.

_-

NASA
'Reference
Publication
1228

March 1990
Fastener Design Manual

Richard T. Barrett
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l

NASA
Reference
Publication
1228

1990

Fastener Design Manual

Richard T. Barrett
Lewis Research Center
Cleveland, Ohio

National AeronautK;sand
Space Administration
Office of Management
Scientific and Technical
Information Division
[

Contents

Page
Summary ............................................................................................................ 1
Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1

General Design Information

Fastener Materials .............................................................................................. 1
Platings and Coatings .......................................................................................... 1
Thread Lubricants ............................................................................................... 4
Corrosion ......................................................................................................... 5
Locking Methods ................................................................................................ 6
Washers ........................................................................................................... 9
Inserts ............................................................................................................. 10
Threads ............................................................................................................ 12
Fatigue-Resistant Bolts ......................................................................................... 13
Fastener Torque .................................................................................................. 15
Design Criteria ................................................................................................... 17

Rivets and Lockbolts

Rivets ............................................................................................................... 26
Lockbolts .......................................................................................................... 30
General Guidelines for Selecting Rivets and Lockbolts .................................................. 34

References ........................................................................................................... 35

Appendixes
A--Bolthead Marking and Design Data ..................................................................... 36
B--Bolt Ultimate Shear and Tensile Strengths ............................................................. 90
C--Blind Rivet Requirements .................................................................................. 94

iii

PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED

Summary corrosion. Aerospace alloy steel fasteners are usually cadmium
plated for corrosion protection.
This manual was written for design engineers to enable them Bolts of stainless steel (CRES) are available in a variety of
to choose appropriate fasteners for their designs. Subject matter alloys with ultimate strengths from 70 to 220 ksi. The major
includes fastener material selection, platings, lubricants, advantage of using CRES is that it normally requires no
corrosion, locking methods, washers, inserts, thread types and protective coating and has a wider service temperature range
classes, fatigue loading, and fastener torque. A section on than plain carbon or alloy steels.
design criteria covers the derivation of torque formulas, loads A partial listing of bolt materials is given in table I. The
on a fastener group, combining simultaneous shear and tension following precautions are to be noted:
loads, pullout load for tapped holes, grip length, head styles, (1) The bolt plating material is usually the limiting factor
and fastener strengths. The second half of this manual presents on maximum service temperature.
general guidelines and selection criteria for rivets and (2) Carbon steel and alloy steel are unsatisfactory (become
lockbolts.
brittle) at temperatures below -65 *F.
(3) Hydrogen embrittlement is a problem with most
common methods of plating, unless special procedures are
Introduction used. (This subject is covered more fully in the corrosion
section.)
To the casual observer the selection of bolts, nuts, and rivets (4) Series 400 CRES contains only 12 percent chromium and
for a design should be a simple task. In reality it is a difficult thus will corrode in some environments.
task, requiring careful consideration of temperature, corrosion, (5) The contact of dissimilar materials can create galvanic
vibration, fatigue, initial preload, and many other factors. corrosion, which can become a major problem. (Galvanic
The intent of this manual is to present enough data on bolt corrosion is covered in a subsequent section of this manual.)
and rivet materials, finishes, torques, and thread lubricants
to enable a designer to make a sensible selection for a particular
design. Locknuts, washers, locking methods, inserts, rivets, Platings and Coatings
and tapped holes are also covered.
Most plating processes are electrolytic and generate hydro-
gen. Thus, most plating processes require baking after plating
at a temperature well below the decomposition temperature
General Design Information of the plating material to prevent hydrogen embrittlement.
However, heating the plating to its decomposition temperature
Fastener Materials
can generate free hydrogen again. Thus, exceeding the safe
operating temperature of the plating can cause premature
Bolts can be made from many materials, but most bolts are
fastener failure due to hydrogen embrittlement as well as loss
made of carbon steel, alloy steel, or stainless steel. Stainless
of corrosion protection. (A summary of platings and coatings
steels include both iron- and nickel-based chromium alloys.
is given in table II.)
Titanium and aluminum bolts have limited usage, primarily
in the aerospace industry.
Cadmium Plating
Carbon steel is the cheapest and most common bolt material.
Most hardware stores sell carbon steel bolts, which are usually The most common aerospace fastener plating material is
zinc plated to resist corrosion. The typical ultimate strength cadmium. Plating is done by electrodeposition and is easy to
of this bolt material is 55 ksi. accomplish. However, cadmium-plated parts must be baked
An alloy steel is a high-strength carbon steel that can be heat at 375 *F for 23 hours, within 2 hours after plating, to prevent
treated up to 300 ksi. However, it is not corrosion resistant hydrogen embrittlement. Since cadmium melts at 600 *F, its
and must therefore have some type of coating to protect it from useful service temperature limit is 450 *F.
 -t
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR-QUALITY TABLE I.--SUMMARY OF FASTENER MATERIALS

Material Surface Useful design Ultimate tensile Comments

treatment temperature strength at room
limit, temperature,
*F ksi

Carbon steel Zinc plate -65 to 250 55 and up

Alloy steels Cadmium plate, -65 to Up to 300 Some can be

nickel plate, limiting used at 900 *F
zinc plate, or temperature
chromium plate of plating

A-286 stainless Passivated per -423 to 1200 Up to 220

MIL-S-5002

17--4PH None -300 to 600 Up to 220

stainless

17-7PH Passivated -200 to 600 Up to 220

stainless

300 series Furnace oxidized -423 to 800 70 to 140 Oxidation reduces

stainless galling

410, 416, and Passivated -250 to 1200 Up to 180 47 ksi at 1200 *F;
430 stainless will corrode
slightly

U-212 stainless Cleaned and 1200 185 140 ksi at 1200 *F

passivated per
MIL-S-5002

lnconei 718 Passivated per -423 to 900 Up to 220

stainless QQ-P-35 or or cadmium
cadmium plated plate limit

lnconel X-750 None - 320 to 1200 Up to 180 136 ksi at 1200 *F

stainless

Waspalloy None -423 to 1600 150

stainless

Titanium None -350 to 500 Up to 160

Zinc Plating zinc, iron, and manganese. Phosphate-coated parts can be

readily painted, or they can be dipped in oil or wax to improve
Zinc is also a common type of plating. The hot-dip method
their corrosion resistance. Fasteners are usually phosphated
of zinc plating is known commercially as galvanizing. Zinc
with either zinc or manganese. Hydrogen embrittlement
can also be electrodeposited. Because zinc plating has a dull
seldom is present in phosphated parts. Phosphate coatings start
finish, it is less pleasing in appearance than cadmium.
deteriorating at 225 *F (for heavy zinc) to 400 *F (for iron
However, zinc is a sacrificial material. It will migrate to
phosphate).
uncoated areas that have had their plating scratched off, thus
continuing to provide corrosion resistance. Zinc may also be
applied cold as a zinc-rich paint. Zinc melts at 785 *F but has Nickel Plating
a useful service temperature limit of 250 *F. (Its corrosion-
Nickel plating, with or without a copper strike (thin plating),
inhibiting qualities degrade above 140 *F.)
is one of the oldest methods of preventing corrosion and
improving the appearance of steel and brass. Nickel plating
Phosphate Coatings
will tarnish unless it is followed by chromium plating. Nickel
Steel or iron is phosphate coated by treating the material plating is a more expensive process than cadmium or zinc
surface with a diluted solution of phosphoric acid, usually by plating and also must be baked the same as cadmium after
submerging the part in a proprietary bath. The chemical plating to prevent hydrogen embrittlement. Nickel plating is
reaction forms a mildly protective layer of crystalline good to an operating temperature of 1100 *F, but is still not
phosphate. The three principal types of phosphate coatings are frequently used for plating fasteners because of its cost.
 TABLE II.--SUMMARY OF PLATINGS AND COATINGS Chromium Plating

Type of coating Useful design Remarks Chromium plating is commonly used for automotive and
temperature limit, appliance decorative applications, but it is not common for
*F fasteners. Chromium-plated fasteners cost approximately as
much as stainless steel fasteners. Good chromium plating
Cadmium 45O Most common for aerospace
requires both copper and nickel plating prior to chromium
fasteners
plating. Chromium plating also has hydrogen embrittlement
Zinc 140 to 250 Self-healing and cheaper problems. However, it is acceptable for maximum operating
than cadmium
temperatures of 800 to 1200 *F.
Phosphates:
Manganese 225 Mildly corrosion resistant
Sermatel W and SermaGard
Zinc 225 to 375 but main use is for surface
Iron 400 treatment prior to painting.
Sermatel W and SermaGard are proprietary coatings I
Another use is with oil or
wax for deterring corrosion. consisting of aluminum particles in an inorganic binder with
chromates added to inhibit corrosion. The coating material is
! Chromium 800 to 1200 Too expensive for most
covered by AMS3126A, and the procedure for applying it by
applications other than
decorative AMS2506. The coating is sprayed or dipped on the part and
cured at 650 *F. (sPs Technologies: has tested Sermatel W-
I .
Sliver 1600 Most expensive coating
coated fasteners at 900 °F without degradation.) This coating
Black oxide a300 Ineffective in corrosion process prevents both hydrogen embrittlement and stress
(and oil) prevention corrosion, since the fastener is completely coated. Sermatel
Preoxidation 1200 Prevents freeze-up of CRES is about as effective as cadmium plating in resisting corrosion
(CRES) fasteners threads due to oxidation but costs about 15 percent more than cadmium. Fasteners are
only after installation
not presently available "off the shelf" with Sermatel W or
Nickel 1100 More expensive than cadmium SermaGard coating, but the company will do small orders for
or zinc fasteners or mechanical parts. These coatings will take up to
SermaGard and 450 to 1000 15 disassemblies in a threaded area without serious coating
Dispersed aluminum particles
Sermatel W with chromates in a water- degradation.
based ceramic base coat

Stalgard 475 Proprietary organic and/or Stalgard

organic-inorganic compound
used for corrosion resistance Stalgard is a proprietary coating 3 process consisting of
and lubrication (in some cases organic coatings, inorganic-organic coatings, or both for
Diffused nickel- 900 Expensive and requires close corrosion resistance. According to Stalgard test data their
cadmium control to avoid hydrogen coatings are superior to either cadmium or zinc plating in salt-
damage spray and weathering tests. Stalgard coatings also provide
galvanic corrosion protection. However, the maximum
aoil boiling point
operating temperature of these organic coatings is 475 °F.

Ion-Vapor-Deposited Aluminum Plating Diffused Nickel-Cadmium Plating

Ion-vapor-deposited aluminum plating was developed by This process was developed by the aerospace companies for
McDonnell-Douglas for coating aircraft parts. It has some a higher temperature cadmium coating. A 0.0004-in.-thick
advantages over cadmium plating: nickel coating is plated on the substrate, followed by a
(1) It creates no hydrogen embrittlement. 0.0002-in.-thick. cadmium plate (per AMS2416). The part is
(2) It insulates against galvanic corrosion of dissimilar then baked for 1 hour at 645 *F. The resulting coating can
materials. withstand 1000 *F. However, the nickel plate must completely
(3) The coating is acceptable up to 925 *F. cover the part at all times to avoid cadmium damage to the
(4) It can also be used for coating titanium and aluminums. part. This process is expensive and requires close control.
(5) No toxic byproducts are formed by the process.
It also has some disadvantages:
(1) Because the process must be done in a specially designed
vacuum chamber, it is quite expensive. tSermatech International, Inc., Limerick, Pennsylvania.
(2) Cadmium will outperform ion-vapor-deposited aluminum 2Jenkintown, Pennsylvania.
3EIco Industries, Rockford, Illinois.
in a salt-spray test.
 ii

Silver Plating TABLE III.--SUMMARY OF THREAD LUBRICANTS

Silver plating is cost prohibitive for most fastener applica- Type of lubricant Useful design Remarks

tions. The big exception is in the aerospace industry, where temperature

limit,
silver-plated nuts are used on stainless steel bolts. The silver
*F
serves both as a corrosion deterrent and a dry lubricant. Silver
plating can be used to 1600 *F, and thus it is a good high- Oil or grease 250 Most common; cannot be used in
temperature lubricant. Since silver tarnishes from normal vacuum

atmospheric exposure, the silver-plated nuts are commonly

Graphite a212 to 250 Cannot be used in vacuum
coated with clear wax to prevent tarnishing. Wax is a good
Molybdenum 750 Can be used in vacuum
room-temperature lubricant. Therefore, the normal "dry
disulfide
torque" values of the torque tables should be reduced by
50 percent to allow for this lubricant. Synergistic 500 Can be used in vacuum
Coatings

Neverseez 2200 Because oil boils off, must be

Passivation and Preoxidation
applied after each high-

Stainless steel fasteners will create galvanic corrosion or temperature application

oxidation in a joint unless they are passivated or preoxidized Silver Goop 1500 Do not use on aluminum or
prior to assembly (ref. 1). Passivation is the formation of a magnesium parts; extremely
protective oxide coating on the steel by treating it briefly with expensive

an acid. The oxide coating is almost inert. Preoxidization is Thread-locking 275 "Removable fastener" compounds
the formation of an oxide coating by exposing the fasteners compounds only
to approximately 1300 *F temperature in an air furnace. The aCarrierboiloff temperature.
surface formed is inert enough to prevent galling due to
galvanic corrosion.
Graphite

"Dry" graphite is really not dry. It is fine carbon powder

Black Oxide Coating
that needs moisture (usually oil or water) to become a
Black oxide coating, combined with an oil film, does little lubricant. Therefore, its maximum operating temperature is
more than enhance the appearance of carbon steel fasteners. limited to the boiling point of the oil or water. It also cannot
The oil film is the only part of the coating that prevents be used in a vacuum environment without losing its moisture.
corrosion. Because dry graphite is an abrasive, its use is detrimental to
the bolted joint if the preceding limitations are exceeded.

