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REPORT
Development of CleanTechnology for Iron Ore Mines
and
Development of EnvironmentalStandards
 
 Prepared for 
Central Pollution Control Board(Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India)Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi – 110032
September 7, 2007 
 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
Page No
.
i
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 
ES-i
1.
 
Chapter ONE Introduction......................................................................................1-1
 1.1 Background.........................................................................................1-11.2 Scope of the Project.............................................................................1-11.3 Study Methodology.............................................................................1-2
2.
 
Chapter TWO Iron Ore Mining in India.....................................................................2-1
 2.1 Principal Ores of Iron..........................................................................2-12.1.1 Haematite................................................................................2-12.1.2 Magnetite................................................................................2-22.1.3 Goethite and Limonite............................................................2-22.1.4 Siderites...................................................................................2-22.2 Description of Important Iron Ore Formations in India......................2-32.2.1 Pre-Cambrian..........................................................................2-32.2.2 Gondwanas..............................................................................2-32.2.3 Deccan Traps...........................................................................2-32.3 Iron Ore Deposits and Resources / Reserves in India.........................2-32.3.1 Iron Ore Deposits....................................................................2-32.3.2 Iron Ore Resources/Reserves and Distribution in India..........2-52.4 Status of Exploitation..........................................................................2-92.5 Future Demand..................................................................................2-162.5.1 Iron Ore requirement during 2006-07 and 2011-12..............2-162.5.2 Future Development Programme..........................................2-172.6 Present Mining Practices in India......................................................2-182.6.1 Manual Mines.......................................................................2-182.6.2 Mechanised Mines................................................................2-192.7 Present Iron Ore Processing Technology in India.............................2-23
3.
 
Chapter THREE International Scenario...................................................................3-1
 3.1 World Statistics on Iron Ore Mining...................................................3-13.1.1 World Resource.......................................................................3-13.1.2 Production...............................................................................3-23.1.3 Consumption...........................................................................3-33.1.4 Trade & Transportation...........................................................3-43.1.5 Mergers and Acquisitions.......................................................3-43.2 Major Iron Ore Producing Countries...................................................3-63.2.1 China.......................................................................................3-6
3.2.1.1
 
Present Status.............................................................................................3-7
 
3.2.1.2
 
Development of Heavy Duty and High Efficiency Mining Equipment...3-7
 
3.2.1.3
 
Development of High Intensity and Low Loss Mining Technology........3-7
 
3.2.1.4
 
In-Pit/Crushing/Conveying System...........................................................3-8
 
3.2.1.5
 
Blasting Technology..................................................................................3-8
 
3.2.1.6
 
Pit slope stability........................................................................................3-9
 3.2.2 The CIS (Former USSR).......................................................3-10
3.2.2.1
 
General Information.................................................................................3-10
 
3.2.2.2
 
Mining Machinery...................................................................................3-11
 3.2.3 Sweden..................................................................................3-13
3.2.3.1
 
The Kiruna Mine......................................................................................3-13
 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
Page No
.
ii3.2.4 Australia................................................................................3-14
3.2.4.1
 
Overview of Iron Ore Mining in Australia..............................................3-14
 
3.2.4.2
 
Geological background............................................................................3-16
 
3.2.4.3
 
Operations................................................................................................3-16
 
3.2.4.4
 
Technology trends....................................................................................3-17
 3.2.5 Brazil.....................................................................................3-21
3.2.5.1
 
Over View of Iron Ore Mining................................................................3-21
 
3.2.5.2
 
Mining Companies...................................................................................3-21
 
3.2.5.3
 
Technology Trends..................................................................................3-22
 3.3 Technological Developments in Iron Ore Mining............................3-223.3.1 Drilling..................................................................................3-223.3.2 Blasting.................................................................................3-233.3.3 Excavation.............................................................................3-253.3.4 Haulage and Transportation System.....................................3-263.3.5 Ore Crushing & Screening....................................................3-283.3.6 Ore Beneficiation..................................................................3-283.3.7 Slurry Transportation of Iron Ore.........................................3-28
4.
 
Chapter FOUR Environmental Impact of Iron Ore Mining.....................................4-1
 4.1 Environmental Impacts – Open Cast Iron Ore Mining......................4-14.1.1 Impact on Land.......................................................................4-34.1.2 Impact on Ecology..................................................................4-34.1.3 Impacts on Water Regime.......................................................4-44.1.4 Impacts on Society..................................................................4-54.1.5 Air Pollution............................................................................4-64.1.6 Noise Pollution........................................................................4-64.1.7 Water Pollution.......................................................................4-74.1.8 Vibration & Air Blast..............................................................4-94.1.9 Solid Wastes generation from mines......................................4-94.2 Environmental Impacts from Iron Ore Mines - india........................4-104.2.1 Study Area.............................................................................4-114.2.2 Study Methodology...............................................................4-134.3 Western Zone (Goa Region)..............................................................4-144.3.1 Natural Setting......................................................................4-14
4.3.1.1
 
Location and Topography........................................................................4-14
 
4.3.1.2
 
Climate.....................................................................................................4-15
 
4.3.1.3
 
Land and Soil...........................................................................................4-15
 
4.3.1.4
 
Water Resources......................................................................................4-15
 
4.3.1.5
 
Hydrogeology..........................................................................................4-15
 4.3.2 Mining Operation in Goa......................................................4-164.3.3 Environmental Impacts.........................................................4-17
4.3.3.1
 
Impacts on Air Quality............................................................................4-17
 
4.3.3.2
 
Impacts on Water Quality........................................................................4-22
 
4.3.3.3
 
Impacts on Land, Topography and Forest...............................................4-30
 
4.3.3.4
 
Impacts on Community............................................................................4-31
 4.4 Central Zone (Chhattisgarh)..............................................................4-324.4.1 Natural Setting......................................................................4-32
4.4.1.1
 
Location and Topography........................................................................4-32
 
4.4.1.2
 
Climate.....................................................................................................4-34
 
4.4.1.3
 
Hydrology................................................................................................4-34
 4.4.2 Mining Operation..................................................................4-354.4.3 Environmental Impacts.........................................................4-35
4.4.3.1
 
Impacts on Air Quality............................................................................4-35
 
4.4.3.2
 
Impacts on Water Quality........................................................................4-40
 
4.4.3.3
 
Impact of Noise and Ground Vibration...................................................4-42
 
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