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WRITING TO LEARN THE ESSAY ANSWER KEY Unit 1 MYSELF AND OTHERS A.

Prewriting Exercise 1: Meeting your classmates Write three sentences about how you are feeling now beginning with I. 1. I feel empty. 2. I had a great vacation. 3. I have started my new semester. Write three sentences about yourself using my. 1. My friend told me that she had a problem. 2. My books are gone. 3. My money is enough to travel to Hong Kong. Write three sentences about yourself using me that tell someone has said or done to you recently. 1. She gave me a letter. 2. He asked me to eat out. 3. He told me that he was in love with me. Exercise 2: Like me list 1. What is special about your hometown? 2. What is difficult about the language you speak? 3. Who are you close to in your family? 4. Why are you studying English? 5. When did you start studying English? 6. What is your biggest problem with English?

7. What are your plans for the future? 8. What do you do in your free time? 9. What makes you happy? 10. What frustrates you? Exercise 3: Peak experiences 1. When was your worst day ever? 2. What is the best gift youve ever received? 3. What is the worst thing youve ever done to a friend? 4. What is the most recent thing you learned from your roommate? 5. What is the worst game youve ever attended in your country? 6. What is the best concert youve ever been to? 7. What is your most feared of? 8. What is the best advice youve ever received from your parents? 9. What is the best wish for a best friend? 10. What was the best accomplishment when you were in high school? Exercise 4: Cooking with Mattie 1. Synonym: poked Sentence: My brother poked his head into the window. 2. Synonym: code Sentence: I use a code to open my file. 3. Synonym: tickles Sentence: The man tickled his wife using the feather. 4. Synonym: Fittingly Sentence: The girl fittingly sang her favorite song on the stage. 5. Synonym: genuinely

Sentence: We share our friendship genuinely. 6. Synonym: revealed Sentence: I revealed my darkest secret to every student. Exercise 5: Mattie and C.B. To Mattie 1. What do you like about C.B.? 2. What is one thing you dont like about C.B.? 3. What was the worst food youve ever prepared for C.B.? To C.B. 1. How do you compare Mattie to your real mom? 2. If Mattie isnt around, how will you handle your problem? 3. What is the best lesson youve ever learned from Mattie? Exercise 6: What makes a person good? Mattie treats her as if she were her real daughter. Mattie is always there when she needs someone to talk to. Mattie guides her as she grows up.

Person Rachel Quality Kindness Example I can see that she always cares for her friends feelings. B. Structure Exercise 1: Recognizing adjective clauses, reduced adjective clauses, and prepositional phrases 1. Mattie was a woman. She could really cook well. 2. Charlie was Matties daughter. Her best friend was C.B. 3. C.B. is a person for home cooking. She has a really big appetite. 4. Mattie was happy to see C.B. walk in. She was preparing chicken parmigiana in her kitchen. 5. Charlie and C.B. were sisters. They had different skin colors.

6. The chicken was chicken parmigiana and mashed potatoes. C.B. liked to eat them. 7. C.B. was poking her head into the kitchen. She saw Mattie. 8. Mattie was not too busy to chat with C.B. She was busy with preparing C.B.s favorite food. 9. C.B. often asked Mattie. Matties reputation as a wise person was well known. 10. The kitchen is a place. The families often have serious talks there. 11. Mattie taught C.B. a lot about life. She has wisdom, warmth, and patience. 12. Mattie prepared chicken parmigiana. It is an Italian dish. Exercise 3: Combining sentences with adjective clauses 1. Luc, who spoke French as a child, mostly speaks English now. 2. He has an emotional attachment to French, which is his first language. 3. Luc, who earns his living as an artist, lives in New Jersey. 4. Sante remembers the language of his childhood, when he spoke French with his parents. 5. Luc, who curses even better in French, curses in English. 6. French, which is deeply part of Sante, is the language of his soul. 7. Santes parents live in the United States, which is an English speaking country. 8. Sante spent his early childhood in another country, where people spoke French. 9. Bilinguals are interesting people whose feet are in two worlds. 10. Sante, whose bilingualism makes him a richer person, has insight into two cultures. Exercise 4: Building adjective clauses 1. Mattie, who cooks on a huge old gas stove, loves to create fancy dishes. 2. Luc, whose parents taught him French at home, learned English in school. 3. Mattie, whom C.B. loves, is a diminutive African-American woman. 4. Luc cries out in French at times, when he is in great pain. 5. Mattie spends a lot of time in the kitchen, where she cooks. 6. New Jersey is the state, where Luc lives.