Molybdenum Disulfide
[
Thread Lubricants
Molybdenum disulfide is one of the most popular dry
Although there are many thread lubricants from which to lubricants. It can be used in a vacuum environment but
choose, only a few common ones are covered here. The most turns to molybdenum trisulfide at approximately 750 *F.
common are oil, grease or wax, graphite, and molybdenum Molybdenum trisulfide is an abrasive rather than a lubricant.
disulfide. There are also several proprietary lubricants such
as Never-Seez and Synergistic Coatings. Some thread-locking Synergistic Coatings
compounds such as l_x_tite can also be used as lubricants for
a bolted assembly, particularly the compounds that allow the
These proprietary coatings 4 are a type of fluorocarbon Ii
injected and baked into a porous metal-matrix coating to give
bolts to be removed. A summary of thread lubricants is given
both corrosion prevention and lubrication. However, the
in table III.
maximum operating temperature given in their sales literature
is 500 *F. Synergistic Coatings will also operate in a vacuum
Oil and Grease environment.

Although oil and grease are the most common types of thread
Neverseez
lubricants, they are limited to an operating temperature not
much greater than 250 *F. (Above this temperature the oil This proprietary compound 5 is a petroleum-base lubricant
or grease will melt or boil off.) In addition, oil cannot be used and anticorrodent that is satisfactory as a one-time lubricant
in a vacuum environment. However, oil and grease are good
for both lubrication and corrosion prevention as long as these 4General Magnaplate Corporation, Ventura, California.
precautions are observed. 5Bostic Emhart, Broadview, lllinois.
I

up to 2200 *F, according to the manufacturer. The oil boils (20) Inconel (active)
off, but the compound leaves nongalling oxides of nickel, (21) Yellow brass
copper, and zinc between the threads. This allows the fastener (22) Admiralty brass
to be removed, but a new application is required each time (23) Aluminum brass
the fastener is installed. NASA Lewis personnel tested this (24) Red brass
compound and found it to be satisfactory. (25) Copper
(26) Silicon bronze
(27) 70-30 Copper-nickel
Silver Goop
(28) Nickel (passive)
Silver Goop is a proprietary compound 6 containing 20 to (29) Inconel (passive)
30 percent silver. Silver Goop can be used to 1500 °F, but (30) Titanium
it is not to be used on aluminum or magnesium. It is extremely (31) Monel
expensive because of its silver content. (32) Type 304 stainless (passive)
(33) Type 316 stainless (passive)
Thread-Locking Compounds (34) Silver
(35) Graphite
Some of the removable thread-locking compounds (such as
(36) Gold (least active)
Loctite) also serve as antigalling and lubricating substances.
However, they are epoxies, which have a maximum operating Note the difference between active and passive 304 and 316
stainless steels. The difference here is that passivation of
temperature of approximately 275 *F.
stainless steels is done either by oxidizing in an air furnace
or treating the surface with an acid to cause an oxide to form.
Corrosion This oxide surface is quite inert in both cases and deters
galvanic activity.
Galvanic Corrosion Because the anode is eroded in a galvanic cell, it should be
the larger mass in the cell. Therefore, it is poor design practice
Galvanic corrosion is set up when two dissimilar metals are
to use carbon steel fasteners in a stainless steel or copper
in the presence of an electrolyte, such as moisture. A galvanic
assembly. Stainless steel fasteners can be used in carbon steel
cell is created and the most active (anode) of the two materials
assemblies, since the carbon steel mass is the anode.
is eroded and deposited on the least active (cathode). Note that
Magnesium is frequently used in lightweight designs because
the farther apart two materials are in the following list, the
of its high strength to weight ratio. However, it must be totally
greater the galvanic action between them. insulated from fasteners by an inert coating such as zinc
According to reference 2 the galvanic ranking of some
chromate primer to prevent extreme galvanic corrosion.
common engineering materials is as follows:
Cadmium- or zinc-plated fasteners are closest to magnesium
(1) Magnesium (most active) in the galvanic series and would be the most compatible if the
(2) Magnesium alloys insulation coating were damaged.
(3) Zinc
(4) Aluminum 5056 Stress Corrosion
(5) Aluminum 5052
(6) Aluminum 1100 Stress corrosion occurs when a tensile-stressed part is placed
(7) Cadmium in a corrosive environment. An otherwise ductile part will fail
(8) Aluminum 2024 at a stress much lower than its yield strength because of surface
(9) Aluminum 7075 imperfections (usually pits or cracks) created by the corrosive
(10) Mild steel environment. In general, the higher the heat-treating temper-
(11) Cast iron ature of the material (and the lower the ductility), the more
(12) Ni-Resist susceptible it is to stress corrosion cracking.
(13) Type 410 stainless (active) The fastener material manufacturers have been forced to
(14) Type 304 stainless (active) develop alloys that are less sensitive to stress corrosion. Of
(15) Type 316 stainless (active) the stainless steels, A286 is the best fastener material for
(16) Lead aerospace usage. It is not susceptible to stress corrosion but
(17) Tin usually is produced only up to 160-ksi strength (220-ksi A286
(18) Muntz Metal fasteners are available on special order). The higher strength
(19) Nickel (active) stainless steel fasteners (180 to 220 ksi) are usually made of
17-7PH or 17--4PH, which are stress corrosion susceptible.
Fasteners made of superalloys such as Inconel 718 or MP35N
are available if cost and schedule are not restricted.
6Swagelok Company, Solon, Ohio.
 Analternative is to use a high-strength carbon steel (such Locking Methods
as H- 11 tool steel with an ultimate tensile strength of 300 ksi)
and provide corrosion protection. However, it is preferable Tapped Holes
to use more fasteners of the ordinary variety and strength, if
In a tapped hole the locking technique is normally on the
possible, than to use a few high-strength fasteners. High-
fastener. One notable exception is the Spiralock 7 tap shown
strength fasteners (greater than 180 ksi) bring on problems
in figure 1. The Spiralock thread form has a 30* wedge ramp
such as brittleness, critical flaws, forged heads, cold rolling
at its root. Under clamp load the crests of the male threads
of threads, and the necessity for stringent quality control
are wedged tightly against the ramp. This makes lateral
procedures. Quality control procedures such as x-ray, dye
movement, which causes loosening under vibration, nearly
penetrant, magnetic particle, thread radius, and head radius
impossible. Independent tests by some of the aerospace
inspections are commonly used for high-strength fasteners.
companies have indicated that this type of thread is satisfactory
for moderate resistance to vibration. The bolt can have a
Hydrogen Embrittlement
standard thread, since the tapped hole does all the locking.
Hydrogen embrittlement occurs whenever there is free
hydrogen in close association with the metal. Since most Locknuts
plating processes are the electrolytic bath type, free hydrogen
There are various types of locking elements, with the
is present. There are three types of hydrogen-metal problems:
common principle being to bind (or wedge) the nut thread to
(1) Hydrogen chemical reaction: Hydrogen reacts with the
the bolt threads. Some of the more common iocknuts are
carbon in steel to form methane gas, which can lead to crack covered here.
development and strength reduction. Hydrogen can also react
Split beam.--The split-beam locknut (fig. 2) has slots in the
with alloying elements such as titanium, niobium, or tantalum
top, and the thread diameter is undersized in the slotted
to form hydrides. Because the hydrides are not as strong as
portion. The nut spins freely until the bolt threads get to the
the parent alloy, they reduce the overall strength of the part.
slotted area. The split "beam" segments are deflected outward
(2) Internal hydrogen embrittlement: Hydrogen can remain
by the bolt, and a friction load results from binding of the
in solution interstitially (between lattices in the grain structure)
mating threads.
and can cause delayed failures after proof testing. There is
no external indication that the hydrogen is present. Wedge ramps resist
(3) Hydrogen environment embrittlement: This problem is transverse movement
only present in a high-pressure hydrogen environment such
as a hydrogen storage tank. Unless a fastener was under stress
inside such a pressure vessel, this condition would not be
present.
Most plating specifications now state that a plated carbon
steel fastener "shall be baked for not less than 23 hours at
375 -4-25 *F within 2 hours after plating to provide hydrogen
embrittlement relief" (per MIL-N-25027D). In the past the
plating specifications required baking at 375 ± 25 *F for only Figure l.--Spiralock thread.
3 hours within 4 hours after plating. This treatment was found
to be inadequate, and most plating specifications were revised
in 1981-82 to reflect the longer baking time. Hydrogen
embrittlement problems also increase as the fastener strength
increases.
Full-height,
Cadmium Embrittlement heavy-duty hex

Although hydrogen embrittlement failure of materials is well

documented (ref. 3), the effects of cadmium embrittlement are
not. In general, hydrogen embrittlement failure of cadmium- Figure 2.--Split-beam locknut.
plated parts can start as low as 325 *F, but cadmium
embrittlement can start around 400 *F. Since both elements
are normally present in elevated-temperature failure of
cadmium-plated parts, the combined effect of the two can be
disastrous. However, the individual effect of each is
7Distributedby Detroit Tap& Tool Company, Detroit, Michigan,through
indeterminate. license from H.D. Holmes.
 /-- Nylok pellet

Out-of-round Barrel returns to_

/ upper barrel...L elliptical shape

/
J )t" .cr.tes L. Nut
self-locking _
Figure 4.--Nylok pellet Iocknut.
1
action ___ _

/-- Collar
/
on bolt l_m__ __!

I
EEEE
I 4

(a) (b) (c)

(a) Before assembly.

(b) Assembled.
(c) After withdrawal.

Figure 3.--Deformed-thread Iocknut.

Figure 5.--Locking collar.

Deformed thread.--The deformed-thread locknut (fig. 3) /--- Cotter

is a common locknut, particularly in the aerospace industry. / pin

Its advantages are as follows:

(1) The nut can be formed in one operation.
(2) The temperature range is limited only by the parent
metal, its plating, or both. I I

it has
(3) The nut
to be discarded
can be reused
for loss
approximately
of locking
10 times
capability.
before
\ \
Nylok peUet.--The Nylok 8 pellet (of nylon) is usually
installed in the nut threads as shown in figure 4. A pellet or (a) (b)
patch projects from the threads. When mating threads engage,
(a) Slots.
compression creates a counterforce that results in locking
(b) Cotter pin locking.
contact. The main drawback of this pellet is that its maximum
Figure 6.--Castellated nut.
operating temperature is approximately 250 *F. The nylon
pellet will also be damaged quickly by reassembly.
Locking collar and seal.--A fiber or nylon washer is
mounted in the top of the nut as shown in figure 5. The collar preference) to the nearest slot that aligns with the drilled hole
has an interference fit such that it binds on the bolt threads.
in the bolt. A cotter pin is then installed to lock the nut in
It also provides some sealing action from gas and moisture
place as shown in figure 6(b). This nut works extremely well
leakage. Once again the limiting feature of this nut is the
for low-torque applications such as holding a wheel bearing
approximate 250 *F temperature limit of the locking collar. in place.
A cost-saving method sometimes used instead of a collar
Jam nuts.--These nuts are normally "jammed" together
or nylon pellet is to bond a nylon patch on the threads of either
as shown in figure 7, although the "experts" cannot agree
the nut or the bolt to get some locking action. This method
on which nut should be on the bottom. However, this type
is also used on short thread lengths, where a drilled hole for of assembly is too unpredictable to be reliable. If the inner
a locking pellet could cause severe stress concentration.
nut is torqued tighter than the outer nut, the inner nut will yield
Castellated nut.--The castellated nut normally has six slots before the outer nut can pick up its full load. On the other
as shown in figure 6(a). The bolt has a single hole through hand, if the outer nut is tightened more than the inner nut,
its threaded end. The nut is torqued to its desired torque value. the inner nut unloads. Then the outer nut will yield before the
It is then rotated forward or backward (depending on the user's
inner nut can pick up its full load. It would be rare to get the
correct amount of torque on each nut. A locknut is a much
more practical choice than a regular nut and a jam nut.
However, a jam nut can be used on a turnbuckle, where it
SNylok Fastener Corporation, Rochester, Michigan. does not carry any of the tension load.

