = 0, 1, 2 1 + 3k + 8l
n n 17 (

(mod 3)).
( ) x = 0 P(1) = 1.
x1 = 1 xn+1 = (xn + 1)3
n 1. P(xn ) = xn
xn > 0 n 1.
xn+1 > xn n 1,
{xn }n1 P,
P(x) x. ,
, , P(x) = x.
48
41 ( )
ABCD AB = AD B = D = 90 o .
DC, BC, E, Z ,
AE, DZ .
BE AZ.
BZ AZ ,
: (AZ )(AZ) =
1 ( )
(
) (AE)2 (AB)2 = (ZE)2 (ZB)2 , (1)
AE DZ = (AZ)2 (AD)2 = (ZE)2 (DE)2 , (2)
(AE )(AE) = (AD)2 = (AD)2 = (AB)2
4 ( )
(A, AD = AB), ED, ZB
DZ AE .
, E
DZ , Z
, BE .
, BE AZ
.
(2) = (AB)2 + (ZB)2 (AD)2 = (ZE)2 (AE)2 +

(AD)2 , (3)
(3) AB = AD = (1)
.
42 ( )
I ABC
IA, IB, IC
D, E, Z ,
2 ( )
A w = (AB)2 = (AD)2 .
IA IB IC
+
+
3
ID IE IZ
1 ( ) BID
BC DC
C1 C2 , AD AB ,
E E ( C1 AE )
E , D, E Z .
Z Z , Z
C2 , BC .
ABZE
(), B, Z E
( ),
BE AZ .
, BID = IBD =
ID = BD.
3 ( ) E ,
AE, DZ EZ , AZ (
2 ).
A + B
2
BKD, ABD :
49
IA
b+c
AI + ID
c
AD AB
=
=
= ac =
+1 =
BD BK
ID
ID
a
b+c
IA b c
= + 1.
=
ID a a
IB c a
IC a b
= + 1
= + 1.
:
IE b b
IZ
c c
IA IB IC
+
+
=
:
ID IE IZ

a
b
b
c
c
a
b + a + c + b + a + c 3
IA IB IC
+
+
=
ID IE IZ
(IA)2
(IB)2
(IC)2
+
+
=
(IA)(ID) (IB)(IE) (IC)(IZ)
(IA)2 + (IB)2 + (IC)2
.
2Rr

(IA)2 + (IB)2 + (IC)2 6Rr.

2 + 2 + 2 3 = 3.
(IA)2 + (IB)2 + (IC)2 = s2 + r2 8Rr ( ..

(IA)2 = r2 + (s a)2 ).
2 ( )
Euler
, s2 + r2 8Rr 6Rr,
s2 14Rr r2 .
(IA)(ID) = R2 (IO)2 = 2Rr

(IB)(IE) = (IC)(IZ) = 2Rr
,
s 16Rr 5r2 R 2r. ( Gerretsen Euler,
).
2
50
:
43 ( 1995)
, :

.
a + 3b + c 6.
(a, b, c):

(.

), ,
() (1, 3, 0)
() (2, 1, 1)
() (2, 2, 0)

,
.
d, e, f
4,5,6. (),
, d 3.

e + 3 f 6. d + e + f = 5
d = 3, e = 0, f = 2.

. ()
d 4 e + 3 f
6. d + e + f 6, .
(), a + 3b + c = 6,

.

.

.
.

.

. d 3
().
( )
18.
18 (
)
.
18.

.

10.
.
X
X
X
X
X
.
, ,
4 .
a, b, c
,
3a + b 6
( )
44 ( )
a, b, c
a + b + c = 1,
1+c
1
1+a 1+b
+
+
.
b + c c + a a + b abc
51

3 -
ab + ac + bc 3 a2 b2 c2
3
: 3 a2 b2 c2 3abc
a2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3 a, b, c (0, 1)
2 ( )
1 ( ) :
1+a
1+b
1+c
1
+
+

1a
1b
1c
abc
3abc (ab + bc + ac) (a + b + c) + 3

1
(1 a)(1 b)(1 c)
abc
3abc (ab + bc + ac) + 2
abc
1+a
b+c
(b + c)(a + c)(a + b)
abc
=
=
-
(-)
(b + c)(a + c)(a + b) 8abc

(b + c)(a + c)(a + b)
8
abc
b+c
bc
(a2 + a)
(a2 + a)
b+c
4

2ab + (b + c)a2

2ab +

(1 a)a2
4
(a + b + c)2
4
a3
()
1
4
1
9
()

3
3
3
3 a + b + c
a+b+c
1
a3 + b3 + c3
: 8 3abc (ab + bc + ac) + 2

6 + ab + ac + bc 3abc
52
2
9
:
a1 = b1 = 1 . a3 = b3
(
) a3 = 0 b3 = 2
45 ( vzf)

,
.
S (x) = x + x2 + x2 + x3 + x3 + x4
T (x) = x + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x8 .
: (1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4)
(1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8).
( )
61 (x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 ).
r1 , . . . , r6
s1 , . . . , s6
46 ( Vojtech
Jarnk
1997) a .
d|(a2 + 2) d 1 mod 8 d 3 mod 8.

(
xri )(
xsi ) = (x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 )2

.

T (x) = xri S (x) = x si ,
( ) p
d. a2 2 mod p, , p
, Legendre ( p2 ) 1.
,

p1
p2 1
1 2
2
=
= (1) 2 (1) 8 .
S T = (x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 )2 .
Z[x]
(x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 ) = x(1 + x)(1 x + x2 )(1 + x + x2 ).
p 1
2
p1
p 5 mod 8 8 2
, .
T (x) = xa1 (1 + x)a2 (1 x + x2 )a3 (1 + x + x2 )a4
p 7 mod 8
p2 1
p1
2 ,
.
d 1 mod 8
3 mod 8. , 32 1 mod 8
d.
S (x) = xb1 (1 + x)b2 (1 x + x2 )b3 (1 + x + x2 )b4

ai + bi = 2 i. T (1) = S (1) = 6
a2 = a4 = b2 = b4 = 1.
53
:
47 ( )
:
() G 2n ,
.

ac ab bc
1

1
1 = (a b)(b c)(c a).

b c a
() .
( - )
1 ( )

xc xb bc

1
1 .
f (x) = 1
b c x
()
. , a G
|G|
,
. f (b) = f (c) = 0

.
, f (x) = k(x b)(x c).

0 0 bc
f (0) = 1 1 1 = bc(c b),
b c 0
2n
22
..
.2
= a = ./01
a
= e.
n
b G eb = b = be
b G
22
..
.2
22
..
.2
a
b
b a./01 = ./01
n
k = c b.
, f (x) = (c b)(x
b)(x c) .

.
22
2 ( )

..
.
22
..
b ./01
a
= ./01
a
b.
n1

ac ab bc ac ab ac bc ac

1
1
1 = 1
0
0

b c a b
cb
a b

a(b c) c(b a)
=
cb
a b
n1
, n
ab = ba a, b G G
.
()
x3 = 1 x.
a2 b = ba2 a(a2 b)a = a(ba2 )a
= a(b c)(a b) + c(c b)(b a)
ba = ab.
= a(b c)(a b) + c(b c)(a b)
1 a b
0 1 c a, b, c {0, 1, 2}
0 0 1
mod 3. .
= (c a)(b c)(a b).

48 ( )
G a, b G
a2 b = ba2 = ab = ba.
54
:
+

49 ( )

+

(2n)
2n
n=1
(2m) x2m =
m=1
2 2 cot 2/2
4
(s) Riemann.
1+
5
, :
an =
1
2
+

n=1
cos(xt) cos(nt) dt =
1. ( ) (
):
+

(n!)2 4n x2n+2
= arcsin2 (x) .
(n
+
1) (2n + 1)!
n=0
+

sin x
2 x sin x cos(nt)
+
(1)n+1
.
x
(n2 x2 )
n=1
n=1
x
=
2
n x2
+
2
n=1
+
+ 2m

x
n=1 m=1
n2
=
+ n 2n

d2
4 x
1
2n
= 2 (arcsin2 (x)) ==
dx
n=0
2
1 x2
4 x2 x
2 x arcsin(x)
====
(1 x2 ) 1 x2
x
+

4 x + x arcsin 2
xn
2n
= 4
,
(
4
x)
4
x
n=0 n
x = 1

+

5 + i arcsin 2i 2
(1)n
2n
= 4
==
x
.
x2
+

2n
= arcsin2 (x)
t = sin x
cot x =
4n x2n+2
(2n + 2) (2n + 1)
n=0
Fourier f x (t) t R
, f x () = fx ()
an = O(1/n).
(1)n1
2a
2n
= .
5
n n
n=1
+

5 5
an cos(nt) ,
sin((n x))
=
n+x
nx

2 x sin x
(1)n sin x sin x
= (1)n+1
.
n+x
nx
(n2 x2 )
cos(xt) =
n=1
+

2.
3
cos((x + n) t) + cos((n x) t) dt =
1 sin((n + x))
+

(1)n1
4a
1
2n
= +
1.
( ) x R |x| < 1.
Fourier f x (t) = cos(xt)
t [, ]
a0
50 ( ) a =
ln
fx (t) =
1 x cot(x)
2
n=0
(2m) x .
2m
5 5
5 arcsinh
1
5 5
m=1
|x| < 1
.
3
==
4
4a
.
5 5 5
+
+

(1)n1
(1)n
2n
=
2n
=
n=1
55
n=1
(1)n
4a
1

2n
1 = + .
5 5 5
n=0
2. ( )
+
+
+

(1)n1
(1)n (1)n (n!)2
=
2n
=
2n
=
n (2n)!
n=1 n n
n=1 n n
n=1
n=1
n (2n + 1)
(1)n xn (1 x)n1 dx =
1
+
1
n
n
(1) (x (1 x)) dx =
0 1 x n=1
1
+
1
(x (x 1))n dx =
0 1 x n=1
1
1
x2 x
1
x
dx =
dx =
2
2
0 1 x x x1
0 x x1

2 ln 1+2 5
ln 3+2 5
2a
=
= .
1 : ,
2 : arcsin(i x) = i arcsinh (x)
,
1
1+ 5
3 : arcsinh 2 = ln 2 .
+

(1)n n (n + 1) (n)
n=1
+

56
:
51 ( )
9.999 .
( ) n
n+ 3, n2 + 3
,

( )
6 mod 9.
( )
0, 1, . . . 8 mod 9
0, 1, 4, 0, 7, 7, 0, 4, 1 mod 9.
9999
6666 6 mod 9.
3 9
.
(n + 3) n2 + 3 = n3 + 3n2 + 3n + 9
= (n + 1)3 + 8.

(n + 1)3 < (n + 1)3 + 8 < (n + 3)3

n < 3 n > 1.

52 ( )
n
a=n+3
(n + 1)3 (n + 3)3
(n + 2)3 . (n + 1)3 + 8 = (n + 2)3

3n2 + 9n = 1.
n = 3, 2, 1.
n + 3, n2 + 3 .
b = n2 + 3
.
57
:
53 ( )
:
x5 40 x4 + Px3 + Qx2 + Rx + S = 0
1 (
.

10. |S |.
f (x) =
a a
, , a, ak, ak2 .
k2 k
k2
a k2
ee > e .
+ 1 + k + k2 = 40.
2 ( )
f (x) = x ln x 2 x

x > e.

+ 1 + k + k2 = 10.
a2 =
4 |a| = 2.
a5
|S | = |a|5 = 25 = 32.
f () > f (e)
ln 2 > e
ln + e > 2
ln( ee ) > ln e2
54 ( )
ee
x>0
f () > f (e) = 0 f () > 0
,
10
1
1
(ln x 1).
2
f x > e
Vieta
40 S .

e
ln x x + ,
f (x) =
e .
58
ee > e2
ee > e .
:
55 ( KARKAR) (O)
(K) A, B .
A, B T .
S (O) S T
C . S A
(K) P, AC Q. S T
PQ.
2 ( )
OK (O), (K)
AB
T A = T B
( (O)) T
AB O, T , K .
= BAQ
= BS

M S BMP
BPM
,
= S
T K MB T

KB = APB
MB.
S BMP T K MB
= BS

K
B = AT

A = AOT
MB = OT
O,
BMQ
MQ = 900 :
, K
K M PQ M
PQ.
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?pF115044#p115044
1 ( )
PCAMS Q B
Miquel.
= BS
S PMB BPQ
C
= BCS
.
BCMQ BQM
S BC
PBQ.

S ACB BA S BC .
M CS
BC = ABS
(1).

M
BCMQ
56 ( KARKAR)
D ABCD DA
, S . CT
S D S A, S B Q, P .
CP = PQ.
(1)
BC .

= QCM
= S
=M
QBM
CA = ABS
S BC PBQ
BC M M
= M

QBM
.
59
2 ( ) S X (
X A ) (D)
D AD E AC S B
F (D) S B.
AC B
(D) S , E, F, B,
C.S EFB
.
, XS Q = S CE QS P =
ECF PS C = FCB
S .XQPC .
, CQ S X CP = PQ
.
1 ( ) F (D) S B
CK = KA BC 2 = BK BD = BF BS ,
S , F , K , D .
KFS = KDT = KCP K , F , P, C .
KPF = KCF = AS F KP AQ,
CK = KA CP = PQ.
60
:
57 ( )
f, g C[x],
. f 2 (x) + g2 (x)
r C,
58 ( )
Cauchy.
a1 , a2 , ..., an
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
a1 a2 ...an
n
( f (r))2 + (g (r))2 = 0.

.

,
,
.
( ) :
f 2 (x) + g2 (x) = (x r)2 P(x)
( f 2 (r) + g2 (r) = 0 )
x :
1 ( )

.
,
. , (
) George Polya.
,
.
:
f (x) f (x) + g(x)g (x) = (x r)P(x) + (x r)2 P (x)

:
f (r) f (r) + g(r)g (r) = 0
a1 + a2 + ... + an
n a1 a2 ...an
./01
n
./01
f (r) = g(r) = 0
ex1 x
f (r) 0
x = 1

g(r)
g (r)
f (r) =
f (r)

xi
,
A
x1
x1
A
x2
x2
A
xn
xn
A
e A 1
+2
g(r)

2

2
g (r) + (g (r))2
( f (r)) + (g (r)) =
f (r)
f 2 (r) + g2 (r)
= [g (r)]2
f 2 (r)
= 0.
e A 1
...
e A 1

g(r) 0
e0
61
x1 x2 ...xn
Gn
A G.
An
An

Cauchy
.

Jensen (
).
2 ( )
Jensen
2.
x1 + x2 + ... + xn n
x1 x2 ...xn
n

.
f (x) = lnx, x > 0

f (x) =
x2
a=
x1 + x2 + ... + xn
n
, x>0
min xi a max x j
i, j xi < a < x j
, xi xi = a
x j xj = xi + x j a .

. :
x1 + x2 + + xn
f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + + f (xn )
f(
)
n
n
x1 + x2 + + xn
ln(x1 x2 . . . xn )
ln(
)
n
n
ln(x1 x2 . . . xn ) ln (

n
(x1 x2 . . . xn )
xi xj = a(xi + x j a) = xi x j + (x j a)(a xi ) > xi x j
x1 + x2 + . . . + xn n
)
n
.
, ,
xi a .
, a
,
, .
4 ( )

Cauchy
3 .
1 n = 2
x1 + x2 + . . . + xn
n

3 ( )
,
.
1. xi > 0 ,
c=
x1 x2 ...xn
x1 + x2
x1
x1 x2
x1 x2 x3
x1 ...xn
a1 = , a2 = 2 , a3 =
.....an =
=1
3
c
cn
c
c
b1 =
, b2 =
, bn =
x1 x2

(x1 x2 )2 0
2 n = 2k , k N

. k = 1 1
k 2
l
1 l k 1.
=1
a1
a2
an
ai , bi
:
a1 b1 + a2 b2 ... + an bn a1 bn + a2 b1 + a3 b2 + ... + an bn 1
x1 + x2 + + x2k
2k
xn
x1 x2
1 + 1 + 1... + 1
+ ... +
c
c
c
x1 +x2 ++x2k1
2k1
x1 + ...xn
x1 + ... + xn
c
n
c
n
2k1
x2k1 +1 +x2k1 +2 ++x2k

2k1
x1 x2 x2k1 +
2k1
2
62
=

x2k1 +1 x2k1 +2 x2k
2k1
k
1
x1 x2 x2k1 2 x2k1 +1 x2k1 +2 x2k =
2k
x1 x2 x2k
x1 xn
.
(*)
.
xi
x1 xn .
x1 xn
2
3 n 2k
n 2 ,
m 2 n . x x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , mn xn+1 , xn+2 , . . . , xn xn+1 = xn+2 = . . . = xm = x.
:
: x
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
x=
:
;
(x1 , . . . , xn ) Rn : x1 , . . . , xn 0 x1 + + xn = 1
( )
Rn .
6 ( )
:
: a1 , a2 , ..., an a1 a2 ...an = 1
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
n.
( ):
n. n = 1
. n = k.
n = k + 1.

1 2 k k+1 = 1
x1 + x2 + + xn + (m n)x
m
x=
x1 + x2 + + xn + (m n)x
=
m
x1 + x2 + + xn + xn+1 + xn+2 + + xm ()

m
m
x1 x2 xn xn+1 xn+2 xm =

m
x1 x2 xn xmn
1 + 2 + + k + k+1 k + 1
() :
2
m 2.
m
x x1 x2 xn xmn
n
m x
x1 x2 xn
.
5 ( )
n = 1 n
2. x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
x1 + + xn = 1 , x1 xn (1/n)n
x1 = = xn = 1/n .
x1 = a1 /(a1 + + an ), . . . , xn =
an /(a1 + + an ) .
, x1 , . . . , xn
x1 + + xn = 1 x1 xn
. (*)
xi . x1 = =
xn .
x1 x2 .

x 1 = x 2 =
1 2 (k k+1 ) = 1
k 1 , 2 , , (k k+1 )
1
k :
1 + 2 + + (k k+1 ) k
x1 + x2
1 + 2 + + k + k+1 k + 1
2
:
x 1 + x 2 + x3 + + xn = 1
1 , 2 , , k , k+1 1
1
1

1
1.
k 1, k+1 1.
x 1 x 2 x3 xn (x1 x2 x3 xn ) =
x x 2
1
2
2
1 + 2 + + k + k+1 1 + 2 + + (k k+1 ) + 1
x3 ...xn
>0
k + k+1 k k+1 1 0
63
. Newman, D. J. Classroom Notes: Arithmetic, Geometric Inequality. Amer. Math. Monthly 67 (1960), no. 9, 886
n . n = 1 .
n = k .
n = k + 1
x1 xk+1 = 1 . xk+1 1 .
k + k+1 k k+1 1 = (k 1) (1 k+1 ) 0

n
1
, ...., n
1 ...n
1 ...n
x1 xk =
7 ( ) Proofs
from THE BOOK M.Aigner G.Ziegler
H. Alzer (1996)

p
x1 + + xk k

a1 , a2 , . . . , an , p1 , p2 , . . . , pn
k
xk+1
a1 1 a2 2 an n p1 a1 + p2 a2 + + pn an ,
n

xk+1
x1 + + xk + xk+1 k
pi = 1.
i=1
k
+ xk+1
xk+1
x 1 ,
A := p1 a1 + p2 a2 + + pn an
k
k + x k + 1
x
G := a1 1 a2 2 an n .
,
,
,
a1 a2 an .
k
k + x
x
a1 G an ,
k {1, 2, . . . , n 1} , ak G ak+1 .

k

i=1
G
pi
ai
dt +
ai
n

pi
i=k+1
.
Bernoulli

dt 0 (1)
(1 + y)r 1 + ry

.
(1)
n

i=1
n

ai
pi
dt
n

i=1
ai
pi
y 0 r . (
.)
y = k x r = k + 1
x k x 1 + (k + 1)( k x 1) = (k + 1) k x k
dt
k x .
9 ( )
P.S.Bullen Handbook of Means and their Inequalities (2003), 74
- . , ...
A.Hurwitz (1891) , .
ai G

pi
pi (ln ai ln G)
G
i=1
i=1
n
< pi
A
1 ln
ai ln G = 0
G
i=1
n
AG
!
,
(1) ,
a1 = a2 = = an = G.
8 ( ) .
f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
n x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ,
64
P ( f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )) :=
1
(1 + 2 + + n1 ) ,
2n!

f x(1) , x(2) , . . . , x(n) ,
S n
(
n! )
xn1 + xn2 + + xnn

x1 x2 xn 0,
n

- .
10 (liolios19)

:
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn .
,
f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = x1 x2 xn ,

n
f (x1 ) = x1 + x2 + + xn n x1 x2 xn )
P ( f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )) = n!x1 x2 xn ,
x1 , x2 , , xn > 0 n N :
f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = xn1 ,
f (x1 ) = 1 (x1 )
P ( f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )) = (n 1)! x1 + x2 + +
n
xnn
1n
(x2 x3 xn ) n
f (x1 ) 0 x1 (x2 x3 xn )1/(n1)
k , k {1, 2, . . . , n 1} ,
:
( n1 0 )
f (x1 )
1
x1 = (x2 x3 xn ) n1 :
(x1 x2 ) x3 x4 xk+1 .
k := P xnk
xnk
1
2
(x2 x3 xn ) n1 + x2 + xn n((x2 x3 xn ) n1 x2 x3 xn ) n
n
= x2 + xn (n 1)(x2 x3 xn ) n1
g(x2 ) = x2 + xn (n 1)(x2 x3 xn )1/(n1)
x1 = x2 = = xn .
,
1
1
(x1 x2 ) =
1 := P xn
xn
1
2

1
n1
x
x
P
x
P xn1 + P xn2 P xn
2
1
1
2

1
1 = 2P xn1 2P xn
1 x2
x2 = (x3 x4 xn )1/(n2)

xn = xn1 ,
xn2 =
2 = 2P x1 x2 2P x1 x2 x3 ,

2
n2
3 = 2P xn
1 x2 x3 2P x1 x2 x3 x4 ,
n1
n2
= (x2 x3 xn ) n1 + x2 + xn n((x2 x3 xn ) n1 ) n
k {1, 2, . . . , n 1} xi 0
i {1, 2, . . . , n} , k (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) 0. ,
k (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) =

2
nk+1
P (x1 x2 ) x1
+ + x2nk+1 x3 x4 xk+1 0
xn xn1 = xn
x1 = x2 = = xn

( ),
0.

.
11 ( )
..
.
n1 = 2P x21 x2 x3 xn1 2P (x1 x2 xn ) .

1 + 2 + + n1 = 2P xn1 2P (x1 x2 xn ) ,
a1 + a2 + ... + an n n a1 a2 ...an (1)
xn1 + xn2 + + xnn

x1 x2 xn =
n
a1 , a2 , ..., an
65
b1 + b2 + ... + bn > n
(1) ln x
: a1 = a2 = ... = an = 0
a1 , a2 , ..., an > 0
a1 = a2 = ... = an (1) .
a1 , a2 , ..., an
. :
M=
an
a1 a2
+
+ ... +
>n
M M
M
a1 + a2 + ... + an > n.M
a1 + a2 + ... + an > n n a1 a2 ...an
a1 a2 ...an
:
ak
bk = , k = 1, 2, ..., n
M
: b1 b2 ...bn = 1
b1 , b2 , ..., bn 1 .
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
a1 a2 ...an
n
:
a1 = a2 = ... = an
f (x) = b1x + b2x + ... + bnx , x R

:
f (x) = b1x ln b1 + b2x ln b2 + ... + bnx ln bn

f (x) = b1x (ln b1 )2 + b2x (ln b2 )2 + ... + bnx (ln bn )2 > 0, x R
1. G.Hardy, E. Littlewood, G. Polya, Inequalities,

Cambridge Mathematical Library
f R ,
x > 0 :
2. E.F. Beckenbach,
Springer Verlag
f (x) > f (0) = ln b1 + ln b2 + ... + ln bn
R.
Bellman,
Inequalities,
3. P.S. Bullen, Handbook of Means and their Inequalities, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
= ln(b1 b2 ...bn ) = ln 1 = 0
f [0, + ) f
:
[0, + ).
4. M.Aigner, G.Ziegler, Proofs from THE BOOK,

Springer Verlag
f (1) > f (0)
66
To {Eikosidwdekedron} parousizei jmata pou qoun suzhthje ston isttopo

H epilog kai h frontda tou perieqomnou gnetai ap tou
Metatrop se
dopohsh:
Mpore
Epimelht tou
LATEX: Fwtein Kald, Anastsh Kotrnh , Leutrh Prwtopap , Aqilla Sunefakpouo
Anastsh Kotrnh , Nko Mauroginnh ,
Grhgrh Kwstko .
Exfullo:
Stoiqeiojetetai
Eikosidwekedro filoteqnhmno ap
ton
kurt
kai
do
poledro
quasiregular
oktedro).
twn
pentgwna
pou
do
poledra
To
(0, 0, ),
Phg:
to
, Sqmata:
Miqlh Nnno , Qrsto Tsifkh
Seli-
LATEX.
Leonardo da Vinci
To eikosidwdekedro enai na poledro (32-edro) me ekosi trigwnik dre kai ddeka pentagwnik .
trgwna
me
na anaparaqje kai na dianemhje elejera.
pou
kai
exnta
akm
perissteroi tpoi
uprqoun,
eikosidwdekedro
se
1
,
, 1+
2
2
2
pou
kje
polugnwn
dhlad
stere
pou
, pou
o qrus lgo
tou
sunantntai
mpore
qei eikosiedrik summetra
ma
kai
1+ 5
2
na
oi
qwrzei
me
qei
ton
do
na
dio
trgwno
trpo
tpou
suntetagmne
sti
edrn
twn
ap
na
'Eqei 30 panomoitupe koruf st opoe
pentgwno.
koruf
oi
korufn
opoe
en
en to duadik tou poledro enai to
tou
kai
Enai
arqimdeio
eidiktera enai
enallssontai
eikosadrou
me
sthn
to
koin
monadiae
stere
na
sunantntai do
dhlad
ap
koruf
akm
ta
(To
enai
oi
na
hmikanonik
do
oiwne
llo
enai
kanonik
to
kubo
kuklik metajsei
rombik triakontedro.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosidodecahedron
Apdosh:
Pno Giannpoulo
O diktuak tpo
mathematica.gr
ankei kai dieujnetai smfwna me ton kanonism tou pou uprqei sthn arqik
tou selda (http://www.mathematica.gr ) ap omda Dieujunntwn Meln.
Dieujnonta Mlh tou mathematica.gr

Suntoniste
7. Girgo Mpalglou (gbaloglou)
Airet Mlh
8. Rodlfo Mprh (R
1. Fwtein Kald (Fwtein) Genik Suntonstria

2. Miqlh Lmprou (Mihalis
Lambrou) Genik Sun-
tonist
9. Miqlh Nnno (Miqlh Nnno )

10. Leutrh Prwtotopap (Prwtopap Leutrh )
11. Dhmtrh Skoutrh (dement)
3. Nko Mauroginnh (nsmavrogiannis) Genik Suntonist

4. Spro Kardamtsh (Kardamtsh Spro )
12. Mpmph Stergou (Mpmph Stergou)

13. Swtrh Stgia (swsto)
14. Aqilla Sunefakpoulo (achilleas)
Upejuno Enhmrwsh
5. Qrsto Kuriaz (chris
BORIS)
gatos)
Upejuno Programmatismo
6. Mlto Papagrhgorkh (m.papagrigorakis)
Upejuno Oikonomikn
7. Girgo Rzo (Girgo Rzo )
Upejuno Ekdsewn
Mnima Mlh
1. Grhgrh Kwstko (grigkost) Diaqeirist
2. Alxandro Sugkelkh (cretanman) Diaqeirist
Epimelhte
1. Strth Antwna (stranton)
15. Kwnstantno Thlgrafo (Thlgrafo Ksta )

16. Serafem Tsiplh (Serafem)
17. Qrsto Tsifkh (xr.tsif )
18. Dhmtrh Qristofdh (Demetres)
Melh
1. Spro Basilpoulo (spyros)
2. Ksta Zugorh (kostas.zig)
3. Girgh Kalajkh (exdx)
4. Qrsto Kardsh (QRHSTOS KARDASHS)
5. Jansh Mpelhginnh (mathfinder)
2. Andra Barberkh (ANDREAS BARBERAKHS)
6. Jwm Rakftsalh (Jwm Rakftsalh )
3. Kwnstantno Btta (vittasko)
7. Kwnstantno Rekomh (rek2)
4. Nko Katsph (nkatsipis)
8. Girgo Rodpoulo (hsiodos)
5. Anastsio Kotrnh (Kotrnh Anastsio )
9. Staro Staurpoulo (Staro Staurpoulo )
6. Jno Mgko (matha)
10. Baslh Stefandh (bilstef )

1 ( ) 100
, 99% .

98% .
2 ( )
() ( )
,
...
6210001000.
.
()
.
() .
6 ( KARKAR) A , B ,
,
.
A :
! B :
! . :
!
( ) B
3 ( )
B,
B, A.

;

7 ( )
:
P(x) = x15 2012 x14 + 2012 x13 ... 2012 x2 + 2012 x.

P(2011).
4 ( )

8 ( )
ABC
A = 900

A = 62006 + 32003 + 182001 + 92005
ab, bc, (a + c)(a c)
30.

,

5 ( ) .
AB 6m
4m.
9m .
9 ( )
m (m 1)x4 5 x2 + 3m 2 = 0
.
( )
10 ( ) :
x = |{z}
111...1 y = |{z}
111...1
2
+1
z = 666
6,
| {z...}
N
.
: x + y + z + 8
.

( ).
- ( ).
14 ( KARKAR) : 2 x = 3a = 6b ,
: x =
11 ( )
AB O .
b
A O E, Z EO
24, Z.
ab
.
ab
,
15 ( )
(O, R) , (K, r) E .
AB, , OK
AB .

