00539

The Structure of a Pascal Program

E

EVERY

VERYP

PASCAL

ASCALPROGRAM

PROGRAMM UST

MUSTFOLLOW

FOLLOWA

ABAS\u0130C

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PROGRAMM UST

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FOLLOW

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.

PROGRAMProgramName;

VAR VariableName : VariableType;

VariableName : VariableType;

...

PROCEDUREProcedureName;

variables here if necessary

BEGINSome Code;
END;
FUNCTION FunctionName(variableList): VariableType;

variables here if necessary

BEGIN

Some Code if necessary;
FunctionName := some expression
More Code if necessary;

END;

... more functions and procedures if necessary ...

BEGINthe main program block. It should be small and all

work should be delegated to the procedures and
functions.
It often consists of a WHILE loop that calls in
turn procedures and functions in the appropriate
order.

END.

N

NOTE

OTE:

:T

THE

HEFUNCT\u0130ONS

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ANDPROCEDURES

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OR

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Variable Types

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PASCAL

ASCAL:

: INTEGER, REAL, CHAR, BOOLEAN

INTEGER, REAL, CHAR, BOOLEAN,

,AND

ANDSTRING

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.THEY

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:

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A

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FOR IBM PC

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AND

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URBOP

PASCAL

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THEYARE

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AL

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Assigning Values to Variables

V

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.

V

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.

E

EXAMPLE

XAMPLE:

:

PROGRAM Test;

VAR x : REAL;

{ variable name is x, type is real

i : INTEGER:

{ variable name is i, type is integer

c : CHAR;

{ variable name is c, type is character

s : STRING;

{ variable name is s, type is string

BEGINx := -34.55;

{ valid real number assigned to variable x }

x := -3.9E-3;

{ valid real number assigned to variable x }

WRITELN(x);

{ x contains the value -3.9E-3 }

i := 10;

{ valid integer number assigned to variable i }

i := i * i;

{ valid (!) - i will be 100 now }

i := 9933;

{ valid integer number assigned to variable i }

i := -99999;

{invalid integer - too small }

i := 999.44;

{invalid assignment - types do not match }

c := '1';

{ valid character assigned to variable c }

c := 1;

{invalid assignment - types do not match }

c := 'Bert';

{invalid assignment - types do not match }

c := 'd';

{ valid character assigned to variable c }

WRITELN(c);

{ c contains the value 'd' }

d := 'c';

{unknown variable - the variable d is not declared }

WRITELN(s);

{invalid reference - s has undefined value }

END.

Formatted Input and Output

Reading Information

To read information from the keyboard, you can the commandREAD LN, as in the following example:

PROGRAM Test;

VAR x : REAL;

{ x is declared to be real }

i : INTEGER;

{ i is declared to be an integer }

c : CHAR;

{ c is declared to be a character }

BEGINREADLN(x);

{ user can type a real number, followed by
the return key. The value will be stored
in the variable x. If the user input is
not a real (or integer) number, a
runtime error (invalid assignment) will

occur. }

READLN(i);

{ user can type a integer, followed by

the return key. The value will be stored

in the variable i. If the user input is
not an integer, a runtime error (invalid
assignment) will occur. }

READLN(c);

{ user can type any character, followed by
the return key. The value will be stored in
the variable c and will be a character. If
a user enters 1, c will be the character '1'
not the integer 1. }

READLN;

{ user can type a single return. }

END.

The exact workings of theREADLN command will be discussed later.

Writing Information

To write information on the screen, you can use theWRITE orWRITELN command. You can write the

content of variables or simple text. There are several variations:

W

WR\u0130T\u0130NG

R\u0130T\u0130NGT

TEXT

EXTWRITE(

WRITE(

'

'ANY

ANY

TEXT

TEXT');

');

WR\u0130TES

WR\u0130TESANY

ANYTEXT

TEXTENCLOSED

ENCLOSED\u0130N

\u0130NS\u0130MPLE

S\u0130MPLEQU OTES

QUOTESON

ONTHE

THESCREEN

SCREEN

W

WR\u0130T\u0130NG

R\u0130T\u0130NG

\u0130NTEGERS

UNFORMATTED

WRITE(

I);

I

I\u0130S

\u0130SAN

AN\u0130NTEGER

\u0130NTEGERVAR \u0130ABLE

VAR\u0130ABLE

W

WR\u0130T\u0130NG

R\u0130T\u0130NG

\u0130NTEGERS

FORMATTED

WRITE(

I:

I:NUM

NUM);

);

I

I\u0130S

\u0130SAN

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\u0130NTEGERAND

ANDNUM

NUM\u0130ND \u0130CATES

\u0130ND\u0130CATESTHE

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.IF

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);

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NUM

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NUM2)

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;

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\u0130SA

AREAL

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.

N

NOTE

OTE:

:T

THE

HESAM E

SAMERULES

RULESA P P LY

APPLYFOR

FORTHE

THECOMMAND

COMMANDWRITELN

WRITELNB UT

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ANEXAMPLE

EXAMPLE:

:

PROGRAM Test;

VAR x : REAL;

i : INTEGER;

j : INTEGER;

BEGINx := 12.449;

i := 10;
j := -300;
WRITE('This is some text');
WRITELN('Unformatted integer ',i);
WRITELN('Unformatted integer computation ',i*i);
WRITELN('formatted integer',i:4);
WRITELN('formatted integer',j:4);
WRITELN('Unformatted real ',x);
WRITE('Formatted real');
WRITE(x:8:2);
WRITELN('all in one line');

END.

WH\u0130CH

WH\u0130CHW\u0130LL

W\u0130LLPRODUCE

PRODUCETHE

THEFOLLOW \u0130NG

FOLLOW\u0130NGOUTPUT

OUTPUT:

:

This is some textUnformatted integer 10

Unformatted integer computation 100

Category:	Uncategorized.
Rating:
Upload Date:	06/25/2009
Copyright:	Attribution Non-commercial
Tags:	This document has no tags.

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