I- -
 Figure 7.--Jam nut.

(a)

Figure 8.--Durlock nut.

Serrated-face nut (or bolthead).--The serrated face of this

(b)
nut (shown in fig. 8) digs into the bearing surface during final
tightening. This means that it cannot be used with a washer (a) Multiple fastener application(double-twist method, single hole).
or on surfaces where scratches or corrosion could be a (b) Castellated nuts on undrilled studs (double-twist method).
problem. Figure 9.--Lockwiring.
According to sPs Technologies, their serrated-face bolts
(Durlock 180) require 110 percent of tightening torque to Direct interfering thread.--A direct interfering thread has
loosen them. Their tests on these bolts have shown them to an oversized root diameter that gives a slight interference fit
have excellent vibration resistance. between the mating threads. It is commonly used on threaded
Lockwiring.--Although lockwiring is a laborious method studs for semipermanent installations, rather than on bolts and
of preventing bolt or nut rotation, it is still used in critical nuts, since the interference fit does damage the threads.
applications, particularly in the aerospace field. The nuts Tapered thread.--The tapered thread is a variation of the
usually have drilled corners, and the bolts either have direct interfering thread, but the difference is that the minor
throughholes in the head or drilled comers to thread the diameter is tapered to interfere on the last three or four threads
lockwire through. A typical bolthead lockwiring assembly is of a nut or bolt as shown in figure 10.
shown in figure 9(a), and a typical nut lockwiring assembly Nutplates.--A nutplate (fig. 11) is normally used as a blind
is shown in figure 9(b). nut. They can be fixed or floating. In addition, they can have

Easy Locking
start action Total
starts seal
and
locking
action

Figure 10.--Tapered thread.

 (a) (b)
(a) Fixed.
(b) Floating.

Figure l l.--Nutplate.

most of the locking and sealing features of a regular nut. combinations as shown in figure 13 to either increase the total
Nutplates are usually used on materials too thin to tap. They spring length (figs. 13(a) and (c)) or increase the spring
are used primarily by the aerospace companies, since their constant (fig. 1303)).
installation is expensive. At least three drilled holes and two
rivets are required for each nutplate installation. Lockwashers

The typical helical spring washer shown in figure 14 is made

Locking Adhesives
of slightly trapezoidal wire formed into a helix of one coil so
Many manufacturers make locking adhesives (or epoxies) that the free height is approximately twice the thickness of the
for locking threads. Most major manufacturers make several washer cross section. They are usually made of hardened
grades of locking adhesive, so that the frequency of carbon steel, but they are also available in aluminum, silicon,
disassembly can be matched to the locking capability of the bronze, phosphor-bronze, stainless steel, and K-Monel.
adhesive. For example, Loctite 242 is for removable fasteners, The lockwasher serves as a spring while the bolt is being
and Loctite 2719 is for tamperproof fasteners. Other tightened. However, the washer is normally flat by the time
manufacturers such as Bostik, NO Industries, Nylock, 3M, and the bolt is fully torqued. At this time it is equivalent to a solid
Permaloc make similar products. flat washer, and its locking ability is nonexistent. In summary,
Most of these adhesives work in one of two ways. They are a lockwasher of this type is useless for locking.
either a single mixture that hardens when it becomes a thin
layer in the absence of air or an epoxy in two layers that does
not harden until it is mixed and compressed between the mating
threads. Note that the two-layer adhesives are usually put on
the fastener as a "ribbon" or ring by the manufacturer. These
ribbons or rings do have some shelf life, as long as they are
not inadvertently mixed or damaged.
These adhesives are usually effective as thread sealers as
= --F
.hl
i
i.d.
well. However, none of them will take high temperatures. The
best adhesives will function at 450 *F; the worst ones will _t_
function at only 200 *F.

(a)_ L
Washers

Belleville Washers

Belleville washers (fig. 12) are conical washers used more

for maintaining a uniform tension load on a bolt than for
locking. If they are not completely flattened out, they serve
as a spring in the bolt joint. However, unless they have
serrations on their surfaces, they have no significant locking
capability. Of course, the serrations will damage the mating
surfaces under them. These washers can be stacked in
(a) Smooth.
(b) Serrated.

9Loctite Corporation, Newington, Connecticut. Figure 12.--Types of Belleville washers.

 (a)

(a) (b)

(a) Fiat.
(b) Countersunk.
Figure |5.--Tooth lockwashers.
(b)

\\ \\_\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\x\
(c}
(a) In series.
0a) In parallel,
(c) In-parallel series.
8" maximum mlsallgnment of nut and
Figure 13.--Combinations of Belleville washers. bearing surface at assembly

Figure 16.--Self-aligning nut.

Inserts

An insert is a special type of device that is threaded on its

inside diameter and locked with threads or protrusions on its
Figure 14.--Helical spring washers.
outside diameter in a drilled, molded, or tapped hole. It is used
to provide a strong, wear-resistant tapped hole in a soft material
Tooth (or Star) Lockwashers such as plastic and nonferrous materials, as well as to repair
Tooth lockwashers (fig. 15) are used with screws and nuts stripped threads in a tapped hole.
for some spring action but mostly for locking action. The teeth The aerospace industry uses inserts in tapped holes in soft
are formed in a twisted configuration with sharp edges. One materials in order to utilize small high-strength fasteners to
edge bites into the bolthead (or nut) while the other edge bites save weight. The bigger external thread of the insert (nominally
into the mating surface. Although this washer does provide 1/8 in. bigger in diameter than the internal thread) gives, for
some locking action, it damages the mating surfaces. These example, a 10-32 bolt in an equivalent 5/16-18 nut.
scratches can cause crack formation in highly stressed In general, there are two types of inserts: those that are
fasteners, in mating parts, or both, as well as increased threaded externally, and those that are locked by some method
corrosion susceptibility. other than threads (knurls, serrations, grooves, or interference
fit). Within the threaded inserts there are three types: the wire
Self-Aligning Washers thread, the self-tapping, and the solid bushing.

A self-aligning washer is used with a mating nut that has Threaded Inserts
conical faces as shown in figure 16. Because there is both a
Wire thread.--The wire thread type of insert (Heli-coil J0)
weight penalty and a severe cost penalty for using this nut,
it should be used only as a last resort. Maintaining parallel
mating surfaces within acceptable limits (2" per SAE Handbook 10Emhart Fastening Systems Group, Heli-Coil Division, Danbury,
(ref. 4)) is normally the better alternative. Connecticut.

10
f

(a) Slotted,
Co)Nylok.
Figure 19.--Self-tapping inserts.

Figure 17.--Wire thread insert installation.
locking combinations, such as the Nyiok plug (fig. 19(b)) or
the thread-forming Speedser¢ I deformed thread (fig. 20). An
additional advantage of the thread-forming insert is that it
generates no cutting chips, since it does not cut the threads.
However, it can only be used in softer materials.

I1_ Deformed

(a) (b)

(a) Free running.

Co)Locking.
Figure 18.--Wire thread insert types.

is a precision coil of diamond-shaped c_s wire that forms

both external and internal threads as shown in figure 17. The
coil is made slightly oversize so that it will have an interference
fit in the tapped hole. In addition, this insert is available with
a deformed coil (fig. 18) for additional locking. The tang is
broken off at the notch after installation.
The wire thread insert is the most popular type for repair
of a tapped hole with stripped threads, since it requires the
least amount of hole enlargement. However, the solid bushing
I
insert is preferred if space permits.
Self-tapping.--Most of the self-tapping inserts are the solid Figure 20.--Speedsert.
bushing type made with a tapered external thread similar to
a self-tapping screw (fig. 19). There are several different HRexnord Specialty Fasteners Division. Torrance, California.

11
 Solid bushing.--Solid hushing inserts have conventional
threads both internally and externally. A popular type is the
Keensert I1 shown in figure 21. The locking keys are driven
in after the insert is in place. Another manufacturer uses a
two-prong ring for locking. These inserts are also available
with distorted external thread or Nylok plugs for locking.

Nonthreaded Inserts Figure 23.--Molded-in-place insert.

Plastic expandable.--Tbe most familiar of the nonthreaded

inserts is the plastic expandable type shown in figure 22. This
insert has barbs on the outside and longitudinal slits that allow
it to expand outward as the threaded fastener is installed,
pushing the barbs into the wall of the drilled hole. (See ref. 5.)
Molded in place.--This type of insert (fig. 23) is knurled
or serrated to resist both pullout and rotation. It is commonly
used with ceramics, rubber, and plastics, since it can develop
higher resistance to both pullout and rotation in these materials
Figure 24.--Ultrasonic inserts.
than self-tapping or conventionally threaded inserts. (See
ref. 5.)
Ultrasonic.--Ultrasonic inserts (fig. 24) have grooves in
various directions to give them locking strength. They are Threads
installed in a prepared hole by pushing them in while they are
being ultrasonically vibrated. The ultrasonic vibration melts Types of Threads
the wall of the hole locally so that the insert grooves are
Since complete information on most threads can be found ,

"welded" in place. Since the area melted is small, these inserts

in the ANSl standards (ref. 6), the SAE Handbook (ref. 4), and
do not have the holding power of those that are molded in
the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly
place. Ultrasonic inserts are limited to use in thermoplastics.
the National Bureau of Standards) Handbook H-28 (ref. 7)
(See ref. 50
no thread standards will be included in this handbook. The
goal here is to explain the common thread types, along with
their advantages and disadvantages. The common thread types
are unified national coarse (UNC), unified national fine (UNF),
unified national extra fine (UNEF), ONJC, UNJF, UNR, UNK,

and constant-pitch threads. r

Unified national coarse.--UN¢ is the most commonly used
threadon general-purpose fasteners. Coarse threads are deeper
than finethreadsand are easierto assemble without cross
threading. The manufacturing tolerances can be larger than
for finer threads, allowing for higher plating tolerances, uNc
threads are normally easier to remove when corroded, owing
to their sloppy fit. However, a UNC fastener can be procured
with a class 3 (tighter) fit if needed (classes to be covered later).
Unified national fine.--UNF thread has a larger minor
II
diameter than UNC thread, which gives UNF fasteners slightly
Figure 21.--Keensert. higher load-carrying and better torque-locking capabilities than
UN¢ fasteners of the same identical material and outside
diameter. The fine threads have tighter manufacturing
tolerances than UNC threads, and the smaller lead angle allows
for finer tension adjustment. UNF threads are the most widely
used threads in the aerospace industry.
Unified national extra fine.--UNEF is a still finer type of
thread than UNF and is common to the aerospace field. This
thread is particularly advantageous for tapped holes in hard
materials and for thin threaded walls, as well as for tapped
Figure 22.--P|astic expandable insert. holes in thin materials.