.
16 ( )
ABCD AC, BD
CAB, BCA,CDB, BDA 70, 30, (50 a), a ,
, . BD
CBA a.
12 ( KARKAR) S
CD ABCD. BS AD
T . AM, T M, CN, S N
b =
. M DN
b = .
A
17 ( KARKAR)
,
A(1, 3) B(4, 2),
.
18 ( ) n,
n 2, :
1
1
1
1 + + + + > n.
n
2
3
,
13 ( )
( ) 1 = 4
+1 =
,
19
( )
f (x) =
x x + 1 x 0
= {1, 2, . . . , n}, P(k) = 125 f (k)
k .
8 9
+ 2
N .
(6) k, m (2) (5) ,

|z u|.
() f .
() n.
()
x = n. 16%
33, .
, , ,
20 ( Parmenides51)
lit
< , R. 1, 6 lit
20%
1, 4 lit 90%
.
[, ] :
23 ( )
f (x) = ex ln x + 2
1 1,
2 1
ex
ln(x2 + 1) = e1 ,
e x + 2 ln x > ex .
() , .
() .
24 ( ) f

()
,

1000 2 lit.
h(x) = e f (x) f 3 (x) + 2 .

f (x) :
f (x2 x)
1
2
, ,
21 ( )
f : R R z z , 1/2
f 2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 2 x f (x)

x R
m =
f (4x)
1
2
>0
, ,
25 ( )
f [a, b], (a, b)
f (a) , f (b). 1 , 2 (a, b) 1 , 2
f (x)
lim
= m,
x0 x
|z2|
.
|2z1|
: f (1 ) f (2 ) =
() |z 2| = |2z 1|.
() z
!2
f (b) f (a)
.
ba
26 ( )
f : [1, e] R f (1) = 0, f (e) = 1
1
f (x) + e f (x) = x + , x [1, e] . :
f (sin x)
() lim 2
.
x0 x x
x
f (x) = ln x x [1, e] .
() g(x) = f (x) x
(, 0) (0, +).
() f .
() (|z + 3 4i| + 5)x = x3 + 10
[1, 2].
, ,
22
t R k > 1.
27 ( ) :
z = (k t) + (k t)i
Z2
x10 + 210
181
dx <
.
x15 + 215
2816
(1) z.
(2) w
y = x (k 1) , k |z w|min = 5 2 2 1.
28 ( )
f : R R :
(3) k (2)
z |z z|.
( f (x))2 + ( f (x))2 x2 + 1,
x R.
(4) k (2)
|w 3 + 4i|.
1. ( f (1))2 ( f (0))2
(5) u
2. | f (1)|
u = (1 + mt) + (1 + mt)i,
4
,
3
3. |F (1) F (0)|
m
u .
4
,
3
10
, F f .
9
34 ( )
! f : (0, +) R
, ,
f (x) x f (y)
x
=

y
y
y2
1, f (1) = 1

29 ( )
f (x), g(x) : [a, b] R
g (x) > 0, x [a, b].
1)
35 ( )
n,
sin2n x + cos2n x + n sin2 x cos2 x = 1,
x R.
g (x) > 0 f (x) < 0, x (a, b)

Rb
a
f (x)dx =
Rb
a
x, y (0, +)
Juniors,
- -
(x a) f (x) = (x b)g (x), x [a, b]
2)
g(x)dx
36 ( ) a, b, c
a + b + c = 3,
a2
b2
c2
3
+
+
.
(b + c)3 (c + a)3 (a + b)3
8

) f (b) = g(a)
) (a, b) : f () = g()
30 ( parmenides51)
Juniors,
z1 = a + ea i, z2 = b + bi, z3 = c + i ln c a, b R, c > 0.
37 ( )
ABC BC, I .
BI AC D E,
D CI . EI AB
Z. DZ CI.
1.
z1 , z2 , z3 ,
2. |z1 z2 | z1 , z2 ,
3. |z1 z3 | z1 , z3 .
38 ( )
ABC E M, .
, ,
31 ( )
f : [0, +) R
f (x) + x f (x) =
1
f
2
x
x [0, +) .
32 ( )

f (x) =
ln(x2 )
,
x2+1
N ,
M, ABC
,
E1 , E2 , E3 .
1
1
1
18
+
+
.
N ,
E1
f (0) = 0
ef
(x)
E3
Seniors,
- -
33 ( )
f : [0, 1] R
E2
39 ( )
f :
f (x) dx = f (1).
(x y) f (x + y) (x + y) f (x y) = 4 xy(x2 y2 )
f (x) = 0, x [0, 1]
40 ( )

f : {1, 2, . . . , 10} {1, 2, . . . , 100}
45 ( IMC 1996) n
.
x + y|x f (x) + y f (y), x, y {1, 2, . . . , 10}.
sin nx
dx.
(1 + 2 x ) sin x
Seniors,
46 ( ) (an )nN
an > n1
41 ( )
ABCD (O)
n.
P AC BD.
+
X
an .
n=1

47 ( ) M = R \ {3}
x y = 3(xy 3 x 3y) + m, m R.
m (M, ) .
48 (vzf) m n n
.

, n , .

49 ( )
ABCD Q,
QAB + QCB = QBC + QDC = 90o .
ln(1 aix)
dx ,
x2 + m
a > 0, m > 0
50 ( ) an = 1 +
lim( n)
P, Q, O , O
(O).
42 ( )
P ABCD,
AB, BC, CD, DA,
.
ABCD .
an
Pn
j=2 ln j

51 ( ) An = {n, 2n, 3n, ...} n N
J N ,
Ai
iJ
52 ( )
A, B
AB = (A \ B) (B \ A), .
A1 A2 ...An
Ai

43 ( - 1
1995) 6-
5. ,
6
44 ( )
ABC AB AC
D E , DE
53 ( ) p P
p > 5 (p 1)! + 1 p
( pk k N ).
AD AE
. :
+
=1
DB EC
54 ( dimtsig)
.

55 ( ) S
,
s1 , s2 , ..., sn s1 +s2 +...+sn <
1. S ;
56 ( )
(entire) f, g
PQ S ,
S T . AT
M BC .
f (z)2 + g(z)2 = 1 z C.
60 ( [
] ) ABC A
, BAC
BC .
ABC
.
()
57 ( )
BE B

3
BO
= . O
OE
2
.
58 ( )

sin arctan
+ arctan
1
1
1
+ arctan
+ arctan
3
5
7
1
1
111
+ arctan
+ arctan
11
13
121
,

61 ( ) C
:

z + 1 = z2 + 1 = 2

2
!!
.
62 ( ) P(x)
, n
x1 , x2 , ..., xn .
,
59 ( KARKAR)
A ABC BC .
(O) A
AB, AC P, Q .
n
X
P (xi )
=0
P (xi )
i=1
1 ( )
100 ,

99% .

98% .
()
(
)
,
...
6210001000.
1 ( ) x .
0, 98 x 0, 02 x .
()
, 0, 02 x = 1, x = 50 .
( ) 1210
.
2
.
4-
1210.
4 ,
. 1
0
1.
1 2 ,
2 .

1 2

1 .
2
. 0
1 .
2 (Parmenides51)
. !
100 ,
99 .
x . 100 x
, 99 x
.
99 x
= 0, 98 99 x = 98 0, 98 x
100 x
x 0, 98 x = 99 98 0, 02 x = 1 x = 50 .
100 50 = 50 .
2 ( )
3 ( )
B, B,
A.

;
A = 62006 + 32003 + 182001 + 92005

30.
(Gauss 1988) 62006

6
6.
32003 7
(34 )500 33 34
1 33 7.
182001 8
(184 )500 18 184
6 18 8.
92005 9
(92 )1002 9 92
1.
,
( ) K ,
KA + KB + K.
, K B,
KB + K B.
, AK .
A B
.
62006 + 32003 + 182001 + 92005

0, 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 = 30 .
10, 3
3,
62006 3, 62006 = 3 32005 22006 .
3 10,
30, gcd(3, 10) = 1
4 ( )

5 ( )
. AB
6m 4m.
9m
.
6 ( KARKAR) A , B
, ,
.
A :
! B :
! .
:
!
( ) B
() .
() .
( ) A, B,
x .

A + x = 2 (B + )
B + x = 3 (A + )
+ x = 5 (A + B)
:
7A + 6B + 4
A + B + + 3 x = 8A + 7B + 5 x =
3
2A + 5
3B + 7A + 6B + 4 = 9A + 9 B =
9
:
4A +
B A = 3A + 2B B =
3
4A +
2A + 5
=
5A =
3
9
7A + 18A + 20A
B = 3A x =
= 15A
3
B
3
1

=
= = 12, 5%
A + B + + x 1 + 3 + 5 + 15 8
( ).

E 9m ,
6m A B
2m .
E=
92
2
+2
62
4
+2
22
4
121
..
2
:
2011 20112 + 2011) + (201114 + 2011 201113 ...
7 ( )
:
15
14
13
20112 + 2011 2011) = 2011 + 0 = 2011
P(x) = x 2012 x + 2012 x ... 2012 x + 2012 x.
8 ( )

ABC A = 900

P(2011).
ab, bc, (a + c)(a c)
( ) :
P(x) = x15 2012 x14 + 2012 x13 ...
2012 x2 + 2012 x =
(kanenas) ABC a2 = b2 + c2
x15 (2011 + 1)x14 + (2011 + 1)x13 ...
ab, bc, a2 c2 = (b2 + c2 ) c2 = b2
(2011 + 1)x + (2011 + 1)x =

15
14
13
a > b ab > b2 , a > c ab > bc,

ab.
= (x 2011 x + x ... 2011 x + x)+

(x14 + 2011 x13 ... x2 + 2011 x) (1)

a2 b2 , b2 c2 , b4
P(2011) :
15
14
a2 b2 = (b2 + c2 )b2 = b4 + c2 b2 ,
,
.
13
(1) 2011 2011 2011 + 2011 ...
10
9 ( ) m
(m 1)x4 5 x2 + 3m 2 = 0 .
z1 z2 =
3m 2
=
0
a
m1
3m 2 0
3m 2
2
m
3
( ) m = 1
1
: 5 x2 + 1 = 0 x = .
5

.
m , 1 x2 = z

m > 1
5 + 19
.
1 < m
6
10 ( ) :
x = |{z}
111...1
(m 1)z 5z + 3m 2 = 0
y = |{z}
111...1
+1
z = 666
6,
| {z...}

: x + y + z + 8
.
(z) = (5)2 4(m 1)(3m 2)

= 25 4(3m2 5m + 2)
= 25 12m + 20m 8
= 12m2 + 20m + 17 0
12m2 20m 17 0
( ) :
(1)
x = 111
}1
| {z
2
= 1 100 + 1 101 + 1 102 + + 1 1021
(m) = (20)2 4(17)12 = 400 + 816 = 1216
2
a1 = 1 = 10.
:
20 + 1216
5 + 2 19
m1 =
=
,
24
6
20 1216
5 2 19
m2 =
=
.
24
6
102 1
9
y = 111
}1
| {z
+1
5 2 19
5 + 2 19
(1)
m
.
6
6
, ,
.
Vieta :
= 1 100 + 1 101 + 1 102 + + 1 10
10+1 1
9
10 10 1
=
9
b
5
z1 + z2 = =
>0m>1
a m1
11
z = 666
}
6
| {z
102 1 10 10 1 6 10 6
+
+
+8
9
9
9
102 + 16 10 + 64
x+y+z+8=
9
!
2
10 + 8
.
x+y+z+8=
3
x+y+z+8=
= 6 100 + 6 101 + 6 102 + + 6 101

10 1
=6
9
6 10 6
.
=
9
12
11 ( )
AB O . b
A O
E, Z EO 24,
Z.
2 ( )
.
x
A
2
A
=
= 2, x =
a.
ax
A
1+ 2
,

1
2
AO OE =
a, x = 2OE = 48.
2 1+ 2
( ) ON//Z.
AZ b
A = 45 ,
12 ( KARKAR) S
CD
ABCD. BS AD T .
AM, T M, CN, S N
b
.
M DN
=
b = .
A
Zb
A = = 22, 5 .
Ab
EO = 67, 5 (1) ,

AOE.
Eb
NO = Eb
AB = 22, 5 + 45 = 67, 5 (2) ,
- . (1) , (2)
ONE (OE = ON = 24). O
A ZA
Z .
Z = x = 2ON = 48.
13
DCN = MAD = x + y.
MABE , ABM =
AE M = y.
(Antonis-Z) BM I
BM, DC . BN
AD E . N, M ,
BN
BEA = EBC = x
. IBCN
, CBN = CIN = x,
DIN = NED
DIEN .
DIB = ABI = y,
DIB = DE M , MIDE
.
DIEN, MIDE MDNE ,
S BC = S BN + NBC = 2 x
BM ABS = ABM +
MBT = 2y.
MDN = = 180 x y = 180
14
b
B
2
= 90 + .
2
13 ( )
( ) 1 = 4
+1
av 3 =
N .
( )
v =
8 9
=
+ 2
av 3
v+4
v+4
av = 3 +
av 3
av =
v+4
3v + 17
, v N .
v+4
14 ( KARKAR) : 2x =
3a = 6b , : x =
N
.
ab
.
ab

( ).
1 ( f reyia)
x ln 2 = a ln 3 = b ln 6 = b ln(2.3) = b ln 2 + b ln 3
- ( ).
x ln 2 = a ln 3
(a b) ln 3 = b ln 2 ln 2 =
( )
v+1 =
av+1 3
x ln 2 = a ln 3 x
8av 9
av +2
8av 93(av +2)

av +2
av + 2
=
5(av 3)
3
av + 2
=
5av 15
2x = 3a = 6b = m
x=
av + 2
1
av + 2 5
5(av 3) av 3
5(av 3)
av 3
1
v+1 v =
= :
5(av 3)
5
v+1 v =
S v = (1 + v ) =
2
1+
v+4
5
vv+9
2
v2 + 9v
10
m
m
m
, a=
, b=
,a , b
ln 2
ln 3
ln 6
ab =
. ,
1
1
v+4
1 =
= 1 v = 1 + (v 1) =
, v N .
a1 3
5
5
ab
ab
ln 3 = a ln 3 x =
b
ab
2 ( )
, v N , :
ab
ln 3.
b
m2
ln 2
, ab=m
ln 3 ln 6
ln 3 ln 6
ab
m
=
= x.
a b ln 2
3 ( )
2x = 3a = 6b x ln 2 = a ln 3 = b ln 6
ab
=
ab
15
x ln 2 x ln 2
ln 3 ln 6
x ln 2
x ln 2
ln 3 ln 6
x2 ln2 2
=
x ln 2 ln 6 x ln 2 ln 3
ln2 2
ln2 2
= x
=x
ln 2 (ln 6 ln 2)
ln 2 ln 2
5 ( ) x = a = b = 0 .
a, b, x , 0 a , b,
(
4 ( )
x
a
3=2 ,
x
b
6=2 3=2
xb
b
a=b
3a = 6a .
3a = 6b
x xb
ab
=
x=
.
a
b
ab
16
15 ( )
(O, R) , (K, r)
E . AB,
, OK AB .

.
1 ( ) :
M AC BD,
= A BD
= x,
C BD
= 70 + x
C MB
x = 40o
1 (KARKAR)
R2 + r2 AL = CL .
1
1
E = E E E E E
2
2
1
= (R2 + r2 ) E E .
2
E !
ABC, BCD, CDA, DAB

sin 70 sin(50 a) sin(70 a)

=
sin 30
sin a sin(60 + a)
sin 70 cos 20 cos(120 2a)
=
sin 30
cos 60 cos(60 + 2a)
cos 20 + cos(60 + 2a)
2 cos 20 =
1
cos(60 + 2a)
2
cos(60 + 2a) = 0
a = 15o
2 ( ) ABC (70 , 80 , 30 ).
2 ( ) LA = LC =
, (1) ,

L LA = LB.
, (1)
(
R2 + (LO)2 = (LA)2 = (LC)2 = r2 + (LK)2
R + r = OK = LO + LK ).
R2 + r 2
16 ( )
ABCD
AC, BD CAB, BCA, CDB, BDA
70, 30, (50 a), a , , .
BD
CBA a.
17
C BD,
BA E . BCE (80 , 50 , 50 )
( - ),
BCDE AEDC
b = C DA
b = 50 ).
(C EA
b = ACE
b = 20 , DCE (70 , 55 , 55 )
ADE
BCD : a = 15 .
3 ( ) A
BD CB
E ADCE
( 50 ),
DEB, DAB a = 15
.
18
a ()
r > 0 .
(AC) : y 3 = a(x 1) ax y a + 3 = 0
(BD) : y 2 = a(x 4) ax y 4a + 2 = 0.
17 ( KARKAR)
,

A(1, 3) B(4, 2), .
, :
d(O, AC) = r
|3 a|

=r
a2 + 1
|3 a| = r a2 + 1
d(O, BD) = r
|2 4a|
=r
a2 + 1
|2 4a| = r a2 + 1.
|3 a| = |2 4a|,
1
a = 1 a = .
3
a = 1 r = 2,
1
C : x2 + y2 = 2 ( ) a =
3
r = 10 C : x2 + y2 = 10 ( ).

,
.
3 ( ) y = x + , , R
1 A
x x. 3 = 1 + = 3 .
y y K (0, 3 ).
1 ( ) > 0
C(, ), D(, ).
AC, BD :
x + y = 2 x y = 2 , .
A B :
+ 3 = 2 4 2 = 2 .
=
,
2
2
:
2 + 2 = 2 . . . 2 = 2, c
x2 + y2 = 2.
y = x + , , R 2
B 1 .
2 = 4 + = 2 4.
y y L (0, 2 4).

O R C, D , KON, LOD ,
[ = DOL
[ ( ),
CO = DO = R, CON
OK = OL |3 | = |2 ! 4|
1
... = 1 = .
3
2 ( )
R = d (O, 1 ) = ... 2 R =
4 ( parmenides51)
10.

AC, BD .
19
AB.
1+4 3+2
5 5
M
,
= , .
2
2
2 2
OM AC, BD
, AC, BD,
AC k BD.
5
x M = , 0 = xO
2
5
0
yM yO
=1,
OM =
= 52
xM xO
0
2
OM y 0 = 1(x 0) y = x.
AC, OM,
1 (
k + k 1 > k k > 1 k = 1
.
>
k
k1
>
k,
k 1.
,
1
1
1
1 + + + + >
n
2 3
1 + 2 1 + 3 2 + +
n 1 n 2 + n n 1 = n.
2 ( )
= d(AC, OM) = d(A, OM) = |yA x2A | 2 = |31| =

2
(1) +1
2
=
2.

2
2
x2 + y2 = 2 = 2 = 2.

AC, BD
, AB ( C D).
xA = 1 , 4 = xB
yB yA
23
1
AB =
=
= ,
xB xA 4 1
3
AB
1
y 3 = (x 1) 3y 9 = x + 1 x + 3y = 10.
3

AB,
|0 + 0 10|
10
= d(O, AB) =
= = 10.
10
12 + 32

x2 + y2 = 2 = 10.
n
X
1
>n
k
k=1
v
t n
Y 1
n
n
= 2n .
k
n!
k=1
n
> n,
n!
n
n > n!.
2n
-
n(n + 1)
n2 >
= 1 + 2 + 3 + + n >
2
n
n
n 1 2 3 n = n n!,
.
3 ( )
1
1
1
1
1
1 + + + + +
> n+
,
n
3
2
n+1
n+1
> n + 1.
(
)
1
1
.
n+1 n=
<
n+1+ n
n+1
18 ( )
n, n 2, :
1
1
1
1 + + + + > n.
n
3
2
20
() 16% 33
x s = 33 s = 2.

19 (
)
f (x) =
x x + 1 x 0
=
{1, 2, . . . , n}, P(k) = 12
f (k) k .
5
s
100% = 5, 71%
x
CV < 10% CV =
() f
.
() n.
20 (
Parmenides51)

lit < , R.
1, 6 lit
20%
1, 4 lit
90% .

[, ]
:
()
x = n. 16%
33,
.
( )
() , .
()
f (x) =
() .
1
()

,
1000
2 lit.
>0

2 x 2 x+1
.
()

P(1) + P(2) + + P(n) = 1
1 ( )
f (1) + f (2) + + f (n) =
() X .
A = {X 1, 6} B =
{X 1, 4}.
X , [, ]. :
1, 6 a
P(A) =
= 0, 2
5
12
f (x) x = 1, . . . , x =
n
5
1
1
1
1
= + +
12
2 2 2
2 2 2 3
!
1
1
2 n
1
2 n+1
1
=
2 2 n+1
1, 4
= 0, 9 .
a

= 1, 2 = 3, 2
P(B) =
n = 35.
21
()

a+
2
, [1.6, ]
80% . [1.4, ]
90%
[1.4, 1.6] 10% .
1, 6 1, 4 = 0, 2
10% .
= 2, 2.
()
= {X 2}
2 0, 2 = 0, 4
2 10% = 20%
1, 6 20%

N()
2 1, 2
= P() =
= 0, 4
N()
3, 2 1, 2
N() = 1000 N() = 2500.
1, 6 = 0, 4 = 1, 6 0, 4 = 1, 2.
2 (parmenides51)
[, ],
,

.
10 0, 2 = 2
10 10 = 100%
[, ] 100%
= 2 = + 2 = 1, 2 + 2 = 3, 2.
() :
100%
.
1, 6
20% .
100
=
.
1, 6
20
()

,
(1)
x =
100%
.
1, 4
90% .
100
=
.
1, 4
90
+
2
1, 2 + 3, 2
4, 4
=
= 2, 2.
2
2
() 3, 2 1, 2 = 2
( ).
2 1, 2 = 0, 8 1000 .
=
0, 8
1000
(2)
(1),(2)
= 1, 2 = 2, 2.
:
[, ] 100%
[, 1.6] 20%
22
2000
= 2500
0, 8
()
21 ( )
f : R R z z , 1/2

2
|2z 1| = |z 2|
|2z 1|2 = |z 2|2
f (x) + sin (x) = 2 x f (x)
(2z 1)(2z 1) = (z 2)(z 2)
4zz 2z 2z + 1 = zz 2z 2z + 4
x R
3zz = 3
f (x)
lim
= m,
x0 x
m =
|z| = 1.
()
|z2|
|2z1| .
lim
() |z 2| = |2z 1|.
x0
() z
() lim
x0
f (sin x)
.
x2 x
f (sin x)
f (sin x) sin x 1
= lim
2
x
0
sin x
x x1
x x
= 1 1 (1) = 1.
f (sin x)
lim
x0 sin x
() g(x) = f (x)x

(, 0) (0, +).
sin x=u
x0
u0
lim
u0
f (u)
= 1.
u
()
f 2 (x) + sin2 x = 2 x f (x)
() f .
f 2 (x) 2 x f (x) + x2 = x2 sin2 x
() (|z + 3 4i| + 5)x = x3 + 10

[1, 2].
( f (x) x)2 = x2 sin2 x

g2 (x) = x2 sin2 x.
| sin x| 6 |x|, x R
x = 0 x , 0
x2 sin2 x , 0, g2 (x) , 0.
g (, 0) (0, +),

.
( )
() x , 0
() 4 f .
f 2 (x) sin2 (x) 2 f (x)

+
=
,
x
x2
x2
(1) f (x) = x +
(2) f (x) = x
p
p
x +
(3) f (x) =
x +
(4) f (x) =
!
!2
f (x) 2
sin
x
= lim 2 f (x) ,
lim
+
x0
x0
x
x
x
m2 + 12 = 2m m = 1.
2|
= 1 |2z 1| = |z 2|.
m = 1 ||z
2z1|
23
x2 sin2 x.
x2 sin2 x.
p
x2 sin2 x
p
x2 sin2 x
p
x2 sin2 x
p
x2 sin2 x
x > 0,
x < 0.
x 6 0,
x > 0.
()
(6) k, m (2) (5) ,

|z u|.
h(x) = (|z + 3 4i| + 5)x x3 10

x [1, 2]. h
.
h(1) = |z + 3 4i| + 5 11
( )
= |z + 3 4i| 6 6 0
(1) z = x + yi, x, y R
|z + 3 4i| 6 |z| + |3 4i| = 6.
x = k t, y = k t.
h(2) = 2 |z + 3 4i| + 10 8 10
= 2(|z + 3 4i| 4) > 0
|z + 3 4i| > ||z| |3 4i|| = 4.

h(1)h(2) 6 0.
2 (t) + 2 (t) = 1 (x k)2 + (y k)2 = 1.
z
A(k, k) 1 = 1 k > 1.
h(1)h(2) < 0 Bolzano

x0 (1, 2)
h(x0 ) = 0.
(|z + 3 4i| + 5)x = x3 + 10

(1, 2). h(1)h(2) =
0, x = 1 x = 2 .

(|z + 3 4i| + 5)x = x3 + 10

[1, 2].
22
z = (k t) + (k t)i
k1|
(2) d(A, ) = |3
> 1 k > 1,
2
.
t R k > 1.
(1) z.
|z w|min = d(A, ) 1 =
(2) w
y = x
(k 1) , k
|z w|min =
5 2
2
|3k 1|
1
1.
|z w|min
(3) k (2)
z
|z z|.
5 2
|3k 1|
5 2
=
1
1=
1
2
2
2
|3k 1| = 5
k = 2,
k > 1.
(4) k (2)
|w 3 + 4i|.
(3) k = 2
(5) u
z = (2 t) + (t 2)i.
u = (1 + mt) + (1 + mt)i,
z = + i, , R = 2 (t)
= (t) 2
m
u
.
2 (t) + 2 (t) = 1 ( 2)2 + ( + 2)2 = 1.

24
z
B(2, 2) 2 = 1 = 1.
2 t + 2 t = 1
2
m2
: (1) k = 2

= 1 m = 2 m = 2.
2
1
2
1
=1
(6)
|z (2 + 2i)| = 1 |z (2 2i)| = 1
c =z u
z
B(2, 2) 2 = 1 = 1.
=(k t) + (k t)i
(1 + mt) (1 + mt)i
=(k t) + (k t)i + (1 mt) + (1 mt)i
|z z| =
=(k t + 1 mt) + (k t + 1 mt)i

= k + 1 (1 + m)t + [(k + 1 (1 + m)t)] i
= |(2 t) + (2 + t)i (2 t) + (2 t)i|

= |2(2 t)i|
|z z|min = |2 1| = 2 |z z|max = |2 3| =
6.
c = x + yi, x, y R
x = k + 1 (1 + m)t x (k + 1) = (1 + m)t,
y = k + 1 (1 + m)t y (k + 1) = (1 + m)t.
(x (k + 1))2 + (y (k + 1))2
=(1 + m)2 2 t + (1 + m)2 2 t
(4) |w 3 + 4i| = |w (3 4i)|

w K(3, 4).
|w 3 + 4i|min = d(K, ) = |34+1| = 0 (
2
K ).
(x (k + 1))2 + (y (k + 1))2 = (1 + m)2

2
k=2
(x 3)2 + (y 3)2 = (1 2)
m= 2
(5) u = + i, , R.
(t) =
1+
, (t) =
1+
M(x, y)

2
(x 3)2 + (y 3)2 = 1 + 2 .
( m , 0 m = 0, u
(1, 1)).
( + 1)2 ( + 1)2
+
= 1 ( + 1)2 + ( + 1)2 = m2
m2
m2
u
(1, 1) 3 = |m|.
O(0, 0) (0 + 1)2 + (0 + 1)2 =
m2 m2 = 2 m = 2.
:
w
m R
1 + mt = 0
t = m
u = 0 + 0i
t = 1
1 + mt = 0
(
25
OK ,

2
2
A, B. (OK) = d(K, O) = 3 + 3 =
3 2. OB
(OM) (OA).
OK ,

2
2
A, B. (OK) = d(K, O) = 3 + 3 =
3 2. OB
(OM) (OA).
|C|max = (OA) = (OK) + = =
=3 2+1+ 2 =4 2+1
|C|max = (OA) = (OK) + = =
=3 2+ 21=4 21
|C|min = (OB) = (OK) + = =
= 3 2 1 2 = 2 2 1.
|C|min = (OB) = (OK) + = =
= 3 2 2 + 1 = 2 2 + 1.
M(x, y)
(x 3)2 + (y 3)2 =
2
21 .
26
23 (

) e x + 2 ln x > ex
e x + ln x + 2 > ex ln x + 2
f (x) = ex ln x + 2
1 1,
2
ex
ln(x2 + 1) = e1 ,

1
x>0
> f (x) x1 < x x2 > 1 x > 1
24 ( )
f
e x + 2 ln x > ex .
h(x) = e f (x) f 3 (x) + 2 .

f (x)
:
f (x2 x)
( ).
1
2
) x > 0.
f (4x)
1
2
>0
0 < x1 < x2 x1 > x2
ex1
>
ex2 (1)
( ) h
R, x1 , x2 R x1 > x2
(y = e x . )
0 < x1 < x2
h(x1 ) > h(x2 )

e f (x1 ) f 3 (x1 ) + 2 > e f (x2 ) f 3 (x2 ) + 2
ln x1 < ln x2 ln x1 + 2 > ln x2 + 2(2)

(y = ln x . )
( f (x1 ) f (x2 ))( f 2 (x1 ) + f (x1 ) f (x2 ) + f 2 (x2 ))
(1) , (2) f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) f

1 1
2
) ex
e(x

ln x2 + 1 =
+1)

ln x2 + 1 + 2 =

<
e f (x2 ) e f (x1 )
(I)
e f (x1 ) e f (x2 )
* f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) () 0 < 0,

.
1
+2
* f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) ()

()
, .
f :11
f x2 + 1 = f (1)
x2 + 1 = 1 x = 0 x > 0,
: f (x1 ) < f (x2 ), f

R.
27
g(x) = x , 0 < < 1

R,
:
f (x2 x)
1
2
>
f (4x)
1
2
- x > y h ,
h(x) < h(y), .
f (x2 x) < f (4 x)
x < y.
x2 x > 4 x x2 > 4 x < 2 x > 2.
2 ( ) ( )
f

. .
f .
. x1 , x2 R
x1 < x2 f (x1 ) 6 f (x2 ).
h R
: x < y h(x) > h(y),
x, y R.
e f (x1 ) > e f (x2 )

f 3 (x1 ) > f 3 (x2 ) h(x1 ) 2 > h(x2 ) 2
h . .
* .
* .
x1 , x2 R x1 < x2
- x = y, h(x) = h(y), .
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ), f . .
28
25 ( )
f [a, b],
(a, b) f (a) , f (b).
1 , 2 (a, b) 1 , 2
f [a, b],
(a, b) f (a) , f (b).
1 , 2 , . . . , n (a, b)
(n N )
!2
f (b) f (a)
.
: f (1 ) f (2 ) =
ba
!n
f (b) f (a)
f (1 ) f (2 ) f (n ) =
.
ba
1 ( )
a < x 0.
ba
U
y : f (x) > 0, f (x) U .
ln f ()
f (x) f (a)
f (b) f (a)
=
:= ,
xa
ba
f (b) f (x)
=
bx
[a, x] [x, b].
1 , 2 U : ln f () =
,
> 0
(1 , 2 ) = V .
ln f (1 ) + ln f (2 )
2
, f (1 ) > 0, f (2 ) > 0
f (x) f (a)
f (b) f (a)
f (b) f (x)
>
>
,
xa
ba
bx
a < x < b.
,
1 < < 2 .
3 ( )
g(x) :=
f (x) f (a)
x a)
1 (a, k), 2 (k, b),
(a, b]
[, c) (
) ,
f (1 ) =
f (k) f (a)
ka
(1)
f (2 ) =
f (b) f (k)
bk
(2)
f (x) f (b)
h(x) :=
[a, b)
xb
(d, ] (
).
k > 1 g() = k
h( ) = /k , (a, b).
[a, ] 1
(a, ) f (1 ) = g().
[ , b] 2
( , b) f (2 ) = h( ).
!2
f (b) f (a)
f (1 ) f (2 ) =
,
ba
(1) (2),
:
f (k) f (a) f (b) f (k)

f (b) f (a)
=
ka
bk
ba

k .
!2
(3)
f (b) f (a)
,
ba
(3) k,
- =
29
(4)
(5).
f (k) f (a) f (b) f (k)
= 2
ka
bk
,
[a, k], [k, b],
,
.
( f (k) f (a)) ( f (b) f (k)) = (k a) (b k)
()
(atemlos)

..
k
(a, b),
:
f (k) f (a) = (b k)
(4)
f (b) f (k) = (k a)
(5).
26 ( )
f : [1, e] R f (1) = 0,
1
f (e) = 1 f (x) + e f (x) = x + , x [1, e] .
: f (x) = ln x x [1, e] .
1 ( )
k (4).
(5) ...
(4):
h(x) = f (x) lnx, x [1, e],

( ) .
x0 (1, e) h(x0 ) , 0,
, , f (x0 ) > 0,
(
) x1
[1, e] (
), Fermat
1
h (x1 ) = 0 f (x1 ) = ,

f (b) f (k) = f (b) f (a) + (b k)
= f (b) f (a) (b k)
= [b a b + k] =
= (k a)
(2)
(5)

k. (4),
( )
x1
x = x1
h(x) = f (x) f (a) (b x), x [a, b]
e f (x1 ) = x1 f (x1 ) = lnx1 h(x1 ) = 0,
Bolzano
.
2 ( )
,
h(a) = (b a) = f (a) f (b)

h(b) = f (b) f (a) 0
= f (b) f (a).
g(x) = f (x) lnx
[1, e].
g [1, e]
.
: g(1) = g(e) = 0 :
h(a) h(b) = ( f (a) f (b))2 < 0,
g (x) = x(eg(x) 1), x [1, e]
f (a) , f (b).
.Bolzano h
[a, b]
(1)
g
.
.
k (a, b) : h(k) = 0,
30
e f (x) = (g(x) f (x)) e f (x) (g(x) f (x)) = 1.
, x1 ,
g(x1 ) > 0 .Fermat
x2
eg(x) = x e 2 :
eg(x) f (x)

2
2
x
x
(g(x) f (x)) = xe 2 , eg(x) f (x) = e 2 ,
g (x1 ) = 0.
x2
eg(x) f (x) = e 2 + c.
x = 1 c = 0
f (x) = lnx, x > 0.
, (1) .
.
; ...

x2 , (1) Fermat
g(x2 ) = 0.
.
g .
g [1, e]...
5 ( ) h : (0, +) , h (x) =
e f (x)
.
x
h (1) = h (e) = 1
h (x) + xh (x) 1 h (x)

f (x) =
= +
,
xh (x)
x h (x)
1 h (x)
1
+
+ xh (x) = x +
x h (x)
x
h (x) = xh (x) (1 h (x)) .
g(x) = 0, x [1, e] f (x) = lnxx [1, e].