Exercise 5: Writing adjective clauses about yourself 1. I am a person who spends her free time surfing the net. 2. I like the Christmas tree that I saw in Gateway. 3. The teacher whose bag is blue is my best friend. 4. I usually go to a caf where I can read my favorite novels. 5. December is the month, when I always feel excited. Exercise 6: Reducing adjective clauses 1. C.B. is the one talking to Mattie. 2. Luc is the person sitting in that chair. 3. The dog barking at the mailman is still a puppy. 4. Mattie has a recipe book containing hundreds of recipes. 5. Lucs parents, fluent in French, dont speak English well. 6. The car in front of our house belongs to Luc. 7. The language being spoken is Italian. 8. The cat, on the window sill, is named Sam. C. Writing and Editing Exercise 1: Time line for an autobiography 1. early childhood I used to play Barbie dolls. 2. elementary school days I won the first prize in the spelling contest. 3. teenage years I received a love letter from a student from a secret admirer. 4. young adulthood The man whom I really love broke my heart. Exercise 3: Writing summary statements Paragraph 1 Rogers grew up in a large, strict and religious family, which was very close. Paragraph 2 His family brought a farm for two reasons: his father wanted it to be a hobby and to be removed from the temptations of suburban life.

Paragraph 3 He became interested in moths. Paragraph 4 He became a student of scientific agriculture. Paragraph 5 He started in college at Wisconsin and met the agronomy professor. Paragraph 6 His professional goal changed because of a religious thing. Paragraph 7 He was selected to go to China for an International world Student Christian Federation Conference. Paragraph 8 He fell in love. Exercise 4: Interviewing Carl Rogers Paragraph 1 How was it like to grow up in a strict family? Paragraph 2 How did your life change when you moved out of suburban life? Paragraph 3 How did your interest in moths begin? Paragraph 4 What were your difficulties studying agriculture? Paragraph 5 How did the agronomy professor influence you? Paragraph 6 Why did you think changing agriculture to history was better? Paragraph 7 What were the things you learned from the conference? Paragraph 8 How do you balance your beliefs and your relationship with your wife? Exercise 6: Writing your thesis statement Thesis statement tells the reader what the essay is about.

Unit 2 FAMILY AND RELATIONSHIP A. Prewriting Exercise 1: Family trees Answer cousin B. Structure Exercise 1: Recognizing noun clauses 1. I know what your brother does for a living. 2. They dont know if they should invite their in-laws. 3. Kim says that almost all Koreans have extended families. 4. Mom shouted to us that it was time for dinner. 5. What his wife was singing was a Beatles song. 6. I wonder whose sister-in-law she is. 7. Tell me why your aunt cant come to the wedding. 8. My great uncle learned how to ski. 9. Their children asked whether they were buying a new car. 10. Whoever wants to meet lots of new people should come to our family reunion. Exercise 2: Creating sentences with noun clauses 1. Whoever wants to have children have to undergo counseling. 2. Whether you come to the wedding is not important to him. 3. I know why the family doesnt get together more. 4. My mother is wondering if the whole family is invited. 5. No one knows where my uncle lives. 6. Im not sure whose grandson he is.

Exercise 3: Creating sentences with noun clauses introduced by that and noun phrases 1. Divorce is common in many countries. (a) It is my belief that divorce is common in many countries. (b) It is common to divorce in many countries. (c) Filing divorce is common in many countries. 2. A good relationship is not easy to achieve. (a) It is widely believed that a good relationship is not easy to achieve. (b) It is not easy to achieve a good relationship. (c) Having a good relationship is not easy to achieve. 3. The birth rate has actually dropped in several countries. (a) It is a miracle that the birth rate has actually dropped in several countries. (b) It is a miracle to drop the birth rate in several countries. (c) Dropping the birth rate is a miracle in several countries. 4. There are many widows in the United States. (a) It has been said that there are many widows in the United States. (b) It is hard to be widow in the United States. (c) Being a widow is hard in the United States. 5. Remarriage is a solution for widowers. (a) It seems that remarriage is a solution for widowers. (b) It seems easy for widowers to remarry. (c) Remarrying is a solution for widowers. Living in blended families is undeniable to many children.

6. Many children live in blended families. (a) It is thought that many children live in blended families. (b) It is undeniable to many children to live in blended families. (c) Living in blended families is undeniable to many children. 7. A single parent works and raises children. (a) It is common that a single parent works and raises children alone. (b) It is common for a single parent to work and raise children alone. (c) Working and raising children alone for a single parent is common. 8. Lots of babies go to day care at less than a year old. (a) It is undeniable that lots of babies go to day care at less than a year old. (b) It is undeniable for lots of babies to go to day care at less than a year old. (c) Going to day care at less than a year old is undeniable for lots of babies. Exercise 4: More practice with reported speech 1. Her mother asked her when she was going to get married. 2. My cousin emailed me to ask if I would come and visit him. 3. My sister-in-law asked why I did that. 4. Sociologists ask themselves how they could accurately define the American family. 5. She asked me if I knew what I really wanted. 6. The student inquired where he could find the answer to that question. 7. They wanted to know why I said that. 8. His parents asked him if he would come home for the holidays.