12
 UNJC and UNJF threads.--"J" threads are made in both Fatigue-Resistant Bolts
external and internal forms. The external thread has a much
If a bolt is cycled in tension, it will normally break near
larger root radius than the corresponding UNC, UNR, UNK, or
UNF threads. This radius is mandatory and its inspection is the end of the threaded portion because this is the area of
maximum stress concentration. In order to lessen the stress
required, whereas no root radius is required on UNC, UNF,
concentration factor, the bolt shank can be machined down
or UNEF threads. Since the larger root radius increases the
to the root diameter of the threads. Then it will survive tensile
minor diameter, a UNJF or UNJC fastener has a larger net tensile
area than a corresponding UNF or UNC fastener. This root cyclic loading much longer than a standard bolt with the shank
diameter equal to the thread outside diameter.
radius also gives a smaller stress concentration factor in the
threaded section. Therefore, high-strength (> 180 ksi) bolts
Fatigue (Cyclic) Loading of Bolts
usually have "J" threads.
UNR threads.--The UNR external thread is a rolled UN The bolted joint in figure 26 (from ref. 9) is preloaded with
thread in all respects except that the root radius must be an initial load F,, which equals the clamping load Fc, before
rounded. However, the root radius and the minor diameter the external load Fe is applied. The equation (from ref. 11)
are not checked or toleranced. There is no internal UNR thread. for this assembly is
UNK threads.--The UNK external threads are similar to UNR
threads, except that the root radius and the minor diameter
are toleranced and inspected. There is no internal UNK thread.
According to a survey of manufacturers conducted by the
Industrial Fasteners Institute, nearly all manufacturers of
externally threaded fasteners make uNa rolled threads rather where Fb is the total bolt load. In this equation Kb is the
than plain uN. The only exception is for ground or cut threads. spring constant of the bolt and K,. is the spring constant of the
Constant-pitch threads.--These threads offer a selection of clamped faces. To see the effects of the relative spring
pitches that can be matched with various diameters to fit a constants, let R = Kc/Kb. Then (from ref. 10)
particular design. This is a common practice for bolts of 1-in.
diameter and above, with the pitches of 8, 12, or 16 threads
fh = F/+ Fe
per inch being the most common.
A graphical and tabular explanation of UN, UNR, UNK, and
UNJ threads is given on page M-6 of reference 8. A copy
In a normal clamped joint Kc is much larger than Kb
(fig. 25) is enclosed here for reference.
(R = 5.0 for steel bolt and flanges), so that the bolt load does
not increase much as the initial external load Fe is applied.
Classes of Threads
(Note that the bolt load does not increase significantly until
Thread classes are distinguished from each other by the Fe exceeds Fi.)
amounts of tolerance and allowance. The designations run from In order to further clarify the effect of externally applied
1A to 3A and 1B to 3B for external and internal threads, loads, a series of triangular diagrams (fig. 27, from ref. 11)
respectively. A class 1 is a looser fitting, general-purpose can be used to illustrate loading conditions.
thread; a class 3 is the closer-toleranced aerospace standard Triangle OAB is identical in all four diagrams. The slope
thread. (The individual tolerances and sizes for the various of OA represents the bolt stiffness; the slope of AB represents
classes are given in the SAE Handbook (ref 4).) the joint stiffness (joint is stiffer than bolt by ratio OC/CB.)
In figure 27(a) the externally applied load Fe(a) does not
Forming of Threads load the bolt to its yield point. In figure 27(b) the bolt is loaded
by Fe(b) to its yield point, with the corresponding decrease
Threads may be cut, hot rolled, or cold rolled. The most
common manufacturing method is to cold form both the head in clamping load to FcL. In figure 27(c) external load Fe(c)
has caused the bolt to take a permanent elongation such that
and the threads for bolts up to 1 in. in diameter. For bolts
the clamping force will be less than Fi when F_(c) is
above 1-in. diameter and high-strength smaller bolts, the heads
removed. In figure 27(d) the joint has completely separated
are hot forged. The threads are still cold rolled until the bolt
on its way to bolt failure.
size prohibits the material displacement necessary to form the
Note that the flatter the slope of OA (or the larger the ratio
threads (up to a constant pitch of eight threads per inch).
OC/OB becomes), the smaller the effect F e has on bolt load.
Threads are cut only at assembly with taps and dies or by lathe
Therefore, using more smaller-diameter fasteners rather than
cutting.
a few large-diameter fasteners will give a more fatigue-resistant
Cold rolling has the additional advantage of increasing the
joint.
strength of the bolt threads through the high compressive
surface stresses, similar to the effects of shot peening. This Referring to figure 27(a), note that the cyclic (alternating)
load is that portion above F i. This is the alternating load
process makes the threads more resistant to fatigue cracking.

13
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY

T1_is I_ilga ie not m scr_v qdllreld eluIndlnd. _ould n0t be uied ii i working _eet. ind d_)4dld only radar l_e rlecl-
er tlo I_e pincer ANSI StindanM do,leant wha_n Iita full Ihteld details on working dlul IH'a ¢c_lLlined.

60" SCREW THREAD NOMINAL FORMS (SEE ANSI STANDARDS FOR FURTHER DETAILS)

T N 1 _zo_o F

?_

114READ
IDENTIFICATION
UN THREADS UNR THREADS Uh,l( 11'1READS UNJ THREADS

Internal and External _rno) Only [:tier na[ Only Internal and External

Und,ed Scre_ Th reads

_1 .)-19b0 See Page

Un,tied Screw Threads
M--T) Metr,c Translatian
_ll-t960 ,See Page
BI .)o--1968 ,Drab) 'Dratt_BI ?Sfa, Fo,m
ANSI I M--7I Met_icTranslahon
UNR Addendum tO ,Oro(ll B$ ._ 4 ta_ Farm and Caniormanle Na
STANDARDS 8110-1968
B1.1-1960 rSee Page and Conformance Radius Rec;u,red on
DOCUMENT5
M--I9_ Internal Thread,
Gages and Gaging for
Un,|*ed Screw Threads
Gages an d Gaging _or
fil 2-1966
Un*fied Scr*- Threads

fit .2-1966

External lhread Root External Thread Root External Thread Root

E_ERNAL may be Flat ae E_ternai Thread Root Radius Mondo_ory
Radku s Mandator V
ROOT Rounded Radius Requ,r ed Check Reclu*r ed Check Requ,r ed

EXTERNAL External Thread M,nor External Thread Mmnor External Thread M,nor E=lerna; Thread Minor

MINOR O,ameter is not D,ameter mSnot Diameter ,s I O,ameter ,S

DIAMETER _'o_ er anted ToSeronced io)e,anced Toleranced

UNJ Class 3A Mates

E3¢TERNAL UN Classes IA 2A UNR Classes I A. 2A UNK Classes 2A
Only _,th UHJ In_e_nol
THREADS and 3A and 3A and 3A
Threads

Na InfernO| Threads No Internal Threads

UNJ Classes 3E and
Des,gnated UNR Des,gnated UNK
INTERNAL UN Classes lB. 2B 3EG No Rod,us

THREADS o_d 38 Requ,red on Internal

UNR Motes _,th UN Mates _ifh UN or UNJ
Thread"
Inrefnai Thread Internal Thread

Ino,v,dually Eq_,valent Ind,vldually Eau,vaient Ind_v,dually Equ,vaient I Indiv,duatly Equ,valent

ANGLE AND _oSO_olPD [olerance so 50% of P D l'ole_ance to 40_ of P D Tolerance IO 40% of PO Toteronce

LEAD
TOLERANCE Checked only when Checked only _hen Mandatory Check Mandatory Check
Spat,had Speohed Requ,red Requ,r ed

NOTI_S: 1 Refe¢ tO i_e aogtoor$aNe _(an_3(_s. As hst'gd 10¢ COrn tot con_oie(e cletatls and dSta. an_ _akes oreledepce
plele thread Oela,is and conformance _atJ The a_ over ln,s s_eet
proD;late current StanOar_ ,_ 'J'_e authohtatl_e docunlen_
2 T_ese Star.lards may be oDta'neO Inrouqn AS,'_AE

Figure 25.--Explanation of uN, UNR, UNK, and uNs threads. (From ref. 8.) Reprinted with permission of Industrial Fasteners Institute.

14
 Fb -- F I

__._....._v___..._.._ v

ro
(al (b) (c)
(a) Bolted flanges with external load.
(b) Free body with no external load.
(c) Free body with external load.

Figure 26.--Fatigue loading of bolts.

Ultimate bolt load line

F Bolt preload line _

_o Fr Yield bolt load line

0
m ! A .
Fj

0 C B 0 C B 0 C B 0 C

Elongation
Z. Joint
(a) (b) (c) (d) separation

Figure 27.--Bolt external loading.

(stress) to be used on a stress-versus-load-cycles diagram of Fastener Torque

the bolt material to predict the fatigue life of the bolts. Note
Determining the proper torque for a fastener is the biggest
that an initial preload Fi near the bolt yields minimizes cyclic
problem in fastener installation. Some of the many variables
loading.
causing problems are
(1) The coefficient of friction between mating threads
Thermal Cyclic Loading of Bolts
(2) The coefficient of friction between the bolthead (or nut)
If the bolt and joint are of different materials, an operating and its mating surface
temperature higher or lower than the installation temperature (3) The effect of bolt coatings and lubricants on the friction
can cause problems. Differential contraction can cause the joint coefficients
to unload (or separate); differential expansion can cause (4) The percentage of bolt tensile strength to be used for
overloading of the fasteners. In these cases it is common preload
practice to use conical washers (see washer section of this (5) Once agreement is reached on item 4, how to accurately
manual) to give additional adjustments in fastener and joint determine this value
loading. (6) Relative spring rates of the structure and the bolts

15
 A
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY

: : : : . : .--_ ........ _ ..... __ __

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

_i i i i i i i i i i i i i ! i_= ....... : ..... : :

=================================

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

>-,

_o_o_ :_--_ :o :-- : :--o : : :oo-- : :_ :o_ : : : :

i i i i i i ! i i ! i i i i i i i i
iiii
Z _ ! ! _ i i i i i i ! ! ! i i ! i _ 71!ii iiii
_ i i i i ! ! ! i ! i i i i i i i i
I--

)ii;i
Z
5
m
,J

=-'E=_
Z
<

-'2.
_._
2 _ _ _'2
F- P_
mO

i- =

u.
Z

LI.

I
¢

_=

16
 (7) Interaction formulas to be used for combining simul-
taneous shear and tension loads on a bolt (Should
friction loads due to bolt clamping action be included
in the interaction calculations?)
(8) Whether "running torque" for a locking device should
be added to the normal torque
The commonly assumed value for K is 0.2, but this value
should not be used blindly. Table VI gives some calculated
values of K for various friction coefficients. A more realistic
"typical" value for K would be 0.15 for steel on steel. Note
that # and #c are not necessarily equal, although equal values
were used for the calculated values in table VI.

Development of Torque Tables Torque-Measuring Methods

The coefficient of friction can vary from 0.04 to 1.10, A number of torque-measuring methods exist, starting with
depending on the materials and the lubricants being used the mechanic's "feel" and ending with installing strain gages
between mating materials. (Table IV from ref. 12 gives a on the bolt. The accuracy in determining the applied torque
variety of friction coefficients.) Since calculated torque values values is cost dependent. Tables VII and VIII are by two
are a function of the friction coefficients between mating different "experts," and their numbers vary. However, they
threads and between the bolthead or nut and its mating surface, both show the same trends of cost versus torque accuracy.
it is vitally important that the torque table values used are
adjusted to reflect any differences in friction coefficients
between those used to calculate the table and the user's values. Design Criteria
Running torque should be included in the values listed in the
tables because any torque puts shear load on the bolt. Finding Shear Loads on Fastener Group
ffhe torque values in table V have been calculated as noted When the load on a fastener group is eccentric, the first task
in the footnotes, by using formulas from reference 13. (A
is to find the centroid of the group. In many cases the pattern
similar table was published in Product Engineering by Arthur
will be symmetrical, as shown in figure 28. The next step is
Korn around 1944.)
to divide the load R by the number of fasteners n to get the
Higher torques (up to theoretical yield) are sometimes used direct shear load Pc (fig. 29(a)). Next, find _r 2 for the group
for bolts that cannot be locked to resist vibration. The higher of fasteners, where r, is the radial distance of each fastener
load will increase the vibration resistance of the bolt, but the
from the centroid of the group. Now calculate the moment
bolt will yield and unload if its yield point is inadvertently
about the centroid (M = Re from fig. 28). The contributing
exceeded. Since the exact yield torque cannot be determined
shear load for a particular fastener due to the moment can be
without extensive instrumentation, it is not advisable to torque found by the formula
close to the bolt yield point.
Fastener proof load is sometimes listed in the literature. This
Mr
value is usually 75 percent of theoretical yield, to prevent
ee =-
inadvertent yielding of the fastener through torque
measurement inaccuracies.

where r is the distance (in inches) from the centroid to the

Alternative Torque Formula fastener in question (usually the outermost one). Note that this
A popular formula for quick bolt torque calculations is is analogous to the torsion formula, f = Tr/J, except that Pe
T = KFd, where T denotes torque, F denotes axial load, d is in pounds instead of stress. The two loads (Pc and Pc) can
denotes bolt diameter, and K(torque coefficient) is a calculated now be added vectorally as shown in figure 29(c) to get the
value from the formula: resultant shear load P (in pounds) on each fastener. Note that
the fastener areas are all the same here. If they are unequal,
the areas must be weighted for determining the centroid of
the pattern.
K=(2_) tanff+#sect_
1-_ tan _ sec c_ _-0.625tzc Further information on this subject may be found in
references 16 and 17.

as given in reference 14 (p. 378) where

Finding Tension Loads on Fastener Group
am thread mean diameter
This procedure is similar to the shear load determination,
thread helix angle
except that the centroid of the fastener group may not be the
/z friction coefficient between threads
geometric centroid. This method is illustrated by the bolted
ot thread angle bracket shown in figure 30.
Pc friction coefficient between bolthead (or nut) and The pattern of eight fasteners is symmetrical, so that the
clamping surface tension load per fastener from Pl will be PI/8. The additional

17
F -
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
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TABLE V.--BOLT TORQUE TABLE VII.--INDUSTRIAL FASTENERS

INSTITUTE'S TORQUE-MEASURING METHOD
[No lubrication on threads. Torque values are
based on friction coefficients of 0.12 between [From ref. 8.]
threads and 0,14 between nut and washer or

head and washer, as manufactured (no special Preload measuring method Accuracy, Relative cost
cleaning).] percent