3 ( )
. :
,
x = x0 ,
h (x0 ) = 1 h (x0 ) = 0 (.Fermat) .
g(x) = f (x) lnx g (x) = x xe f (x)
xeg(x) + (eg(x) ) = x
h (1) = h (e) = 1, . h (x0 ) = h (1) = h (e) = 1.

g(x)
h(x) = e
, xh(x) + h (x) = x,
h (x) = 1, x [1, e] e f (x) = x

f (x) = ln x, x [1, e].
x2
e 2
x2
x2
6 ( )
x : lnx , f (x), lnx > f (x).
1
f (x) = x e f (x) = elnx e f (x) = (lnx f (x))e
(e 2 h(x)) = xe 2
x2
x2
e 2 h(x) = e 2 + c elnx f (x) = 1 + ce
lnx, f (x) e x .
x2
2
lnx, f (x) [1, e]

{1, M}
e max{e, eM } = k ( ).
x = 1 , c = 0.
( f (x) lnx) = (lnx f (x))e (lnx f (x))k
(( f (x) lnx)ekx) ) < 0

1 x e,
elnx f (x) = 1 f (x) = lnx.
0 = (( f (e) lne)eke) ) (( f (x) lnx)ekx) )
(( f (1) lnx)ek) ) = 0, f (x) = lnx .

lnx < f (x), lnx = f (x), x [1, e].
4 ( ) x (0, +)
1
: f (x) + e f (x) = x + (1).
f
f + f e = 1 2
x+
g(x) =
+lnx, x > 0.
f = f x + x f + 1 2 =
x
x
(1) :
31
x2
= ( f )2 (x + 1/x) f + 1 1/x2 (
!
1
1
y + 1 2 , y = f (
e f ) y = y2 x +
/2
f (1) = 1 y(1) = 1

Ricatti).
!
1
1
1
x = 1,
y = + , ... u + u
(xe 2 y) = (ex
1 a x2
y= + e2.
a = 0 f (x) = lnx + b
f (1) = 0 b = 0 f (x) = lnx, x [1, e] (
f (e) = 1)?
32
1.
27 ( )
:
Z2
181
x10 + 210
dx <
.
15
15
2816
x +2
x2 + 1 f 2 (x) + f (x)
Z1
1
x10 + 210
dx =
15
15
32
x +2
1
16
0
Z 1
0
4
f 2 (1) f 2 (0)
3
1 + (x/2)10
dx
1 + (x/2)15
2.

(1 + x2 )2 > 1 + x2 ( f (x))2 + f (x) 2

> f (x) + x f (x) 2

2
2
1 + x2 > f (x) + x f (x)

f (x) + x f (x) 6 1 + x2

1 + x2 6 (x f (x)) 6 1 + x2
1 + y10
dy
1 + y15
!
y10 y15
dy
1 + y15
0
!
Z 1
1
10
15
<
1+
(y y ) dy
16
0
!
1
1
1
=
1+
1
=
1+
16
16
11
181
.
=
2816
Z1
16

( f (x))2 + f (x) 2 x2 + 1,
1 + x dx 6
Z1
(x f (x)) dx 6
Z1
0
1 + x2 dx
4
| f (1)| 6
3
28 ( )
f : R R
:
3. t > 0
x R.
Rt
4
1. ( f (1))2 ( f (0))2 ,
3

Rt
Rt
1 + x2 dx 6 (x f (x)) dx 6 1 + x2 dx
0
4
2. | f (1)| ,
3
3. |F (1) F (0)|
2 f (x) f (x)

x2 + 1 dx f 2 (1) f 2 (0)
( )
2
10
, F f .
9
t3
3
t f (t) t +
t3
3
t2
3
f (t) 1 +
t2
3
f
t = 0
R1

R1
R1
2
2
1 + t3 dt 6 f (t)dt 6 1 + t3 dx.
0
( - Atemlos -
)
33
29 (
)
f (x), g(x) : [a, b] R
g (x) > 0, x [a, b].
[(x a) f (x)]ba
[(x b)g(x)]ba
(x a) f (x) = (x b)g (x), x [a, b]
1)
Rb
a
f (x)dx =
f (x)dx =
f (x)dx =
g(x)dx
Rb
g(x)dx
[(x a) f (x)]ba = [(x b)g(x)]ba
g (x) > 0 f (x) < 0, x (a, b)

2)
Rb
Rb
Rb
Rb
a
(b a) f (a) = (b a)g(b) f (a) = g(b)

g(x)dx
2.)
h(x) = f (x)g(x), x [a, b]
[a, b]
) f (b) = g(a)
) (a, b) : f () = g()
h(a) = f (a) g(a) = f (a) f (b) > 0

f ( (1)) [a, b]
f (a) > f (b) h(b) = f (b) g(b) = g(a) g(b) < 0
(1) g [a, b]
g(a) < g(b) h(a)h(b) < 0
Bolzano x0 (a, b)
( )
1) g (x) > 0, x [a, b] g
[a, b] x a
h(x0 ) = 0 f (x0 ) = g(x0 )
(x a) f (x) = (x b)g (x)

0 = (a b)g (a) g (a) = 0 x > a
g (x) > g (a) = 0
h (x) = f (x) g (x) < 0, x (a, b) h

[a, b] x0 .
(xa) f (x) = (xb)g (x) a < x 0 x a > 0, x b < 0
f (x) < 0
30 ( parmenides51)
z1 = a + ea i, z2 = b + bi, z3 = c + i ln c
a, b R, c > 0.
1.
z1 , z2 , z3 ,
:
g (a) = 0, f (b) = 0 [a, b]
g (a) 0, f (b) 0
2. |z1 z2 |
z1 , z2
,
2) )
(x a) f (x) = (x b)g (x)

Rb
a
(x a) f (x)dx =
Rb
a
3. |z1 z3 |
z1 , z3
.
(x b)g (x)dx
34
* f (, 0]
* f x = 0 f (0) = 1.
d(L, )
a=
1
2
0 ( L(0, e0 ) L(0, 1)) =
.
2
2

1.
L : y 1 = 1(x 0) y = x + 1.

y = x, y = x + 1
!
1 1
(x, y) = , ,
2 2
.
2
|z1 z2 |
1
1
z1 = i z2 = + i.
2 2
)
y = ex , y = lnx y =
x,
2

|z1 z2 | ,|z2 z3 |
2
z3
L(0, 1) y = x,
N(1, 0),

!
1 1
( ()
z2 M ,
2 2
).
|z1 z3 |
:
2
z1 = i z3 = 1 |z1 z3 | = 2
= 2.
2
( ) ) z1
z = x + yi, x, y R, x = a, y = ea , a R
y = e x .
z1
y = e x .
z2 z = x+yi, x, y R,
x = b, y = b, b R y = x.
z2
y = x.
z3 z = x+yi, x, y R,
x = c, y = lnc, c > 0 y = lnx.
z3
y = lnx, x > 0.
) z1 = k + ek i, k R
|z1 z2 | ,

L(k, ek ) y x = 0,
: d(L, ) = p
|ea a|
12 + (1)2
f (x) = e x x
R
e x () x ()
f (x) = ex 1. :
* f (x) = 0 x = 0
* f (x) > 0 x > 0,
* f [0, +)
35
:
(3)
31 ( )
f :
[0, +) R
f (x) + x f (x) =
1
f
2
x
= 0 0 = 0 g (x) = 0 g(x) = c
x f (x) = c 0 f (0) = c ,
f (x) = 0 , x [0, +) .
x [0, +) .
2 ( ) f
x1 , x2 [0, ] , > 0 m
M , , [0, ] .

m f (x) M , x [0, ] .
( ) g(x) = x f (x) ,
x [0, +) [0, +)
1 g(x/2) g(x/2)
=
, x>0
2 x/2
x
g (x) =
0 ,
x=0
m f
(1) .
(x f (x)) =
..... g [0, x/2]

0 < 1 < x/2 ,
g () 0
x f (x)
M x
2
0.
Mt
g(x) g(0)
M
= f (x)
.
x0
2
M
f (x)
.
2
x = x1 , x1 ( x1 = 0 ,
M = 0)
.....

n , n N , 0 < n+1 < n /2 .

f (x1 )
, (x f (x)) =
(2) .
g(x/2) 00
1 g (x/2)
= lim
=
lim g (x) = lim
x0
x0
x0 2
x
x
x f (x)
mx
2
M 0.
1
f
2
x
m
2
h(t) = t f (t)
1
1
lim g (x/2) = lim g (x) lim g (x) = 0 = g (0) .
x0 2
x0
2 x0
g [0, +) .
, f (x)
m
2
mt
2
t [0, ]
x = x2 , x2 ( x2 = 0 ,
m = 0)
n + n 0 ,
0 < n+1 < n /2 0 < n < 1 /2n1 .
m 0.
2
2
0 m f (x) M 0
f (x) = 0 ,
x [0, ] .
, [0, +).
, .
f (x2 )
lim g (n ) = 0 (3) .
, x [0, +),
1
1
g (n ) = lim n lim g (n )
n
n+ 2
n+ 2 n+
lim g (x) = lim
n+
g () =
1
g(1 /2) g(0) g(1 /2) (1)
g (2 ) =
=
= g (1 ) .
2
1
1
(2)
, t [0, ] .
2
x > 0 [0, x]
(0, x)
..... g [0, 1 /2]

0 < 2 < 1 /2 ,
n+
x
M , x [0, ] .
g(t) = t f (t)
1
g(x/2) g(0) g(x/2) (1)
g (1 ) =
=
= g (x) .
2
x
x
1
1
1
g (x) = g (1 ) = 2 g (2 ) = . . . = n g (n )
2
2
2
1
f
2
x
36
. ,
f
.
2. f ()
A(x1 , f (x1 )) , B(x2 , f (x2 ))
32 ( )

f (x) =
ln(x2 )
, N , N ,
x2+1
y f (x1 ) = f (x1 )(x x1 ) (1) .
:
) f (x1 ) = f (x2 )
1. f
x2 = x1 .
B (x1 , f (x1 )) = (x1 , f (x1 )) .
( - - x1 > 0)
) B (1)
f (x1 ) f (x1 ) = f (x1 )(x1 x1 )
ln(x2 )
( ) f (x) = 2+1 ,
x
2
2
(
2
+
1
)
ln(x
)
f (x) =
x2+2
2(4 + 3) + (2 + 1)(2 + 2) ln(x2 )
f (x) =
,
x2k+3
x R , N , N .
f (x1 ) = x1 f (x1 ) (2)
f f .
1.
f
(
) .
ln(x21 )
x21 +1
= x1
2 (2 + 1) ln(x1 )
x21 +2
ln(x1 ) = 2 (2 + 1) ln(x1 )
2
+1

f A (x1 , f (x1 )) , B (x2 , f (x2 )) ,
0 < x1 < x2 . f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = .
(2 + 2) ln(x1 ) = 2
f [x1 , x2 ]

(1) :
x1 = e +1
f (x2 ) f (x1 )
= .
(x1 , x2 ) , f () =
x2 x1
0 < x1 < < x2
ln(x1 ) =
x1 = e 2+2 .
f (x1 ) = f () = f (x2 ) .
y = f (x1 ) x f (x1 ) =
e( + 1)
: y=
x.
e( + 1)
. Rolle f
[x1 , ], [, x2 ] f
(1)
37
(2)
33 ( )
f : [0, 1] R

f (0) = 0
ef
(x)
( ) y x
f (1) = 0.
f (x) dx = f (1).
f (x) = 0, x [0, 1]
f (1) = lim
x1
f (x) f (1)
=1
x1
lim
x1
( )
ef
(x)
f (x)dx = f (1) = f (1) f (0) =
(e f
(x)
f (x)(e
x x0 , h =
, f (x), e
.
(x)
f (x)
L = lim
(x)
f (x0 )
h
h1
x0 f (h)
h2
f (x0 ) x0 (1 h)
h
,
(1) :
f (x)(e f
1) 0
(. f (x0 ) < 0),
x
f (x0 )
h
.
x0
x0
h
( x = x0 y = h)
f (x) f (x0 )
L = lim
= lim
xx0
h1
x x0
x0 [0, 1] f (x0 ) , 0
R1
x0
1.
x
1)dx = 0
x (0, 1), f (x)(e f
(3)
x0 > 0.
f (x)dx
f (x) f (x))dx = 0
f (x)
f (x)
=1
x1
1)dx > 0, .
L=
, f (x) = 0, x [0, 1]
f (x0 )
+ 1.
x0
x0 , f
/ .. :
f (x) = c, x [0, 1].
!
f (x)
f (x) =
+ 1, x > 0
x
!
f (x)x (x) f (x)
f
(x)
1

=
=
,
x
>
0
=
(lnx)
x
x
x2
!
f (x)
= lnx + c, x > 0 .
x
f (0) = 0, f (x) = 0, x [0, 1]

34 ( )

f : (0, +) R
!
x
f (x) x f (y)
=

y
y
y2
x, y (0, +) 1, f (1) = 1

38
f (x) = xlnx + xc, x > 0 .
f (x) = xlnx, x > 0

.
x 1 : c = 0.
39
,
,
35 ( )
n,
sin2n x + cos2n x + n sin2 x cos2 x = 1,
x R.
1 ( BillK ) f (x) =
f (x) > 0 .
Jensen
f (a) + f (b) + f (c) 3 f ( a+b+c
)
3
( ) x =
x2
, x (0, 3)
(3 x)3
f (a) + f (b) + f (c) 38

a2
b2
c2
3
+
+
(b + c)3 (c + a)3 (a + b)3 8
1
n
1
+ n + =1
n
2
2
4
2n (n 4) + 8 = 0. (*)
n 4 2n (n 4) 0 2n (n 4) + 8 > 0
0 n < 4,
n = 2 n = 3 (*).

2 ( )
CS Nesbitt :
a2
(b+c)3
b2
(c+a)3
a
(b+c)
c2
(a+b)3
b
(c+a)
[(b + c) + (c + a) + (a + b)]
2
c
(a+b)
49 .
3 ( )
sin4 x + cos4 x + 2sin2 xcos2 x = (sin2 x + cos2 x)2 = 1

x R
Euler
sin2 x + cos2 x + (1) = 0
(sin2 x)3 + (cos2 x)3 + (1)3 = 3 sin2 x cos2 x(1),
sin6 x + cos6 x + 3 sin2 x cos2 x = 1, x R.
, n 2 3.
a2 (a + b + c) b2 (a + b + c) c2 (a + b + c) 9
+
+
8
(b + c)3
(c + a)3
(a + b)3
X a3
X a2
9
+
.
(b + c)3
(b + c)2 8
:

Chebyshev 9(x3 + y3 + z3 ) (x + y + z)3 .
Nesbitt
36 ( )
a, b, c
a + b + c = 3,
a2
b2
c2
3
+
+
.
3
3
3
8
(b + c)
(c + a)
(a + b)
40
X a 3 27
a3
b+c
8
(b + c)3
X a 2 9
a2
b+c
4
(b + c)2
37 ( )
ABC BC,
I . BI AC
D E, D
CI . EI AB
Z. DZ
CI.
(KARKAR)
C, E BC
B
CEI = CDI = 90o +
= DIE = 90o , (1) (1)
2
A = 90o DIZA
IDZ = IAZ = 45o , (2)
(2) DIC = 180o IDC

90o
B
2
2
, (3)
C
2
= 180o
= 45o , DIE = 90o =
BD EZ
(3) = IE = IZ , (4) BD
B.
(1), (4) DEZ,
DZ k FI CI .
38 ( )
ABC E M,
.
(2) ADB = 90o
C
2
= ACI
B
2
, ADZ =
, (3)
(3) DZ k CI
.
2 ( ) E , D CI BC,
FD = FE , (1) F CI DE.
DIC = EIC , (2)
M,
ABC ,
E1 , E2 , E3 .
1
1
18
1
+
+
.
E1
41
E2
E3
E2
(MC1 )(MC2 )
=
, (2)
(MA1 B1)
(MA1 )(MB1)
(MB1)(MB2)
E3
=
, (3)
(MA2C1 ) (MA2 )(MC1 )
(1), (2), (3) = E1 E2 E3
=
(MA1 A2 )(MC1C2 )(MA2C1 ) , (4) (4) ,
,
( )
MA1 A2 , MB2C2
.
- :
A1 MA2 = B2 MC2
E1
(MA1 )(MA2 )
=
(MB2C2 ) (MB2)(MC2)
, (1)
E1
6
E2
E3
E1 E2 E3
E1 E2 E3 (MB2C2 )(MA1 B1 )(MA2C1 )
18
E1 + E2 + E3 + (MB2C2 ) + (MA1 B1 ) + (MA2C1 )
42
18
, ,
f (1) = c + 1
39 ( )
f :
f (2y + 1) = c(2y + 1) + (2y + 1)(4y2 + 4y + 1)
(x y) f (x + y) (x + y) f (x y) = 4 xy(x2 y2 )
= c(2y + 1) + (2y + 1)3 ,

f (x) = x3 + cx x R.
40 ( )

1 ( ) x + y = a
x y = b x =
a+b
2
y =
ab
2
f : {1, 2, . . . , 10} {1, 2, . . . , 100}
x + y|x f (x) + y f (y), x, y

{1, 2, . . . , 10}.
b f (a) a f (b) = ab(a2 b2 )

a, b R, a, b R
f (a) f (b)
= a2 b2 ,
a
b
( ) , x 1, 2, . . . , 9,
2 x + 1 x f (x) + f (x + 1)(x + 1)
2 x f (x) + 2(x + 1) f (x + 1).
, 2 x + 1
f (x + 1) f (x). ,
f (a)
f (b)
a2 =
b2 .
a
b
f (x)
h(x) =
x2
x
x R , f (x) = x3 + cx,
x R . f (0) = 0,
f (x) = x3 + cx, x R, .
2 ( ) x = y + 1
99 f (10) f (1) =
9
X
f (x + 1) f (x)
9
X
(2 x + 1)
x=1
x=1
= 99.
, f (x+ 1) f (x) = 2 x+ 1 f (1) = 1. f (x) = x2

x 1, 2, . . . , 10.
f (2y + 1) = (2y + 1) f (1) + 4y(y + 1)(2y + 1).
43
41 ( )
ABCD (O)
P AC BD.
(1) QBD + QDB = 180o BQD DBC +

BDC = A,
BQD = 90o + A (2)
, AQC = 90o + D , (3)
(2), (3), Q
(K), (M),
BD, AC
BQD, AQC R,
Q, (K), (M.)
(K) ,
ABCD Q,
BKD
BQD +
= 180o , (4)
2
K (K).
(2), (4) BOD = 2A,
BOD + BKD = 180o , KBOD
QAB + QCB = QBC + QDC = 90o .

OBK + ODK = 180o = OBK = ODK = 90o ,
KB = KD OB = OD.
,
(O)
ABCD,
(K) , (M)
(
MAOC , M
(M) ).
, O (O)
(K), (M) ,
QR,
,
P AC BD,
P, Q, O ,
O (O).
( .) QBC + QDC = 90o

= QBD + DBC + QDB + DBC = 90o , (1)
44
(O), (K), (M) .
P
A, (a + d)
,
, (b + c) ,
P
C.
, a + b + c + d ,
A, C
.
,
B, D .

ABCD
,
.
,
,
,
.
42 (
)
P
ABCD,
AB, BC, CD, DA, . ABCD .
( .)
, .
. P BC
ABC,
. P,
ABCD a, b, c, d,
AB, BC, CD, DA,
.
45
43 ( 1 1995)
6- 5. ,

6

1 ( ) H BO
W CO AH k OD AW k OE .
W AH = DOE = DAE = 60 , WOH = 120 .
1 ( )
. .

6
b 599.997 10 b2 <
599.998 106 .
b > 599.997 103 > 774 103
2b > 1500 103 .
(b + 2)2 = b2 + 4b + 4 > 599.997 106 + 3 106 =

600.000 106 .
b2 (b + 2)2
A, W, O, H
AW H = AOH = 60 = AOH = AHW.
.
b2 < 599.998 106 < 600.000 106 < (b + 2)2 .

(599.998 106 , 600.000 106 )
,
599.998 599.999.
.
2 ( )
100000
5 .
.
,
(700000, 790000)
(70000)2 < 5 1011 (79000)2 > 6 1011 .
89999
.

(
) : OW + OH = OA(= OB = OC).
AW H .
AD OH OH
=
=
OA
DB OB
AE
OW
OW
=
=
EC
OC
OA
AD AE OH + OW OA
+
=
=
= 1.
DB EC
OA
OA
: 1) D S E A
AD AE
AB/2
0
+
=
+
= 1.
DB EC AB/2 EC
2) 1)
E
AC , D
A.
2 ( )
: BD = x
CE = y, : AD = x AE = y. ,
, : ED + BC = BD + CE ,
: ED + = x + y : ED = x + y .
44 ( )
ABC
AB AC D E ,
DE
. :
AD AE
+
=1
DB EC
46
:
AF = BF = AG = CG =
c
2
(1)
FD = DH , GE = HE (2) ( )
c = 2 3 (3) ( . . OGC )
+ = 60 , = DOH = HOE
( FOG = 120 FOD = DOH , HOE =
EOG)
+ = 60 ( + ) =
3 3( + ) = 3(1 ) (4)

ADE : ED2 = AE 2 + AD2
2AD AF (1) F E AD.
FEA = 30 , AFE
1
1
( y). , (1),
: AF = AE =
2
2
2
: (x + y ) = ( y)2 + ( x)2 ( x) ( y)
3 xy
=
. -
AD AE
+
BD EC
=
(1)
=
=
x+y
x (2y x)
: AD = x =
x+y
y (2 x y)
AD
AE
AE = y =
. :
+
=
x+y
DB EC
x (2y x) y (2 x y)
+
= 1.
x (x + y)
y (x + y)
3 (Math Rider ) c
. H
DE
F, G
AB, AC :
(2)
(3)
=
=
(4)
=
=
47
AF FD AG GE
+
BF + FD CG + GE
c
FD 2c GE
2
+
c
+ FD 2c + GE
2
c 2FD c 2GE
+
c + 2FD c + 2GE
c 2DH c 2EH
+
c
+ 2DH c + 2EH
2 3 2DH 2 3 2EH
+
2 3 + 2DH 2 3 + 2EH
3 DH
3 EH
DH
EH
3+
3+
3
3
+
3 +
3 +
6 2
3 + 3( + ) +
6 2
3 + 3(1 ) +
6 2
=1
6 2
45 ( IMC 1996)
n .

46 ( )
(an )nN
an > n1 n.
sin nx
dx.
(1 + 2x ) sin x
+
X
an .
n=1
( )
In =
=
=
=
=
Z0
Z0
Z0
0
sin nx
dx
(1 + 2x ) sin x
Z 0
sin nx
dx
+
(1 + 2x ) sin x
Z
sin nx
dx +
(1 + 2x ) sin x
Z0
sin nx
dx +
(1 + 2x ) sin x
0
sin nx
dx.
sin x
sin a sin b = 2 sin
In In2 =
=
Z0
0
=2
!
+
+
X
X
kn1
an
(kn kn1 )akn >
1
.
kn
n=1
n=1
n=1
+
X
sin nx
dx
(1 + 2x ) sin x
sin nu
du
(1 + 2u ) sin u
2u sin nu
du
(1 + 2u ) sin u
1 kknn 1 0 ln
x1 1 x 1,

ln(kn ) = ln(k1 ) +
n
X
i=1
1 ( ) kn
.
a
2
b
2
cos
a
2
b
2
.
2 ( )
, kn
kn > 2kn1 n.
1 kknn 1
0 .
sin nx sin (n 2)x

dx
sin x
2 sin x cos (n 1)x
dx
sin x
3 ( )
!
ki
ln
,
ki1
cos (n 1)x dx = 0.
n
P
k=1
n
P
k=1
ak
(ak an ) (
),
nan . , an > nc
c > 0 n,
.
lim nan = 0,
I0 = 0 I1 =
0 n = 2k,
In =
n = 2k + 1.
48
n+
.
a, b, c M
47 ( )
M = R \ {3} x y = 3(xy 3 x
3y) + m, m R. m
(M, ) .
a (b c) = 9abc 27(ab + bc + ca) + 81(a + b + c) 240

= (a b) c

(M, ) .
( )
,
e. :
48 (vzf) m nn .
, n
, .
1 e = 1 3e 9 9e + m = 1 m = 6e + 10
( )
k > n A1 , A2 , . . . , Ak n n .
:
2 e = 2 6e 18 9e + m = 2 m = 3e + 20.
e = 10
3
m = 30. m = 30
.
a, b M
,I{1,2,...,k}
= 3(ab 3a 3b + 27) + 3
det (A1 + A2 + A3 ) det (A1 + A2 ) det (A2 + A3 )
= 3(a 3)(b 3) + 3 , 3
det (A3 + A1 ) + det (A1 ) + det (A2 ) + det (A3 ) = 0.
a , 3 b , 3.
. a M
(1) :
m > n A1 , A2 , . . . , Am nn .
r
, r 6 n, .
, (1) k = n + 1
r
, r 6 n + 1, .
, (1) k = n +
2, . . . , m A1 + A2 + + Am
.
(1).
[k] := {1, 2, . . . , k} :
10
10
=
a
3
3
10
= 3a 9a 9
3
= 10a 9a 30 + 30
=a
10
.
3
a M
ax = xa =
x =
X
(1)|I| det
A j
jI
,I{1,2,...,k}
n
X
X
Y
X
(1)|I|
(i, (i)) .
=
sgn ()
A
j
10
3
3ax 9a 9 x + 30 =
(1)
jI
, k = 3, (1)
2 2 A1 , A2 , A3
a b = 3ab 9a 9b + 30
X
(1)|I| det
A j = 0
10
3
27a 80
,3
9(a 3)
,I[k]
49
S n
i=1
jI
, :
, J

j1 , j2 , . . . , jn .)
, I {1, 2, . . . , k} J I ,
aJ (2)
, (1)|I| .
|J| 6 n < k, r = |I| |J|,
0 6 r 6 k |J|, a J
(2)
X
(1)|I| det
A j
jI
,I{1,2,...,k}
n
X
Y
X
X
.
(1)|I|
(i,
(i))
=
sgn ()
A
S n
i=1
,I[k]
jI
, , S n .
ai j = A j (i, (i)) . :
,I{1,2,...,k}
n
Y
X
ai j = 0.
(1)|I|
i=1
k|J|
X
|J|+r
(1)
r=0
(2)
jI
|J|
=(1)
(2)
a J := a1, j 1 a2, j2 an, jn , J :=

j1 , j2 , . . . , jn ( j1 , j2 , . . . , jn
,
k|J|
X
k |J|
r
k |J|
(1)
r
r=0
r
=(1)|J| (1 + 1)k|J| = 0.
(2), (1), .
50
,
branch cut
49 ( )

ln(1 aix)
dx ,
x2 + m
i
, .
a
ln(1 aiz) = ln(az + i)ln i = ln |az + i|+i arg(az + i)

i
i
ln i = ln |i| + i arg(i) =
.
2
2
C : [0, ] C
A (R, 0) , B (R, 0).
z1 =
a > 0, m > 0
1 ( )
I1 =
x2
b2
I2 =
x
x2
c2
dx =
branch cut,
f ( ),
Z
, b, c > 0 .
2 (b + c)
f (z) dz = 2i Res( f, i m ) ,
C
i m.
Z
Z
Z R
it
it

f (z) dz =
f (Re ) iR e dt +
f (z) dz .
C
0
R
Z
Z
ln(1 aiR eit )
it
it
f (R e ) iR e dt =
iR eit dt .
2 e2it + m
R
0
0
R
Cauchy:
ln(1 + x2 )
dx = ln(m + 1) ,
2
2
m
x +m
ln(1 + x2 )
dx =
x2 + m2
0
!
Z
Z x
1
2y
y = xt
dy dx ===
2
2
2
x +m
0
0 1+y
!
Z
Z 1
1
2 x2 t
dt dx =
x2 + m2 0 1 + x2 t2
0
!
Z 1 Z
x2
2
t

dx dt =
x2 + m2 1 + x2 t2
0
0
Z 1 Z

1
x2
I1

2
dx
dt ==
1
2
2
2
t
0
0
x + m t2 + x
I2 =
Z1
Z
it
it
iR e f (R e ) dt 6

ln(1 ai R eit )
dt .
R
R2 e2it + m
R2 e2it + m > R2 |e2it | m = R2 m , R > m,

ln(1 aiR eit ) = |ln(1 + aR sin t aiR cos t)| =

ln 2 + 2aR sin t + i arg(1 + aR sin t aiR cos t) 6
dt =
ln(m + 1) .
t m + 1t
m
0
Z
ln(1 axi)
ax = y
dx ====
2
x +m
Z
Z
a ln(1 + y2 ) + i arctan y
ln(1 + yi)
a
dy =
dy
2
2
2
y2 + a2 m
y + a m
Z
Z
ln(1 + y2 )
ln(1 + y2 )
I2
=a
dy
+
0
=
a
2 dy ==
2 + a2 m
y
0
0 y2 + a m

ln 1 + a m .
m
3 1
3 + ln(1 + 2aR)
+ ln(1 + 2aR sin t) 6
.
2
2
2

ln(1 aiR eit )
3 + ln(1 + 2aR)
dt =
2 e2it + m|
|R
2R2 2m
0
0
3 + ln(1 + 2aR)
0 , R .
R
2R2 2m
Z
lim
f (Reit ) iR eit dt
=
0
R 0
Z R
Z
lim
f (z) dz =
f (z) dz .
R+
2 ( ) ln(1 aiz)
f (z) =
, z C, a > 0, m > 0
2
z +m
51
dt 6 R
f (z) dz = 2i Res( f, i m ).

ln ai m + i
Res( f, i m ) =
=
2i m

ln i a m + 1 + i arg i a m + 1 i/2
=
2i m

ln 1 + a m
.
2i m

ln(1 aix)
dx = ln 1 + a m .
2
x +m
m
n
X
ln( j/n)
1
1 + O ln n
=
ln(x/n) dx + ln(2/n)
n
X
j=2
n an
an
n
= e n ln n .
j=2
j=2
n

n
ln n
. :
an+1 an
=
n+1
n
ln(n+1) ln n
ln(n+1)
(n+1) ln nn ln(n+1)
ln(n+1) ln n
ln n
=
ln n+n 1 n n
ln n
1
=
1
ln(1+ n1 )n
n + ln n
ln
1
ln n + 1
1+ n
an
Cesaro-Stolz
: lim n = 1 .
ln(x/n) [2, n].

n
n
ln2 n
an
n
n
X
X
1
1
, 1 +
>1+
.
ln j
j1
n
X

P
1
n1
=
+ O ln12 n nj=2 ln( j/n) .
ln j
ln n
j=2
n
X
1
n1
=
+O
ln j
ln n
j=2
an
an
ln n = n .
n
ln n
ln(x/n) dx + O(ln n) = n + O(ln n) .
ln n 1 + ln( j/n)
ln n
ln n

1
ln( j/n)
, 1 <
+ O ln(ln2j/n)
0.
n
ln n
ln n
ln j
2 ( )
1 ( ) 2 j n
1
!
n an
ln n
n1
2
n
= exp
1+
+ O n ln n =
n
ln n

exp 1 + O(ln1 n) e .
ln( j/n) =
j=2
50 ( ) an =
P
1 + nj=2 ln1 j lim( n n)an
ln(x/n) dx ,
n+1
ln( j/n)
ln n
e .
52
51 ( ) An = {n, 2n, 3n, ...}

n N
A1 A2 ...An

Ai
J N ,
\
Ai
iJ
( ) A
x
A(x) = 0 x < A
A(x) = 1 x A.

