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1

, .
.. , ,

AB
.

| AB |
1

. AA
.

: () AB , ,

AB () AB ,

AB

()

()

AB ,

, AB //
,
.

AB , AB =-

: AB BA


a , .


OA a OB

a ,


( a , ) ( , ).


( a , )=900 , a , .


a , .

OA a OB .


AM OB , OM a ,

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)


a + = +a


( a + )+ = a +( + )

a +0 =a


a +(- a )= 0

a - a


a - . a - = a +(- )

OM .

AB

AB = OB OA




|| a |-| || | a + | | a |+| |


a | a + |=| a |+| |



a || a |-| ||=| a + |

0 a

a a :

a , >0 a , <0

||| a |.

(1) ( a + )= a +

(2) (+) a = a + a

(3) ( a )=() a
:



) a = 0 =0 a = 0

) (- a )=(- a )=-( a )


) ( a - )= a -

) (-) a = a - a


) a = 0 , a =


) a = a a 0 , =

a , 0 , a // a = ,

OM OA OB
2

= a + , ,

a .

()
1

| i |=1

, OM = i . .

(,)

.
.
1, 2
1
2 ,
.
(,) .
(,)

(,)

a ,

OA , OA = a . OA = OA 1+ OA 2

a = i + j . a .

i , j a

i , j , ,

a . a =(,)

a =(1,2) =(1,2) :


1. a = 1=1 2=2

2. a + =(1+1,2+2)

3. a =(1,2)

4. a + =(1+1,2+2)
(1,1) (2,2)
2
2
(,) : 1
, 1
2
2

(1,1) (2,2) AB
=(2-1, 2-1)

a =(,) | a |= 2 2

(1,1) (2,2) , | AB |= ( 2 1 ) 2 ( 2 1 ) 2

1
a =(1,1) =(2,2) det( a , )= 1
=12-21



a // det( a , )=0

2 2

a =(,) a

a =

a

a

a =| a || |

a .



a = 0 = 0 , a =0


a = a


a a =0


a a =| a || |



a a = - | a || |

a 2 | a |2
2

| i | =| j |2=1 , i j =0

a =(1,1) =(2,2)


a =12+12



( a ) = a ( )=( a )

2. a ( + )= a + a

3. a a = -1


1 2 1 2
a

| | | |
12 12 22 22

a
1.

OM 1 = v a v

a v a v a v

2o

=
.

(
),
, .
// =0
// , .
(1,1)
(2,2) 1 2

2 1
2 1

1 2 1 2
:

1//2 1 =2

1 2 1 2= -1

(0,0)
:

-0=(-0)


(0,0)

=0

(1,1) (2,2) :

1
-1= 2
(-1)
2 1

1 2

1=2 1 2

=1
=1

1=2

: =.

++=0 0 0
.
++=0 =

A
B

( 0)

=(,-) : ++=0

n =(A,B) : ++=0
1 2

1 2 1 2

1 2

1 2 =
|1 ||2 |
(++)+(++)=0 (1)

1 : ++=0 (2) 2 : ++=0 (3) .
(2) (3)
(0,0) : ++=0 :
d(M , )

| 0 0 |
2 2

: (1,1) , (2,2)
(3,3) :

( AB )

1
| det( AB , A )|
2


, .
.
,
:

x2 y2 2

(0,0) :
(-0)2+(-0)2=2

(,) (0,0) ,

OM :
= = [0,2)

(0,0)
(1, 1) :

1+1=2

(0,0)
(1, 1) :
2+2+++=0

(-1)(-0)+(-1)(-0)=2

2+2-


4>0

K (

A 2 B 2 4
A B
, ) =
2 2
4

,

.

,
:

2=2x

, ||


E ,0 : x
2
2


,
:

2=2

, ||


E 0, , :
2
2

(1,1) :

y 1 ( x 1 )
x 1 ( y 1 )

, y 2 2 x

, x 2 2 y

.


t ,
, .

2 (>0).


.
2. =2
.

:

x2 y2

1
a2 2

, a2 2

: (-,0) , (,0)
:
(-,0) , (,0)
(0,-) , (0,)
=2
=2

(,)
a x a
y

x2

y2
1
a2

, a2 2

: (0,-) , (0,)
:
(0,-) , (0,)
(-,0) , (,0)
=2
=2

(,)
x
a y a


.
(,)
(-,) , (,-) , (-,-) .
(1,1) :

xx1

xx1

1
2

1
a2

2
2
, x 2 y 2 1
a

2
2
, x 2 y 2 1


, , , .
E

.
,

. =2 (>0)
.
2 (>0).


:
x2 y2

1
2 a 2
a2 2

(-,0) , (,0)

(-,0) , (,0)

= >1

=
.
(,)
:
x a x

1 : y x 2 : y x
a
a
(,),
(,-), (-,-) (-,)

.



:
y2 x2

1
2 a 2
a2 2

(0,-) , (0,)

(0,-) , (0,)

= >1


a
a
1 : y x 2 : y x


(1,1) :
xx1 y 1
2 1
a2

y 1 xx1
2 1
a2

x2 y2

1
a2 2

y2 x2

1
a2 2

,
.

:

:
1. =1
2. =
3.
=+1.
.. 1+2+3+=
: =1 (1) 1=

( 1)
2

(1)

1(1 1)
1 2

1
2
2

k ( k 1)
2
k ( k 1)
k ( k 1) 2( k 1)
=+1 : 1+2+3++(+1)=
+(+1)=
=
2
2
( k 1)(k 2)
(1) =+1 .
2
(1) .

(1) = : 1+2+3+=

0 ,
, , =+ , 0 <||
:
.
8+1 ,
=2 ,
=2+1 ,

, 0.
/ , ,
, , =

,, , :
/ / , =
/ / , /
/ , / .
/ / , /(+).
/ 0 , || ||
.. ...

,
. (...)
(,) , :
/ /
/ /
(,)=(||,||)
, .
(...) [,]
, :
/ /
/ /
[,]=[||,||]
, (,)=1

,
, (,)=(,)


=(,) , , , : =+

.. (111,78)=3

3=(-7) 111+1078 . =-7, =10

,
, , , +=1
.. (3,4)=1 33+(-2)4=1

/ , / =(,) , /
.. 8=(24,16) , 4/24 , 4/16 , 4/8

/ (,)=1 , /
.. 6/126 (126=718) (6,7)=1 . 6/18

(,,)=((,),)

[,,]=[[,],]

.. (124,34,16)=((124,34),16)=(2,16)=2

=(,,) ,, , , =++
a
=(,,) , , , 1

: (,) [,]=||||

:
,, :
(,)=(-,)
(,)=(-,)

(,+1)=1

/ / (,)=1 /
>0 , (,)=(,)

[,]=[,]

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