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6/25/09 5:08 AMAJR - The Twitter ExplosionPage 1 of 6http://ajr.org/article_printable.asp?id=4756
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The Twitter Explosion
 JUNE/JULY PREVIEW»
Whether they are reporting about it, finding sources on it or urging viewers, listeners and readers to follow them on it, journalists just can’t seem to get enough of the social networking service. Just how effective is it as a journalism tool? 
By 
Paul Farhi
 
I
t's OK to be sick and tired of Twitter. Heaven knows, it may be the world's most overhyped technology,the latest in an ever-lengthening list of overhyped technologies and cultural techno-fads stretching back toCB radio. LexisNexis counts more than 3,000 news stories mentioning the microblogging service in a five-day period in mid-April alone. A Google search churns up 400 million mentions. Naturally, a Twitter  backlash is in full swing; no less than the likes of Maureen Dowd, Garry Trudeau and "The Daily Show"have made fun of this latest media obsession.The withering overexposure no doubt reflects journalists' status as members of the Twittering class. Somewell-known news-media names now have Twitter followings that are almost as large as the circulation of their newspapers or viewership of their TV shows. "This Week" hostGeorge Stephanopouloshad morethan 564,000 people following his 140-character tweets as of mid-May. Stephanopoulos, tweeting on April22: "Just finished breakfast (flatbread w sour cherries) in Tehran. Saw President Ahmedinejad yesterday.Trying to see Roxana Saberi today." Other mass-media Twitteurs include "Meet the Press" hostDavidGregory(528,356 followers), MSNBC'sRachel Maddow(506,951), National Public Radio hostScott Simon(360,861), and New York Times technology columnistDavid Pogue(306,371). For journalists, the real question is whether Twitter is more than just the latest info-plaything. Does it"work" in any meaningful way — as a news-dissemination channel, a reporting and source-building tool, a promotional platform? Or is it merely, to buy the caricature, just a banal, narcississtic and often addictivetime suck?The unsatisfying answer: It all depends.For anyone still in the dark about Twitter, a quick bit of background: Twitter, created by a San Francisco 
 
6/25/09 5:08 AMAJR - The Twitter ExplosionPage 2 of 6http://ajr.org/article_printable.asp?id=4756
startup calledObviousand publicly released in August 2006, is a free social networking service thatenables anyone to post pithy messages, known as tweets, to groups of self-designated followers. The tweetscan be sent from and received by any kind of device — desktop, laptop, BlackBerry, cellphone. It's likeinstant messaging or text messaging, but one-to-many, instead of one-to-one. Twitter has grown withastounding speed, attracting 17 million visitors in April, an 83 percent gain over the previous month,according to the research firm comScore. News organizations and reporters have been quick to adopt Twitter for an obvious reason: Its speed and brevity make it ideal for pushing out scoops and breaking news to Twitter-savvy readers. The Oregonian inPortland may have been the mainstream media pioneer in this regard; it began posting its own links andaggregating citizen tweets about flooding and road closures during heavy storms in central Oregon in late2007, when Twitter barely had 500,000 users nationwide. Other newspapers have subsequently usedTwitter to post swift-changing updates following natural disasters in their areas.Reporters now routinely tweet from all kinds of events — speeches, meetings and conferences, sportsevents. In February, a federal judge gave his blessing to Ron Sylvester of the Wichita Eagle to use Twitter to report on a trial of six suspected gang members, the first time tweeting had been permitted inside afederal courtroom. Sylvester tweeted frequently from the trial, providing a nearly contemporaneousaccount. On the other hand, not all tweets are equally useful. Tweets from reporters covering the heavilychoreographed political conventions last summer produced plenty of snark and trivia, but little in the wayof important or interesting news.Twitter "works best in situations where the story is changing so fast that the mainstream media can'tassemble all the facts at once," saysCraig Stoltz, a "semi-evangelical" Twitter user and new-mediaconsultant who writes a lively tech blog calledWeb2.0h...Really?(2ohreally.com). "The plane crash, theriot, the political event — these are the kinds of stories where time is important and the facts are scattered."In fact, Twitter can be a serious aid in reporting. It can be a living, breathing tip sheet for facts, newsources and story ideas. It can provide instantaneous access to hard-to-reach newsmakers, given that there'sno PR person standing between a reporter and a tweet to a government official or corporate executive. Itcan also be a blunt instrument for crowdsourcing. When a vacant building collapsed in late April, NewYork Times reporters put out the Twitter equivalent of an APB: "Seeking any eyewitnesses to Lower Manhattan building collapse." Imagine the torrent of data that would have been available to the Times hadTwitter been around on the morning of September 11, 2001.Twitter's optimal use requires a little care and feeding. By seeding and pruning her "following" and"followers" lists on Twitter, blogger  Nancy Shuteof USNews.com has assembled her own interactivecommunity of thought leaders, expert sources, fellow journalists and just plain folks interested in her specialties, science and medicine. Her running conversation with this network occasionally leads to storytips, she says. In the early days of the discovery of salmonella-infected peanut butter, for instance, a federalemployee she follows on Twitter tweeted the news that government health officials would soon be usingTwitter to highlight new information about the outbreak, a first for the Feds. Shute checked it out. Her scoop was on her blog a few hours later.Monica Guzman, a blogger for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, doesn't just trade tips, quips and gossip withher Twitter circle; she actually meets with her Twitter "community" at a local coffeehouse on a regular  
 