(AB)(x) A(x) + B(x) mod 2.
x A1 An (A1 An )(x) = 1
A1 (x) + + An (x) 1 mod 2
x Ai .

modulo2.
( ) : .
A j ,
N . ,
m N . J , j J j > m
( J {1, 2, ..., m} = ).
m < A j , .
.
52 ( )

A, B AB = (A \ B) (B \ A),
.
53
, p 1 k.
,
k p 1, pk p p1 > (p 1) p1 . ,
pk (p 1) p1 + 1 > (p 1)! + 1 = pk ,
. .
53 (
) p P p > 5 (p 1)! + 1
p (
pk k N ).
54 ( dimtsig)

.
( )
p > 5 ,
(p 1)! + 1 = pk k. ,

(p 1)! = pk 1.

: (p 1)! 0 mod(p 1)2 .
,
p1
(p 1)2 = 2
(p 1) ,
2
, p > 5,
p1
2<
 1.
|{z}
n
, m
1 9.
m m = 10a 1,
a N .
,
111...1 = 100a2 20a + 1,
|{z}
n
111...1 0 = 100a2 20a,

|{z}
n1
111...1 = 10a2 2a.

|{z}
n1
, ,
.
pk1 + + p + 1 k (mod (p 1)).
54
:
( ) f 2 (z) + g2 (z) = 1
55 ( )
S ,

s1 , s2 , ..., sn s1 + s2 + ... + sn < 1. S ;
( f (z) + i g (z)) ( f (z) i g (z)) = 1

f (z) + i g (z) , 0 z C
(z)
( C ) f (z) + i g (z) = e(z) .
( ) n N
An = {sk : sk n1 }.
( n
). S = An , S .
f (z) + i g (z)
(
56 (
) (entire)
f, g
f (z) =
e(z) + e(z)
f (z)2 + g(z)2 = 1 z C.
= f (z) i g (z) = e(z) .

)
f (z) + i g (z) = e(z)
f (z) i g (z) = e(z)
g (z) =
e(z) e(z)
2i
(z) = i (z)
f (z) = cos ( (z)) g (z) = sin ( (z))

(z) .
55
57 ( )
BE B

O
BO
3

= .
OE
2
.
2
AC
1 + = 1 +
. AB + BC
3

( )
ABE, BEC :
3
=
2
2 3
2+
3 = AB + BC + CA .
AB + BC
2
1
1
AB BC = (AB + BC + CA)r (1)
2
2
AB
AB2 4AB BC + BC 2 = 0
= 2 3.
BC
AB
o
= 2 3 = tan 15
BC
sin C
= tan 15o .
sin A
C = 15o A = 75o .
AB
= 2 + 3 = tan 75o
BC
BO AB BC AB + BC
=
=
=
.
OE AE CE
AC
58 ( )

sin arctan
sin C + cos C =
1 + sin 2C
2
3
=
2
= 150
+ arctan
1
111
1
+ arctan
+ arctan
11
13
121
( )
1
1
2 1
2
AB BC = AB BE
+ BC BE
.
2
2
2
2
2
AB BC
BE
=
AB
+ BC
2
A = 750
2 ( )
(ABC) = (ABE) + (BEC).
1
1
1
+ arctan
+ arctan
3
5
7
arctan (x) + arctan (y) = z

x+y
tan z =
1 xy
!
x+y
z = arctan
.
1 xy
(1).
r
ABC BO = 2r
2 3
EO =
r.
3
56
!!
1
1
1
1
arctan
+ arctan
+ arctan
+ arctan
+
3
5
7
11
arctan
tan (x) = z

1
= tan
x
z
2
!
1
arctan
= x = arctan (z)
z
2
2
!
1
arctan
+ arctan (z) = .
z
2
1
111
arctan
+ arctan
=
13
121
1
1
1
4
+ arctan
+ arctan
+ arctan
+
7
7
11
13
111
arctan
=
121
7
1
1
111
arctan
+ arctan
+ arctan
+ arctan
=
9
11
13
121
43
1
111
arctan
+ arctan
+ arctan
=
46
13
121
121
111
arctan
+ arctan
=
111
121
1
1
1
+ arctan
+ arctan
sin arctan
3
5
7
+ arctan
57
1
1
111
+ arctan
+ arctan
11
13
121
!!
= 1.
3 ( )
A = AK AN = AP AB = AT AM =
AQ AC . (o) BC .
S T
A, M, S ,(S S ,
AS ) BC
M . S A M
M M AS , = PBCQ,
= QCS S , = ()//BC ,
ABCS , M
AS , M BC .
59 ( KARKAR)
A ABC
BC . (O)
A AB, AC
P, Q .
PQ S ,
S T . AT
M BC .
1 ( ) AQT P ,
AT AQP.
BPQC ( )
BC PQ.
AT
BC .
2 ( ) AM
S . PQ ( S )
S .
- A.PRQS .
BC// BC
AT .
4 ( ) N
[ = MAC
[ ,
PQ, NAP
ABC, APQ . S , A, O, N, T
S O,
[ = S[
[ = MAC
[
S[
NA = S[
T A = S[
AT , NPA
AQ NAP
( ).
58
QH
2Rr + r2
=
QH QA = KQ R = 2Rr + r ,
Q
r2
H
2R
=
.
Q
r
Q KL AH
=
=
r
R
2R
H
AH 2R
H = AH D = AD,
r
2R
r
QZ = A, ct, Q
.
, r2 = Q QA.
60 (
[ ] ) ABC
A , BAC
BC
.
ABC
.
1 ( )
,
p, c,
Q = (0, p), KQ KA = c(1).
BKC = 2A,
KBC
,
> 1,
KA = y0 x20 = 2 y20 y20 2 + 2y0 (2). (1)
x20 + (y0 p)2 = y0 + c (2)
2y0 ( p c) = c2 + 2 p2 .
c = p, c2 + 2 = p2
2 + 1
2
c = 2
> 0, p =
< 0.
1
1! 2
2
, Q, 2
.
1
2
( )

AW, AS , BAC = AEZ = AZE (
), c ,
.
: BAC = AEZ = AZE
KBFC, QZFE.
L, F, .
Q QA = r2
3 ( ) AD
A = AD2
() (c) AD B , C
B, C .
59
(o) (ABC) BC .
A , BC
(n)
(c).

( B C (n)) ,
(ABC)
(n ) (n).
60
61 ( )
C :

z +

|w| = |w2 2| = 2

1
1 2
= z + 2 = 2
z
z
2=
|w2 2| = 2 |w2
|z +
+ 2| = 4. w = z + 2 .
z2
z
|w + 2| = 4 |w| = 2.

= 2 z +
z2 +

1

2
= 4 z + 2 + 2 = 4 : (1)
z
z
i=1

z2 + 1 = 2 : (2)

z2
z2
(2)
= x + yi, (x, y R)
Q(x) = a1n P(x).

P(x) = (x x1 )(x x2 )(x x3 )...(x xn1 )(x xn )
P (x) = (x x2 )(x x3 )...(x xn1 )(x xn )
+(x x1 )(x x3 )...(x xn1 )(x xn )
...
+(x x1 )(x x2 )(x x3 )...(x xn2 )(x xn )
+(x x1 )(x x2 )(x x3 )...(x xn1 )
P (x) = (x x3 )...(x xn1 )(x xn )+(x x2 )(x x4 )...(x
xn1 )(x xn ) +... + (x x2)(x x3 )...(x xn2 )(x xn ) + (x
x2 )(x x3 )...(x xn1 )
+(x x3 )...(x xn1 )(x xn ) + (x x1 )(x x4 )...(x
xn1 )(x xn )+ (x x1 )(x x3 )...(x xn2 )(x xn ) + ... + (x
x1 )(x x3 )...(x xn1 )
...
+(x x2 )...(x xn2 )(x xn ) + (x x1 )(x x3 )...(x
xn2 )(x xn ) +.. + (x x1 )(x x2 )...(x xn3 )(x xn ) + (x
x1 )(x x2 )...(x xn2 )
+(x x2 )...(x xn1 ) + (x x1 )(x x3 )...(x xn1 )
+... + (x x1 )(x x2 )...(x xn2 )
: P (xi ) = (xi x1 )...(xi xi1 )(xi xi+1 )...(xi xn )
x2 + y2 = 2 x2 + y2 = 4 : (3)
(1) |(x + 2) + yi| = 4

(x + 2)2 + y2 = 4 (x + 2)2 + y2 = 16 : (4)
(3) (4)
(x, y) = (2, 0).
z2 +
z2
= 2 z4 2z2 + 1 = 0

2
z2 1 = 0 (z = 1 z = 1)
3 ( )
z+
=0
1 ( ) an = 1,
P (xi )
| = 2 |2w w|
=2
n
X
P (xi )
1 2
62 ( )
P(x) , n
x1 , x2 , ..., xn .

w = 2 z2 = 1.
z = 1 z = 1.
2 ( )

z +

ww
w = x + yi |w| = 2
|2w w|
= 2 w = 2 w = 2 ( x = 2
y = 0). .
1
1 ( ) |z + | = 2
1
ww
=w
61
p
1
) = , x , u1 , ..., un1 u1 , ..., un1
p
S
p ()
P (xi ) = 2(xi x2 )...(xi xi1 )(xi xi+1 )...(xi xn ) +

...+ 2(xi x1 )...(xi xi2 )(xi xi+1 )...(xi xn )+
2(xi x1 )...(xi xi1 )(xi xi+2 )...(xi xn ) + ...+ 2(xi
x1 )...(xi xi1 )(xi xi+1 )...(xi xn1 )

:
P (xi )
=
P (xi )
xi x1
+ ... +
n
X
P (xi )
i=1
P (xi )
2
+2
=2
1
x2 x1
1
xn x1
xi xi1
1
x1 x2
+
+
x2 x3
1
xn x2
xi xi+1
1
x1 x3
+ ... +
+ ... +
+ ... +
+ ... +
1
x2 xn
xi xn
1
x1 xn
!
xn xn1
(p )2 p p S
p
S
=
=
1
+
, x , u1 , ..., un1
p
S2
S2
(p )2
1
1
1
p ( xr1 + ... + xrn ) ( (xr1 )2 + ... +
=
2
p
( 1 + ... + 1 )
xr1
+
2
+ ...
!
x r1
i, j
xrn
xi x j
1
( xr
+ ... +
1
xrn )
=0
P (ri )
=
P (ri )
2 ( )

1
1
p
( ) =
+ ... +
= S , x , r1 , ..., rn
n
P
(xrn )2
2
...
x rn
62
ri r1
+ ... +
ri ri1
ri ri+1
+ ... +
ri rn


!
! http://www.mathematica.gr
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2# 1 ! 3 !

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3

1 8
A
bilstef
, ,

10 22.

1 ( KARKAR) :
11, s s , 11,
s s
.

.
4 ( )
:
.. 917356 s = 9 + 7 + 5 = 21
sa = 1 + 3 + 6 = 10, s s = 21 10 = 11 = o11.
N=
: 917356 = 1183396.
2012
1
1
+
+
+ ... +
12 23 34
2012 2013
1
10 9876543210. 10
9.
8, 11 ( ; )
, , 8, 9, 10, 11
5 ( KARKAR) A ,
AB , AC . S , T B .
,
, ;
2 ( )
. !
6 ( )
5
2
a = 22 55

7 ( ) 1 .
ZE

3 ( )
.
8 ( ) ABC ,
a, b, c
:
a2 + c < 2a + b
b2 + a < 2b + c
c2 + b < 2c + a
ABC .
,
9 ( ) x2 + x + = 0 :
|| > 0
|| + || < ||
(1 )
(2).
,

13( )
: 2(sin t + cos t) = tan3 t + cot3 t.
10 ( )
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c ,
a < b f (x) 0 x R.
P =
14 ( )
P(x), Q(x)
a+b+c
.
ba
Q(x2 ) = (x + 1)4 x(P(x))2 .
11 ( )
K AB. = 150 . AC , C ,
C , B AC

CD = AC . D
AB .
15 ( ) ABC
(C) .
BC T AB
AC S .
T Z, S E (C).
BE, CZ A .
12 ( )
xCy = 600 . B Cy
BA C x. ABD
C, D AB.
1) P CD AE
ABD, AC = PE .
16 ( KARKAR) (K) (O, R) . S T .
2) P M AB
C x S Cy T , T M = MP = PS .
4. |z w|
h
i z C
22 ( )

z2 + z + 1 = |z + 1| , : Re (z) 1, 31 .
, , ,
23 ( Mulder) f : R R , c R
f (x) = c .
24 ( )
,
1.
f (0, +)
f (x) > 0 x > 0,

1
g g (x) = f (x)
+ f x1
(0, +).
17 ( ) AB = 2,
.
18 ( ) A(a, b) a, b , 0 a , b
~ 2 , O
~ = OA
~ A
K(k, 0) (0, ) AK
.
1) K
(), OA.
2) () (1 ) : x y = 2 P,
(OP) = 2, A
() : y = x .
2. h (x) =
1
ex
+ e x ln x
3. e2x + e 2x
> ln 2 x + e
, ,
25 ( ) :ex +
ex + 2 cos x 4, x R
,
19 ( )
( xi ): 0, 1, 2, ..., n ,n N
2k + 1
d=
,k N.
2
1. n
26 ( ) f : R R
f (x) = f (x + 1) 1, x R . f .
2. n = 2k + 1
3. k = 2 .
, ,
4. yi = axi + b,ab < 0

x = y sy = sx a, b.
27 ( )
f : [0, 2] R .
20 ( ) A .
Z2

3
2
x + x f (x) + 2 x + 2 f (x) dx > 8 f (2) .
1
[P(A)] + [P(A )] .
2
2
28 ( ) 0 < a ,
1 f R,
:
, ,
21 ( ) z w
|(1 + i)z 2 4i| =
18
Z1
w = 2z 11 + 5i.
f (x) ln(1 + a
f (x)
)dx = ln a
Z1
f 2 (x)dx.
:
1. z
2. |z|
, ,

3. w
29 ( ghan) f : R R
2e x
x R : f (x) =
.
1 + f 2 (x)
36 ( )

x2010 2006 = 4y2009 + 4y2008 + 2007y.
) f (0)
) f
Juniors,
) ln f (x) > 0.
37 ( KARKAR) ABCD (O) S

AB CD T AC BD.
A, T, D B, T, C, P.
A, O, P, B O, P, S
.
30 ( )
(x2 )x , x , 0,
f (x) =
1, x = 0
,
.
38 ( erxmer) ABC ,
BAC = 30o ABC = 70o . M
MAB = MCA = 20o .
MBA.
, ,
31 ( )
Seniors,
- -
Rx 3 1 2
lim x et sin( t )x dt .
x+
39 ( ) a, b, c
,
a + b + c = 3. :
ab2 + bc2 + ca2 + abc 4.
;
32 ( )
f, g :
[0, 1] (0, )
Z 1
Z 1
f (x) dx =
g(x) dx = 1 .
0
40 ( ) f : R
N
, [a, b] [0, 1] :
f (x) dx =
a
b
a
f (x +
1
g(x) dx = .
2
f (y)
) = f (y +
f (x)
x, y R. n N
f .

Seniors,
33 ( )
f : [0, +) [0, +)
x [0, +) f (x) = x
Z1
x+
41 ( )
2
ABCD P, AD
(O), P , A , D. PR k AD
R AB PT k AC T CD. S PB AD,
R, S , T .
f (t) dt.
34 ( parmenides51)
f
f (x)
42 ( .)
ABCD AB = a, BC = b a = b 2.
CD , . M, MA, MB,
CD K, L, . AD
D DZ = KC BC C
CE = DL. KLEZ
a.
(x + y) f (y)dy = x x R.
Juniors,
- -
35 ( )
n
x4 2011 x2 + n = 0 4 .
43 ( - 1995) A B
3 3, ,
50 ( ) f : R (0, +),
:
x Q, y R Q
.

. ,
.

.
f (x) f (y) |x y| .

51 ( ) f : R R
. h, g : R R
g( f (x)) = h( f (x)) = x,
44 ( - 3
1995)
P(x) = an xn + an1 xn1 + + a1 x + a0
an , an1 , . . . ,a1 , a0 R. a0 > 0, an > 0 a21 + a22 + + a2n1

4 min a20 , a2n
(1), P(x) 0 x R.
n1
x R,
g = h.
52 ( )
, .

53 ( ) n ,
22n 22n+1 1 .

45 ( IMC 2012)
na2n
1
a0 , a1 , . . . a0 = 1, a1 =
an+1 =
2
1 + (n + 1)an
54 ( )
12 22 + 32 42 + 52 62 +
X
ak+1

n 1.
ak
k=0
+ . . . + 20012 20022 + 20032 ?
(mod 2005).
46 ( IMC 2012) n n! + 1
(2012n)!,

55 ( )
R R.
47 ( )
56 ( )
S = {a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., a} (an ) 1 1
lim an = a.
G n
a, b G \ {e}, m N ab = bm a.
n
b (m,n) = e.
S 2
( ).
n+
48 ( ) G 2(2n + 1), ( n N),

2n + 1.
()
57 ( )
a, x1 , x2 , ..., xn R a 2.
A = cosx1 +
cosx2 cosx3
cosxn
+
+ ... + n1
a
a2
a
B = sinx1 +
sinx2 sinx3
sinxn
+ 2 + ... + n1 ,
a
a
a
49 ( )
X
n=1
arctan
n2 + 1
A2 + B2 > 0.
q
q
2+1
q 22+1
2
e
+
e
21
arctan tan
q
q
2
2+1
2+1
e 2 e 2
58 ( )
n,

.
8
sin(na) cos(na)
= n 1,
sin a
cos a
a ,
k
2
, k Z.
61 ( ) z
,
,
A = |z2 + z + 1| + |z2 z + 1|
59 ( erxmer) ABC (C 1 , R)
(C2 , r). d
, (Euler) R2 2Rr = d2 .
;
62 ( ) :
a1 ,
a2 , .....,
an
60 ( ) a,
.
c =
an
a2 .....
a1

:

c 2
11. 9 + m k n 11.
mkn = 2, k, m, n {1, 4, 3}
1 ( KARKAR) : 11, s s ,
11, s
s
.
2 :
98765kmn40, k, m, n {1, 2, 3}
11 9 + 7 + 5 + m + 4 8 6 k n
/ 11, 11 + m k n /
11 mkn = 0
m = 3, k = 2, n = 1 m = 3, k = 1, n = 2.

9876523140 9876513240.
10, 9, 11
8 9876513240
.. 917356 s = 9 + 7 + 5 = 21
sa = 1+3+6 = 10, s s = 2110 = 11 = o11.
: 917356 = 1183396.
10
9876543210.
10 9.
2 ( )

. !
8, 11 ( ; )
,
,
8, 9, 10, 11
( ) .
8, 4. ,
2 4
, 4.
,
:
1 :
98765kmn, k, m, n {1, 4, 3}.
9 + 7 + 5 + m + 2 8 6 k n
7
F : 14.
G : , J : 24.
( )
H : .
A: .
B: 5.
I : 9012345678.
C : .
K:
13.
D : 7.
E : .
L:
.
3 ( )

.
,
,
10
22.

4 .
4 ( ) :
2012
1
1
+
+
+ ... +
12 23 34
2012 2013
.
N=
( )
10 : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
( )

N=
22 , :
4, 5, 6, 7 ,
2012
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
+ + + ... +
1 2 2 3 3 4
2012 2013
2012
2012
=
= 2013, .
1
1
2012
1 2013
2013
5 ( KARKAR) A ,
AB , AC .
S , T B .
,
, ;
AB (O, R)
1
(AB) = 2R = R, .
2
[ BOS AOS
[
[
OBS , BS O,
[.
OBS
(AS ) =
( ).
(AT) =
R 2
180
2R
180
R
90
90

.
, , ,
.
6 ( )
2
5
a = 22 55
5
( ) : a = 22 55 = 232 525 =
225 27 525 = (2 5)25 27 = 1025 27 = 128 1025
(B, AC) 2R,
1
(AC) = 2 2R = R
4
128 25
, 28 .
10
7 ( ) 1 .
ZE
A ,K M
H AB ,ZE .
EH = K (1) 180 AB
AB A , B , H K, E .
KM
(2) Z AK (3) ZH =
2
AK M
1 ( )
A K M.
ZH//K M H AM.
K
ZE =
(4) AK
2
EZ//K Z AK (3).
ZE K.
ZH = ZE + EH
K A .
K =
KM
2
1
.
3
KM
2
K
2
+ K
3K
KM
K =
2
3
ZE =
1
ZE = .
6
(1),(2),(4)
K
2
KM
KM
6
1
6
8 ( )
ABC , a, b, c :
2(Parmenides51)
a2 + c < 2a + b
b2 + a < 2b + c
11
c2 + b < 2c + a
(c 1)2 = c2 2c + 1 a b.
ABC .
(a 1)2 + (b 1)2 + (c 1)2
(b c) + (c a) + (a b) = 0.
, a = b = c = 1.
( )
(a 1)2 = a2 2a + 1 b c,
(b 1)2 = b2 2b + 1 c a,
, , 1.
12
9 ( )
x2 + x + = 0 :
1 ( )
|| > 0
ax2 + bx + c 0, x R
(1)
|| + || < ||

(a = b = 0 , c 0) a > 0, b2 4ac 0 .
(2).
a < b
0 < a < b b2 4ac 0 , c
b2
.
4a

( ) D 0 b2 4ac
2
P=
a +c +2|ac| < 4ac.
ba
b2
4a =
5
9a
b
b2 + 4ab + 4a2
+ +
=
=
4a (b a)
4a 4 4 (b a)
ba
3
9a
=
+
+
4a
4 (b a) 2
s
!
!
9a
3
ba
+ =3,
2
4a
4 (b a)
2
a, c 2
. a, c :
a2 + c2 + 2ac < 4ac (a c)2 < 0, .
2 .
. :
|a| + |c| < |b| 1 + |x1 x2 | < |x1 + x2 | < |x1 | + |x2 |
(1 |x2 |)(|x1 | 1) > 0
)
ba
9a
b2
=
a>0
c =
4a
4 (b a)
4a
b = c = 4a > 0.

1.
Pmin = 3.
2 ( )
:
,
c = 0
|ac| > 0.
0 < a 1 :
a
2
2
x
x
+1
+1
2
2
=
x
x1
2 1
(y + 1)2
2(y + 1) 3
3
w=y+1,w>
2
w=3y+1=3y =2 x =4
1
y= ,y>
2
2 2 (y + 1)
=
2y 1
4a
c 16a2
c = 4a.
=
a
4a2
b
=4b=
a
3 ( ) :
b > a > 0 4ac b2 . :
w2
2w 3
(b c)2 0 b2 2bc + c2 0 b2 2bc c2
3
: (w 3)2 0, w >
w2 6w 9 =
2
3
w2
3
3(2w 3), w >
3, w >
2
(2w 3)
2
4ac 2bc c2 4a 2b c
2a + c 2(b a)
2a + c
2
ba
a+b+c
2a + c
+13
3
ba
ba
P3
b c = 0 b2 = 4ac b = c = 4a.
14
11 ( ) K AB. = 150 . C , BAC

AC , C ,
CD = AC .
D AB .
12 ( )
xCy = 600 . B Cy BA C x.
ABD C, D AB.
1) P CD AE
ABD, AC = PE .
2) P M AB C x S Cy T ,
T M = MP = PS .
( ) DD AB (D AB).
o
[
ACB
=
900
AC=CD
ABD
( BC ),
BD = AB = 2R
[
oo
15
BD =
BD =
[ BAC=
D[
2BAC
= D[
300
DD B ooo
o D
DD =
BD BD=AB=2R
DD = R
D AB .
b 60o
( ) 1) ACB
: AC =
15
BC
2
(1).
AE, CB
E BD P CD BC
: EP =
(2). (1) (2)
2
AC = EP.
T M = MP = PS .
2) DM AC
P CD, P MS ,
: MP = PS (3).
BMT AMP
AM = MB
, T M = MP (4).
(3) (4)
16
:
2 sin7 (2t) + 2 sin6 (2t) 36 sin4 (2t) + 96 sin3 (2t) 64 = 0
13 ( )
: 2(sin t + cos t) = tan3 t + cot3 t.
P(t) = 2t7 + 2t6 36t4 + 96t3 64, t [1, 1]
P(1) = 0
1 ( )
t .
sin t + cos t [ 2,
P(t) = (t 1)(2t6 + 4t5 + 4t4 32t3 32t2 + 64), t [1, 1]
2t6 + 4t5 + 4t4 32t3 32t2 + 64 =
2]
2t4 (t2 + 2t + 2) + 32(1 t3 ) + 32(1 t2 ) > 0 t [1, 1]
2(sin t + cos t) [2, 2]

3
, sin(2t) = 1 2t = 2k +
t = k + , k Z
4
2 tan t + cot t 2.
,
2, , ,
2, .
14 ( )
P(x), Q(x)
Q(x2 ) = (x + 1)4 x(P(x))2 .
tan3 t + cot3 t = 2 = tan t = 1 = t = k + , k Z,

4
3
tan t + cot t = 2 = tan t = 1 =
( ) deg Q = n
deg P = m.
t = k 4 , k Z,
2 , ,
k .
2 ( BAGGP93)

m 2
2n = 2m + 1, .
m = 0 m = 1
m = 0 P(x) = c, x R
:
t , k + , t , k , k Z
2
Q(x2 ) = x4 + 4 x3 + 6 x2 + (4 c2 )x + 1,

x.
tan3 t + cot3 t = (tant + cott)((tant + cott)2 3) = (tant +

cott)3 3(tant + cott)
m = 1 P(x) = ax + b, x R
:
tant + cott =
sint cost sin2 t + cos2 t

2
+
=
=
cost sint
sintcost
sin(2t)
Q(x2 ) = x4 + (4 a2 )x3 + (6 2ab)x2 + (4 b2 )x + 1

x
a2 = b2 = 4 4 (a, b).
tan t + cot t =
sin3 (2t) sin(2t)

96
36
64
+
2 sint + 2cos2 t + 2 sin(2t) =
6
4
sin (2t) sin (2t) sin2 (2t)

3
2 sin (2t) + 2 sin (2t) = 64 96 sin (2t) + 36 sin (2t)
P(x) = 2 x + 2 P(x) = 2 x 2
Q(x2 ) = x4 2 x2 + 1 Q(x) = x2 2 x + 1.
P(x) = 2 x 2 P(x) = 2 x + 2
Q(x2 ) = x4 + 14 x2 + 1 Q(x) = x2 + 14 x + 1.
17
. . Ceva 2 ( )
15 ( )
ABC (C) .
BC T AB AC S .
T Z, S E (C).
BE, CZ
A .
F, (O)
ABC,
AD A AZBFCE,
AF, BE, CZ, ,
.

(AZ)(BF)(CE) = (ZB)(FC)(EA) , (1)
(1) BF = FC
(AZ)(CE) = (ZB)(EA) , (2)
AZT, ZBT
1 ( )
AT
(AZ)2 AT
AZ ZT
=
=
=
=
BZ BT
ZT
(BZ)2 BT
[
[
[
sinCBE
sinCES
sinCES
CS
=
=
=
[
[
[
ES
sinABE
sinACE
sinECS
, AES , ECS
[
[ ZT
[
sinZBA
sinZBT
sinACZ
=
=
=
.
[
[
[
sinBCZ
sinT
ZB sinT
ZB BT
AS
EA ES
AS
(EA)2
=
=
=
=
2
CE CS
ES
CS
(CE)
, (3)
ES
S C S A BCkT S ES
SC
=
=
2
2
TB TA
ZT
ZT
T B2
CS ZT
= 1.
ES BT
(3), (4)

, (4)
AS
AT
=
, BC k T S , BT
CS
sin 2
sin A2
EA
AZ
(AZ)2 (EA)2
=
= (2)
=
=
2
2
ZB CE
(BZ)
(CE)
[
[ sinACZ
sinCBE
=1
[ sinBCZ
[
sinABE
, (2), (1)
.
18
1 ( ) P
(O), (K) Q AB
(K).
P Q
o.AS B, P, Q, S .
C S .
[ = 90o OQPC S[
OQ = QPC
.
p
S T = S Q S P = S O S C = 2R.
2 ( )
.
3 ( ) T Z 2 = T B T A,
S E2 = S C S A
S = S B2
(O) AB ,
AB (O) .
TZ S E TZ S E
=
,
=
,
TA S A TB S B
T Z ZB
=
,
T A ZA
ZB EC
S E EC
=
=
.
S A AE
ZA AC
(K)
,
S T 2 = = S B2 S T = R
2.
ZB BL
=
,
AC LC
ZB AC BL
BC CL
=
=
,
ZA LA
ZA BC AL
:
EC AB C M
LB MA CD
=
=1
EA BC AM
LA MC DB
(L AB ZC, M AC BE) .
.
3 ( .) H, P, S
.
16 ( KARKAR) (K) (O, R)

.
S T .
, :
S HP
= .
OS .. KPH
= 90
HPB

OPS
OS P = (1)
KHP
19
KH=KP=
(2)
90
OPS O=
o (1), (2) OHS :
T S 2 = 2 R2 T S =
OS =R
OH(= R) = OS S S
S (K, )
T S 2 = S P S H (3)
SH
PH
OS H KPH
= R S H = R PH (4)
(3), (4) T S 2 = S P HP
(5)
OPS LPH
= LPH
= 90 LHP
= OS P = )
(S OP
OS
HP
SP
LH
S P HP = 2 R (6)
(5), (6) T S 2 = 2 R
20
2 R o..
:
2

BC + 2CA BC = 0,
17 ( )
AB =
2, .