Unit 3 EDUCATION A. Prewriting Exercise 3: Shirleys Pledge Shirleys words A lesson To the frog And to the republic for which it stands One Asian In the vestibule With little tea And just rice for all B. Structure Exercise 3: Understanding conditional sentences A. Real conditional sentences can express generalizations and inferences. 1. Generalizations include facts that are always true and never change, and they include present or past habitual activities that are or were usually true. Real conditionals expressing generalizations usually have the same tense (usually simple present or simple past) in both clauses. However, if the simple present tense is used in the ifclause, will + verb can be used in the main clause without changing the meaning. Examples of real conditional sentences expressing facts: If water boils, it turns to steam. If water boils, it will turn to steam. Examples of real conditional sentences expressing habitual activities: If he eats breakfast, he feels better all day. If he eats breakfast, he will feel better all day. If he ate breakfast, he felt better all day. These generalizations can also be expressed by using when or whenever instead of if: When water boils, it turns to steam. When he eats breakfast, he feels better all day. When he ate breakfast, he felt better all day. The Pledge of Alliance Allegiance To the flag And to the wee puppet for witches hands One nation Indivisible With liberty And justice for all

2. Inferences are often expressed in real conditional sentences. Real conditionals expressing inferences usually have parallel verb phrases in both clauses. However, if a modal which explicitly expresses an inference (must or should, for example) is used in the main clause, parallel verb phrases are not used. Examples of real conditional sentences expressing inferences: If today is Wednesday, it is Georges birthday. If I can do it, anyone can do it. if it is raining, the streets are getting wet. If he was at school, he saw the accident. If today is Wednesday, it must be Georges birthday. If I can do it, anyone must be able to do it. if it is raining, the streets must be getting wet. If he was at school, he must have seen the accident.

B. Predictive conditional sentences can express predictions and plans. 1. Predictive conditional sentences usually contain simple present tense in the if-clause and will or be going to in the result clause. However, a weaker modal of prediction (may or should, for example) can be used in the result clause to express less certainty. 2. Examples of predictive conditional sentences: If the exam is hard, many students are going to fail. If Mary does well on the final exam, she will get an A in the class. If George does well on the final exam, he may get an A in the class. If Fred studies, he should pass the exam.

C. Imaginative conditional sentences are the most difficult for many learners of English because of the unusual relationship between form (the tenses used) and meaning. In this type of conditional sentence, past tense refers to present or future time; past perfect tense refers to past time. Another problem for many learners of English is that were (not was) is used with singular subjects. Be is the only English verb with two past tense forms, but only one of them (were) is used in imaginative conditional sentences. Imaginative conditional sentences can express hypothetical or contrary-to-fact events or states.

1. Hypothetical events or states are unlikely but possible in the present or future. Imaginative conditional sentences expressing hypothetical events or states have a past tense verb in the if-clause and would + verb (or might or could + verb) in the result clause. Examples of hypothetical conditional sentences (present and/or future time): If George had enough money, he would buy a new car. If I won the lottery, I would buy you a present. If she knew the answer, she would tell us. (George probably does not have enough money; I probably will not win the lottery; she probably does not know the answer.) 2. Contrary-to-fact events or states are either impossible in the present time or did not happen in the past. Imaginative conditional sentences expressing present contrary-to-fact events or states have a past verb in the if-clause and would + verb (or might or could + verb) in the result clause. Some examples: If I were you, I would not do that. If she studied for exams, she would get better grades. If it were raining, the streets would be wet. (I am not you; she doesnt study for exams; it isnt raining.) Imaginative conditional sentences expressing past contrary-to-fact events or states have a past perfect verb in the if-clause and would + have + verb (or might or could + have + verb) in the result clause. Some examples: If George had had enough money, he would have bought a new car. If I had won the lottery, I would have bought you a present. If she had known the answer, she would have told us. (George did not have enough money; I did not win the lottery; she did not know the answer.)