Size Root area Torque range -4-35 1

Feel (operator's judgment)
in. 2 (class 8, 150 ksi, Torque wrench ±25 1.5
bolts a) Turn of the nut -1-15 3
Load-indicating washers +10 7
10-24 0.0145 23 to 34 in.-Ib Fastener elongation ±3 to5 15
10-32 .0175 29 to 43 in.-lb Strain gages ±1 20
tA-20 .0269 54 to 81 in.-lb
t,_
-4-28 .0326 68 to 102 in.-lb
s/_6-18 .0454 ! 17 to 176 in.-Ib moment P2h will also produce a tensile load on some
5/_6-24 .0524 139 to 208 in.-lb fasteners, but the problem is to determine the "neutral axis"
_-16 .0678 205 to 308 in.-Ib
line where the bracket will go from tension to compression.
-24 .0809 230 to 345 in.-Ib
If the plate is thick enough to take the entire moment P2h in
7/16-14 .0903 28 to 42 ft-lb
7/_6-20 • 1090 33 to 50 fi-lb bending at the edge AB, that line could be used as the heeling
]&-13 .1257 42 to 64 ft-lb point, or neutral axis. However, in this case, I have taken the
'A-20 • 1486 52 to 77 fl-lb conservative approach that the plate will not take the bending
9/16-12 .1620 61 to 91 fl-lb
and will heel at the line CD. Now the Er_ will only include
9/16- ! 8 .1888 73 to 109 ft-lb
bolts 3 to 8, and the rn's (in inches) will be measured from
%-11 .2018 84 to 126 ft-lb
%-18 .2400 104 to 156 fl-lb line CD. Bolts 7 and 8 will have the highest tensile loads (in
_-I0 .3020 bl17 to 176 ft-lb pounds), which will be P = Pr + PM, where Pr = Pi/8 and
_-16 .3513 b139 to 208 ft-lb
_-9 .4193 h184 to 276 fi-lb
_-14 .4805 b213 to 320 fl-lb Mr P2hr7
I-8 .5510 b276 to 414 fl-lb
Pm-
1-14 .6464 b323 to 485 ft-lb
I%-7 .6931 b390 tO 585 fl-lb
%-12 .8118 h465 tO 698 fi-lb An alternative way of stating this relationship is that the bolt
RA-7 .8898 b559 tO 838 fi-lb
load is proportional to its distance from the pivot axis and the
1,4-12 1.0238 b655 to 982 ft-lb
moment reacted is proportional to the sum of the squares of
aThe values given are 50 and 75 percent of theoretical yield the respective fastener distances from the pivot axis.
strength of a bolt material with a yield of 120 ksi. Corre-

sponding values for materials with different yield strengths

At this point the applied total tensile load should be compared
can be ob(ainad by multiplying these table values by the rat/o with the total tensile load due to fastener torque. The torque
of the respectivematerialyield strengths.
bBohs of 0.75-in. diameter and larger have reduced allow- should be high enough to exceed the maximum applied tensile
ables (75 percent of normal strength) owing to inability load in order to avoid joint loosening or leaking. If the bracket
tO heat treat this large a cross section to an even hardness.
geometry is such that its bending capability cannot be readily
determined, a finite element analysis of the bracket itself may
Reprinted from Machine Design, Nov. 19, 1987. Copyright, 1987 by Penton Publishing, Inc., be required.
Cleveland, OH.

Combining Shear and Tensile Fastener Loads

TABLE VI.--TORQUE COEFFICIENTS
When a fastener is subjected to both tensile and shear loading
Friction coefficient Torque simultaneously, the combined load must be compared with the
coefficient total strength of the fastener• Load ratios and interaction curves
Between Between K
are used to make this comparison. The load ratios are
threads, boithead
(or nut)
and clamping
surface, Actual shear load
Rs(or RI) =
_c Allowable shear load

0.05 0.05 0.074

.10 .10 .133
.15 .15 .189 Actual tensile load
.20 .20 .250 Rr(or R2) =
Allowable tensile load

18
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
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TABLE VIII.--MACHINE DESIGN'S TORQUE-MEASURING METHOD

[From ref. 15.]

(a) Typical tool accuracies

Type of Element Typical

tool control led accuracy range.
percent of
full scale

Slug wrench Turn 1 Flat

Bar torque wrench Torque +3 to 15

Turn I/4 Flat

Impact wrench Torque + 10 to 30

Turn + 10 to 20 °
Hydraulic wrench Torque +3 to + 10
Turn +5 to 10 °
Gearhead air- Torque +10 to :1:20
powered wrench Turn 5-5 to 10"
Mechanical Torque 5-5 to 20
multiplier Turn 5-2 to 10"

Worm-gear torque Torque 5:0.25 to 5

wrench Turn -t-1 to5*
Digital torque Torque 5-1/4 to I
wrench Turn 1/4 Flat
Ultrasonically Bolt elongation 5-1 to 10
controlled wrench
Hydraulic tensioner Initial bolt 5-1 to5
stretch
Computer-controlled Simultaneous 5-0.5 to 2
tensioning torque and turn

(b) Control accuracies

Element Preload accuracy, To maximize accuracy

controlled percent

Torque 5- 15 to 5:30 Control bolt, nut, and washer hardness,

dimensions, and finish. Have consistent
lubricant conditions, quantities, applica-
tion, and types.
Turn +15 to :t:30 Use consistent snug torque. Control part
geometry and finish. Use new sockets
and fresh lubes.

Torque and turn 5-10 to 5-25 Plot torque vs turn and compare to pre-
viously derived set of curves. Control
bolt hardness, finish, and geometry.
Torc,_,e past yield ±3 to 5-10 Use "soft" bolts and tighten well past
yield point. Use consistent snugging
torque. Control bolt hardness and
dimensons.
Bolt stretch 5-1 to +8 Use bolts with fiat, parallel ends. Leave
transducer engaged during tightening
operation. Mount transducer on bolt
centerline.

19
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY
The interaction curves of figure 31 are a series of curves with
their corresponding empirical equations. The most
\ conservative is R 1 + R 2 = 1 and the least conservative is
R_ + R_ = 1. This series of curves is from an old edition of

e_-_ i
°o
"
o.% R] + R 2 = 1, in the latest edition (ref. 18). However, it is
better to use R r + Rs = 1 if the design can be conservative
o 0 0 o
with respect to weight
MIL-HDBK-5. It has and
been stress.
replaced by a single formula,
Note that the interaction curves do not take into consideration
the friction loads from the clamped surfaces in arriving at bolt
shear loads. In some cases the friction load could reduce the
Figure 28.--Symmetrical load pattern. bolt shear load substantially.

Mr

.8

_ °_

.4

p .3
.2

.1

0 .1 ........ 1.0

(c) Shnr, Rs (orR1)

Figure 29.--Combining of shear and moment loading. Figure 3] ,--Interactioncurves.

®+ ®+ 1
(_+
+
I[® + ®+ _5+ I
1

A C r.

F-"
T h tPr
I
! I

Figure 30.--Boltad bracket.

20
 where N is the number (4, 6, 8, 10, 12) of the fastener. For
Themarginof safety
12for a fastener
fromfigure31is
example, the shank diameter of a no. 8 fastener is

1 Diameter = 0.060 + 0.013(8) = 0.164 in.

MS= - 1
Rk +
Fastener Groups in Bearing (Shear Loading)

depending on which curve is used. However, note that Whenever possible, bolts in shear should have a higher shear
R_ + R_ < 1 is a requirement for a positive margin of safety. strength than the bearing yield strength of the materials they
This formula also illustrates why high torque should not be go through. Since the bolts have some clearance and position
applied to a bolt when the dominant load is shear. tolerances in their respective holes, the sheet material must
The margin of safety is calculated for both yield and ultimate yield in bearing to allow the bolt pattern to load all of the bolts
material allowables, with the most critical value controlling equally at a given location in the pattern. Note that the sloppier
the design. A material with a low yield will be critical for yield the hole locations, the more an individual bolt must carry
stress, and a material with a high yield will normally be critical before the load is distributed over the pattern.
for ultimate stress. Bolts and rivets should not be used together to carry a load,
since the rivets are usually installed with an interference fit.
Calculating Pullout Load for Threaded Hole Thus, the rivets will carry all of the load until the sheet or
the rivets yield enough for the bolts to pick up some load. This
In many cases a bolt of one material may be installed in a
policy also applies to bolts and dowel pins (or roll pins) in
tapped hole in a different (and frequently lower strength)
a pattern, since these pins also have interference fits.
material. If the full strength of the bolt is required, the depth
of the tapped hole must be determined for the weaker material
Fastener Edge Distance and Spacing
by using the formula
Common design practice is to use a nominal edge distance
of 2D from the fastener hole centerline, where D is the fastener
diameter. The minimum edge distance should not be less than
1.5D. The nominal distance between fasteners is 4D, but the
thickness of the materials being joined can be a significant
where factor. For thin materials, buckling between fasteners can be
P pullout load, lb a problem. A wider spacing can be used on thicker sheets,
as long as sealing of surfaces between fasteners is not a
dm mean diameter of threaded hole, in. (= pitch diameter
problem.
of threads)
Fs material ultimate or yield shear stress Approximate Bearing and Shear Allowables
L length of thread engagement, in.
In the absence of specific shear and bearing allowables for
The % factor is empirical. If the threads were perfectly materials, the following approximations may be used:
mated, this factor would be 1/2, since the total cylindrical shell
area of the hole would be split equally between the bolt threads Alloy and carbon steels: Fs, = 0.6 Ft,
and the tapped hole threads. The i/j is used to allow for
mismatch between threads. Stainless steels: Fs, = 0.55 Ft,
Further information on required tapped hole lengths is given
in reference 19.
where Fs. is ultimate shear stress and Ft. is ultimate tensile
stress. Since bearing stress allowables are empirical to begin
Calculating Shank Diameter for "Number" Fastener
with, the bearing allowable for any given metallic alloy may
The shank diameter for a "number" fastener is calculated be approximated as follows:
from

Fb,, = 1.5 Flu

Diameter = 0.060 + 0.013 N

Fby = 1.5 Fry

t2Margin of safety is definedas

Allowable load (Stress) where Fbu is ultimate bearing stress, Fby is yield bearing
-l
Actual load (Stress) x Safety factor stress, and Fry is tensile yield stress.

21
Proper Fastener Geometry Counterfeit Fasteners

Most military standard (MS) and national aerospace standard In the past two years a great deal of concern and publicity
(NAS) fasteners have coded callouts that tell the diameter, grip about counterfeit fasteners has surfaced. The counterfeit case
length, drilling
the fastener is
of the head or shank, and the material (where
available in more than one material). Rather
with the most documentation is the deliberate
grade 8.2 boron bolts as grade 8 bolts.
marking of
!
than listing a group of definitions, it is easier to use the Grade 8.2 bolts are a low-carbon (0.22 percent C) boron
NAS 1003 to _qAS 1020 (fig. 32) as an example to point out alloy steel that can be heat treated to the same room-
the following: temperature hardness as grade 8 medium-carbon (0.37 per-
(1) The last two digits give the fastener diameter in cent C) steel. However, the room- and elevated-temperature
sixteenths of an inch. strengths of the grade 8.2 bolts drop drastically if they are
(2) The first dash number is the grip length in sixteenths exposed to temperatures above 500 *F. Grade 8 bolts can be
of an inch. used to 800 *F with little loss of room-temperature strength.
(3) The letters given with the dash number indicate the head Other fasteners marked as is and sAs but not up to the
and/or shank drilling. respective MS or NAS specification have shown up; however,
In addition, an identifying letter or dash number is added to documentation is not readily available. Since these fasteners
indicate the fastener material. However, this systematic are imported and have no manufacturer's identification mark
practice is not rigidly followed in all MS and rqAS fastener on them, it is not possible to trace them back to the guilty
standards. manufacturer. U.S. Customs inspections have not been
effective in intercepting counterfeit fasteners.
Shear Heads and Nuts Another problem with fasteners has been the substitution
of zinc coating for cadmium coating. If a dye is used with the
In the aerospace industry the general ground rule is to design
zinc, the only way to detect the difference in coatings is by
such that fasteners are primarily in shear rather than tension.
chemical testing.
As a result, many boltheads and nuts are made about one-half
Federal legislation to establish control of fastener materials
as thick as normal to save weight. These bolts and nuts are
from the material producer to the consumer is being
referred to as shear bolts and shear nuts, and care must be
formulated.
used in never specifying them for tension applications. The
torque table values must also be reduced to one-half for these
bolts and nuts. Bolthead Identification

Identifying an existing non-Ms, non-wAS, or non-Air Force-

Use of Proper Grip Length Navy bolt is usually a problem. Each manufacturer seems to
Standard design practice is to choose a grip length such that have a different system. Frank Akstens of Fastener Technology
the threads are never in bearing (shear). Where an exact grip International magazine (ref. 20) has compiled a good listing
length is not available, the thickness of the washers used under of several hundred "common" bolts. His entire compilation
the nut or bolthead can be varied enough to allow proper grip. is enclosed as appendix A of this report. An international guide
to bolt manufacturer's identification symbols has also been
Bolthead and Screwhead Styles published by Fastener Technology International magazine.