BC (BC + CA + CA) = 0

BC (BA + CA) = 0
2BC MA = 0, M BC.
1 ( ) :
, BC
, . h

4 ( ) cos C > 0 C 0, 2
a
2
BC = 2CD, AD A.
2 + a2 2
.
2a
.
5 ( ) = 2
, :
2 + a2 2
a
=
2
2a
~ = 2|A|
~
| B|
~ B
~
A
~ 2 = 2A
~ B
~
B
~ B|
~
|A||
~ AB)
~ (AB
~ ... |AB|
~ .
~ 2 = 2A
~ A)
~ = |A|
(A
a2 = 2 + a2 2
18 ( ) A(a, b) a, b , 0 a , b
K(k, 0) (0, )
~ 2 , O .
~ = OA
~ A
AK
1) K
(), OA.
2) ()
(1 ) : x y = 2
P, (OP) = 2,
A () : y = x .
2 = 2 = ,
.
2 ( ) a = b cos C + c cos B
( ), :
b cos C = c cos B
b cos B
=
c cos C
b < c, c < b
.
b = c.
3 ( )
( ) AK = (k , b),
A = (, b) OA = (, b)
2
AK A = OA k + 2 b + b2 = 2 + b2
k = b(1).
!
k
1) K : M , .
a2 = 2ab cos C,

2 2
2

BC = 2CA CB
x =
21
y =
x =
k
2
(1)
x =
b
2
x = by x + by = 0.
( + b) x = 2b x =
2b
+b
(2) y =
!
2
P
,
+b +b
(OP) = 2
2
.
+b
2b
() : x+by = 0
b
= . OA OA = .
b
OA = 1 OA.
42 + 4b2
( 2) P (
x + by = 0
x + by = 0
.
x y = 2 (2) b bx by = 2b
= 2 22 + 4b + 2b2 = 42 + 4b2
( + b)2
2 + 2b + b2 = 22 + 2b2 ( b)2 = 0 = b.
A A (, ),
() : y = x.
22
:
n+1
19 ( )
( xi ): 0, 1, 2, ..., n ,n N
2k + 1
d =
,k N.
2
1. n
d=
1+ n+2 1
2
2k+1
2
n
2
n = 2k + 1.
3. k = 2, n = 2 2 + 1 = 5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2. n = 2k + 1
x =
3. k = 2 .
15
6
5
2
y= x
y = x + b (1 ) x = b(1)
yi :
sy =s x
1 ( )
sy = || sx || = 1 = 1 = 1
1. n + 1.
= 1 (1) b = 0
ab < 0
n , n + 1 ,
d ,
d N .
2k+1
2
4. yi :
4. yi = axi +b,ab < 0

x = y sy = s x a, b.
d =
0+1+2+3+4+5
6
= 1 (1) b = 2 x b = 5
< N , 2k + 1 .
= 1 b = 5.
n .
( ) 2. .
2. n + 1,
.
n+1

2
n+1
+ 1.
2
m
1)
1
m + 1, d = 2k+
= m+(m+
k=m
2
2

m m + 1 = k + 1
n + 1.
m + 1 = k + 1,
(n + 1) (k + 1) = n k.

1 = 0 = 1
= 1
n+1 =
n+1
1 n+1 +1 =
2
n+1
2
( )
23
2 xy

0, .
3 ( )
k + 1 = n k n = 2k + 1.
20 ( )
A
.
[P(A)]2 + [P(A )]2
, f (x) = 2(2 x 1) xo = 21
1
.
2
f (x) f ( 21 ) f (x) 21 , x [0, 1]

f (P(A)) = (P(A))2 + (P(A ))2 21 .
4 ( ) :
1 ( ) [P(A)]2 + [P(A )]2 =
P2 (A) + (1 P(A))2 = 2P2 (A) 2P(A) + 1 =

2P (A)
2
2
2
1
2
2(x2 + y2 ) (x + y)2 ...

5 ( ) P(A) = x , P(A ) = y
0 x, y 1
x+y =1
1
2
P (A) =
1
.
2

1
1
1
1
x = a y = + a, a
2
2
2
2
2 ( ) x = P(A), y = P(A ),
[P(A)]2 + [P(A )]2
(x + y)2 2 xy
1
2
x+y=1
1
2
1 2 xy
f (x) = x2 + (1 x)2 , x [0, 1]

1 2
2
1
1 y=1x
1
xy
x x2
2
4
4
:
1
2
1
2
1
2
x2 + y2 = ( a)2 + ( + a)2 =
24
1
1
+ 2a2 .
2
2
21 ( ) z w
|(1 + i)z 2 4i| =
18
w = 2z 11 + 5i.
:
1. z
2. |z|
2.
3. w
|z|
OK
4. |z w|
(OK) =
32 + 12 =
10
|z|min = (OA) = (OK) 1 =
( )
|z|max = (OB) = (OK) + 1 =
10 3.
10 + 3.
1. z = x + yi x, y R.
|(1 + i)z 2 4i| =

|1 + i||z
2|z
|z
2+4i
|
1+i
2(1+2i)(1i)
(1+i)(1i) |
2(1i+2i+2)
|
2
18 |(1 + i)(z
2+4i
)|
1+i
3. w = x + yi x, y R.
18
w = 2z 11 + 5i 2z 6 2i = w + 5 7i
2(z 3 i) = w + 5 7i
18
=3 2
|2(z 3 i)| = |w + 5 7i|
= 3 |z (3 + i)| = 3
|w + 5 7i| = 2 |z 3 i| |w (5 + 7i)| = 6.

z K(3, 1)
1 = 3.
w
(5, 7) 2 = 6.
25
4.
(K) =
p
(5 3)2 + (7 1)2 = 10.
p
|z w|min =
(K M) =
() = (K) 1 2 = 10 3 6 = 1
|z w|min = (EZ) = (K) + 1 + 2 = 10 + 3 + 6 = 19
(11 3)2 + (5 1)2 = 10
|z w|min = (MN) = (MK) 1 = 10 3 = 7
z w
,
|z w|max = (M) = (MK) + 1 = 10 + 3 = 13
|zw|
,
z w
i
h
1, 31 .
) z C
22 (

z2 + z + 1 = |z + 1| , : Re (z)
|z w|min = () = (K)1 2 = 10 3 6 = 1

(S T OPJOHN ) z2 + z + 1 = |z + 1|
|z w|min = (EZ) = (K) + 1 + 2 = 10 + 3 + 6 = 19

2
z2 + z + 1 = |z + 1|2
(zz)2 + zz2 + z2 z + z2 + z2 = 0
|z w| = |w z| = |2z 11 + 5i z| = |z 11 + 5i| =
|z (11 5i)|, (1)
|z|4 + 2|z|2 (Re(z) 1) + (Re(z) 1)2

(Re(z) 1)2 + 4(Re(z))2 = 0
z K(3, 1) 1 = 3
(1) M(11, 5) K(3, 1)
1 = 3.
3(Re(z) + 1)(Re(z) 31 ) = (|z|2 + Re(z) 1)

3(Re(z) + 1)(Re(z) 31 ) 0 1 Re(z)
26
1
3
23 ( Mulder)
f : R R ,
c R f (x) = c
.
24 ( )
1.
f (0, +)
f (x) > 0 x > 0,
g g (x) =
( )
f (x)
+f

1
(0, +).
2.
< f () = f ()
h (x) =
x (, ) f (x) < f ()
+ e x ln x
1
3. e2x + e 2x
f (x) > f ().
ex
> ln 2 x + e
m f , ,

( )
1. 0 < x1 < x2 f (x1 ) < f (x2 )
) m
c1 (, )
(, ), c2 (, ).
f (x1 )
>
f (x2 )
(1)
( f . f (x) > 0)
) c1 , c2 (, ) c1 < c2
0 < x1 < x2
) y (m, f ())

x1 (c2 , ) , x2 (, c1 ) , x3 (c1 , )

1
x1
> f

1
x2
x1
>
x2
(2)
(1) (2)
f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = f (x3 ) = y,
g (x1 ) > g (x2 ) g .

(0, +).
c1 , c2 (, ) c1 < c2 f (c1 ) = f (c2 ) = m
2. x > 0 0 < x1 < x2 ln x1 < ln x2
c (c1 , c2 ) y = f (c) ,
ln x1 > ln x2 (3)
x1 (, c1 ) , x2 (c1 , )
f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = y
t (x) = ln x . (0, +).
( ) ,
.
27
3. e2x + e 2x
f (x) = e x . ,
1.
1
g (x) = f (x)
+f
(0, +).

1
e2x + e 2x ln 2 x >
e1x + e x .
h (2 x) > h (1)
h (x) = g (x) + t (x) .

h (x) =
ex +e
ln x . (0, +).
28
2x < 1 x <
1
2
0 < x <
1
2
> ln 2 x + e
1
x>0
+e
f R,
x > 0 f (x) > f (0) = 0
25 ( ) :e x + ex + 2 cos x 4, x R
x < 0 f (x) < f (0) = 0

(0, + ) f
( , 0) f .
1 ( ) 2
x = 0 f (0) = 0,
cosh(x) + cos(x) 2
f (x) f (0) = 0 x R .
4 ( ) :
x
: 2 + 12
+R
R ,
.
2 ( )
()
f (x) = e x ex 2 sin x, x R
.
g(x) = ex + ex + 2 cos x, x R.
A = [0, +).
g (x) = e x + ex 2 cos x 2 2 cos x 0,
f (x) 0, x A.
g R.
,

g(x) + g(x) 2g(0)
, g(x) = e x ex 2 x g (x) = e x + ex 2 0
x = 0,
Jensen
.
3 ( )
g(x) g(0) = 0, x 0.
f (x) = ex + ex + 2cosx 4, x R.
ex ex 2 x 2 sin x = f (x) 0 x 0.
f (x) = ex ex 2 sinx, x R
f (x) = ex + ex 2cosx, x R.
ex ex 2 sin x 0, x 0, , -
x R
ex
ex
ex ex 2 sin x 0, x 0.
2 2cosx 2
(I), (II)
[0, x], [x, 0], , .
e x + ex 2cosx 0, x R
f (x)
5 ( ) ,
:
0 x R.
29
x x,
x 0.
( ) f ,
f (x) 0, x R.
p + 1/p 2, p > 0
ey + ey 2 cos y 0.
f (x + 1) 1 x R,
0 t, t 0.
f (x) 1 x R.
et et 2 sin t 0.
a, f (a) > 1.
f (a) > f (a + 1) f (a).
0 x,
x 0.
,
b (a, a + 1), f (b) = f (a + 1) f (a),
26 ( )
f : R R
f (a) > f (b), , f . -
f (x) = f (x + 1) 1, x R .
f .
f (x) = f (x + 1) 0.
30
27 ( )
f : [0, 2] R
.
Z1
( ) :
f (x) ln(1 + a f (x) )dx.

1
x = t dx = dt
t1 = 1, t2 = 1.
(1)
(2)
x R.
f 2 (x)dx.
I=
|x| x,
Z1
x R
)dx = ln a
Z2

3
2
dx > 8 f (2) .
(x)
(x)
+
2
x
+
2
f
x
+
x
f

x2 + 1 2|x|,
f (x) ln(1 + a
f (x)
I=
f (t) ln(1 + a f (t) )(dt)
2

(x + 1)x f (x) + 2 f (x) = (x2 + 1) x f (x) + 2 f (x)

(1)
2|x| x f (x) + 2 f (x)

= 2 x2 f (x) + 4 x f (x)

= 2 x2 f (x)

(2)
2 x2 f (x) .
=
=
f (t) ln(1 + a f (t) )dt

!
1
f (t) ln 1 + f (t) dt
a
f (t) ln(1 + a
f (t)
)dt + ln a
f 2 (t)dt.
(3)
g(x) = f 2 (x).
g : (1, 1) R
[0, 2],:
g(x) = f 2 (x) = ( f (x))2 = f 2 (x) = g(x)
Z2
Z2

(x3 + x) f (x) + (2 x2 + 2) f (x) dx
2 x2 f (x) dx
0
, g ,
h
i2
= 2 x2 f (x)
= 8 f (2).
f (t)dt = 2
1
f 2 (t)dt.
(4)
(3) (4)
28 ( )
0 < a , 1 f R, :
2I = 2 ln a
31
f 2 (t)dt I = ln a
f 2 (t)dt.
< 0 (*)
29 ( ghan) f : R R
2e x
x R : f (x) =
.
1 + f 2 (x)
f (x1 ) f (x2 ) < 0 f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) f

R.
) f (0)
) f
) ln f (x) > 0 ln f (x) > ln 1
) ln f (x) > 0.
ln f (x) > ln f (0) f (x) > f (0) x > 0
ln x
(*) x2 + x + 2 + 1

x R = 2 4 2 + 1 =
( ) ) x = 0
f (x) =
f ( 0) =
2e x
1 + f 2 (x)
2
1+ f 2 (0)
(1) :
x = f (x1 ) = f (x2 )
f (x1 ) + f (x1 ) f (x2 ) + f 2 (x2 ) + 1
2
f 3 (0) + f (0) 2 = 0

2 42 4 = 32 4 < 0
30 ( )
(x2 )x , x , 0,
f (x) =
1, x = 0
( f (0) 1) f (0) + f (0) + 2 = 0

f (0) = 1 f 2 (0) + f (0) + 2 = 0
= 7 < 0
,
.
f (0) = 1
) (1) :
( )
f 3 (x) + f (x) = 2ex (2)

x1 , x2 R
ex
lim x ln(x2 ) = lim
x0
(2)
x1 < x2 2ex1 < 2ex2
ln(x2 )
x0
lim (2 x) = 0
x0
f 3 (x1 ) + f (x1 ) < f 3 (x2 ) + f (x2 )

( f (x1 ) f (x2 )) f 2 (x1 ) + f (x1 ) f (x2 ) + f 2 (x2 ) +
lim ex ln(x ) = e0 = 1
x0
f (x1 ) f (x2 ) < 0
f 0

( f (x1 ) f (x2 )) f 2 (x1 ) + f (x1 ) f (x2 ) + f 2 (x2 ) + 1
32
= lim
x0
x2
2x
x12
f (x) f (0)
x
x0
lim
= lim
x0
lim
ex ln(x ) (ln(x2 )+x

1
x0
( x2 )x 1
1
x2
2 x)
ex ln(x ) 1
x
x0
= lim
= lim ex ln(x ) (ln(x2 ) + 2) =

x0
33
lim x0+
31 ( )

sin(1/t)
> e2t
t3 sin(1/t)
dt >
et
sin(1/t)
x t3 sin(1/t)
e
dt
2
ex /x
ex
g(x) dx =
1
.
2
lim x0+
=e
i
h
f (t) dt , 0, 21 ,
h
1
>0=F
2
1
.
2
10
Z
f (t) dt =
1
.
2
[0 , 1 0 ] [0, 1] 0

0, 21
lim e
1
F (0 ) =
2
sin(1/x)
x2
x3 sin(1/x)x2

,

0 0, 21
x+ e (2 x2 1)
x2
x+
f (x) dx =
F(0) = 1 >
(2 x2 1)
lim
= 2 ,
x+
x2
3
g(x) dx = 1 .
0, 21
e x /x + .
lim
x + .
x+
( )
(2t2 /) + 1dt +
> 2t2 / + 1 .
dt + ,
F() =
Rx 3 1 2
lim x et sin( t )x dt = lim
x+
f (x) dx =
, [a, b] [0, 1] :
0 < 1/t < /2 .
t3 sin(1/t) > 2t2 /

et
( ) :
2y
1) sin y >
, 0 < y < /2 ( Jordan)
e1/6
32 ( ) f, g : [0, 1] (0, )
2) 2/ < 1 t x
DLH 1/6 .
Rx 3 1 2
lim x et sin( t )x dt .
x+
sin ww
w3
sin ww
w3
f (t) dt =
1
, a = 0 , b = 1 0 .
2
g .
34
34 ( parmenides51)
f
33 ( )

f : [0, +) [0, +) x [0, +) f (x) = x
Z1
x+
2
f (t) dt .
f (x)
f (x) = x
x+
R1
2
f (t) dt =
f (x)
R1 p
0 f (x)dx 2 x 0 f (x)dx.
Z 1p
f (x)dx 0.
,
0
Z 1p
f (x)dx > 0 f
f (x) =
a=
a=
2 ( )
a=
f (x)dx b =
Z1 p
f (x) =
f (x)dx
Z1
f (x)dx 2 x
a=
f (x)dx 0 b =
a=
Z1 p
f (x)dx = 2b x a
Z1 p
b=
f (x)dx 0
b=
f (y)dy + 1 x +
R1
0
y f (y)dy
R1
f (y)dy b =
R1
f (y)dy
R1
0
y f (y)dy
R1
0
f (x)dx a =
(a+1)x2
2
R1
0
"
R1
0
((a + 1) x + b)dx
1
+ bx a =
a+1
R1
0
+ b a = 2b + 1 (1)
y f (y)dy
x f (x)dx b =
(a + 1) x3
3
bx2
2
#1

R1
(a + 1) x2 + bx dx
0
b=
a+1
3
b
2
6b = 2a + 2 + 3b (2)
Z1

f (x)dx a =
2b x a dx
(1) (2)
3 1
2
4b
2b
2 x
a 2a =
a = 2b
a= 0
3
3
3
b =
Z1
a=
Z1
a=
R
(x + y) f (y)dy = x
f (x) = (a + 1) x + b
f (x)dx = 0 f .
c = c = c = 0 = f 0.
Z1
x.
.
R1
(x + y) f (y)dy = x x R.
(S tavroulitsa)
1 ( )
Z1
3b 2a 2 = 0
a 2b 1 = 0
3b 2a 2 = 0
4b + 2a 2 = 0
b = 4 a = 7 f (x) = 6 x 4
a = b = 0.
35
,
,
35 ( )
n
36 ( )

x2010 2006 = 4y2009 + 4y2008 + 2007y.
x4 2011 x2 + n = 0 4 .
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=109&t=15584&start=960#p127711
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=109&t=15584&start=760#p106547
1 ( )
:
( )
m

x2010 = 4y2009 + 4y2008 + 2007y + 2006
m ,
, x
:
m4 2011m2 + n = 0 n = m4 + 2011m2
x2010 0(mod9) , x2010 1(mod9)

, x = 3k, k Z
x4 2011 x2 m4 + 2011m2 = 0
(x2 m2 )(x2 + m2 ) 2011(x2 m2 ) = 0

(x2 m2 )(x2 + m2 2011) = 0
x2010 = 32010 k2010 = o9
x2010 0(mod9)
x2 + m2 2011 = 0 x2 = m2
x = m x2 + m2 = 2011
x = 3k + 1
x2010 = (1 + 3k)2010 = [(1 + 3k)3 ]670 =
, x2 + m2 = 2011
(1 + 9k + 27k2 + 27k3 )670 =

= (1 + 9n)670 = 1 + 9n1 .
x2010 1(mod9)
:
1 :
m = 2k, kZ .
x2 + 4k2 = 2011 x2 x
x = 2t + 1 t.

4t2 + 4t + 4k2 = 2010
x = 3k + 2
x2010 = (2 + 3k)2010 = [(2 + 3k)3 ]670 =

(8 + 36k + 54k2 + 27k3 )670 =
= (1 + 9 + 9n)670 = (1 + 9n1 )670 =
(1)670 + 9n2 = 1 + 9n2 .
4 2010
2 :
x2010 1(mod9)
m = 2k + 1.
x2 + (2k + 1)2 = 2011 x2 = 2011 (2k + 1)2

x2 x .
x = 2t. :
2
A = 4y2009 + 4y2008 + 2007y + 2006,

(2t) = 2011 (2k + 1) 4t + 4k + 4k + 1 = 2011

4(t2 + k2 + k) = 2010
A 0(mod9), A 1(mod9)
, 2010 4.
A = 4y2 y2007 + 4yy2007 + 2007y + 2006 =

= 4yy2007 (y + 1) + 2007y + 2007 1 =
4yy2007 (y + 1) + 2007(y + 1) 1 = 4yy2007 (y + 1) + 9n 1
y = 3k + m, m 0, 1, 2. :
36
A = 4(3k + m)(3k + m)2007 (3k + m + 1)+ 9n 1. :
A 7(mod9)
m = 0 , :
m = 2 ,
2007
A = 4(3k + 2)[(3k + 2)3 ]669 (3k + 3) + 9n 1 =
A = 4(3k)(3k)
(3k + 1) + 9n 1 = 9n1 1 =
9n1 9 + 8 = 9n2 + 8
4(3k + 2)(8 + 9k1 )669 (3k + 3) + 9n 1 =
A 8(mod9)
= 4(3k + 2)(1 + 9k2 )669 (3k + 3) + 9n 1 =
m = 1, :
4(3k + 2)(1 + 9k3 )(3k + 3) + 9n 1 = ... = 9a 6k + 2
2007
A = 4(3k + 1)(3k + 1) (3k + 2) + 9n 1 =

4(3k + 1)[(1 + 3k)3 ]669 (3k + 2) + 9n 1 =
, 6k + 2 / 9
9 +1, () ,
= 4(3k + 1)(1 + 9k1 )669 (3k + 2) + 9n 1 =

4(3k + 1)(1 + 9k2 )(3k + 2) + 9n 1 =
A
0(mod9) 1(mod9).
= 4(3k+ 9k3 + 1)(3k+ 2)+ 9n 1 = 4(9k4 + 2)+ 9n 1 =

9k5 + 7
37
37 ( KARKAR)
ABCD (O) S AB CD T AC BD.
A, T, D B, T, C,
P.
A, O, P, B
O, P, S .
T AD + AT D = 180o BDA

BPA = BCA + BDA = 2BCA.
(2)
(2) BOA = 2BCA
BPA = BOA.
(3)
(3)
BPOA
.

CPD = CPT + T PD
[]
= CBD + CAD
= COD
CPOD (L).
, OP, (K), (L), S ,

(O), (K), (L)
.
( )
38 ( erxmer) ABC , BAC = 30o
ABC = 70o . M MAB = MCA = 20o .
MBA.
APT D, BPTC
BPA =
o
360 BPC CPT T PD APD =
360o BTC CBT T AD AT D
(1)
www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=110&t=27314
(1)
BTC + CBT = 180o BCA
1 ( )
38
QBM = QOM
= OAC + OCA
= 40o .
MBA = ABC QBM = 70o 40o = 30o

.
2 ( )
MAB = MAC = 20o ACB = 80o
MCB = 60o
(1)
BCO ABC, (1)

O, M, C OB = OC,
O BC.
,
BOC = 60o = 2BAC,

O ABC
OAC = OCA = 20o
ABC = 70o BAC = 30o = ACB = 80o

AMD,
AB C .
C MA, C MD
C M MA = MD
C MA = C MD = 150o CA = CD
MDC = MAC = 10o MCD = MCA = 20o .
E AB CD AED =
180o ADE EAD = 70o EBC = 70o = EDA,
ADE, CBE AD = AE CE = CB.
ACE, DCB
CA = CD CE = CB ACE = 40o = DCB
DB = AE = AD = DM.
DBM DBM = DMB = 70o .
(2)
MAC + ACB = BAC BAM + ACB

= 30o 20o + 80o
= 90o =
ANB = 90o N BC AM.
Q BC AO BAM = 20o
= QAN = NAC = 10o , (2) BAC = 30o .
, AQC AN
.
MQC , M AN MCQ =
o
60 , QMC = 60o = BOC
OB k MQ.
(3)
MBA = DBM DBA = 70o 40o = 30o ,
60o
(3) BOC =
= OBC,
BQMO
(K).
DBA = DAB = 40o .

39
, ,
() :
: P(a, b, c)
3.
39 ( ) a, b, c ,
a + b + c = 3. :
ab2 + bc2 + ca2 + abc 4.
;
P(1, 1, 1) 0 P(a, b, 0) 0
a, b 0, P(a, b, c) 0 a, b, c 0.

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=111&t=30086.
, Secrets in Inequalities - Vol. 2
. , 3
. 310-311 1.10.2 . 312.
( )

ab2 + bc2 + ca2 + abc
4(a + b + c)3
27
: a b, c.
bc2 + ca2 abc + c2 a
c(a b)(a c) 0
.
40 ( ) f : R N
ab2 + bc2 + ca2 + abc ab2 + 2abc + c2 a = a(b + c)2 .
f (x +
f (y)
) = f (y +
f (x)
x, y R. n N
f .
4(a + b + c)3
,
a(b + c)2
27

3
(2a)(b + c)(b + c)
8(a + b + c)
,
27
( ) f .
n N An = {x R : f (x) = n}.
A R r R A + r
A + r = {a + r : a A}.
1: m, n N
Am + n1 Ak k N .
x, y Am z f (z) = n.
f (x + 1/n) = f (x + 1/ f (z)) = f (z + 1/ f (x)) = f (z + 1/m)
f (y + 1/n) = f (z + 1/m).
2: m N n N
x Am
Am + n1 Am .
f (x + 1/ f (x 1/m)) = f (x 1/m + 1/ f (x)) = f (x) Am .
f (x 1/m) = n, f (x + 1/n) Am
1 Am + n1 Am .
3: m N Am + 1
Am . 2 n N
- :
p
2a + (b + c) + (b + c)
3
2a(b + c)2 .
3
(a, b, c) (1, 1, 1), (a, b, c)
(2, 1, 0).
( ):

Algebraic Inequalities Vasile Cirtoaje, GIL, . 25, Inequalities with beautiful solutions, . 87, . GIL,
V.Cirtoaje, et. al. Secrets in Inequalities Vol. 2, Pham Kim Hung, . GIL, . 102-103,
( ) ()
40
Am + n1 Am . Am + n2 Am + n1 Am
Am + 1 Am .
6: m N A1 +1/m =
Am . x A1 y Am f (x + 1/m) =
f (x + 1/ f (y)) = f (y + 1/ f (x)) = f (y + 1) Am .
5 A1 + 1/m = Am .
5 n N
A1 + 2/3 = An . q = 2/3 + (n 1)/n. q q = s/t s, t t > 1.
r rq = k + 1/t k.
n1
1 n1
= An +
= A1 + q A1 = A1 + 1 = A1 + +
4: m N Am + 1 =
Am . x Am k x 1 Ak .
3 x Ak
k = m. Am + 1 Am
3 .
5: m, n N
Am + n1 = Ak k N . k (
1) Am + n1 Ak .
4 Am = Am + 1 Ak + nn 1 .
1 N
Ak + nn 1 A . = m.
4 Ak = Ak + 1 Am + n1
.
A1 = A1 +rq = A1 +k+ 1/t = At ,

.
: shortlist 6
2008.
41
(3), , R, S , T
.
41 ( ) ABCD P,
AD
(O), P , A , D. PR k AD R AB
PT k AC T CD. S PB AD,
R, S , T .
42 ( .)

ABCD AB = a, BC = b
a = b 2. CD , . M,
MA, MB, CD
K, L, . AD
D DZ = KC BC
C CE = DL. KLEZ
a.
1 ( ) R
CD RP T PD = DBS , -
, ( )
R PT, ABD,
PD, BS .
SD
DT
SD
DT
=
=
=
DR
SA
AR
SA
(1)
(1), , R, S , T
.
1 ( )
2 ( .)
Q AB DP L CD QS .
DA BQ BP DQ,
S DA BP
DBQ
QS QL BD = QL k PT
(2)
(2) PR k AD
LT
QR QP
=
=
RA PD T D
(3)
DK = x KL = y LC = z :
42
S AB MD T AB MC
P, AB
MT, D.
S A = x BT = y
AP = y.
DS P DA S P
(KLEZ) = (DCEZ) (DKZ) (CLE)

DZ + EC
=
(CD)
2
(KLEZ) =
x+y+y+z
2
(DZ)(DK)
(CE)(CL)
2
(x + y + z)
x(y + z)
2
z(x + y)
(DA)2 = (AS )(AP) =
(x + y + z)2 + y2 2 xz
b2 = xy =
(1)
2b2 = 2 xy =
, MC, MD KP k AD, LQ k
BC, :
a2 = 2 xy
DC k S T , , :
KP MK
ML QL KL
=
=
=
=
= PK = QL.
AD
MA
MB BC AB
, KLQP
DL KC DC
=
=
=l
SB
AT
ST
(KL)2 = 2(PK)2
(2)
y = 2 xz
KC = l(y + a)
(7)
(DL)2 + (KC)2 = l2 [(x + a)2 + (y + a)2 ] =

(4)
(DL)2 + (KC)2 = l2 [(x + y)2 2 xy + 2a2 + 2a(x + y)] =
(1),(4)
(KLEZ) =
DL = l(x + a)
DC = a = l(x + y + a)
(3)
(2)
(2),(3) (KL)2 = 2(DK)(CL) =
2
(6)
(6)
KDP, LQC (
KPD = LCQ,
) :
(KL)
DK PK
=
= (DK)(CL) = (PK)2 =
QL
CL
2
(5)
(DL)2 + (KC)2 = l2 (x + y + a)2 = a2 (8)
(x + y + z)2
(CD)2
a2
= ct
(7)
DLZ, CEK
2 ( )
KE = LZ KE LZ
(9)
ZDL = 90o =
KCE, .
, (8)
(10)
KE = LZ = a
(9),(10),
(KLEZ) =
(KE)(LZ)
43
a2
2
43 ( 1995)
A B 3 3,
( )
:
, .

.

,
.

.

1 an1 xn1 + + a2 x2 + a1 x
q

a2n1 + + a22 + a21 x2(n1) + + x4 + x2 (2) -
CauchySchwartz.
2 xk
kxn + n k
(3) n, k n
k n.
-:
k
kxn
( )
1 9
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

. 5. .
:
+nk
n
nk
z
}|
{ z }|
{
n
n
n
x + x + + x +1 + 1 + + 1
n
p
n
xkn = xk
3 xm
(xm + 1)2
(4)
4

-.
4 (xn + 1)2 (n 1) 4
n1
X
x2k (5) n .
k=1
(A) 1. 9. ,
.
2X
m1
k=1
(B) 2. 8.

4. 6
.
xk

2m 1 m
x + 1 2 (6)
4
2X
m1
xm + xm + 1
k=1
44 ( 3 1995) P(x) = an xn + an1 xn1 + + a1 x + a0 n

an , an1 , . . . , a1 , a0 R.
a0 > 0, an > 0
2 2
4 min a0 , an
(1),
a21 + a22 + + a2n1
n1
P(x) 0 x R.
xk
k=1
(3)
xm + xm + 1
xm +
(4)
44
X
m1
xk
m1
X kxm + m k
k=1
m1
xm + 1
2

2m 1 m
x +1 2
4
2
(6) x x2 2m n
(5).