1. I 2. P 3. I

4. I 5. I 6. P 7. F 8. F 9. F 10. F 11. F 12. F Unit 4 : Work Exercise 2: Vocabulary (page 91) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. went, is continuing, jumped downtrodden masses pager, cellphone, and laptop gripping (Answers may vary.) Present (simple present, present continuous, present perfect) Have entered Has been put back Were working Is continuing Were Is Are working Are Say Seems Has Sweat out Do

Past (simple past, past continuous, past perfect) Was Crossed Used to Had Went Jumped

Exercise 3: Shifting back in time Our Family Business a. b. c. d. Ran Kept Did Took e. f. g. h. Had Were Served Waited

i. j. k. l. m.

Cooked Didnt Went Got Did

n. o. p. q.

Helped Was Was Went

Exercise 5: Rewriting interview notes 1. She would clean tables and chairs, but now shes not responsible for clean-up in present job. 2. Her parents used to be in hotel business, but now they no longer own a hotel. 3. She used to work in a small hotel, but she is working for a large busy restaurant now. 4. She used to learn all facets of hotel business from her parents, but now she wants to manage their business. 5. She used to learn to share work with her brother, but now her brother runs a bed and breakfast in town. 6. She used to study hotel management in college, but now she doesnt have managerial experience. 7. She used to be shy and reserved as a young girl, but now shes outgoing and personable. 8. She used to work in her parents hotel through high school, but she has several different part-time jobs in college. 9. She used to avoid math classes in high school, but now she likes her accounting class. 10. She was a valedictorian when she graduated high school, and she will graduate summa cum laude in university this June. Exercise 6: Using verb tenses correctly Editing I would like to apply for the position of Computer Lab Tutor. I feel very well qualified for this position. Although I never used a computer before I entered high school, now I am competent and confident. In high school, I learned word processing and working with many different CD Roms. It was also in high school that I fell in love with the Internet. At this college I took all of the courses necessary for a certificate in Computer Technology. I am now working on my general education requirements to get an AS degree. Unit 5 Leisure and Recreation Exercise 1 : Reviewing adjective clauses 1. Today it may seem that the route which was first pioneered by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953 has been tamed. 2. After all, the mountain has been climbed by a 61-year-old man and a 17-year-old boy, by complete novices and even by a one-legged Welsh-born mountaineer who was named Tom Whitaker.

3. Base camp, which is 15,000 feet below the start of the climb in the Khumbu district of Nepal, bristles with satellite dishes. Exercise 2: Editing adjective clauses Restrictive (R) vs non-restrictive (NR) clauses 1. which is at 15, 000 feet NR 2. who reach the top of Everest R 3. on which most climbers depend at high altitude NR 4. who use little or no technology... R 5. where he planned to climb Everest without...guides NR 6. that showed where everyone was on the mountain R 7. when most children are not yet walking R 8. why Goran...Army R 9. which reflects his individualism NR 10. who have...own R Exercise 3: Identifying sentence fragments Everything he did in the next five years. Was a step toward his final goal. It is important to me to stress this step-by-step philosophy, he says. I believe. It is a relevant strategy for all kinds of activity where change is needed. Every successfully completed step enhances competence, thereby increasing the chances of reaching the target. Kropp has. Climbed some of the toughest mountains in the world. Each a little higher than the last, culminating in K2, the worlds second highest mountain in Pakistan. Believed by many to be the hardest in the world. The following year he climbed another big mountain close to K2 in Pakistan, called Broad Peak. Starting alone from base camp. It was the perfect preparation for Everest. Exercise 4: Correcting fragments 1. Everything he did in the next five years was a step toward his final goal. 2. I believe it is a relevant strategy for all kinds of activity where change is needed. 3. Each a little higher than the last, culminating in K2, the worlds second highest mountain in Pakistan, is believed by many to be the hardest in the world. 4. The following year he climbed another big mountain close to K2 in Pakistan, called Broad Peak starting alone from base camp. Exercise 5: Identifying run-on sentences and comma splices Hes a very friendly, good-natured guy, says Audrey Salkeld. Salkeld is an Everest historian who met Kropp at base camp after his epic bike ride. He reminds me of big, cheerful dog, full of enthusiasm and life, but hes also very meticulous, says Salkeld. Salkeld recalls how, during the terrible storm which swept across the mountain that season,

