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, .
.. , ,
AB
.
| AB |
1
. AA
.
: () AB , ,
AB () AB ,
AB
()
()
AB ,
, AB //
,
.
AB , AB =-
: AB BA
a , .
OA a OB
a ,
( a , ) ( , ).
( a , )=900 , a , .
a , .
OA a OB .
AM OB , OM a ,
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
a + = +a
( a + )+ = a +( + )
a +0 =a
a +(- a )= 0
a - a
a - . a - = a +(- )
OM .
AB
AB = OB OA
|| a |-| || | a + | | a |+| |
a | a + |=| a |+| |
a || a |-| ||=| a + |
0 a
a a :
a , >0 a , <0
||| a |.
(1) ( a + )= a +
(2) (+) a = a + a
(3) ( a )=() a
:
) a = 0 =0 a = 0
) (- a )=(- a )=-( a )
) ( a - )= a -
) (-) a = a - a
) a = 0 , a =
) a = a a 0 , =
a , 0 , a // a = ,
OM OA OB
2
= a + , ,
a .
()
1
| i |=1
, OM = i . .
(,)
.
.
1, 2
1
2 ,
.
(,) .
(,)
(,)
a ,
OA , OA = a . OA = OA 1+ OA 2
a = i + j . a .
i , j a
i , j , ,
a . a =(,)
a =(1,2) =(1,2) :
1. a = 1=1 2=2
2. a + =(1+1,2+2)
3. a =(1,2)
4. a + =(1+1,2+2)
(1,1) (2,2)
2
2
(,) : 1
, 1
2
2
(1,1) (2,2) AB
=(2-1, 2-1)
a =(,) | a |= 2 2
(1,1) (2,2) , | AB |= ( 2 1 ) 2 ( 2 1 ) 2
1
a =(1,1) =(2,2) det( a , )= 1
=12-21
a // det( a , )=0
2 2
a =(,) a
a =
a
a
a =| a || |
a .
a = 0 = 0 , a =0
a = a
a a =0
a a =| a || |
a a = - | a || |
a 2 | a |2
2
| i | =| j |2=1 , i j =0
a =(1,1) =(2,2)
a =12+12
( a ) = a ( )=( a )
2. a ( + )= a + a
3. a a = -1
1 2 1 2
a
| | | |
12 12 22 22
a
1.
OM 1 = v a v
a v a v a v
2o
=
.
(
),
, .
// =0
// , .
(1,1)
(2,2) 1 2
2 1
2 1
1 2 1 2
:
1//2 1 =2
1 2 1 2= -1
(0,0)
:
-0=(-0)
(0,0)
=0
(1,1) (2,2) :
1
-1= 2
(-1)
2 1
1 2
1=2 1 2
=1
=1
1=2
: =.
++=0 0 0
.
++=0 =
A
B
( 0)
=(,-) : ++=0
n =(A,B) : ++=0
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 =
|1 ||2 |
(++)+(++)=0 (1)
1 : ++=0 (2) 2 : ++=0 (3) .
(2) (3)
(0,0) : ++=0 :
d(M , )
| 0 0 |
2 2
: (1,1) , (2,2)
(3,3) :
( AB )
1
| det( AB , A )|
2
, .
.
,
:
x2 y2 2
(0,0) :
(-0)2+(-0)2=2
(,) (0,0) ,
OM :
= = [0,2)
(0,0)
(1, 1) :
1+1=2
(0,0)
(1, 1) :
2+2+++=0
(-1)(-0)+(-1)(-0)=2
2+2-
4>0
K (
A 2 B 2 4
A B
, ) =
2 2
4
,
.
,
:
2=2x
, ||
E ,0 : x
2
2
,
:
2=2
, ||
E 0, , :
2
2
(1,1) :
y 1 ( x 1 )
x 1 ( y 1 )
, y 2 2 x
, x 2 2 y
.
t ,
, .
2 (>0).
.
2. =2
.
:
x2 y2
1
a2 2
, a2 2
: (-,0) , (,0)
:
(-,0) , (,0)
(0,-) , (0,)
=2
=2
(,)
a x a
y
x2
y2
1
a2
, a2 2
: (0,-) , (0,)
:
(0,-) , (0,)
(-,0) , (,0)
=2
=2
(,)
x
a y a
.
(,)
(-,) , (,-) , (-,-) .
(1,1) :
xx1
xx1
1
2
1
a2
2
2
, x 2 y 2 1
a
2
2
, x 2 y 2 1
, , , .
E
.
,
. =2 (>0)
.
2 (>0).
:
x2 y2
1
2 a 2
a2 2
(-,0) , (,0)
(-,0) , (,0)
= >1
=
.
(,)
:
x a x
1 : y x 2 : y x
a
a
(,),
(,-), (-,-) (-,)
.
:
y2 x2
1
2 a 2
a2 2
(0,-) , (0,)
(0,-) , (0,)
= >1
a
a
1 : y x 2 : y x
(1,1) :
xx1 y 1
2 1
a2
y 1 xx1
2 1
a2
x2 y2
1
a2 2
y2 x2
1
a2 2
,
.
:
:
1. =1
2. =
3.
=+1.
.. 1+2+3+=
: =1 (1) 1=
( 1)
2
(1)
1(1 1)
1 2
1
2
2
k ( k 1)
2
k ( k 1)
k ( k 1) 2( k 1)
=+1 : 1+2+3++(+1)=
+(+1)=
=
2
2
( k 1)(k 2)
(1) =+1 .
2
(1) .
(1) = : 1+2+3+=
0 ,
, , =+ , 0 <||
:
.
8+1 ,
=2 ,
=2+1 ,
, 0.
/ , ,
, , =
,, , :
/ / , =
/ / , /
/ , / .
/ / , /(+).
/ 0 , || ||
.. ...
,
. (...)
(,) , :
/ /
/ /
(,)=(||,||)
, .
(...) [,]
, :
/ /
/ /
[,]=[||,||]
, (,)=1
,
, (,)=(,)
=(,) , , , : =+
.. (111,78)=3
,
, , , +=1
.. (3,4)=1 33+(-2)4=1
/ , / =(,) , /
.. 8=(24,16) , 4/24 , 4/16 , 4/8
/ (,)=1 , /
.. 6/126 (126=718) (6,7)=1 . 6/18
(,,)=((,),)
[,,]=[[,],]
.. (124,34,16)=((124,34),16)=(2,16)=2
=(,,) ,, , , =++
a
=(,,) , , , 1
: (,) [,]=||||
:
,, :
(,)=(-,)
(,)=(-,)
(,+1)=1
/ / (,)=1 /
>0 , (,)=(,)
[,]=[,]