P(x) = (an xn + a0 ) + an1 xn1 + + a2 x2 + a1 x

(an xn + a0 ) an1 xn1 + + a2 x2 + a1 x
q
(2)
min (a20 , a2n ) |xn + 1|

q

a2n1 + + a22 + a21 x2(n1) + + x4 + x2
q
(1)
(xn + 1) n 1 2 x2(n1) + + x2
min (a20 , a2n )
n1
(5)
45
:
(n!)2012 .
((n!)2012 , n! + 1) = 1 (n! + 1)|(2012n)!
45 ( IMC 2012) 1
a0 , a1 , . . . a0 = 1, a1 =
2
na2n
n 1.
1 + (n + 1)an
an+1 =
X
a
k+1
k=0
ak
(n!)2012 (n! + 1)|(2012n)!
n
Strirling :
n 2012n
22012n( 2012
(2012n)!
(2012n)!
e )
(n!)2012 (n! + 1)
(n!)2013
2n2013 ( ne )2013n
n 2012n
22012n( 2012
e )
=
2n2013 ( ne )2012n ( ne )n
22012n(2012)2012n
=
2n2013 ( ne )n
22012n
=
2013
2n
( 2012n2012 e )n
( )
nan (n + 1)an+1 =
an+1
an
(1)
n 1. n
an > 0. nan .
(1) = 0.
(1) n 1
Xa
n+1
n1
an
(2012n)!
1
(n!)2012 (n! + 1)
= a1 lim(nan ) = a1 .
0.

a1
a0 + a1 = 1.
2 ( ) (n! + 1)|(2012n!) n! + 1
(n + 1, 2012n).
p n! + 1 2011.
, n , 2013n/ log (2012n)
2012n
46 ( IMC 2012) n
n! + 1 (2012n)!,
2013n
(2012n)2011 log (2012n) = e20112013n > n! + 1 n 1 ( )

. :
Stirling.
(2n)!
(2012n)!

n!
(2011n)!
!
!
!
3n
2012n
2012 2n
= (n!)

n
n
n
(2012n)! = n!
46
47 ( )
G n a, b G \ {e}, m N
n
ab = bm a. b (m,n) = e.
1 : H, K
G, 2. , HK (2n + 1)2
,
G
|H K|
Lagrange 2(2n + 1) = |G|. ,
2n + 1
2, ,
|H K|
|H K| = 2n + 1 = |H| = |K|. , H = K .
( )
Lagrange xn = 1 x
G (a1 ba)m = a1 bm a = b.

n
.
(m, n)
48 ( ) G
2(2n + 1), ( n N), 2n + 1.
2 : HK G,
(2n + 1)2
2(2n + 1),
|H K|
1
, |H K| n + 1.
2
, Lagrange |H K|
|H| = 2n + 1. 2n + 1
n, 2n + 1,
|H K| = 2n + 1 = |H| = |K|. , H = K .
( )
H, K G |H| = |K| =
2n + 1.
|HK| =
|H K| n +
|H| |K| (2n + 1)2

=
.
|H K|
|H K|
47
:
+
X
49 ( )

tan1
k=1
= lim
n+
arctan
n=1
n2 + 1
(1)

.
8
( ) :
tan1 z =
tan1 x + tan1
lim
n+
i
2
ln
i+z
iz
(1 )
x > 0,
(2 )
z C r N0 ,
(3 )
z C r N0 ,
(4)
z C r Z0
(5)
n!nz
= (z)
z(z + 1) (z + n)
(z + 1) = z(z)
(1 z)(z) =
z C r {i},
sin(z)
: z := x + iy x , k + 21 ,
y , 0.
kZ
50 ( )
f : R
(0, +), :
eix ey eix ey
eix ey eix ey
x Q, y R Q
(eix + eix )(ey ey ) + (eix eix )(ey + ey )

=
(eix + eix )(ey ey ) + (eix eix )(ey + ey )
1 + i tan(x) coth(y)
.
sin(z)
sin(z)
z :=
k=1
k2 + 1
tan1
= tan1 (tan(x) coth(y))

8
!!
!!!
3
3
4
4
= tan1 tan 2 cos
coth 2 sin
.
sin(z) i tan(x) coth(y) 1

=
.
sin(z) i tan(x) coth(y) + 1
n
X
n
Y
i + (k2 + 1)1
= ln lim
n+
2
i (k2 + 1)1
k=1
n
Y
k2 (1 + i)
i
= ln lim
n+
2
k2 (1 i)
k=1
n
Y
k2 z2
i
= ln lim
2
2
n+
2
k=1 k z
n
Y
i
(k + 1)2 z2
= ln lim
2
2
n+
2
k=0 (k + 1) z
Qn
Qn
1
1
i
1z
k=0 (k + 1 z) n!n1+z
k=0 (k + 1 + z)
= ln lim n!n1 Qn
Qn
1
n+
2
(k
+
1
(k
+
1
+
z)
z)
k=0
k=0
n!n1z
n!n1+z
!
(1 z)(1 + z)
( 3) i
= ln
2
(1 z)(1 + z)
!
z sin(z)
(4),(5) i
ln
=
2
z sin(z)
!
!
3i sin(z)
i
= ln exp
2
4 sin(z)
!
i
sin(z)
3
+ ln
=
8
2
sin(z)
!
i
3
+ ln
===
8
2
!
i
i A1
A:=tan(x) coth(y),0 3
==============
+ ln
8
2
i + A1
!
1
(1) 3
+ tan1
=
8
A

A>0,(2) 3
tan1 A
=
q
q
2+1
q 22+1
2
+e
21 e
arctan tan
q
q
2+1
2+1
e 2 e 2
k2 + 1
2 exp
3i
8
f (x) f (y) |x y| .
1 ( ) fi
= x + iy
48
f fr f
.
, , q Q
lim fi (x) = 0. , r R Q lim fr (x) = 0.
xq
xn ,
y, f (xn ) 0. yn , x
f (yn ) 0.
h : R R
h(x) = f (x), x R Q h(x) = 0, x Q.

Q, , G ,
Q G .
xr
n N.
R In f (In ) (0, 1/n). An f 1 (0, 1/n)
.
, Baire, A =
T

nN An = , .
2 ( ) x Q y R Q,
49
:
x=g(y)
51 ( )
f : R R .
h, g : R R
g( f (x)) = h( f (x)) = x,
(2) f (g(y)) > y

(1)
h ( f (g(y))) h(y)
(4)
g(y) h(y)
x R,
(3) (4) g(y) = h(y).
g = h.
2. f (x) < y
3. x R , h > 0

(hsiodos) f
.
g( f (x)) = h( f (x)) = x
xR
x R ()
f (x) < y < f (x + h)
(5)
( 2 )
(1)
g, h .
g ( h)
(1)
(5) g( f (x)) g(y) g( f (x + h))
x g(y) x + h
x1 , x2 R x1 < x2 =
lim x lim+ g(y) lim+ (x + h)
h0+
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) =
h0
h0
x g(y) x
(1)
g(y) = x
g ( f (x1 )) g ( f (x2 )) = x1 x2 ,
.
h(y) = x g(y) = h(y).
f (R) = R (
)
g(x) = h(x) x R.
f (R) , R x f (R)
()
52 ( ) , .

g(y) = h(y) y R f (R).
y R f (R).
:
1.
f (x) > y x R.
(2)
( )
x > y

({x} > {y}) ({x} = {y}) (x > y)
x x {x} = x x.
,
x x + 1 x
x 1.
x=h(y)
(2) f (h(y)) > y

(1)
g ( f (h(y))) g(y)
h(y) g(y)
(3)
50
53 ( )
n ,

22n 22n+1 1 .
54 ( )
12 22 + 32 42 + 52 62 +
+ . . . + 20012 20022 + 20032 ?
(mod 2005).
A = 22n 22n+1 1 , n = 1, 3, 5, ..

A = 22(2k+1) 22(2k+1)+1 1 ,
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...

2(2k+1)
2( 2k+1)+1
1 ( )
1 = 100 m + 28, m N.

k = 0 : A = 22 22+1 1 = 4 7 = 28.
A (k) = 2
2003
X
k=1

A (k) = 22(2k+1) 22(2k+1)+1 1 = 100 m + 28,
1+
1002
X
k=2
m N,
(1)k+1 k2
[(1)k+1 k2 + (1)2005k+1 (2005 k)2 ]

1 mod 2005

A (k + 1) = 16 22(2k+1) 16 22(2k+1)+1 1

= 16 22(2k+1) 22(2k+1)+1 1
(1)2005k+1 (2005 k)2 = (1)k+1 (2005 k)2
+ 16 15 22(2k+1) 22(2k+1)+1
(1)k+1 k2 mod 2005.
= 16 (100 m + 28)
+ 16 15 22(2k+1) 22(2k+1)+1

= 100 (16m) + 28 + 60 7 + 4 32 28k

2 ( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
12
|2 + 3 4 + . . . 2000
{z + 2001 2002 + 2003} =
60 7 + 4 32 28k = 100 x
42 + 24 32 28k = 10 x
8k
21 + 12 32 2
8k
21 + 384 2
2002
1 + 20032 20022 + 20012 . . . 42 + 32 22 =
=5x
1 + 20032 22 20022 32 . . . + 10032 10022 =
=5x
1 + 2005(2003 2) 2005(2002 3)+
1 + 28k+2 = 5
.

A = 22n 22n+1 1 , n = 1, 3, 5, .. 28.
51
2005(2001 4) . . . + 2005(1003 1002)
(mod 2005).
S = {a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., a} (an )
55 ( )
R R.
1 1 lim an = a.
n+
S 2
(
).
( ) M R R
( )
S 1 , S 2 .
f M S f , card(S f ) 0
f : S 1 S 2
1 1, ,
X R card(X) 0 MX
f 1 1
S f X , card(S f ) 0 .
card(S 1 ) = card( f (S 1 )) = card(S 2 )

X Q
card(S 1 S 2 ) = cardS = 0

c.
card(S 1 ) = card(S 2 ) = 0
a S 1
card(MX ) c
S 1 {a}
bn
MX c.
S 2 { f (a)} f (bn )
M =
MX card(M) c
bn a f (bn ) f (a)
a , f (a) S 1 S 2 = ,
f (x) = x + a, a R
, card(M) c
an
,
card(M) = c
56 ( )
52
j {1, 2, . . . , n}
57 ( )
a, x1 , x2 , ..., xn R a 2.
z j := cos x j + i sin x j ,

z j = 1

zn
z2

2
2

A + B = |A + iB| = z1 + + + n1
a
a

1 n1
n
2
= n1 a z1 + a z2 + + azn1 + zn
a
cosx2 cosx3
cosxn
+
A = cosx1 +
+ ... + n1
2
a
a
a
B = sinx1 +
sinxn
sinx2 sinx3
+ 2 + ... + n1 ,
a
a
a
A2 + B2 > 0.
an1
> 0.
2 ( )
A = B = 0.
1 ( )
:
n N n 2,
a R a 2 z1 , z2 , . . . , zn C
|z1 | = |z2 | = = |zn | = 1. ,
A + iB = z1 + bz2 + + bn1 zn = 0,
1 1i
z j = cos x j + i sin x j ,
b = 0,
a
2

n1
a z1 + an2 z2 + + azn1 + zn 1.
bz2 + + bn1 zn = z1 =
: n.
|bz2 + + bn1 zn | = 1 =
1 b + b2 + bn1 =
n = 2,
1
|az1 + z2 | ||az1 | |z2 || = a 1 1
1
1
1
1
+ 2 + + n1 = 1 1 n1 ,
2 2
2
2
58 ( )
n,

n 2.
sin(na) cos(na)
= n 1,
sin a
cos a
k
a ,
, k Z.
, :
n

a z1 + an1 z2 + + a2 zn1 + azn + zn+1
n

a z1 + an1 z2 + + a2 zn1 + azn |zn+1 | =

a an1 z + an2 z + + az + z 1
1
2
n1
n
|
{z
}

1
1 ( )
a,
a 1 1,
k
2
, k Z
sin (na) cos (na)
=n1
sin a
cos a

n + 1 .
(1) a ,
53
(1)
k
2
, k Z
sin ((n 1) a) =
n1
2
sin (2a).
(2)
(1) a ,
.
(2)
a a ,
k
2
, k Z
, k Z ,
2 ( ) a = /4
sin(n/4) cos(n/4) = (n 1) 2/2
(n 1) cos ((n 1) a) = 4 (n 1) cos (2a),

sin((n 1)/4) = (n 1)/2.
h
i
lim (n 1)3 cos ((n 1) a) = lim [4 (n 1) cos (2a)]
a0
1 n {1, 0, 1, 2, 3}.
0, 2 1, 1, 3
.
a0
(n 1)3 = 4 (n 1)
n = 1 n = 1 n = 3
54
I ABC
( DB = DI =
DC , ),
BI

,

(
D).
ABC
I , r1 Euler :
OI 2 = R2 2Rr1 R2 2Rr = R2 2Rr1 r = r1 .
59 ( erxmer) ABC (C1 , R)

(C2 , r). d ,
(Euler) R2 2Rr = d2 .
;
OI 2 = R2 2Rr, :
1) R > OI,
2) R > 2r.
60 ( ) a,

.
C2 C1 .
B C1
BI C1
D.
(D, DB = DI) C1
C.
1 ( ) EB, AK .
EB

AKC ( 2)

AKC .

2
3
1
1
6
GH = CH =
=
.
3
3
2
6
A C1 DI ,
ABC .
55
.
2 ( ) O
AH BD
AH AC BD.
OM BD, AH .
CN AH
ACH
HN =
AH
: AM = MN = NH
OM
CN .
56
:
61 ( ) z
,
62 ( )
:
a1 ,
a2 , .....,
an
A = |z2 + z + 1| + |z2 z + 1|
c =
a1
a2 .....
an

:

c 2
( ) z = x + yi,
x, y R,
A = (x2 y2 + x + 1) + (2 xy + y)2
q
+ (x2 y2 x + 1)2 + (2 xy y)2 .
( ) n = 1. n = 2
:
Minkowski
4(x2
y2
1)2
4y2
=2
(x2
y2
1)2

2
2
2
2
~a1 + ~a2 + ~a1 ~a2 = 2~a1 + 2~a2 4,
y2 .
3
(x2 y2 + 1)2 + y2 ,
4
Amin =

~a1 ~a2 2.
n 3.
n.
n 1. ~a1 , ~a2 , . . . , ~an ,
1.

3.
, y2 > 1,
(x2 y2 + 1)2 + y2 > 1 >

~a1 + ~a2 2
3
.
4
~a1 , ~a2 , ~a3 , ~a1 , ~a2 , ~a3
y 1 1 y 0.
, ~a1 , ~a2 ,

60 . , ~a1 ~a2 1,

~a1 ~a2 , ~a3 , . . . , ~an i {1, 1},
i = 1, 2, . . . , n 1 ,
(x2 y2 + 1)2 + y2 (1 y2 )2 + y2 =
y4 y2 + 1 = (y2 21 )2 + 43 .

1 ~a1 ~a2 + 2~a3 + + n1~an =
1~a1 1~a2 + 2~a3 + + n1~an 2

3
min((x2 y2 + 1)2 + y2 ) =
4
x = 0 y =
2
.
2
57
LaTEX--: , : . LTEX.
.
Leonardo da Vinci
(32-) . 30
. -
- - quasiregular ,
( - ).
1+
(0, 0, ), 21 , 2 , 2
, 1+2 5 .
:
mathematica.gr (http://www.mathematica.gr) .
mathematica.gr
9. (emouroukos)
10. ( )
1. ()
12. ( )
3. (nsmavrogiannis)
13. (cretanman)
4. ( )
14. (achilleas)
5. (chris_gatos)
15. (xr.tsif)
16. (polysot)
7. ( )
17. (Demetres)
1. (stranton)
1. (grigkost)
2. ( )
2. (cretanman)
3. (spyros)
4. (vittasko)
1. (stranton)
5. ()
2. (vittasko)
6. (KAKABASBASILEIOS)
3. ()
7. (exdx)
4. (s.kap)
8. (s.kap)
5. ( )
9. (nkatsipis)
6. ( )
10. ( )
7. (chris_gatos)
11. ( )
8. (grigkost)
12. (matha)
13. ( )
24. ()
14. (emouroukos)
25. (xr.tsif)
15. (gbaloglou)
26. (polysot)
16. (R BORIS)
27. (Demetres)
17. ( )
18. ( )
1. ( )
19. (dement)
2. (mathnder)
20. ( )
3. ( )
21. (swsto)
4. (rek2)
22. (achilleas)
5. (hsiodos)
23. ( )
6. (bilstef)
6 ( ) x, a

1 ( ) 5. 50. 20. 1012. .

.
!
! .
1
2
8 5x
1
=
4
2
7x + 1
2 x 1,
2
x . x, a.

7 ( : KARKAR)
- .
2 ( )
, , ( ). , ,
. ,
.
8 ( : )
:
2015 (20162 9) 2017
2019 (20162 1)
9 (
)

(m + 1) x3 + m2 + m + 2 x2 m2 + m + 2 x (m + 1) = 0 m R
m , 1.
. , m , 1, .
. x1 , x2 , x3 x1 < x2 < x3
x2 m, , ,
3
m R x1 , x2 , x3
2
.
3 ( ) ,
: A = 999999 777777.
4 ( )

. 2 Km/h ,
3km/h 6km/h. 6 ,

10 ( ) (a, b) x2 + ax + b [2, 2]
x [0, 4].
11 ( ) M
AD ABCD P
B MC ,
AP = CD.
5 ( ) AB 6
ABE AE = 5. E.
12 ( )
K
T.
,
17 ( ) ~
, ~0.
,
T P Z .

~x
~ ~x = ~x + 8
~
~.
P = TZ.
18 ( ) E , E
:
x2
9
13 ( )
2
2
x xy + y = 21
:
y2 2 xy = 15
P , :
y2
=1
PE
= 2,
PE
PEE .
14 ( ) x, y
R , : x2 + 2 x sin(xy) + 1 = 0.
,
19 ( erxmer)
f (x) = 4 sx2 2 x x + 2012,
x s
x > 0. C f (1, 2012) :
15 ( KARKAR) AKLN ABC , (AB = AC)

AA . :
i)
.
A LKN
ii) (
) f .
iii) 2 sx + s > x x > 21 .
iv) lim f (x) = 2012
x x
.
v) ,
(1, 2) (0.5, 1)
.
20 ( )
( xi ): 0, 1, 2, ..., n , n N
2k + 1
, k N.
d=
2
) n .
) n = 2k + 1.
16 ( KARKAR)
ABCD M AB, N DC , : DC = 3 DN .
k = 2,
) .
) yi = axi + b , ab < 0
x = y sy = sx . a, b.
AN, DM S .
AS C
28 ( )
f :
, ,
21 ( ) m+2
m
z = m + (m + 2)i, w =
+
i, m , 1.
m+1 m+1
1) z, w.
2) m (OAB) = 2, A
z B w.
3) m , |z + w| = 2 2.
4) m , |z w| .
f (x)dx = 2
0
3 /4
f (x)dx.
1/4
xo (0, 1) : f (xo ) = 0.
, ,

22 ( ) 2 + 3ti
z =
1 + ti
t R.
29 (
)
2
f (x) = x + x + 1
() f .
p
x2 + 1)(y + y2 + 1) = 1, x + y = 0.
Z 1
1
()
dx
0
x2 + 1
() (x +
, , ,
23 ( KARKAR) : 8 x3
3
4 8 x + 15 15 = 0.
30 ( )
g : [0, a] R, a > 0 .
f : [0, a] R k f (x)+m f (ax) = g(x) x [0, a] k, m > 0 k , m
.
24 ( Ardid) f ,
f (x) f (x) = f 2 (x) (1)

x. f .
.
. f [0, a]
, ,
. (k + m)
f (0) f
1
2
f
2
3
f (x)dx =
25 ( ) f :
[0, 1] (0, +) [0, 1] (0, 1)

s
f (1) =
g(x)dx
1
1+e
1x x
1
2
dx =
x1 , x2 , x3 (0, 1) x1 < x2 < x3

6
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
+3
+2
=0
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
, ,
26 ( ) f : [a, ] R
[a, ] f (a) = f () = 0. (a, )
2 f ()
(a, ) f () =
31 ( )
f : [0, 1] [0, +) :
( a)( )
, ,
f (x) > 0, x [a, b].
f 2 (x)
dx +
f (x3 )dx 3
1
0
!2
x f (x)dx .
Rb
f (t)dt =
Rb
g (t)dt
x1 , x2 (a, b) x1 , x2
f (1 )
=e
f (0)
Z1
[a, b]
f : [0, 1] (0, +)
Z1
f (x)dx 1
32 ( ) f, g
27 ( )

, f (x1 ) f (x2 ) = g (x1 ) g (x2 ).

f (x) 2 dx 2
33 ( ) a, b, c
R, :
(a + b + c)2 9bc, (a + b + c)2 9ca
(a + b + c)2 9ab .
34 ( ) x + y = y + 2z = 5,
:
A = 2 x + 3y + 2 z
Juniors,
- -
35 ( ) Z2 x3 y3 = 2 xy + 8.
Seniors,
- -
39 ( )
x, y, z > 0 xy + yz + zx = 1,
36
q ( )
x +
[x] +
1 + {x} = 1
( x + y + z) (x + y)(y + z)(z + x) 2 2.
40 ( )
100.000.000 Fibonacci
( ).
Juniors,
37 ( )
ABCD a. BC E ,
BE =
Seniors,
DC F ,
CF =
a
2
41 ( KARKAR.) AA , BB, ABA B O M, S ,

. AA
BMB, BB AS A ,
O AA , BB S , M , AA BMB BB
AS A , A, B, A , B , .
G AE BF , G .
42 ( .)
ABC AD, BE, CF G. O1 , O2 , O3 , O4 , O5 , O6 ,
AFG, AGE, BGF, BGD, CGD, CGE ,
.

43 ( )
|a 3 b 5| >
4
4a + 5b
a, b.
38 ( ) O
(C) ABC(AB ,
AC) . H ABC .
AM (C) N . AM (C) P .
AP, BC OH AH = HN .
44 ( parmenides51) x A
A2 3 A + 2 I = O I x
O x ,
1 A2 (2 + 1)A + 2 I = O.
51 ( ) ~r(t) = (t, t2 , t3 )
x + z = 1.
52 ( Jeronymo Simonstone) ,

,
.
45 ( Putnam 2012) S
: S S S , :
x, y S , z S x z = y.
:
a c = b c = a = b a, b, c S .

53 ( dimtsig)
.
46 ( IMC 2004)
P(x) = x2 1.
P(P( P(x)) )) = 0.
| {z }
54 ( )
, , .
20.141,
.
2004

47 ( ) K
2. f : K K
1-1

55 ( )

.

sin = 0, 09 20m
. ,
44m .

, ,
. ,
100Kgr, 20Kgr, 60Kgr.
9 s.

.
80m
.
250N
.
. ( g = 10m/s2 )
() f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) x, y K
() f (x) f (x1 ) = 1 x K {0}.
f f K .
48 ( ) A, An , n N,
m m . An A,
(An ) (A)
: > 0, N N,
n > N
(An )
(A) = {1 , . . . , m }.
m
[

z C : |z i | < ,
i=1
(B)
B, .
56 ( ) u : R R R, :

49 ( china university)
:
a) ux = 0,
b) ux = x,
c) uy = x,
d) uy = x + y
x ln sin x ln cos x dx =
0
( ln 2)2
8
4
192
e) ux = e + y.
.
50 ( .. ) f : C , . f
n n , f
.

57 ( )
x, y, z ,
||x + y|| + ||y + z|| + ||z + x|| ||x|| + ||y|| + ||z|| + ||x + y + z||.
58 ( ) (n )nN . (nk )kN
63 ( .-. ) ,
, ,
.
ni < n j i < j.
64 ( ) , , A ,
()
3 A = 3A 43 A.
59 ( ) R a, , .
.
60 ( ) f, g : [a, b] R. f
f (x) + f (x) g (x) + x = f (x) + g (x) , x [a, b]
f (a) = a, f (b) = b, f .
,

65 ( .. )
()
1
1 1
1, , , . . . , , . . . ,
2 3
n

() .
61 ( )
1
(an ) |am+n am an | <
, -
m+n
66 ( apotin) a, b, c d
m, n. .
62 ( ) f : R R
f (x + y) = f (x + f (y)), x, y R.
P (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

:
P (1) + P (2) + P (3) + + P (n) = n4 , n N
1 ( ) 5.
50. 20. 1012.
. .
!
!
.
( )
ab () x,
:
( ) A
B. B B1
B2 .
20[5(10a + b) + 50] + 1012 x =
= 100(10a + b) + 1000 + 1012 x =

= 1000a + 100b + (2012 x)

a, b (
1000a + 100b).
(
2012 x). ,
1912.
A
B3 B4. B

A. A B3 B4
. B

.
:
...
2 ( )

, ,
( ). , ,
.
,
.
3 ( ) ,
: A =
999999 777777.

. 2Km/h ,
3km/h 6km/h.
6 ,

http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=33& p=151422
( ) .
999999 = 1000000 1.
(1000000 1) 777777 = 777777 (1000000 1) =
777777 1000000 1 777777 =
777777000000 777777
= 777776222223.
7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 6 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 = 54
http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=33& t=33726
( ) , ( ), a , b
c .
( )

a2 + b3 + 6c + 2c + 3b + 6a 6
.
46 (a + b + c) = 6 a + b + c = 9.
9 + 9 = 18Km.
4 ( )
10
5 ( ) AB 6 ABE AE = 5.
E.
1 (r) :
r
r
8 5x 1
8 5x 2
6 5x
=
=
2
4
4 r
r 4
r4
7x + 1
7x + 1 4x + 2
3x 1
2x 1 =
=
.
2
2
2
2
:
6
6 5 x 0 5 x 6 x
5
1
3 x 1 0 3 x 1 x .
3
x , x = 1. :
1 ( ) K M AB
E . AEB
E M , AM = MB = 3.
AE M , :
E M 2 = AE 2
AM 2 = 52 32 = 25 9 = 16,
E M = 16 = 4.
, KE = K M E M = 6 4 = 2.
K MA , K = AM = 3.
EK :
2
E = K 2+ KE 2 = 32 + 22 = 9 + 14 = 13,
E = 13.
6 ( )
x, a
1
2
8 5x 1
=
4
2
a1
a1
1
=1
2
a1
1
2
2
2
2
a1
1
2
4
2a 2 = 1
3
a=
2
7x + 1
2 x 1,
2
x . x, a.
11
1
=
4
2
2
a + b + c = 300 b + c = 300 a,
(b + c)2 = (300 a)2
b2 + c2 + 2bc = 90000 600a + a2
:
a2 + 4E = 90000 20E + a2
24E = 90000, E = 3750.
7 ( : KARKAR)
- .
8 ( : ) :
2015 (20162 9) 2017
2019 (20162 1)
)
1 ( )
2015 (20162 32 ) 2017
2015 (20162 9) 2017
=
=
2019 (20162 1)
2019 (20162 12 )
2015 (2016 + 3) (2016 3) 2017
=
=
2019 (2016 + 1) (2016 1)
2015 2019 2013 2017
= 2013.
=
2019 2017 2015
2 ( ) , x = 2016,
(x 1)(x2 9)(x + 1)
A=
=
(x + 3)(x2 1)
(x 1)(x + 1)(x + 3)(x 3)
=
= x 3 = 2013.
(x + 3)(x 1)(x + 1)
a, b, c , :
cb 60a
=
= 30a
E=
2
2
cb = 2E 30a = E
12
:
f (x) = x2 [2 + h, 2 + h], h 0
9 (
)

(m + 1) x3 + m2 + m + 2 x2 m2 + m + 2 x
(m + 1) = 0 m R m , 1.
. , m , 1,

.
. x1 , x2 , x3
x1 < x2 < x3 x2
m, , , m R
3
x1 , x2 , x3
2
.
4. 0 , f
f (2 + h) f (0) = (2 + h)2 4
h = 0. 0 ,
h > 2 f (2 + h) f (2 h) = 8h > 16. ,
4
4, .
, g(x) = x2 + ax + b
y = x2 .
4 4
A(2, 2).
2a = 2 a = 4 g(2) = 2, b = 2
: h > 0,
h < 0.
2 ( ) x = 0
2 b 2.
x = 4 2 16 + 4a + b 2.
4 16 + 4a 4 4 a 3
a
3
2.
2
2
a
[0, 4].
2
a
x = ,
2
(m + 1) x3 +
(

)
2
2
2
m + m + 2 x m + m + 2 x (m + 1) = 0

(m + 1) x3 1 + m2 + m + 2 x2 x
=
0

(m + 1) (x 1) x2 + x + 1 + m2 + m + 2 x (x 1)
=
h

i
2
2
=
0 (x 1) (m + 1) x + x + 1 + m + m + 2 x

i
h
2
2
0 (x 1) (m + 1) x + m + 2m + 3 x + m + 1
=

2
2
0 x = 1 (m + 1) x + m + 2m + 3 x + m +

2
1 = 0.
= m2 + 2m + 3 4 (m + 1)2 =

m2 + 2m + 3 2m 2 m2 + 2m + 3 + 2m + 2
=

2
2
2
m + 1 m + 4m + 5 > 0. m + 1 > 0
m2 + 4m + 5 > 0 < 0 m , 1 . x1 , x2 , x3
1
2
x1 , x2 = 1, x3 . x1 x3 = = m+
m+1 = 1 = x2 . -

a2
a 2
+b
x2 + ax + b = x +
2
, b
a2
.
4
a, b
b2
16 + 4a + b 2

.
)
2
2m+3
3 x2 = x1 + x3 = S = = m +m+
.
1
2
2
m + 2m + 3 = 3 (m + 1) m + 5m + 6 = 0
m = 2 m = 3, .
a2
2
4
: 2a + b + 6 0.

a 2 b + 2.
b
10 ( )
(a, b) x2 +
ax + b [2, 2] x [0, 4].
0 6 + 2a + b b + 2 4 b + 2 + 4 =
2
b + 2 2 0.
b = 2 a = 4.
1 ( )
13
11 ( ) M AD ABCD
P B
MC , AP = CD.
12 ( )
K
T.
,
T P Z .
P = TZ.
( )
KT
.
K o
bT = 90
K
b
K = b
ZK = Kb
= Kb
P = KZ, K
KP.
1 ( ) AS BP
T AS BC. ATC M
BT = TC . BS = S P,
AS BP AP = AB = CD.
, KPZ K
P = TZ .
2 ( ) PC M
BA E .
MAE, MCD AE = CD =
AB. PEB PA ,
PA = AB = CD.
14
y = 5 or y = 3 (I)
y2 + 15
(II)
x=
2y
* y = 5 (II) x = 4,
(x, y) = (4, 5).
* y = 5 (II) q = 4,
(x, y) =
(4, 5).
(II) q = 3 3,
* y = 3

(x, y) =(3 3, 3).
* y = 3 (II)
q = 3 3,
(x, y) = (3 3, 3). A = 2 x + 3y + 2z =
2 x + 2y + y + 2z = (2 x + 2y) + (y + 2z) = 2(x + y) + (y + 2z) =
2 5 + 5 = 10 + 5 = 15
13 ( )
:
2
2
x xy + y = 21
y2 2 xy = 15
( )
y , 0, y = 0
0 = 15, . :
2
2
x xy + y2 = 21
x xy + y = 21
y2 + 15
y2 2 xy = 15
x
=
2y
14 ( ) x, y R , : x2 +
2 x sin(xy) + 1 = 0.
!2
y2 + 15
y2 + 15
y + y2 = 21
2y
2y
y2 + 15
x=
2y
4
y
+
30
y2 + 225 2y2 (y2 + 15) + 4y2 y2 = 84y2
y2 + 15
x=
2y
4
2
3y 84y2 + 225
y = 25 or y2 = 3
y2 + 15
y2 + 15
x=
x=
2y
2y
( ) (x + sin(xy))2 + cos2 (xy) = 0, cos(xy) =

0 x = sin(xy). , x2 = 1,
x = 1 x = 1. cos y = 0
sin(y) = 1, y = + 2k k .
2
15
15 ( KARKAR) AKLN ABC , (AB = AC)

AA . : A LKN

.
16 ( KARKAR) ABCD M AB, N
DC , : DC = 3DN .
AN, DM S .
AS C
1 ( ) KNA L
KA2 NA2 = NA2 NL2

KB2 + BA2 KL2 = NC 2 + CA2 NL2
KB2 KL2 = NC 2 NL2
BKL LNC .
2 ( ) Q KL AA .
QL k AC QL AC .
A ABC ( ABC )
L : QCA
A LQC : (1).
KQA = QAC = KAA
KQA .
KQA NLC AKLN
KQ = NC . : (2).
KQCN (
1 ( )
ABCD AB = CD = , (ABCD) = a .
ZEAB, S .
AS M DS N :
1
DN
DS
2
DS
DS
=
= 3
= : (1).
1
S M AM S M
SM 3
)
(1) , (2) A LKN
16
3 ( ) L DM AC .
DS Z ES M
:
AL AM 1 DN
=
= =
LC
DC
2
NC
SL
LN CN 2
NL k AD
=
=
=
S D AD CD 3
2
SL 2
SL
=
=
SD+SL 3+2
DL 5
(S AC) 2
2
= (S AC) = (ADC)
(ADC) 5
5
AM k DC
SZ
DS (1) S Z
2
=
=
SE SM
SE 3
2
SZ 2
2
SZ
=
= S Z = : (2)
SE + SZ 3 + 2
5
5
(AS N) = (ANC) (S NC)
1
1
DC EZ NC S Z
2
2
1
1 2
2
(AS N) =
2
2 3
5
2
1
(AS N) = (ABCD) (ABCD).
2
15
1
(AS N) = (ABCD)
5
(AS N) =
2
(ABCD)
10
.
(ABCD)=2(ADC)
(S AC) =
(AS N) = 200/0 (ABCD)
4 ( )
CL
2( )
AB = 6k, k > 0.
AM = 3k, DN = 2k, NC = 4k.
LCDLAM
2LA,
(CAN) = (CDL) =
2(CAD)
,
3
(S AL) = (S DN) = x.
T S AC
E ABCD.
(S LC) = (S NC) = 2 x
AS
3
3
AS
AM 3
=
=
=
DN
2
SN 2
AN 5
(ADS )
T =
T =
(ANC)=2(ADN)
, 7, 5 x =
3 4
2 1
3
(ANC) = (ADC) = (ABCD)
5
5 6
5 2
3x =
1
E = 200/0E
5
17
(ABCD)
5
1, 5 x.
(ABCD)
2
x=
(ABCD)
15
(AS C) =
17 ( )
~ , ~0.
18 ( ) E ,
E :

~x
~ ~x = ~x + 8
~
~.
x2
y2
4
=1
PE
= 2,
PE
PEE .
( - )
~x =
~ , :
P , :
~0 = 9|~|
~ |~| = 0.
( )

~ = ~0, ,
~ , ~0.
~x =
~ , > 0.

x x = x + 8

~
~
~ =
~ + 8 ~
~

~ ,0

~
~
~ +8
~
~ =0
= 3, = 2 =
| 1| = | + 8|
2

= | + 8|
2 = + 8
( > 0)
(PE)
(PE)
(PE) 2
2
=2
=
= ,
(PE )
(PE ) + (PE) 2 + 1
6
3
= 8

E 5, 0

(PE) + PE = 6,
2 2 8 = 0
= | + 8|
5, 0 ,
( > 0)
= 8 ().
(PE) = 4
= 4 = 2 ()

PE = 2.
1 :
~x = 4
~,
( ) ( ) ( ).
PEE = 3 +
.
18
5,
( PE) ( PE ) ( )
q

51 1+ 5 3 5
=
3+ 5
r

2 2
=
5
5 12
32
= 16 = 4
E=
3 : () P
PEE .
(x, y) P.