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 basis, cultivating a deeper relationship with like-minded sources.Veteran new-media blogger and Arizona State University journalism professor Dan Gillmor says journalistsshould view Twitter as a "collective intelligence system" that provides early warnings about trends, peopleand news. Journalists, he says, should "follow people who point them to things they should know about"and direct questions back to them to do better reporting. He recommends setting up keyword searches andunderstanding "hashtags," Twitter-speak for a group of tweets about the same subject or event, indicated bya # sign and topic word (such as "swineflu").If he were running a news organization, Paul Grabowicz, director of the new-media program at theUniversity of California, Berkeley's journalism school, says Twitter would be as much a part of hisnewsroom's daily reporting arsenal as phones and notepads. "I would be asking everyone on my staff, 'Whoare the people and target groups you're trying to reach? Can you start a Twitter group to follow those people?' " Twitter, he says, enables reporters "to reach people where they are. People are busy, but they'reout there consuming and exchanging information on these networks. This is a way of bridging the gap withthem and being more engaged with them. News reporters need to be on the ground floor of this, instead of when the horse has left the barn."Twitter can also be a kind of community organizing tool for the newsroom itself. When big stories have broken, a few news organizations have channeled the freewheeling exchanges and debates that explode allover Twitter by creating their own hashtags. A day before the Iowa Supreme Court ruled in favor of same-sex marriages in the state, the Des Moines Register created its own hashtag, #iagaymarriage. The tagquickly caught on, becoming so popular that competitors like the Gazette in Cedar Rapids wound uptagging their tweets with it. The Register posted excerpts of some of the resulting discussion, turning it intothe 21st century equivalent of the classic man-on-the-street opinion feature. The Herald in Everett,Washington, did something similar earlier this year when its region was flooded; the paper's #wafloodhashtag became the go-to code for bulletins affecting the community and a rich source of news andreactions for the Herald.
H
ashtags are just one of the tools that bring coherence to what can seem like Twitter's tower of Babel.Sites such asTweetcloud.comandTwitscoop.com, which track the hottest topics on Twitter, are like police scanners for social media networks. They offer a real-time glimpse into what people, or people on Twitter anyway, are buzzing about (admittedly, most of the buzz is fairly predictable, such as chatter about theday's big game, or Cinco de Mayo on May 5).Tweetmeme.comeven shows the most popular links that people on Twitter have posted, another trick Google hasn't learned yet.The process works the other way, too; search engines like twist.flaptor.com and Twitter's ownsearch.twitter.com make it possible to search Twitter's collected musings on just about any topic. It's truethat the searches more often turn up haystacks of gibberish instead of gems, but it can also be a way to find breaking news."Two or three years ago, I would have said RSS feeds were the best way to keep track of a topic. I nowthink Twitter is better," says < a href='http://twitter.com/markbriggs'> Mark Briggs, who runs a softwaredevelopment company and is the author of "Journalism 2.0," a book about new digital reporting methods.Briggs, who tweets three or four times a day, tries to observe an 80-20 rule: about 80 percent of his tweets 
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