Although the difference between bolts and screws is not

Fastener Strength
clearly defined by industry, at least the head styles are fairly
well defined. The only discrepancy found in figure 33 is that Allowable strengths for many types of fasteners are given
the plain head, with a square shoulder, is more commonly in MIL-HDBK-5 (ref. 18). Ultimate shear and tensile
called a carriage bolthead. The angle of countersunk heads strengths of various threaded fasteners are given in
(flat) can vary from 60* to 120", but the common values are appendix B of this report.
82" and 100".

22
 d
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY

NATIONAL AEROSPACE STANDARD

AI£1iI_PA_ IN_UST_Iir_ Ar_{_IATION OF AMENICA tHE v?_ DIE IALIrs ITNEIET Pl W WAIMIP_GTO_ D C Z_336

BENTnW_R ------"'7 pl,,----=-- LENGTH _.015 --i

NA31347 /

'_ |1 /
/

:ll I | L__r D rAIL

:_1 Hl(C)_ - --'_ " -_; )--_" _'_POINT TO BE FL AT

&
=1 t _-1 F- "_ AND CH,Id_F E RED
<
=L_ _ f / LENGTHOF POINT

_-"l_ _ =i:. _FAZL _ / / (hi DRILL M TO FIRST COMPLETE

®
_" _,. / WItENSPECIFIED THREAD-UMAX
L
O-Ib_FER 15" TG L ROLLE:D THREAD MIL-S-8_7 _) IOLLO'WIN(;
"--'DRILL K WHEN SPECIFIED. N OPTIONAL
SOLUTION HEAT TREATMF NI. _'I,XI.7 /
.2
I_I_F.AK _ARP EDGES

2.

® ®
T

ILASIC
IIAIT UNJF-)A
"/141t_.D A --- ]1 * C II_F
D OlA
Htcl JMOM
J ID|k
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M(B; _ R [RAD; I_br r r
,MIUMI_IR I_A MAX MIN OI6 MIN • OlO * OlO

,,_ I.oto, ol
E"
N_-_IOG_ _0(,-21 ]_'_0 4_ 43e 156 ._l 39_ :_12 i O46 016 020 010 5_1
o, i_ Ioo_o
N_,S I0@,_ 31 _J-14 _O_ $O 92 188 St _._,_ ]s_ o?o io7_, 020 olo 432
i I '
72
N#t._l_4 3750-]4 3"/20 r • _ 1

_A3IO_'/ 4];'_.-10 | 41_ 4"_9 ! ?30 I 79 _.1 ,114 070 I_ 02_ 01_ t ";4_,
io,io,o ©
..,®, t: :i ...... ..... o ...... o. .o,o o_ i °_ Jc

r o:,.,)I
POt_l=, J,2 .... '6t''''4' j I .... != ,. .... _ 070 o. 94g } 09
io,: i_.oloo,o c

_llo , , t O_ _06_O !O0.%

.4.0,. ,o.._ ,. !1o._,.. o....... t°,° ..... i,o

; , , ®
NA._I012 7500-16 *4&0 I I I 050 OJ_ 1154 I I

_.*sl01* i o(,_-,= _ I ] I

®
i$i5 i111 070 141 O?O 055 I 1451 I l}
®
N_I011 l.t2_0-11 ] i 12_01417 1414 }94 111. I _ I
'1 t
O
NA._ I 0 ?,0 I I1'4_l'15
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jllO .... 210[ I 070 14'l ' 075j O60J_ .... i

> I
"/'_-'_ (_ NASl0I_ INAL_TTVE FO, DE3_N AF'TT._ ..........
I[

LIST OF CURRENT SHT FTS

NO REV
I o
2 3
3

CUSTODIAN NATIONAL AEROSPACE STANDARDS COMMITTEE

¢_.$l,e,c.v,o.
I'rTL[
PROCUREMENT
STAJ_DARD PART O
._, PE Ct l: t C,*,'r _ON BOLT - MACHINE

NONE HEXAGON HEAD, NON MAGNETIC, & HEAT RESISTANT NAS 1003 THRL' 1020

SHEET 1 OF 3

PuiDl_ihlll I_¢1 d_ll! _ _)_ _il!,_ _lltll_'l_ Au_¢_l! *on i_c ._ AIr0,._llll I_ll_Ult;'il J_llO(lll,Orl ot Am_'l(,,l In( 19_9
_127 RIql_ Am . All r,_tl rr.._.,_

Figure 32.--National aerospace standard for proper fastener geometry.

23

' ORIGINAL PAGE IS

OF POOR QUALITY J
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
-, .)'
OF POOR QUALITY

NATIONAL AEROSPACE S'."/_,iMDARD

AEROSPACE INOU_TRIE_ ASSOCIATION OF AME'_I_._ IN: _?_,,i DE _ALIr. ¢ G_"_,L_ T K' _R' "dlt A llIH I IqG ? (_ ID ¢ ZOO2f

CODE: BASIC PART NUMBER DESIGNATES. _OMINA.L DL_METEK.

DASH NUMBER DESIGNATF$ GRIP A_P. LF3,:G'IH _SEE SHEET 3':.

A_I)_ "A" TO DASH NUMBER FOP. UNDR!L: ED B9". T

ADD "H'" TO DASH NUMBER =OR DRILLED M_,,,.D 9NP _.

NO CODE LETTER DESIGNATES DRILLED SPANK ONLY.

;,X EXAMPLE NASI003-_ =. 1900 DIAMErEP. BOLT..500 GRIP, DRILLED SHANK ONLY.

.JP_ NASI003-8A = .1900DIAMETER BOI.T..SGOCRIP, UNDRILLED.

NASIOO3- 8H = 19OO I.)IAME'i'EI_ bOLT..$0_: GRIP, DRILLED HEAD ONLY.

// /._/// , /j_//// / /
Lh¢ MATERIAL: CRES. A-286 SPEC AMS573$ OR AMS5?3";' ,O_,,,IDW.2*,_(_Y/S, II_,J_W._ _JyE XCEP'T ULTIMATE k,_,)

TENSILE STRFNGTH 140,_00 PSI MINIMVM *,T BOOM TEMPERATURE, FABRICATED TO AMS74:8.

wOC

FINISH" CLEAN AND PASSIVATE !N ACCORDANCF ':, ,'Tlt.._'/.'_.5_ / (_-)-P-?,_ C" )

NOTI'S | REFERENCE D!MLNSIONS ARE FOR D[.SIGN PURPOSES ONLY AND NO1 AN INSPI'CTION REQG',REMEN'T.
"l t
2. MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY SHALL BE LESS THAP 2.0 (AIR = 1.o, FOR A FIELD STRENCTH H • 200, OERSTIEDS
_Z
(MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY INDICATOR .."_...'_ ;,l_, -I -!?214 OR EOUi'_AL; N_T.)

BOLTS SHALL BE I REE FP.O_E BUI_RS A];D SL_'LRE.

4. TH_:S_ BOLTS ARE IN1"EN._,!!D ,:GF, !.'f_ :.._ 1! ';:2; R _-.T'JI(LS IJp 10 12C_ F

(a, _. GRIP!,[:NGIH FROM !JNL'r._ SIDEGF HL.,_IJ rO _.:':i _0", lULL CYLINDRICALPOR';'ION OF StI_NK.
Z_L
C_TTI:F, ;'!N HOLE C; NTI!RLINI _:!TP.IN 01'; ANL) NORMA;. WFTIIIN ._°OF BOLT ('ElCTERLINE.

_-_: G ,,-I I. "l-J" DIA MAXIMUM NOT TO EXCE£;; "'B": V.I! :I_,,UB,: DL.', _.l l OP OF HEAD NO'; LESS THAN "'H".
i-
_ ] .'
,d; 8, C'(3NCF,_TRICIT'V: "H'" AN:_ "'A" DIAMT'.TEEJ ",V,T!;:X' ' ",1" VALUES TIP, "_" AND THREAD PITCH DIAMETER

V,", rlltN "'_" VALUES TIFL

,: --,

!-: _el ,) SIIANK STRAIGH'F,_Q'SS. WIB'II|N "Z'" V_LL'|,_; TIF, P_I'. INC._: OF L_NGTtl

(_110. BEARING SURFACE SQU,_.ENESS; WITh)IP< .G'.!., TiP, WITH SHANK.

! I, DIML'YS/ONS IN IN('llLS

IOLl R._.NCES L'NLF.SS OTHFI:._J.ISI" SP_. 'r :_I" ', ..k';{;L_ S .'._:

HI'

PC-,

_j DIS( ._,LO_ I_;ACTIVk IOL !_[S:(;" -_.t-I'[F JUt', !. I',"(>

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v_z >

YOT

I NAS 1°°3 THRU 1°2°]SHZLeT 2

.a
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41-_7 Ru_ A_
Wlllhm_lln D C _014

Figure 32.--Continued.

ORIGINAL PAGE IS
24
OF POOR QUALITY
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY

NATIONAL AEROSPACE STANDARD

AcPlOSPAC [ |NOUSTAIES ASSOCIATION OF" AMERICA. INC . t725 lie SALES STREET N W WAIHINGTON D C ZOO3G

I 0

°I 6
Z
0
u_

_ASX NO. IIII_IC.A.T[S GRIP LENGTH ZN 0625 INCREMEhTS INTF.KHEDIATE OR LONGER L.,F..NGTHS MAY BE O[13EKED Iiy USE OF PROPER DASH NO.

G o,

:E
.
I.ILI lid
I.-
,(
r.

.(
I NAS 1003 THRUSHEET
1020 3
_,_ iw_ d_trd_l_ by Nml*on|l $umol_cP. _ao(_lT,o_ inc
44137 R_D¥ A_ AlrOll_lC. I i_ulfr,i- . AI.Io(*llbO.n 0f Ami,,t.l _t_¢ 1979
Wum_lto_ D C 20014 A_t r,_lts rlsm •lo

Figure 32.--Concluded.

ORJG._HAL PAGE IS 25

OF POOR QUAL!TY
,L
 J

.am L

Filllster Washer Hex

undercut,
Also
trim, and
100 ° heads.
Pan Binding Truss Plain Hex washer

(carriage)

Figure 33.--Bolthead and screwhead styles.

Rivets and Lockbolts TABLE IX.--ALUMINUM AND OTHER RIVET MATERIALS

[From ref. 21.]

Rivets
Material Rivet Rivet heads Applications
designation available
Rivets are relatively low-cost, permanently installed
fasteners that are lighter weight than bolts. As a result, they 2117-T4 AD Universal (MS20470) General use for
are the most widely used fasteners in the aircraft manufacturing 100" Flush (MS20426) most applications
industry. They are faster to install than bolts and nuts, since
2024-T4 DD Universal (MS20470) Use only as an
they adapt well to automatic, high-speed installation tools.
100" Flush (MS20426) alternative to
However, rivets should not be used in thick materials or in 7050-T73 where
tensile applications, as their tensile strengths are quite low higher strength
relative to their shear strengths. The longer the total grip length is required

(the total thickness of sheets being joined), the more difficult 1100 A Universal (MS20470) Nonstructural
it becomes to lock the rivet. 100' Flush (MS20426)

5056-H32 B Universal (MS20470) Joints containing

Riveted joints are neither airtight nor watertight unless 100" Flush (MS20426) magnesium
special seals or coatings are used. Since rivets are permanently
! Monel M Universal (MS20615) [Joining stainless
installed, they have to be removed by drilling them out, a
(annealed) 100" Flush (MS20427) steels, titanium,
laborious task. and Inconel

Copper 100" Flush (MS20427) Nonstructural

General Rivet Types (annealed)

The general types of rivets are solid, blind, tubular, and 7050-T73 Universal (MS20470) Use only where
metal piercing (including split rivets). From a structural design 100" Flush (MS20426) higher strength
aspect the most important rivets are the solid and blind rivets. is required
Solid rivets.--Most solid rivets are made of aluminum so
that the shop head can be cold formed by bucking it with a
pneumatic hammer. Thus, solid rivets must have cold-forming The sharp edge of the countersunk head is also removed in
capability without cracking. A representative listing of solid some cases, as in the Briles n3 BRFZ "fast" rivet (fig. 35), to
rivets is given in table IX (ref. 21). Some other solid rivet increase the shear and fatigue strength while still maintaining
materials are brass, SAE 1006 to SAE 1035, 1108 and 1109 a flush fit.
steels, A286 stainless steel, and titanium. Blind rivets.--Blind rivets get their name from the fact that
Note that the rivets in table IX are covered by military they can be completely installed from one side. They have the
standard specifications, which are readily available. Although following significant advantages over solid rivets:
most of the solid rivets listed in table IX have universal heads, (1) Only one operator is required for installation.
there are other common head types, as shown in figure 34. (2) The installation tool is portable (comparable to an
However, because the "experts" do not necessarily agree on electric drill in size).
the names, other names have been added to the figure. Note
also that the countersunk head angle can vary from 60* to 120"
although 82* and 100" are the common angles. n3Briles Rivet Corporation, Oceanside. California.