2

PE = 2 x + 5 + y2 = 4
2 :
P (x, y)
1
() () .
2
1 4
2 5 = 4.
2
5
x2

PE = 2.
(PE) = 4
x+
2
5
+ y2 = 4
= 16 EK .
E K = x, EK = 2 5 x :
4
=
5
2
x+
x
= 0
x = 3 5 (

x < 3 ) x = 3 , y = 4 .
4 E K 2 = 16 EK 2
2
= 1.
y2
+
=1
4
4

2
y2
x2 x +
5
x2
4 =1 9
=0
4
9
x + 5 x x + 5
PKE
4 x2 = 16 2 5 x
y2
PK . PKE
2 = 4 E K 2
P ,
5
... x = ,
PK
E=
16
4
= ,
5
5
19
P ,
4
1 4
2 5 = 4.
2
5
19 ( erxmer)
f (x) = 4 sx2 2 x x + 2012,
1
2
f (x) > 0 x > .
f h

, 21 21 , + -
x s x > 0. C f (1, 2012)

:
x =
i)
.
1
= s x + 2012.
f
2
ii) ( ) f .
iii) 2 sx + s > x x >
1
2
iii)
1 f
1
x > f (x) > f
2
2
1
.
2
4 sx2 2 x x + 2012 > s x + 2012
iv) lim f (x) = 2012 x x
4 sx2 s 2 x x + x > 0

s 4 x2 1 x (2 x 1) > 0
.
v)
, (1, 2) (0.5, 1)
.
s (2 x 1) (2 x + 1) x (2 x 1) > 0
(2 x 1) (2 sx + s x) > 0
x> 21
2 sx + s > x
iv)
lim f (x) = 2012 4 s x2 2 x2 + 2012 = 2012
( )
x x
x2 (4 s 2) = 0
i) C f A (1, 2012)
:
s= ,
f (1) = 2012 4 s 2 x + 2012 = 2012

s 1
=
x 2
CV = 0, 5 > 0, 1
CV =
1
2
s
x
1
2
1
2
1
2
x = 1
v)

R 6 s = 3.
ii) x R f (x) = 8 sx 2 x,
f (x) = 0 8 sx 2 x = 0
x
x=
4s
x=
1
2
x>0

(1, 2) 34% + 13, 5% = 47, 5% (0, 5, 1) 34%

4CV
1
x=
2
20
) k = 2, n = 2 2 + 1 = 5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
20 ( )
( xi ): 0, 1, 2, ..., n , n N
2k + 1
d =
, k N.
2
) n .
x =
0+1+2+3+4+5
15
5
=
= .
6
6
2
) n = 2k + 1.
) yi :
k = 2,
) .
y = x
y = x + b (1 ) x = b
) yi = axi + b ,
ab < 0 x = y sy = sx .
a, b.
(1)
yi :
sy =s x
sy = || sx || = 1 = 1 = 1.
= 1 (1) b = 0,
ab < 0. = 1 (1)
b = 2 x b = 5.
= 1 b = 5.
1 ( )
2 ( ) )
.

,
m
m + 1 ,
) n + 1. n
, n+ 1 , d ,
1
d N . d = 2k+
< N , 2k + 1 .
2
n .
) n + 1,
.
n+1

2
n+1
+ 1. 2
1 = 0
= 1 = 1.
n+1 =
n+1
1 n+1 +1 =
2
d=

m m + 1 = k + 1
n + 1.
m + 1 = k + 1 ,
(n + 1) (k + 1) = n k.
( )

.
k + 1 = n k n =
2k + 1.
n+1
2
:
n+1
d=
1+
2
n+1
2
m + (m + 1)
2k + 1
=
k = m.
2
2
2k + 1
n
= n = 2k + 1.
2
2
21
21 ( ) m+2
+
z = m + (m + 2)i, w =
m+1
m = 0 [ (1)] m = 2 [ (2)].
4)
i, m , 1.
m+1
1) z, w.
2) m (OAB) = 2,
A z B
w.
3) m , |z + w| = 2 2.
4) m , |z w|
.

!

m
m+2
i
|z w| = m +
+ m+2

m+1
m+1

!
!

1
1
+ m+1+
i ,
= m+1

m+1
m+1
|z w| =
1 ( )
1) z = x + yi, x, y R x = m, y = m + 2,
y = x + 2
z () y = x + 2.
w = + i, , R
m
m+2
, =
, m , 1,
=
m+1
m+1
m+1+1
m+11
=
, =
m+1
m+1
1
1
, =1
,
= 1
m+1
m+1
= 2 = + 2
w y = x + 2.
2)
A(x, y), B(, ),

!
m+2
m
OA = (m, m + 2), OB =
,
m+1 m+1
(OAB) =
=
=
1
2
1
2
1
2
|x y|

m m + (m + 2) m + 2
m+1
1
2
m +

2m + 4m + 4 m2 + 2m + 2

=
.
m+1
m+1
(OAB) = 2,

2
m + 2m + 2
= 2

m+1

m2 + 2m + 2 = |2m + 2|
m2 + 2m + 2 = 2m + 2, (1)
m2 + 2m + 2 = 2m 2, (2)
22
2 m+1+

2 m + 1 +
!2
m+1

1
,
m + 1

1
.
f f (x) = x + 1 +
x + 1
1
, x > 1 f (x) = x + 1 +
x+1
x(x + 2)
1
=
f (0)
= 0
f (x) = 1
2
(x + 1)
(x + 1)2
f (x) < 0, x (1, 0), f (x) > 0, x (0, +), f (1, 0], [0, +), x = 0 f (0) = 2.
1
x < 1 f (x) = (x + 1)
,
x+1
x(x + 2)
1
=
, f (2) = 0
f (x) = 1 +
2
(x + 1)
(x + 1)2
f (x) < 0, x (, 2), f (x) > 0, x (2, 1),
f (, 2], [2, 1),
x = 2 f (2) = 2. f
2 x = 0, x = 2, min |z w| = 2 2
m = 0, m = 2.
2 (
)
3) |z
+
w|
=
2

m
m+2

+
i = 2 2
m + (m + 2) i

! m + 1 m + 1

m
m+2
i = 2 2
+ m+2+
m

2 m + 1 2
m+1
m 2 m + 4m + 2

+
i = 2 2
m+1

m+1
!2
!2
m2 + 4m + 2
m2 2
+
=2 2
m+1
m+1
2

2
2
2
m + 4m + 2
m 2
+
=8
(m + 1)2
(m + 1)2
2

2
m2 2 + m2 + 4m + 2 = 8(m + 1)2
m4 4m2 + 4 + m4 + 16m2 + 4 + 8m3
+4m2 + 16m = 8m2 + 16m + 8

2m4 + 8m3 + 8m2 = 0 2m2 m2 + 4m + 4 = 0, m = 0 m = 2.
:
(x ty) + (xt + y)i = 2 + 3ti (1).
ty
=
2
x 2 = ty
(2).
xt + y = 3t
y = t(3 x)

a = (x 2, y),
b = (y, 3 x) (2) :
a = t
b , t R
a ,
det(
b ) = 0 (x 2)(3 x) y2 = 0 .
3 ( )
m2 2 m2 + 4m + 2
+
i,
3) z + w = ... =
m+1
m+1
|z + w|2 = 8
!2
!2
5
1
(3).
x
+ y2 =
2
2
M(z) (3), A(3, 0),
t R 1 + ti , 0 2 + 3ti , 3(1 + ti).
4 ( )
(2 + 3ti) (1 ti)
2 + 3ti
z=
=
=
(1 + ti) (1 ti)
1 + ti
2 + 3t2
t
2 2ti + 3ti + 3t2
=
+
i.
=
2
2
1+t
1+t
1 + t2
2
2 + 3t
t
z = x + yi, x =
,y=
.
2
1+t
1 + t2
:
2

2
m2 2 + m2 + 4m + 2 = 8(m + 1)2
. . . m2 (m + 2)2 = 0 m = 0 m = 2.
22 ( ) 2 + 3ti
t R.
z =
1 + ti
1 ( )
2 + 3it
z2
z=
,t R t =
, z , 3.
1 + ti
(3 z)i

z 2
z2
=
2zz 5z 5z + 12 = 0
(3 z)i i(3 + z)
x2 + y2 5 x + 6 = 0,

!
5
1
K , 0 , ,
2
2
(3, 0).
2 ( )
x +y
=
=
=
t
t2
+
i.
2
t
1 + t2
1 +

t = tan q, q , ,
z = 2 +
(z) = 2 +
2 2
tan q
1 + tan2 q
= 2 + sin2 q =
!2
t 2
1 + t2
4 + 12t2 + 9t4 + t2
2
1 + t2
9t4 + 13t2 + 4
2
1 + t2

t 2 + 1 9t 2 + 4
2
1 + t2
9t 2 + 4
.
1 + t2
2 + 3t2
1 + t2
A, B, G R :
1
1
5 1
cos 2q = cos 2q
2 2
2 2
tan q
1
(z) =
= sin 2q.
2
1 + tan2 q
, z = x + yi, x, y R
5
1
1
x = cos m, y = sin m, m (, ).
2
2
2
,
z
!
5
1
K , 0 , , 2
2
(3, 0).
3 ( )
z = x + yi x, y R :
2 + 3ti
(x + yi)(1 + ti) = 2 + 3ti
x + yi =
1 + ti
=2+
9t 2 + 4
1 + t2

A 2 + 3t2 + Bt + G 1 + t2
1 + t2
= A
2 + 3t
t
1 + t2
+
B
+
G
1 + t2
1 + t2
1 + t2
= Ax + By + G.

t :

9t2 + 4 = A 2 + 3t2 + Bt + G 1 + t2
9t2 + 4 = (3A + G) t2 + Bt + (2A + G)

3A + G = 9 2A + G = 4 B = 0.
A = 5 , B = 0 , G = 6.

x2 + y2 = 5 x 6 x2 + y2 5 x + 6 = 0
23
5
x
2
!2
1
,
4
!
1
5
K , 0 , ,
2
2
A(3, 0) z = 3 3 + 3ti = 2 + 3ti
.
5 ( )
t2
2 + 3it
t
= ... = 2 +
z = x + yi =
+
i.
1 + it
1 + t2 1 + t2
+ y2 =
x 2 =
t4
t2
t4 + t2
+
=
=
(1 + t2 )2 (1 + t2 )2 (1 + t2 )2
t2 (1 + t2 )
t2
=
=
= x 2.
(1 + t2 )2
1 + t2
!2
1
5
2
2
+ y2 = ,
(x 2) + y = x 2 x
(x 2)2 + y2 =
2
4

!
5
1
K , 0 , ,
2
2
(3, 0).
t2
t
y =
.
2
1+t
1 + t2
24
:
h

x 15
, + . 8
: f (x) = f 1 (x), f .
23 ( KARKAR) 3
: 8 x3 4 8 x + 15 15 = 0.
( )
f (x) = x. :
8 x3 15
= x 8 x3 8 x 15 = 0
8
(2 x 3)(4 x2 + 6 x + 5) = 0, ( )
x = 32 (
).
1 ( )
h
,
+

15
8
8 x3 27 = 4
3
8 x + 15 3
16(2 x 3)
. (2 x 3)(4 x2 + 6 x + 9) = p
3
3
(8 x + 15)2 + 3 8 x + 15 + 9
x = 32 .
24 ( Ardid) f ,
( )

16
4 x2 + 6 x + 9 = p
3
(8 x + 15)2 + 3 8 x + 15 + 9
f (x) f (x) = f 2 (x) (1)

x. f
.
(1).
f (x) = 4 x2 + 6 x + 9, x R ( )
.
27
4
g(x) = p
3
16
1 ( ) x R : f (x) f (x) = f 2 (x). x x

( x R x R)
f (x) f (x) = f 2 (x).
x R
2 f (x) f (x) = f 2 (x) + f 2 (x) ( f (x) f (x))2 = 0
f (x) = f (x) x R.
f .
2 ( ) f , x0 f (x0 ) , f (x0 )
(). f 2 (x) = f (x) f (x) ()
x x, : f 2 (x) = f (x) f (x), f 2 (x) = f 2 (x). : f 2 (x0 ) = f 2 (x0 )
f (x0 ) = f (x0 ), f (x0 ) = f (x0 ) ()
(). () x x0 , :
f 2 (x0 ) = f (x0 ) f (x0 ), () :
f 2 (x0 ) = f 2 (x0 ) f (x0 ) = 0, f (x0 ) = f (x0 ) = 0,
(), f .
(8 x + 15)2 + 3 8 x + 15 + 9
( ),
, 16
. 27
> 16
(1)
15
8
9
4
9
3
, 2 .

h
2 (KARKAR) x 15
,
+
,
8
:
3
8 x3 15
8 x3 15
= 8 x + 15
=
4
8
r
3
8 x + 15
8
8 x3 15
,
8
8 x3 15
, . y =
,
8
r
3 8 x + 15
f 1 (x) =
,
8
f (x) =
25
:
g(x1 ),0 f (x1 )
25 ( ) f : [0, 1] (0, +) [0, 1]

(0, 1)
f ( 1) =
1
2
f (0) f
f
2
3
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
+3
+2
=0
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
26 ( )
f : [a, ] R [a, ] f (a) = f () = 0.
(a, ) (a, )
2 f ()
( )

!
!
x+1
x+2
g (x) = f (x) f
f
, x [0, 1], 2
3
[0, 1]
x+1
2
x+2
1
1,
1
2
2
3
3
x [0, 1] f [0, 1] (0, 1)
x+1
2
x+2
1
1,
1
2
2
3
3
x [0, 1] f (0, 1)
x+1
g (x) = f (x) f
+
+
x+2
x+1
x+2
1
f (x) f
f
2
2
3
!
1
x+1 x+2
f (x) f
f
3
2
3
f () =
1 ( ) -
Rolle
h(x) = f (x) g(x)
h(x) = f (x) (x a)(x b)
f ()
( a)( b)
[a, ], [, b] k
h (k) = f (k) g (k) = 0, h (l) =
(a, ), l (, b) :
f (l) g (l) = 0.
h (x) = f (x) g (x), x

[k, l]
Rolle h (k) = h (l) = 0 h 2 f ()
h (x) = f (x) g (x) = f (x) (a)(b)
2
1
f
= ( f (1))3 =
2
3
g (1).
g Rolle [0, 1],
=
x1
!(0, 1) !g (x1 )
x
+
1
x
+
2
1
1
f
f

2
3
1
f (x1 ) 1
+
! +
! g (x1 ) =
0
f (x1 ) 2
3
x1 + 2
x1 + 2
f
f
3
3
f (0) f
(x a)(x b)
h(a) =
( a)( b)
f (a) g(a) = 0 h() = f () g() = f () f () = 0
h(b) = f (b) g(b) = 0
f ()
, h (x) = f (x) g (x) = f (x) (2 x a b) (a)(b)
g(x) = f ()
g (0) =
( a)( )
!
!
x+1
x+2
f
f

2
3
1
f (x) 1
! +
! g (x)
+
=
f (x) 2
3
x+2
x + 2
f
f
!
1 f (x2 )
1 f (x3 )
f (x1 )
+
= 0 6
+
2 f (x2 )
3 f (x3 )
f (x1 )
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
3
+ 2
= 0, x1 (0, 1), x2 =
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
x1 + 2
x1 + 1
(x1 , 1) , x3 =
(x2 , 1). 2
3
x1 , x2 , x3 (0, 1) x1 < x2 < x3 ,
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
6
+3
+2
= 0.
f (x1 )
f (x2 )
f (x3 )
x1 , x2 , x3 (0, 1) x1 < x2 < x3

6
2 f ()
(k, l) (a, b) : h () = f () (a)(b) = 0

2 f ()
f () = (a)(b)
2 ( ) f (x)( a)( b) 2 f () = 0
(a, b).
f (x)( a)( b) f ()(x a) f ()(x b) = 0
( f (x)( a)( b) f ()(x a) f ()(x b)) = 0.
26
Rolle
h(b) = 0 Rolle
[a, ], [ , b] 1 (a, ),
2 (, b) h (1 ) = h (2 ) = 0
f (x)( a)( b) f ()(x a) f ()(x b)
Rolle
f (x)(a)(b) f ()(xa)(x b) f ()(x a) (x

b) =( f (x)( a)( b) f ()(x a)(x b)) .

h(x) = f (x)( a)( b) f ()(x a)(x b),
h (x) = f (x)( a)( b) f ()(x a) f ()(x b)

[1 , 2 ] (1 , 2 ) h () = 0 f ()( a)( b) 2 f () = 0
.
x [a, b],
, h(a) = h() =
27
27 ( )

f : [0, 1] (0, +)
f (1)
=e
f (0)
Z1
f2
(x)
Z1
dx +

f (x) 2 dx 2
f (x)
22
( f (x))2
dx
( f (x))2 dx
f (x)
!2
f (x) dx 0
f (x) = 0 2 f (x) f (x) = 2, x [0, 1]
f (x)
dx =
f (x)
2x +
e2
f (x)dx = 2
, x [0, 1].
3/4
f (x)dx.
1/4
xo (0, 1) : f (xo ) = 0.
( )
a
f (x) f (x) = a f 2 (x) = 2ax + b.
f (x)
R1
R1
0 f 21(x) dx = 0 ( f (x))2 dx, a = 1.
f (x) =
f (1)
f (0)
f (x) =
= e b =
2x +
e2
e2 1
g (x) = f x +
f 2 (x)
1
2
21
g (x)dx = 2
1
4
Rx
g (t)dt 2 2x g (t)dt,
2
G (0) = 0. (1)
,

G 21 = 0. Rolle
h
i
G 0, 21
!
1
0,
G (x) =
g (x)dx (1) .
41
+ [ f (x)] dx 2
1
,
2
.
2 ( ) :
f (x)
28 ( )
f
:
- CauchySchwarz.
(1)
f (x) =
i1
= 2 ln f (x) = 2(ln f (1) ln f (0)) = 2
+ [ f (x)] 2
!
f (x) dx 0
1 ( ) -
Cauchy-Schwarz
( f 2 (x)) = (2 x) , x [0, 1] f 2 (x) = 2 x + c, x [0, 1]
f 2 (x)
f (x)
dx
f (x)
x
x
28
, G () = 0.

G (x) = g (x) + g (x) g
x
2

0 = g () g
g g () =
2
x
g ,
2
h
i h
i
0 = G () = g () g 2 g 2 g () .

i
h
i
h
g 2 , , 2 -
1 , 2 2

g (2 ) g (1 ) .
Rolle g

1 , 2 t0 (1 , 2 )

21 , 21 , g (t0 ) = 0. x0 = t0 + 21
(0, 1), f (x0 ) = 0 .

,
,
2
29
29 (
)
f (x) = x + x2 + 1
30 ( )
g : [0, a] R, a > 0 .
f : [0, a] R
k f (x)+m f (a x) = g(x) x [0, a]
k, m > 0 k , m .
() f .
() (x + x2 + 1)(y +
x + y = 0.
()
y2 + 1) = 1,
x2 + 1
dx
. f [0, a]
. (k + m)
f (x)dx =
( )
()
x R, x2 + 1 > x2
(1)
(1)
x < 0
x2 + 1 >
g(x)dx
1+e
1x x
dx =
1
2
x2
x2 + 1 > |x| (1)
x2 + 1 > x f (x) > 0
( )
x2 + 1 > x > x f (x) > 0

f (x)
x
=
> 0, x R, (2),
f (x) = 1 +
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
f .
x 0
. x a x
k f (x) + m f (a x) = g(x), x [0, a]

()
f (x) = x + x2 + 1

x + x2 + 1 x + x2 + 1
=
x + x2 + 1
k f (a x) + m f (x) = g(a x), x [0, a]

k2 f (x) + km f (a x) = kg(x)
f (x)
f (x) f (y) = 1
f (y) =
km f (a x) m2 f (x) = mg(a x)
= f (x)
f (x)
y = x x + y = 0
k2 f (x) m2 f (x) = kg(x) mg(a x)

kg(x) mg(a x)
f (x) =
k 2 m2
f 1-1, .
()
1
0
x2 + 1
dx
(2)
k, m > 0, k , m f [0, a] , g
.

f (x)
dx = ln | f (x)| 10
0 f (x)
ln(1 + 2)
1
30
. k f (x) + m f (a x) = g(x)
Za
0
(k f (x) + m f (a x))dx
Za
f (x)dx + m
Za
f (a x))dx =
Za
g(x)dx
g(x)dx
m)
f (a x))dx u = a x
x) =
f (a x))dx =
f (u)(du) =
f (x)dx + m
f (x)dx =
f (x)dx =
Z
0
1x x
e 1x
e 1x + e x
e 1x
= 1 = g(x)
e 1x
=
e
Za
0
f (a x))dx =
g(x)dx
31
f (x)dx =
1
2
+e
1x
f (1
1 f (x) + 1 f (1 x) =
Z1
0
Z1
g(x)dx (k +
g(x)dx
() (1 + 1)
Z
0
f (u)du
Za
Za
0
1+ e
e
Za
Za
. f (x) =
x = 0 u = a x = a
u = 0 du = dx
Z0
f (x)dx + m
Za
Za
f (x)dx =
Z1
0
dx
:
Z
31 ( )

f : [0, 1] [0, +) :
f (x)dx 1
1
3
f (x )dx 3
1
0
!2
x f (x)dx .
f (x)dx
Z
3
4
f (x)dx , 0
0
Z
!2
f (x)dx =
Z 1
3
f
x dx = 3
x2 f (x)dx
( )
2
2 x
x
Z
Z
h (x) = f (t) dt g (t) dt , x [a, b].
!2
Z 1
Z 1
3
x 3
x2 f (x)dx
x f (x)dx 3
f (x ) f
3
!2 Z 1
x2 f (x)dx
x f (x)dx
h (a) = h (b) = 0 h Rolle [a, b].
Rolle,
x1 (a, b) :
x f (x)dx = m,
2
g (t)dt
, f (x1 ) f (x2 ) = g (x1 ) g (x2 ).
, f
Rb
x1 , x2 (a, b) x1 , x2
( )
f (t)dt =
f (x) > 0, x [a, b].
4
f (x)dx .
3
Rb
a
2( ) :
1
(x m)2 f (x)dx = 0
[a, b]
f (x)dx = 0 = f 0.
32 ( ) f, g
!2
Z 1
Z
xdx
x f (x)dx 3
(x m)2 f (x)dx 0
f (x) = 0, x [0, 1]
f (x3 )dx
!2
f (x)dx
(x m)2 f (x) = 0, x [0, 1]
(x2 2mx + m2 ) f (x)dx 0
1 ( ) , Chebyshev,
x2 f (x)dx m2 ,
f (x)dx m , 2m
h (x1 ) = 0
x f (x)dx = 2m2
32
2 f (x1 )
Zx1
f (t) dt 2g (x1 )
f (x1 )
Zx1
Zx1
Rx1
g (t) dt = 0
f (x1 ) a

=
g (x1 ) Rx1
f (t) dt = g (x1 )
Zx1
g (t) dt .
g (x1 )
Zx1
Zx1
a
Rx1
a
g (t) dt
f (t) dt
Cauchy
( )
Ra
a
Ra
g (t) dt
.
f (t) dt
x2 (a, x1 ) :
Rx1
a
Rx1
g (t) dt > 0.
g (t) dt
=
f (t) dt
g (x1 ) , 0
f (t) dt
Rx1
f (t) dt > 0, f (x1 ) > 0
Zx1
a
x
Zx
f (t) dt
f (t) dt = f (x) > 0,

[a, b].
g (t) dt
g (t) dt , 0.
33
a
Rx1
a
g (t) dt
f (t) dt
Ra
a
Ra
g (t) dt
=
f (t) dt
g (x2 )
f (x2 )
f (x1 ) g (x2 )
=
f (x1 ) f (x2 ) = g (x1 ) g (x2 )
g (x1 )
f (x2 )
x2 < x1 .
Rx1
33 ( )
a, b, c R,
:
(a + b + c)2 9bc, (a + b + c)2 9ca
34 (
x + y = y + 2z = 5,
:
A = 2 x + 3y + 2z
(a + b + c)2 9ab .
1 (dr.tasos) ,
: (a + b + c)2 < 9bc (1)
1 (
)
A = 4z + 3y + 2z ( x + y = y + 2z
x = 2z)
A = 6z + 3y y + 2z = 5 3
A = 15
2 (T-Rex)
: y + 2z = 5 x + y = 5. :
A = 2 x + 3y + 2z = 2 x + 2y + y + 2z = (2 x + 2y) + (y + 2z) =
2(x + y) + (y + 2z) = 2 5 + 5 = 10 + 5 = 15
(a + b + c)2 < 9ac (2) , (a + b + c)2 < 9ab (3)

: a2 + b2 + c2 < ab + ac + bc
: a2 + b2 + c2 ab + ac + bc
, . , -
34
,
,

x y = 2 y {0, 2}
35 ( )
Z2 x3 y3 = 2 xy + 8.
(x, y) = (2, 0) , (0, 2)
36 (q )
( )
x +
2
x , y ( x = 4)
y = 0 x = 2
1 + {x} = 1
( )
y = 1, x3 2 x 9 = 0
.
x < 1, [x] 2

y = 1, x3 + 2 x 7 = 0
.
y , 0, 1 2 <
[x] +
2 xy + 8
x2
+ xy +
y2
1 + {x} < 2
1 + {x} < 0, , x 1.
[x] +
<4
[x] +
1 + {x} = 1 x,
1 x 0, x 1,
(x + y)2 + 4 > 0.
1 x 1 .
2 x2 + yx + 2y2 4 > 0
1 x < 0 [x] = 1
= 32 15y < 0 y , 0, 1.
1 +
2 < x y < 4.
1 + {x} = 2 {x}.
qp
1 + {x} 1 <
2 1 < 1
2 {x} > 1, .
,
x y .
0 < x < 1, [x] = 0,
, x, y
,
x3 y3 .
x+
35
qp
1 + {x} = 1
qp
1 + {x} = 1 x,
qp
x = 1
1 + {x} 1 0 < 1 x < 1.
x = 0 .
36
37 ( )
ABCD a. BC
E , BE =

3
a
DC F , CF = .
2
G AE BF , G
.
2( )
ABGC
= CAE.
, CBF
AKLN, KRML, RBE M .
+ AEN
= 45o .
AMN
CBF AMN
= AMN
.
CBF
= 45o
CBF + EAB
o
= 45 EAB
= CAE
.
CBF
1 ( KARKAR) AE
1
3
y = x + a , BF y = 2 x + 3a .
G
6a 3a
,
,
5 5
3( ) Q AG DC

AB k CQ ABE QCE
a
a2
a
(x )2 + (y )2 =
2
37
CF= a2
AB
BE BE= a3 EC= 23a 1 AB=a
=
=
CQ = 2a
CQ EC
2
ABkDQ
3a
FQ =
= DF F DQ
2
(AB, AF, AQ, AD) (B, K, L, D)
( B, K, L, D BD)
(FB, FK, FL, FD)
(B, H, Z, C)
( B, H, Z, C BC ). :
HZ
BC
BZ
BZ
: (1)
=
=
BC HC
HZ HC
AB k CF ABH FCH
38 ( ) O
(C)
ABC(AB , AC) . H ABC . AM
(C) N . AM
(C) P .
AP, BC OH AH = HN .
AB
BH CF= a2 = AB2 BH
a (1) BZ
=
= 2 HC =
=3
CF HC
HC
3
HZ
BZ
3
=
HZ + BZ 4
2a
[ 900
FCZ=
3 BH= 3
a
a
BZ
=
BZ = ZC = = CF
BH 4
2
2
[
45
[ = 450 LDF=
[ = 900 FLDB : (2)
LFD
DLF
AB k DF
AB
BG
AB DF=FQ AB ABkFQ FQ = GF
AK
=
=
KF DF
FQ
MGKBC
BG oo .
AK
KG k DF
=
KF GF
BM
2
BK
AB
a
=
=
= 3a =
MC KC DF
3
2
2 BM+MC=BC=a
BM
=
BM + MC 5
BM =
ME =
2a
2a a
: (3) & ME = BM BE =

5
5
3
a
15
: (4)
(B, K, L, D) (GB, GK, GL, GD)

B, M, E, Z ( Z GD AC )
:
1 ( )
.
:
ME
BZ
BE (4) 3
BE
= a =5
=
BZ
MZ
MZ
ME
15
(3)
a
BZ
= 5 BZ = = BZ Z Z
BZ BM
2
D, Z, G .
BDF FLBD, BCDF Z
( ) DZG
ABC (AB , AC) M

BC . P ( A)
(O) ABC
(K) AM , PM
H ABC

[ = 900 A, B, G, C, D
DGBF DGB
38
: OM, AP, BC ( T ) , AHT M ( H

ABC )
MHPAT ( AM (K))
H AT M (
)
T HO , T HOAN O
ABC
AN (O) T HO
AN HA = HN .
2 ( )
,
H PM AD (ADBC)
E PM (O).
MPA
900
EPA = 900 AE (O) ECAC : (1).
H1 MP AH AK = KH1 ,
KH1 MO
OMBC ( BC (O))
ADBC
OM
HE
M o BC
AD
AHE ( O o AE)
.