climbers from each expedition would meet every day to help coordinate the rescue of those struggling down the mountain. By the time the monsoon ended, 11 climbers had dies. Goran would arrive at the meetings with brilliant diagrams to show the whereabouts of everybody on the mountain, he said. He was fully prepared to help in the rescue, but he wanted to think everything through for himself. He didnt want to rely on what other people were telling him. C. Writing and Editing Exercise 1: Formality versus informality A formal lifestyle A business suit A tie and pocket handkerchief A five course dinner Calling people Sir and Madame An invitation in the mail that says RSVP A tuxedo Linen tablecloth and napkins High heels and pearls A trimmed moustache A permanent A pedicure A wedding at a luxury hotel Exercise 2: Adjusting to the L.A lifestyle Reporters liefstyle Normal yogurts Regular size of refrigerators Didnt call his boss with his first name Didnt put his feet on the desk in his working place Unit 6: The Natural World Exercise 2: From Millennial Mayhem 1. The writer expresses his sarcasm. 2. It is because those quick fixes involve technology 3. It means taking from the earth in response to need rather than greed, and at a rate that allows resources to replenish themselves. 4. The process of changing ones standard. L.A. lifestyle Many kinds of yogurts Twice the size of regular size refrigerators Call his boss with the first name Put his feet on his desk in working place Eat lot of meat An informal lifestyle Cheeseburgers and French fries Cut-off shorts A Hawaiianshirts A baseball cap on backwards Calling people you guys A phone call to go out for a beer A beach blanket and a cooler Sandals and a shell necklace A tattoo Multiple piercings Purple hair A wedding in the woods

5. It is because the Native Americans never made any decision without considering the impact on future generations. 6. We recycle, use non-aerosol hair spray, build wildlife sanctuaries, and even have a whole day every April called Earth Day. 7. (The answer may vary.) 8. (The answer may vary.) 9. (The answer may vary.) 10. (The answer may vary.) B. Structure Exercise 1: Recognizing complex sentences 1. S 2. CS Whittam swivelss in his chair and he points to anold newspaper clipping on the wall inside his office. 3. S Its from the Philadelphia Inquirer, 1976. 4. S That was when it all began. 5. CX They were a new infetious bacteria that microbiologists named Legionnaires disease. 6. S The bacteria had colonized the air-conditioning ducts of a hotel in Philadelphia. 7. CX When the the hotel staff turned on the air conditioning, they unknowingly sprayed the deadly bacteria into guests rooms. 8. S Developed countries like the United States thought that they had conquered infectious diseases. 9. S The discovery of Legionnaires disease sent biologists scurrying to their labs. 10. S Other infectious diseases have been discovered. 11. S Scientists havent figured out why these new infectious diseases are emerging. Exercise 2: Creating complex sentences 1. After Legionnaires (attending a conference) got sick, Legionnaires disease was discovered in a hotel. 2. You get Lyme disease only if a certain kind of tick bites you. 3. Its easy to get tick bites unless you wear a long sleeve shirt and long pants. 4. No one heard of toxic shock syndrome in the nineteenth century even though it is a serious infectious disease now. 5. Scientists dont know why new diseases are merging even though scientists are doing a lot of research. 6. Although one hunch is overpopulation, it may not be the single cause.

7. Some diseases are treated with antibiotics because these diseases have mutated and become resistant. 8. Bacteria existed for a long time before humankind existed. Exercise 3: Combining sentences with transitions 1. The soil near a volcano is fertile. Therefore, a lot of volcanic products can be used in every day life. 2. Gravels and sand found in rivers can be used in building material. However, the thermal energy from some volcanoes can be used to generate electric power. 3. In summary, volcanoes provide many benefits. On the other hand, if you live too close to a volcano and it erupts, it can be lethal. 4. Mount Merapi in Central Java, Indonesia, is one of the most active volcanoes in the world. However, it is the most feared volcano in a country that has 129 volcanoes known to be active. 5. Barry Voight, a professor of geosciences, sees the distinct possibility for catastrophe. In addition, he has been studying Merapi since 1988. 6. Earthquake activity around volcanoes has been linked directly to volcanic activity. However, seismology is one of the main tools used to study volcanoes around the world. Exercise 4: Punctuating sentences correctly. 1. Then, a few days after the story, scientists announced that they had miscalculated the asteroids path and it wouldnt hit us after all. 2. Folks wiped their brows, let out a collective whew and went about their business. 3. But, according to Darren Williams, 98 phD Sci, an astronomer and assistant professor of physics at the behrend College, Were not in the clear yet. 4. There are still millions, if not billions of asteroids barreling through our solar system every year. 5. Usually either theyre too small to penetrate our atmosphere or else they miss us completely. 6. But big asteroids tend to have unstable orbits, says Williams. 7. The gravitational pulls of the planets are constantly tugging at them. 8. One could collide with us at any time. C. Writing and Editing Exercise 2: Ocean Extinction 1. Two theories explain how stagnation could have caused extinctions. 2. 4th paragraph 3. Understanding past extinctions may influence future predictions of how warming will affect the ocean and the atmosphere over time.

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