26
 Button
U Truss Flat Countersunk
U Pan
(brazier) (flush) (universal)

Figure 34.--United States standard rivet heads.

f Shear-bearing area DQ r

OU /
Rivet inserted

Shear-bearing area-

Figure 35.--BRFZ "fast' rivet,

(3) They can be used where only one side of the workpiece
is accessible. Start setting

(4) A given-length rivet can be used for a range of material

thicknesses.
(5) Installation time is faster than with solid rivets.
(6) Clamping force is more uniform than with solid rivets.
(7) Less training is required for the operator.
Blind rivets are classified according to the methods used to
install them:
(1) Pull mandrel Figure 36.--Pull-mandrel rivet. (From ref. 5.)
(2) Threaded stem
(3) Drive pin
Specific types (brands) of blind rivets are covered in
subsequent sections of this manual. usually not used in aerospace applications. They are used
Pull-mandrel rivets: This rivet is installed with a tool that primarily for commercial sheet metal applications.

applies force to the rivet head while pulling a prenotched Tubular rivets.--Tubular rivets are partially hollow and

serrated mandrel through to expand the far side of the tubular come in a variety of configurations. The generic form has a

rivet. When the proper load is reached, the mandrel breaks manufactured head on one side and a hollow end that sticks

at the notch. A generic pull-mandrel rivet is shown in through the pieces being joined. The hollow end is cold formed
to a field head.
figure 36.
Threaded-stem rivets: The threaded-stem rivet (fig. 37(a)) Since extensive cold forming is required on these rivets, they
has a threaded internal mandrel (stem) with the external portion must be extremely ductile and are consequently made of low-
machined flat on two sides for the tool to grip and rotate. The strength materials. They are normally used for commercial
head is normally hexagonal to prevent rotation of the tubular applications rather than in the aerospace industry.

body while the mandrel in being torqued and broken off. Some specific types of tubular rivets are
Drive-pin rivets: This rivet has a drive pin that spreads the (1) Compression
far side of the rivet to form a head, as shown in figure 38. (2) Semitubular

Although drive-pin rivets can be installed quickly, they are (3) Full tubular

27
 ¢ /_ Hexagonal head--_ p_.¶_

Inserted Installed

Inserted Installed

(a) (b)

(a) One-piece body. (From ref. 5.)

(b) Two-piece body. (From ref. 22.)
Figure 37.--Threaded-stem rivets.

I _. I

Figure 38.--Drive-pin rivet. (From ref. 5.)

Figure 39.--Compression tubular rivet. (From ref. 5.)

Compression tubular rivets: A compression tubular rivet

(fig. 39) consists of two parts that have an interference fit when
driven together. These rivets are used commercially in soft
materials and where a good appearance is required on both
sides of the part.
Semitubular rivets: The semitubular rivet (fig. 40) has a hole
in the field end (hole depth to 1.12 of shank diameter) such Figure 40.--Semitubular rivet. (From ref. 5.)
that the rivet approaches a solid rivet when the field head is
formed.
Full tubular rivets: The full tubular rivet (fig. 41) has a
deeper hole than the semitubular rivet. It is a weaker rivet than
the semitubular rivet, but it can pierce softer materials such
as plastic or fabric.
Metal-piercing rivets.--Metal piercing rivets (fig. 42) are
similar to semitubular rivets, except that they have greater
column strength. Part of the sandwich material is not drilled,
and the rivet pierces all the way or most of the way through
while mushrooming out to a locked position. Figure 41.--Full tubular rivet. (From ref. 5.)

28
 (a)

Figure 42.--Metal-piercing rivet. (From ref. 5.)

(b) (

(a) Minimum grip.

(b) Maximum grip.

Figure 43.--Split (bifurcated) rivet. (From ref. 5.) Figure 44.--Cherry Buck rivet.

Split rivets.--Split (bifurcated) rivets (fig. 43) are the copper) rivets are used for joining stainless steels, titanium,
standard "home repair" rivets. They have sawed or split and Inconel. Monel is ductile enough to form a head without
bodies with sharp ends to make their own holes through cracking but has higher strength (F_ = 49 ksi) and
leather, fiber, plastic, or soft metals. They are not used in temperature capabilities than aluminum.
critical applications. Titaniumniobium rivets.--These titanium alloy rivets (per
MIL-R-5674 and AMS4982) have a shear strength of 50 ksi
Specific Rivet Types but are still formable at room temperature. They generally do
not need a coating for corrosion protection. The Cherry E-Z
AD & DD solid rivets.--The most common solid rivets are
Buck is a titanium/niobium rivet.
the AD and DD aluminum rivets, as listed in table IX. These
Cherry rivets.--The generic Cherry rivet is a blind structural
are the preferred rivets for joining aluminums and combina-
rivet with a locking collar for the stem installed as shown in
tions of aluminum and steel. The "icebox" (DD) rivets can
figure 45. (Different head types are available.) Cherry rivets
be used in higher-strength applications, but they must be kept are available in both nominal and oversize diameters in the
around 0 *F until they are installed. The 7050-T73 aluminum
common (% through _ in.) sizes. The oversize rivets are used
rivets are an alternative to "icebox" rivets.
for repairs where a nominal-size rivet (solid or blind) has been
Since solid rivets are expanded to an interference fit, they drilled out or where the initial drilled hole is oversize. These
should not be used in composites or fiber materials. They can
rivets have shear strengths comparable to AD solid aluminum
cause delamination of the hole surfaces, leading to material
rivets. However, their usage is restricted in aircraft manufac-
failure.
turing by the guidelines of MS33522, which is included as
Cherry Buck rivets.--The Cherry Buck rivet 1_ is a hybrid
appendix C. A typical list of available Cherry rivet materials
consisting of a factory head and shank of 95-ksi-shear-strength is shown in table X.
titanium, with a shop end shank of ductile titanium/niobium, Huck blind rivets.--Huck blind rivets _ are similar to
joined together by inertia welding (fig. 44). This combination
Cherry rivets, except that they are available in higher strength
allows a shop head to be formed by bucking, but the overall
material. These rivets are made with and without locking
shear strength of the rivet approaches 95 ksi. The Cherry Buck
collars and with countersunk or protruding heads. Note also
rivet can be used to 600 *F.
(in fig. 46) that the sleeve on the blind side is deformed
Monel rivets.--Monel (67 percent nickel and 30 percent
differently on the Huck rivet than on the Cherry rivet.

14Townsend Company, Cherry River Division, Santa Ana, California. _SHuck Manufacturing Company, Long Beach, California.

29
 I I

(a) Insert CherryMAx rivet into prepared hole. Place pulling head over rivet stem and apply firm, steady pressure to seat head. Actuate tool.
(b) Stem pulls into rivet sleeve and forms large bulbed blind head; seats rivet head and clamps sheets tightly together. Shank expansion
begins.
(c) "Safe-lock" locking collar moves into rivet sleeve recess. Formation of blind head is completed. Shear-ring has sheared from
cone, thereby accommodating a minimum of _6 in. in structure thickness variation.
(d) Driving anvil forms "safe-lock" collar into head recess, locking stem and sleeve securely together. Continued pulling fractures
stem, providing flush, burr-free, inspectable installation.

Figure 45.--Cherry rivet installation.

TABLE X.--CHERRY RIVET MATERIALS

Lockbolts
Materials Ultimate Maximum

shear strength, temperature. In general, a Iockbolt is a nonexpanding, high-strength

Sleeve Stem psi *F
fastener that has either a swaged collar or a type of threaded
collar to lock it in place. It is installed in a standard drilled
5055 Aluminum Alloy steel 50 000 250
5056 Aluminum caEs 50 000 250 hole with a snug fit but normally not an interference fit. A
Monel CRES 55 000 9O0 iockbolt is similar to an ordinary rivet in that the locking collar
Inco 600 Inco X750 75 000 1400 or nut is weak in tension loading and is difficult to remove
once installed.
Some of the lockbolts are similar to blind rivets and can
be completely installed from one side. Others are fed into the
Pop rivets.--Pop rivets 16 are familiar to most of the public
workpiece with the manufactured head on the far side. The
for home repairs. However, they are not recommended for
installation is then completed from the near side with a gun
critical structural applications. The stem sometimes falls out
similar to blind rivet guns. Lockbolts are available with either
of the sleeve after the rivet is installed, and the symmetry of
countersunk or protruding heads.
the blind (formed) head leaves much to be desired. Although
Since it is difficult to determine whether a Iockbolt is
the pop rivet shown in figure 47 is the most common type,
installed properly, they should be used only where it is not
USM makes a closed-end rivet and three different head styles.
possible to install a bolt and nut of comparable strength.
However, they are much faster to install than standard bolts
16USM Corporation, Pop Rivet Division, Shelton, Connecticut. and nuts.

30
 I_-Grip_,- 1

Lock collar cap __ _

Sleeve
:_ratd_ e _:_ _dc:: l: rpli
t"_

type optional)

(a) (b)

(a) Protruding head, BP-T (MS90354) or BP-EU (MS21141).

(b) Installed fastener.

Figure 46.--Huck blind rivets,

Hi-Lok

The Hi-Lok n7 lockbolt has a countersunk or protruding

manufactured head and threads like a bolt. It is fed through
the hole from the far side. The installation gun prevents shank
rotation with a hexagonal key while the nut is installed (as
shown in fig. 49). The nut (collar) hexagonal end is notched
to break off at the desired torque. Hi-Lok lockbolts are
available in high-strength carbon steel (to 156-ksi shear),
stainless steel (to 132-ksi shear), and titanium (to 95-ksi shear).

Huckbolts

Huckbolts t5 are similar to Hi-Loks except that the stem is

usually serrated rather than threaded. The collar is swaged
on the stem. Then the stem is broken at the notch as shown
in figure 50. Huckboits and their collars are available in carbon
Figure 47.--Pop rivet installation. steel, aluminum, and stainless steel with various strengths, as
listed in the Huck catalog.

Jo-Bolts Taper-Lok

Jo-boits are similar to blind rivets in appearance and Taper-Lok t8 is a high-strength threaded fastener that is
installation. The locking collar (sleeve) is expanded to form
a shop head by rotating the threaded stem with a gun. The
threaded stem is notched and breaks off when the proper torque 17Hi-Shear Corporation, Torrance, California.
is reached. A typical Jo-bolt installation is shown in figure 48. nsSPS Technologies, Jenkintown, Pennsylvania.

1.°,+.1

+
Stem--/Vd//A X,..ut

Typical installation

Figure 48.--Jo-bolt. (From ref. 21.)

31
 /-Remaining portion of

JJltltlUfltltltR a.era.semb,.
IllllltlllllttlllllU
I device automatically
Lj.---_;--___j , shears off

,.__¢_
i_+ _.
(a) (b)

(a) Hi-Lok pin.

(b) Hi-Lok pin and collar after assembly.

Figure 49.--Hi-Lok installation.

Grt

-I (
-_C__ i-PA_ Grip + D = Maximum length

_'--_ Brazier head

Figure 50.--Installed Huckbolt fastener.

Forged head

length in 16ths

Typical installation

Figure 51.--Taper-Lok installation.

installed with an interference fit. Most of the shank is tapered Rivnuts

on a 1.19" angle. The lubricated Iockbolt is driven into a
A Rivnut 19 is a tubular rivet with internal threads that is
drilled and reamed hole. The interference fit allows the nut
deformed in place to become a blind nutplate (fig. 52). Rivnuts
(tension or shear nut) to be installed and torqued to the required
are available with protruding, countersunk, and fillister heads.
value without holding the Iockbolt to prevent rotation (see
They are also available with closed ends, sealed heads, ribbed
fig. 51). The nuts are iocknuts with captive washers. When
shanks, hexagonal shanks, and ribbed heads. Since the
a tension nut is installed, this fastener can take as much tension
unthreaded tubular portion of the rivet must deform, the
load as a bolt of the same size and material. Consequently,
material must be ductile. Consequently, the Rivnut materi,tls
Taper-Loks are used in critical applications where cyclic
are fairly low strength, as shown in table XI.
loading is a problem. Taper-Lok Iockbolts are available in
high-strength alloy steel, H-I 1 tool steel, and several stainless
steels, as well as titanium. I';'B.F. Goodrich, Engineered Systems Di',ision. Akron. Ohio.

32
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
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l ,1

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

(a) Step 1--Rivnut fastener is threaded onto mandrel of installation tool.