AH1 = 2KH1 = 2OM = AH H H1 T OAN
BHCE (
HA = HN.
AH = HN T
(1)
ADBC
OH, CB.
BH k EC BHAC H ABC .
AT M MH ,
P MH AT MPA = 90 .

P, H, M .
AH = HN
OA=ON=RO
AHNO OHAN ( ) OHAM : (1).

APMHP ( AM
(K) MBAH ( H
ABC ,
AP, OH, CB
AH M T .
39
, ,
: -
39 ( ) x, y, z > 0 xy + yz + zx = 1,
- ,
( x + y + z) (x + y)(y + z)(z + x) 2 2.
X
X
(a3 b + ab3 ) 2
a2 b2 = 2.
40 ( )
100.000.000 Fibonacci
( ).
( ) (x, y, z) 7 (a2 , b2 , c2 )
(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 ) 2 2
( )
Fibonacci F0 = 0, F1 = 1, F2 = 1.

(a + b + c) 2(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 ) 4

(a + b + c)(
fn = Fn
[(a + b)2 + (a b)2 ][c2 (a b)2 + (ab + c2 )2 ] 4.
An = ( fn , fn+1 ) n 0.
{ fn }n0
[0, 9999], {An }n0 108
, m, n 108 .
Am = An , Am1 = An1
{An }n0 A0 = (0, 1).

{Fn }n0
104 .
Cauchy-Schwarz,
q
[(a + b)2 + (a b)2 ][c2 (a b)2 + (ab + c2 )2 ]
mod 10000
ab(a + b) 2abc.
(a + b + c)[(ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) 2abc] 4

a3 b + ab3 + b3 c + bc3 + c3 a + ca3 2.
40
:
(OP)(OM) = (OB)(OB) = (OA)(OA ) = (OS )(OQ)
= (OP)(OM) = (OS )(OQ) , (1)
(1), S PQM
(T )
PMQ = PS Q = 90o = QM A A , (2)
(L ), (2) MA = MA , S Q BB A S A
41 ( KARKAR.)
AA , BB, ABA B
O M, S , . AA BMB,
BB AS A ,
O AA , BB S , M , AA BMB BB
AS A , A, B, A , B ,
.
.
ABA B S PQM .
3 ( .) BM
B M AA ,
(K) ABA B B ,
1 ( .) K,
(K) ABA B K M AA
K M
M BMB , P BB K M O,
B, B .
, AA P (K),
PK AA .
Q,
(K) B, B BB
Q (K)
P, Q
AA , P (K).
, Q, O
A, A QS S O ( K, S , Q QK AA ),
S O BB AS A
.
, .
2 ( .) (L), (L ),
B MB, A S A
P, Q, A A, B B,
.
(L), MP BMB S BB,
B , N AA .
, BO B A BA , T,
(K), A, A .
, ABA B
, S T BB, S
BB, A S A
.
( KS S T S BB (L), AKA T
KT, K (K),
A S T = A KT = AKT = AS T
).
,
.
4 ( .) A MB =
A MB , (1)
B,
AA , (K)
ABA B Q.
QBA A
K M
AA , K (K),
A MB = AMQ AMQ = A MB , (2)
(1)
(2) B , M, Q
.
AA k QB MA = MA , Q. BA B A
PS BB
O (L), (K), (L ), (K)

ABA B , :
41
ABA B .
O1 O2 AG
O4 O5 GD, O1 O2 O4 O5 AD
.
2
, O3 O4 BG
O2 O6 GE , O3 O4
O2 O6
.
BE
2

KO4 LO2 , :
BB,
,
B A BA
A S A, S
BB .
, .
.
, ,
:
A MB = A MB
, (1)
A S B = AS B , (2), M, S
AA , BB K, .
K KB = KB,
(K), AA
X, X , A, A , ,
(KO4 LO2 ) =
AD
2
KO2 =
KO4 AD
=
KO2
BE
BE
2
KO4
, (1)
O1 KO3 = BGD, KO1 O3 =

AGF KO3 O1 = BGF ( ).
M, AD C BE .
, KO1 O3 MGC ( ).
, MGC AD, BE
2
CF , .
3
, MCD BGD
2
( -- ), MG = 2GD = AD
3
2
MC = BG = BE .
3
, :
AA .
(1), , BB
X S X (2)
X S A = XS A , (3), , (2), (3) ,
BS B , K M, K M
AA .
42 ( .) ABC AD, BE, CF
G.

O1 , O2 , O3 , O4 , O5 , O6 , AFG,
AGE, BGF, BGD, CGD, CGE ,
.
KO1
MG AD
, (2)
=
=
KO3
MC
BE
(1) (2) :
KO1
KO4
=
KO3 KO2
, (KO1 )(KO2 ) = (KO3 )(KO4 ) , (3)
(3) O1 , O2 , O3 , O4
( .) K , O1 O2 O3 O4 L,
O4 O5 O2 O6 .
.
, O1 , O3 , O4 , O6
O3 , O4 , O5 , O6
.
42
x O x
, 1
A2 (2 + 1)A + 2 I = O.
43 ( )

4
|a 3 b 5| >
4a + 5b
a, b.
( ) A2 = 3A 2I A3 = 3A2 2A = 9A 6I 2A = 7A 6I
A4 = 7A2 6A = 21A 14I 6A = 15A 14I .
, A = (2 1)A (2 2)I
( ) 3a2 5b2 .
r
5
2
2
. 3a 5b , 0
3
3a2 5b2 , 1
3a2 = 5b2 1. 0, 1 4 mod 5,
0, 3 2 mod 5.
1 mod 5,
.
|3a2 5b2 | 2.

|a 3 b 5| =
>
A A = (2 1)A2 (2 2)A
= (2 1)(3A 2I) (2 2)A
= 3(2 1)A 2(2 1)I (2 2)A
= (2+1 1)A (2+1 2)I

A+1 = (2+1 1)A (2+1 2)I ,
A = (2 1)A (2 2)I, 2.

2
|3a2 5b2 |
a 3+b 5 a 3+b 5
2
2a +
5
b
2
4
4a + 5b
2 =
A2 (2 + 1)A + 2 I = (( 1)A ( 2)I)2

( + 1) (( 1)A ( 2)I) + I = ( 1)2 A2
.
: 2
2( 1)( 2)A + ( 2)2 I
a, b N |3a 5b | = 2.
, a = 9, b = 7 |3a2 5b2 | =
|3 81 5 49| = | 2| = 2.
(2 1)A + ( + 1)( 2)I + I
= ( 1)2 A2 3(2 2 + 1)A

+ 2( 1)2 I = ( 1)2 A2 3A + 2I = O
44 ( parmenides51) x
A A2 3A + 2I = O I
43
45 ( Putnam 2012)
S : S S S , :
1 ( )
x, y S , z S x z = y.
P1 (x) = P( x) = x2 1
a c = b c = a = b a, b, c S .
Pn+1 (x) = P1 (Pn (x))

n.
P1 (x) > 1
( )
a S . e S a e = a.
e a = a.
c S . b S
c = b a.
Pn (x) = P2n1 (x) 1 > 1

n N n > 2 x R.
1: n y (0, +), Pn (x) = y
.
c e = (b a) e = b (a e) = b a = c
: . n = 1,
e c = c.
S ,
e.
x S . x S x x = e
x x = e. x
x (
).
o
n p
p
P1 (x) = y x2 1 = y x y + 1, y + 1 .

n. ,
Pn+1 (x) = y P2n (x) = y + 1

n p
o
p
Pn (x) y + 1, y + 1
p
Pn (x) = y + 1,
a b = a c a (a b) = a (a c)
(a a) b = (a a) c
eb=ec
y + 1 < 1 y > 0.
,
.
b=c
2: n,
Pn (x) = 0 n + 1 .
.
46 ( IMC 2004) P(x) = x2 1.

P(P( P(x)) )) = 0.
| {z }
: . n = 1 n = 2
P1 (x) = 0 x2 1 = 0 x {1, 1}
2004
44
() Pn (x) = 1 P2n1 (x) 1 = 1 Pn1 (x) = 0

n ,
.
n

2
o
P2 (x) = 0 x2 1 = 1 x 2, 0, 2 .
() Pn (x) = 1 P2n1 (x) = 2 Pn1 (x)
n o
2, 2 Pn1 (x) = 2

n 1. ,
, 1.
Pn+1 (x) = 0 P2n (x) = 1
, Pn+1 (x) = 0 n + 2 , .
, P2004 (x) = 0
2005 .
(Pn (x) 1) (Pn (x) + 1) = 0.
45
47 ( )
K 2.
f : K K 1-1
48 ( )
A, An , n N, m m .
An A,
(An ) (A)
() f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) x, y K
: > 0, N N,
n > N
() f (x) f (x1 ) = 1 x K {0}.

f f K .
(An )
(B)
B, .
( )
f 2 (1) = 1. f (1) = 1, f
f .
, f (1) = 1. x
0, 1.
1
f (x2
= f 2
+ f (x)
+ x)
x +x
!
1
1
1
= f
=
x x+1
f (x)
=
( )
.
0 > 0 nk
Ank (nk )
f (x)+1
f 2 (x)
|(nk ) i | > 0
+ f (x)
(1)
i {1, . . . , m}.
|(nk )| |(nk )| 6 kAnk k
Ank .
Bolzano-Weierstrass , (nk p ) 0 .

f 2 (x) = f (x2 )
i=1

z C : |z i | < ,
(A) = {1 , . . . , m }.
f (x2 )
m
[

(1)
(1) x = 0 x = 1.
x, y K
f ((x + y)2 ) = f 2 (x + y)
det(Ank p (nk p )I) = 0.
2 f (xy) = 2 f (x) f (y)

(). 2, f (xy) = f (x) f (y).
f K .
: f . .. K = Z3 (t)
( Z3 )
f (k) = k3 .
det(A 0 I) = 0.
0 A.
(1) |0 i | > 0 i {1, . . . , m}
.
.
46
: -
49 ( china university)
:
x ln sin x ln cos x dx =
( ln 2)2
8
4
192
, f (z) = Logn (z) D = {z C : |z 1| < 1} (

Re (1 + z) > 0 ),
Gauss1
( )
1:
Z/2
1.
ln (sin 2 x) dx =
Z2

f 1 + eix dx
1
f (1) =
2
f (1) = 0 ,
Z/2
ln (sin x) dx =
Z/2
Z2
ln (cos x) dx,
Logn (1 + cos x + i sin x) dx = 0,
Z/2
Z/2
2
ln2 (sin x) dx.
2.
ln (sin 2 x) dx =
, 1.:
Z/2
2 x=y
ln (sin 2 x) dx =
1
2
0=
ln (sin y) dy
y=x
1
2
/2
ln (sin x) dx +
1
2
ix/2
Log 2 cos e
2
y=x/2
dy =
y=x
Z/2
ln (sin x) dx
/2
Z/2
ix
Log 2 cos x e
Z/2

dx + Logn 2 cos x ei(x) dx
0
x/2x
Z/2
ln (cos x) dx,
Z/2
Z/2
n
(ln cos x + ln 2 + ix) dx+ (ln cos x + ln 2 ix)n dx = 0,
2: n = 1, 2, 3, ..
Z/2
Z/2
n
(ln cos x + ln 2 + ix) dx + (ln cos x + ln 2 ix)n dx = 0.
1
2. .

Logn 2 cos yeiy dy
Z/2
Z/2

n
ix
=
Log 2 cos x e dx + Logn 2 cos x eix dx
Z/2
Z/2
ln (sin 2 x) dx =
ln (sin x) dx
Z
0
Z/2
Z

n
ix
=
Log 2 cos x e dx + Logn 2 cos y eiy dy
Z
Z/2
1
ln (sin y) dy
ln (sin x) dx +
Z/2
1
=
2
Z2
( ).
:
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GausssMean-ValueTheorem.html
47
Z/2
I=
Z/2
ln 2
ln sin x dx =
2
x ln (sin x) ln (cos x) dx
2 , n = 2
x=/2y
Z/2

y ln (cos y) ln (sin y) dy
Z/2
Z/2
2
(ln cos x + ln 2 + ix) dx+ (ln cos x + ln 2 ix)2 dx = 0
0
Z/2
ln (cos y) ln (sin y) dy I
=
Z/2
I=
Z/2
Z/2
ln (sin x) ln (cos x) dx

ln2 cos x + ln2 2 + 2 ln cos x ln 2 x2 dx = 0
Z/2
Z/2
3
ln2 2
2
+ 2 ln 2 ln cos x dx
=0
ln cos xdx +
Z/2

(ln (sin x) + ln (cos x))2 ln2 (sin x) ln2 (cos x) dx
=
Z/2
3
ln2 2
+ ln2 2 +
ln2 cos xdx =
!!2
Z/2
sin 2 x
2
2ln (sin x) dx
ln
.1
Z/2
ln2 2 3
ln2 sin x dx =
+

(ln (sin 2 x) ln 2)2 2ln2 (sin x) dx
.1
I=
2ln2 (sin x))dx
16
2 ln2 2
16
ln 2
8
2 ln2 2
16
ln 2
Z/2
Z/2
ln (sin x) dx
ln2 (sin x) dx.
0
2 , n = 1
ln 2
4
192
ln 2
2
ln2 2
8
3
24
( ) 1:
C f : C , .
n g : C , f (z) = gn (z)
z . , f (z) , 0 z .
Z/2
(ln cos x + ln 2) dx = 0
Z/2
Z/2
Z/2
ln (sin x) dx
ln2 (sin x) dx
Z/2
Z/2
(ln cos x + ln 2 + ix) dx+ (ln cos x + ln 2 ix) dx = 0
0
ln 2
50 ( .. ) f :
C ,
. f n
n , f -
I=
2 ln2 2

ln 2 2 ln 2 ln (sin x) ln (sin x) dx
2
24
Z/2
(ln2 (sin 2 x) + ln2 2 2 ln 2 ln(sin 2 x)
Z/2
24
Z/2
24
.1

(ln cos x + ln 2)2 x2 dx = 0
Z/2
ln cos x dx = ln 2dx
0
48
f
. , ,
f
Z
f (z)
dz = 0

f (z)
: z0 .
ordz0 ( f ) f z0 . f ,
ordz0 ( f ) N. n :
n
ordz0 ( f ) = ordz0 g
.
,
,
: [a, b] . : [a, b] C
= n ordz0 (g) .
ordz0 ( f ) n, n.
, ordz0 ( f ) = 0, f (z0 ) , 0.
f ( (s))
(t) = exp
(s) ds
f ( (s))
2:
C
f : C , f (z) , 0
z . , :
(1) g : C ,
f (z) = eg(z) z .
(2)
f
f
t [a, b]. ,
(t) = (t)
( f ) (t)
(t)
( f ) (t)
( f ) (t)
=0
t [a, b],
g(z)
: (1) (2): f (z) = e ,

f (z)
f
= g (z) g .
f (z)
f
f
(2) (1): F
.
f
h (z) = f (z) eF(z)
h (z) = 0 z . , a C
, h (z) = a, f (z) = aeF(z)
z . a = eb g (z) = b + F (z), f (z) = eg(z) z .
f (z)
exp
dz = (b) = (a) = 1
f (z)
f (z)
dz 2iZ.
f (z)
, n
C f : C
, . n g : C , f (z) = gn (z)
z . 1,
f (z) , 0 z . 2,

1
2i
f (z)
1
dz = n
f (z)
2i
g (z)
dz
g (z)
n.
Z
f (z)
dz = 0 .
f (z)
49
!
!
1 1
1
1
1 1
& C , ,
A (0, 0, 0) , B , ,
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
51 ( )
~r (t) = (t, t2 , t3 )
x + z = 1.
52 ( Jeronymo Simonstone) ,

, .
( ) ~r (t) = t, t2 , t3

~r (t) = 1, 2t, 3t2 ~t =
~r (t) = (0, 2, 6t) .
1 + 4t2 + 9t4
1, 2t, 3t2
( ) : .
1
2
~b =

3
t
,
3
t,
1
.
=
..
=
~r ~r
= 0 . p 1 + 9t 2 + 9t 4
,
~
N
p . ~
~ = ~b ~t = .. =
p ,

~ N
1
9t3 + 2t , 9t4 1 , 6t3 + 3t

2
4
2
4
(1+9t +9t )(1+4t +9t )
, kn = 0 ,
p : x + z = 1
.
~a = (1, 0, 1) BeltramiEnneper
p ~x (x, y) = (x, y, 1 x)
~x x = (1, 0, 1) & ~xy = (0, 1, 0) , 2 = K , K
p
Gauss .

~a = ~xx ~xy = .. = (1, 0, 1) .
K = 0 3
~ k p ~~a ~ ~a = 0 .. 3t t = 0
,
K , L , M , 1
1
t=0,t= &t= ,
.
3
3
~r
~r
50
z, x, y, w m .

53 ( dimtsig)

.
x = mz, y = m2 z, w = m3 z
:
( )
1 .
m
m3 z z = 20141 m3 =
20141 + z
,
m .
z
20141 + z . z = k3
20141 + k3 = n3 .
111...1 = m , n > 1.
|{z}
n
, m
1 9.
m
n3 k3 = 20141 (n k)(n2 + nk + k2 ) = 11.1831
m = 10a 1, a N .
n k = 11, n2 + nk + k2 = 1831
n k = 1, n2 + nk + k2 = 20141
111...1 = 100a 20a + 1,

|{z}
n k = 1831, n + nk + k = 11
n k = 20141, n2 + nk + k2 = 1
111...1 0 = 100a 20a,

|{z}
1 : n k = 11, n2 + nk + k2 = 1831.
n = k + 11
n1
111...1 = 10a2 2a.

|{z}
n1
(k + 11)2 + k(k + 11) + k2 = 1831 k = 19.
, ,
.
z = 193 = 6859 m3 =
54 ( )
, , . 20.141,
.
m =
30

19
27000
.
193
30
193 = 10830,
19
30
y = ( )2 193 = 17100,
19
30 3
w = ( ) 193 = 27000
19
x=
( ) x, y, z
x, y, w .
y
z
x
= = y2 = xw, x2 = yz.
y w x
51

- - , , , v
, :
55 ( )

.

sin = 0, 09 20m .
,
44m .
,
, .
, 100Kgr, 20Kgr, 60Kgr.

9 s.

. 80m

.

250N .

. ( g = 10m/s2 )
(M + )u = (M + + m)v v = 4m/s.
9 s 9v = 36m < 44m,
.
,
v
F
= 2, 5m/s2 .
M
1
, x = vt at2 . 2
t = 0 s ( )
2v
= 3, 2 s.
t=
a
2, 5 s , a=
,
1
y |y| = gt2 = 51, 2m < 80m,
2
, .
56 ( )
u :
R R R, :
http:// http://www.mathematica.gr/forum/viewtopic.php?f=47&t=32440
a) ux = 0,
b) ux = x,
c) uy = x,
d) uy = x + y
e) ux = e + y.
( )
x = 20m, s = 44m, M = 100Kgr,

= 20Kgr, m = 60Kgr, t1 = 9 s F = 250N.

, (M + )gxsin, -, 1
(M + )u2 , ,
2
u .
: u = 2gxsin = 6m/s.
(solars)
a) u (x, y) = f (y) .
x2
b) u(x, y) =
+ f (y).
2
c) u (x, y) = xy + g(x).
y2
+ g(x).
d) u(x, y) = xy +
2
x
e) u(x, y) = e + xy + f (y).
52
57 ( ) x, y, z ,
( )

.
||x + y|| + ||y + z|| + ||z + x|| ||x|| + ||y|| + ||z|| + ||x + y + z||.
A = {a1 , a2 , ..., an , ...}

am A.
( ) :
am = an1 .
A {a1 , ..., am } al = an2 .
(kx + y + zk + kxk + kyk + kzk kx + yk ky + zk kz + xk)

(kx + y + zk + kxk + kyk + kzk) =

k ar = ank
(kyk + kzk ky + zk) (kxk ky + zk + kx + y + zk) +
k + 1
A {a1 , ..., ar }
(kzk + kxk kz + xk) (kyk kz + xk + kx + y + zk) +

(kxk + kyk kx + yk) (kzk kx + yk + kx + y + zk) 0

ank ,
.
58 ( ) (n )nN .
(nk )kN
ni < n j i < j.
53
59 ( )
R a, , .
.
60 ( )
f, g : [a, b] R. f f (x) + f (x) g (x) + x =
f (x) + g (x) , x [a, b] f (a) = a, f (b) = b,
f .
(
)
:
S = 2 + 2 + 2.

, : 2 + 2 + 2 = 4R2 .

2 xy x2 + y2

: S 2 2 + 2 + 2 = 8R2 ,
= = .
,
R
2 3
R.
=
3
( )
. h(x) = f (x) x,

h (x) + h (x)g(x) = h(x) (1)

h(a) = h(b) = 0. h 0.
. h [a, b] x0 (a, b) .
h (x0 ) = 0, h (x0 ) 0. (1) h(x0 ) 0, . ,

x1 (a, b).
54
61 (
)
1
(an )
62 ( )
f :
R R f (x + y) = f (x + f (y)),
, |am+n am an | <
m+n
m, n. .
x, y R.
1 ( )
1 f : R R ,
( ) :
|am+n am an | <
m+n
T 1 , T 2 ,
: (1)
m, n. (1)
n N
T1
R \ Q, f T2
: A = {a + b
T1
/a, b Z}
T2
R (Kronecker), -
lim (am+n am an ) = 0,
x an + bn
m+
A lim(an + bn
lim (am+n am ) = an : (2) .
T1
T2
T1
x
) = .
T2
T2
f (0) = f (an T 2 + bn T 1 )
m+
f (0) = lim f (an T 2 + bn T 1 ) =
lim (am+1 am ) = a1
m+
= lim f (T 2 (an + bn
( n = 1),
T1
x
) = f (T 2 ) = f (x)
T2
T2
1 .
2 a f (a) ,
.
: (1) x
x f (a), y = a y a,
lim (am+2 am+1 ) = a1
m+
.......................
lim (am+n am+n1 ) = a1 .
m+
f (x a + f (a)) = f (x f (a) + f (a)) = f (x)

an = lim (am+n am ) =
2 .
:
.
. f
a a f (a) , 0,
a f (a) (
2). x f (x)
f .

m+
= lim
m+
n
X
k=1
(am+k am+k1 ) =
= a1 + a1 + ... + a1 = na1 , n N .
n N
an+1 = (n + 1) a1 = na1 + a1 = an + a1 .
1 g(x) =
{an } a1 .
x f (x)
, x R
a f (a)
, ,
55
[0, T ] ,
f .
(2) x = 0 y R
f (x) = x + c, x R. (1) c = 0, .

.
f ( f (y) y) = f (0) f (g (y)) = f (0) : (3) ,
g (y) = f (y) y y R.
g R , f ,
2 ( )
f
lim g (y) = lim ( f (y) y) =
f (x + y) = f (x + f (y)) : (1) .
y+
y+
(1) x x y
x, y R
lim g (y) = lim ( f (y) y) = +,
g (R) = R.
x R. x g (R) = R,
y R , g (y) = x (3)
f (x) = f (0) , x R, .
f (x) = f (x + f (y) y) : (2) .

:
1) f (y) y = 0, y R, f (y) = y, y R,
.
2) y0 R , f (y0 ) y0 , 0.
(2) y = y0 x R
f (x) = f (x + f (y0 ) y0 ), f
T = | f (y0 ) y0 | > 0. f f (R) = f ([0, T ])
1) f (x) = x, x R,
2) f (x) = c, x R,
c .
56
E, F, G . - UT, VW .
( FI , ,
UT ), K, P I, N . PK
VW B.
63 ( .-. ) , , ,
.
1 ( )

EF, FG, E, F, G ( ) AB = BC = CD,
S .
T, S F
B, C, S H, S I , T
S I, S B, H, I, EF, FG,
.
BC F
FB = FC, BTCS .
FB = BE FC = CG.
BE, CG,
E, G , A, D EA = EB GD = GC
.
64 ( ) , , A ,
3A = 3A 43 A.
.
2 ( ).
( )
57
AB
B = E A + E A.
E :
M EZ
E
Z
E = 2M M .
E .
Z
Z 2 = 2Z 2 2Z.E E = 1 2M 2
= 2A
= 2,
B
A AB, Z = = 1, M Z, E B,
A = M, A = M = MZ.
3 =
AB
B
E A + E A =
2M M A + (1 2M 2 ) A =
3 43 = 3A 4A3 .
2A (1 A2 ) + A 2A3 = = 3A 4A3 .
E A + E A = AE = AE
AEB B
AB
B
AE
AE =
AB
B ,
AB
B
= E A + E A = 3A 4A3
3 = 3 43 .
58
65 ( .. )
()
n
X
1
1 1
1, , , . . . , , . . . ,
2 3
n
() .
k3 =
k=1
n
n(n + 1) 2 X
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
,
,
k2 =
n
X
k=
n(n + 1)
2
k=1
a
( )
N N 1
2 1
,
,..., ,
N! N!
N! N!
n +
b
1
1 1
1, , , . . . , , . . .
2 3
n
c
2
n +
!
+ d n = n4 .
b
2
c
2
n2 +
f (x) = 4 x3 6 x2 + 4 x 1.
2 ( )
66 ( apotin)
a, b, c d
P (1) + P (2) + P (3) + + P (n) = n4

P (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
P (1) + P (2) + P (3) + + P (n 1) = (n 1)4
P (1) + P (2) + P (3) + + P (n) = n4 , n N
P(n) = n4 (n 1)4
an3 + bn2 + cn + d = 4n3 6n2 + 4n 1
1 ( )
k=1

a = 4, b = 6, c = 4, d = 1.
N ,

n
X
k=1
k +b
n
X
k=1
k +c
n
X
k=1
k+
n
X
( n, )
a = 4, b = 6, c = 4, d = 1.
=n
k=1
59

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4 ( qwerty) 417 530 ;

= 102450 , = 5200 , = 24360

360 36h = 123 (1 h) 34567 .

3 ( ) 2001, 2002, 2003, , 2010

K = z12012 z22015 + z1 2015 z22012

3. H(1)+ g(t) F (t)dt = F (1) + G(1),

[a, b] [0, 1].

(1 + tan 1 )(1 + tan 3 ) (1 + tan 43 ) <

z1 , z2 , z3 C |z1 | = |z2 | = |z3 | = r > 0,

|z1 z2 |2 + |z2 z3 |2 + |z3 z1 |2 9r 2 .

2001, 2002, 2003, ..., 2010

= 102450 , = 5200 , = 24360

360 36h = 123 (1 h) 34567

123 34567 (1 h) 34567 123 34567

360 36h = 123 (1 h) 34567

(a c)(a + c)(a + b) + (a b)(a + b)(a + c) =

c2 = (a b)(a + b) c3 = c(a b)(a + b).

(a + b)(a2 ab + b2 ) + c(a b)(a + b) =

= 360 + 15 = 360 165 , Z

(2) (1) (3) (1)

(AB) =(A) + (B) =

ABE, BCZ, CAD,

1. : (t) = x (t) = 3t2

K = z12012 z22015 + z12015 z22012 =

K = z12012 z22015 + z1 2015 z22012

3. a = z12012 z22015 = z 20121z 2015 = z 2012 z12012 z 3 =

f (f (x)) > f (0) f  (x) > f (0) (f (x) xf (0)) >

f [a, b], f (a) = a, f (b) = b

g (x) g () g (x) = 0 f (x) = x, x [, ]

cos x = tan u, u [0, ],

f (x) = g (x) f (x) = (x),

F (x) = 0 f (t) dt , x [0, 1]

G(x) = 0 g(t) dt , x [0, 1]

H(x) = 0 f (t) G(t) dt , x [0, 1]

H(x) < F (x)G(x) .

g(t) F (t)dt = F (1) + G(1),

f (t)G(t)dt H  (x) = f (x)G(x) > 0

1. w(x) = H(x) F (x)G(x),

w(x) < w(0) H(x) F (x)G(x) < 0 H(x) <

G(x) = 0 g(t)dt G (x) = g(x) > 0

F (x) = 0 f (t)dt F  (x) = f (x) > 0

, x < 1 u(x) < u(1) F (x) <

M tdt H(x) M x2 , x [0, 1].

H(x) < H(x)

: 0 < F (x)G(x) <

3. v(x) = (1 F (x))(1 G(x)), x [0, 1].

F (1) + G(1) = F (1)G(1)

5. q(x) = G(x) x, x [0, 1]

D, E, F, I 2 2 ( wv, wu, uv, wv wu uv . )

(u2 (v + w) + vw(v + w) + u(v 2 + vw + w2 ))/(uvw)

[a, b] [0, 1].

(2) c R, f 1 (c) = {x [0, 1] : f (x) = c}

21+1 , 21+1 31+2 , 21+1 31+2 51+3 , . . .

(0 )n := (0,0 , 0,1 , 0,2 , . . .)

x(x 5199 ) + 3x 5199 + 1 x + 0 + 1 5100

x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = (x2 + 3x + 1)2 5x(x + 1)2 .

| xa1 x2 2 + y1 y22 1| + | xa1 x2 2 + y1 y22 + 1| =

(*) 1 c 1 |c1|+|c+1| = (1c)+(c+1) = 2

(1 + tan 1 )(1 + tan 3 ) (1 + tan 43 ) < 211 <

(1 + tan (1)) (1 + tan (3)) .. (1 + tan (43)) =

(1 + tan (2)) (1 + tan (4)) .. (1 + tan (44)) =

(1 + tan 1 )(1 + tan 3 ) (1 + tan 43 ) < 

(1 + tan 2 )(1 + tan 4 ) (1 + tan 44 )

ABE, BCZ, CAD,

1. : (t) = x (t) = 3t2

f (f (x)) > f (0) f (x) > f (0) (f (x) xf (0)) >

f (t)G(t)dt H (x) = f (x)G(x) > 0

G(x) = 0 g(t)dt G (x) = g(x) > 0

F (x) = 0 f (t)dt F (x) = f (x) > 0

(1 + tan 1 )(1 + tan 3 ) (1 + tan 43 ) <