(b) Step 2--Rivnut fastener, on tool mandrel, is inserted into hole drilled for installation.
(c) Step 3--Mandrel retracts and pulls threaded portion of Rivnut fastener shank toward blind side of work, forming bulge in unthreaded
shank area.

(d) Step 4--Rivnut fastener is clinched securely in place; mandrel is unthreaded, leaving imernal Rivnut threads intact.
(e) Blind nutplate--Properly installed Rivnut fastener makes excellent blind nutplate for simple screw attachments; countersunk Rivnut
fasteners can be used for smooth surface installation.

Figure 52.--Rivnut installation.

TABLE XI.--STANDARD RIVNUT FASTENER

Pin groove edge
MATERIALS AND FINISHES must show

Material Type Standard finish Minimum

ultimate t Pin_
tensile
strength,
psi

Aluminum 6053-T4 Anodize--Alumilite 205 28 000

will meet specifications:
MIL-A-8625 (ASG)
Collar-_Pin triiming edge
Steel C- 1108' Cadmium plate--O.0002 in. 45 000
C-1110 a minimum thickness per
QQ-P-416b, class 3,
type I

4037 Cadmium plate--O.0002 in. b55 000

minimum thickness per c85 UO0
QQ-P--416b, class 2,
type II

Stainless 430 Pickled and passivated per 67 000 Figure 53.--Hi-Shear installation.
steel QQ-P-35, type II

305 a 80 000 can be visually inspected for proper form. This rivet should
None--bright as machined
Carpenter 10 d be used for shear applications only, as the collar has negligible
tensile strength.
Brass Alloy 260 None--bright as machined 50 000
Although this rivet has been partially superseded by various
ac-I IO8 and C-I 110 steel may be used interchange.ably. lockbolts, it is still being used in aircraft and aerospace
bNo 4 and No. 6 thread sizes.
CNo.8--I12-mthread size. applications.
d305 and CarpenterNo. 10 stainless steel may be used interchangeably.

Lightweight Grooved Proportioned Lockboit

Hi-Shear Rivet
The lightweight grooved proportioned lockbolt (LGPL) 2° is
Hi-Shear 17 rivets consist of a high-strength carbon steel, made especially for composite materials. It has both an
stainless steel, aluminum, or titanium rivet (pin) with a necked- oversize head and an oversize collar to lessen contact stresses
down shop head, as shown in figure 53. The collar (2024
aluminum or Monel) is swaged on to give a finished head that 20Monogram Aerospace Fasteners, Los Angeles, California.

33
 (al (b) (c) (d)
(a) Flanged collar is placed over lightweight pin.
(b) Installation tool grips and pulls pin, drawing sheets tightly together and removing sheet gap.
(c) As pull on pin increases, tool anvil swages flanged collar into locking grooves and forms permanent vibration-resistant lock.
(d) Pull on pin continues until pin fractures at breakneck groove and is then ejected. Tool anvil disengages swaged collar.
Figure 54.--LGPLinstallation.

on the composite material during both installation and service (3) Design and selection requirements for blind
life. The shank is high-strength (95-ksi shear) titanium and nonstructural rivets are given in MS33557.
the collar is 2024 aluminum. It is installed with a lockbolt tool (4) A wealth of information on allowable rivet strengths in
as shown in figure 54. various materials and thicknesses is given in chapter 8 of
MIL-HDBK-5 (ref. 18).
General Guidelines for Selecting Rivets (5) Testing of fasteners is covered by MIL-STD- 1312.
and Lockboits (6) Lockwiring is done per MS33540.
Note that the nominal rivet spacing for a rivet pattern is an
A number of standard documents are available for the edge distance of 2D and a linear spacing of 4D, where D is
selection, installation, and drawing callout of rivets and the rivet diameter. However, the 4D spacing can be increased
lockbolts as follows: if sealing between rivets or interrivet buckling is not a problem.
(1) Rivet installations are covered by MIL-STD-403. This Solid rivets (expanded during installation) should not be used
specification covers pilot holes, deburring, countersinking, in composite materials, as they can overstress the hole and
cause delamination of the material.
dimpling, and the application of zinc chromate paint between
dissimilar materials. Other specifications for corrosion
prevention of drilled or countersunk surfaces are covered in
MIL-P-116 and MIL-STD-171. Lewis Research Center
(2) Design and selection requirements for blind structural National Aeronautics and Space Administration
rivets are given in MS33522 (appendix C). Cleveland, Ohio, June 30, 1989

34
 ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF POOR QUALITY

References 10. Juvinall, R.: Engineering Considerations of Stress. Strain. and Strength.
McGraw-Hill, 1967.
11. Donald, E.P.: A Practical Guide to Bolt Analysis. Mach. Des., w)l. 53.
1. Sliney, HE.: High Temperature Solid Lubricants--1. Layer Lattice Apr. 9, 1981, pp. 225-231.
Compounds and Graphite. Mech. Eng., vol, 96, no. 2, Feb. 1974, 12. Baumeister, et al.: Mark's Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers.
pp. 18-22. 8th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1978.
2. Prevention of Material Deterioration: Corrosion Control Course--U.S. 13. Seely, F.B.: Resistance of Materials. 3rd ed., Wiley & Sons, 1947.
Army Logistics Engineering Directorate--Nov. 1970. 14. Shigley, J.E.; and Mitchell, L.D.: Mechanical Engineering Design. 4th
3. ASM Metals Handbook. 9th ed., Vols. 1,2, 3, 5, 13, American Society ed., McGraw-Hill, 1983.
for Metals, Metals Park. OH. 15. Machine Design, Nov. 19, 1981.
4, SAE Handbook. SAE, 1968. 16. Peery, D.J.: Aircraft Structures. McGraw'-Hill, 1950.
5. 1987 Fastening. Joining & Assembly Reference Issue. Mach. Des., t7. Grinter, L.: Theory of Modern Steel Structures. Vo[. I, Macmillan
vol. 59, no. 27. Nov. 19, 1987. Co., 1955.
6. Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form). ANSI 18. Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures.
B 1.1-1982. American National Standards Institute, New York, NY, MIL-HDBK-5E, Department of Defense, June 1987.
1982. 19. Faupel, J.H.; and Fisher, F.E.: Engineering Design, 2nd ed., Wiley &
7. Screw Thread Standards for Federal Services, Part l--Unified UNJ Sons, 1981.
Unified Miniature Screw Threads. National Bureau of Standards 20. Fastener Technology International Magazine. Solon, Ohio, Oct. 1985
Handbook. NBS-H28-1969-PT- 1, 1969. through Feb. 1987 Editions.
8. Fastener Standards. 5th ed., Industrial Fasteners Institute, Cleveland, 21. Design Handbook, Section 16. McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co..
OH, 1970. Huntington Beach, CA.
9. Bickford, J.H.: An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted 22. Bruhn, E.F. : Analysis & Design of Flight Vehicle Structures. Tri-State
Joints. Dekker, 1981. Offset Co., Cincinnati, 1965.

35
 Appendix A
Bolthead Marking and Design Data
[From ref. 20]

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 Appendix B
Bolt Ultimate Shear and Tensile Strengths
[From ref. 18]

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MIL-HDBK-5E
1 June 1987

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 MIL-HDBK-SE
1 June 1987

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1 June 1987

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 i

Appendix C
Blind Rivet Requirements

94
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BLIND RIVETS SHALL BE USED IN COMPLIANCc WITH THE JOINT ALLOWABLE TA.BLES IN MIL-HDBK-5, CHAPTER 8.

BLIND RIVETS SHALL CONFOI_I TO THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS:

l. THE HOLE SIZE FOR BLIND INSTALLATION SItALL BE WITHIN THE LIMITS SPECIFIED ON THE APPLICABLE
SPECIFICATION SHEET, STANDARD, OR ORAWItlG.

2. FOR DIHPLED ASSEtlBLY, THE RIVET HOLES SHALL BE SIZED AFTER THE SJtEETS HAVE BEEN OII_'LEO.

3. MECHANICALLY LOCKED SPINDLE BLIND RIVETS {LOCKING RING OR COLLAR) HAT BE USED ON AIRCRAFT
IN AIR ]NTAi(E AREAS AND IN THE AREA FORWARD OF THE ENGINE.

4. FOR REPAIR AND REWORK, THE BLIND RIVETS USED IN REPL/',CEME_T OF SOLID SHANK RIVETS SHALL BE
OVERSIZE OR ONE STANDARD SIZE LARGER (SEE REQHT 5).

S. OVERSIZE BLIND RIVETS MAY BE USED FOR REPAIR AND REWORK:

a. OVERSIZE RIVETS ARE FOR USE IN NON-STANDARD HOLE DIAMETERS. N_I-STANDARD HOLES
ARE THE RESULT OF HOLE RESIZING DURING REWORK OR REPAIR, OR DUE TO MANUFACTURING
ERROR IN NEW OESIC, N.

b. THE GRIP LENGTH OF THE OVERSIZE RIVET, THE BACKS IOE CLEARANCE (INSTALLED AND
UNINSTALLED), AN0 THE R£RFOI_NCE CHAHACTERISTICS SHALL BE EQ_L TO TItF STANDARD
RIVET THAT IS BEING REPLACED.

EI!.O RIVETS SHALL NOT BE USED:

,. IN FLUIO TIGJ_'T AREAS.

i! ON AIRCRAFT
SYSTEMS,
STRESSED
WING
CONTROL SURFACE
ATTAC_IENT
LOCATIUMS
HINGES,
FITTINGS,
ON THE AIRCRAFT.
HINGE
LANDING
BRACKETS, FLIGHT
GEAR FITTINGS,
CONTROL
OR OTHER
ACTUATING
HEAVILY

FRICTION LOCYI0 BLIND RIVETS (NO LOCKING RING OR COLLAR) SHALL NOT BE USED

ii '. ON AIRCRAFT [N AIR INTAKE AREAS WHERE RIVET PARTS KAY BE INGESTED BY THE ENGINE.

NICKEL-COPPER ALLOY (MONEL) RIVETS WITH CADMIUM PLATIHG _LL HOT BE USED
WHERE THE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE IS ABOVE 400"F.

FLUSH HEAD RIVETS SHALL ROT BE HILLED TO OBTAIN FLUSKHESS WITH THE
SURROUNDING SHEET WITHOUT PRIOR WRITTEN APPROVAL FROM THE DESIGN ACTIVITY.
f-
10. OVERSIZE BLIND RIVETS SHALL NOT BE SPECIFIED IN NEW OESIC, Jt. AN OVERSIZE
BLINO RIVET IS ONE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED FOR REPLACE.'_NT PURPOSES. ITS o,
_'IANK DIAMETER OIMENSION IS GREATER THAN A STANDARD BLIND RIVET.

I1. CHEMICALLY EXPANDED BLIND RIVETS SHALL NOT BE USED.

lit THIS IS A DESIGN STANDARD, NOT TO DE USED AS A PART NUMBER.

!
3
Q REWRITTEN

l
NAWf -- A..q
Oth_ Cuet
_ru[

RIVETS. BLIIID. STRUCTURAL, rTECHANICALLV LOCK/D AND

MILITARY STANDARD I
FRICTiOII RCIRINER sPIrlDLE. (RELIAEILITY _0 HA|NTAINABILITY
ARraY - AV OESIGN RIO CO:_STRUCTION RE_UIREr_NTS FOR.
MS33522
{} ' 'ffltOCUlULMENT SPIr.dFIC,&TIOM |UPIII_IILDEJI:
SNU'r 1 O; 1

DD =_",, 672-1 PROJECT NO. S)EO-O)/S m_m.m

 NahonalAeronauticsand Report Documentation Page
Space Administ
ration

1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.

NASA RP-1228

4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date

Fastener Design Manual March lq90

6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No.

Richard T. Barrett E-49 ! 1

10. Work Unit No.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

11. Contract or Grant No.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Lewis Research Center
Cleveland, Ohio 44135-3191
13. Type of Report and Period Covered

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Reference Publication

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code

Washington, D.C. 20546-0001

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstract

This manual was written for design engineers to enable them to choose appropriate fasteners for their designs.
Subject matter includes fastener material selection, platings, lubricants, corrosion, locking methods, washers,
inserts, thread types and classes, fatigue loading, and fastener torque. A section on design criteria covers the
derivation of torque formulas, loads on a fastener group, combining simultaneous shear and tension loads, pullout
load for tapped holes, grip length, head styles, and fastener strengths. The second half of this manual presents
general guidelines and selection criteria for rivets and lockbolts.

17. Key Words (Suggested by Author(s)) 18. Distribution Statement

Fastener design; Washers; Inserts; Torque table; Unclassified - Unlimited

Rivets; Lockbolts Subject Category 37

19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No of pages 22. Price"

Unclassified Unclassified 100 A05

NASA FORM 1626 OCT86 "For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161

NASA-Langley, 1990