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SABBATH vs. SUNDAY:WHICH SHOULD WE KEEP?
any sincere people feel that Sunday, the first day of the week, is the day on which Christians should meet to worshipGod. They think that the fourth commandment, which requires the Sabbath to be kept holy, was nullified by Christ andis therefore no longer binding on believers. There are various reasons why people believe that Sunday has replaced theSabbath. Some believe that God's Law has been "nailed to the cross," and that it is no longer necessary to keep it. Most have been taught that Christ was resurrected on Sunday, and use this as justification for worshiping on the first day of the week.Others think the New Testament shows that early Christians kept Sunday instead of the Sabbath.For those who believe that Scripture should be our primary guide in understanding God's will for His people, the only way totruly determine whether or not the Sabbath is obsolete is to honestly examine what the Bible says about the subject. Let's beginat the logical starting point, the beginning.The Bible shows that the Sabbath was instituted by God during the week of creation. After spending six days fashioning theuniverse and everything in it, God rested on the seventh day:
GENESIS 2:2 By the
seventh day
God completed His work which He had done,
and He rested
[
veyishebot 
]on
the seventh day
from all His work which He had done. 3 Then
God blessed the seventh day
and
sanctified
[
vayeqadesh
] it, because in it He rested from all His work which God had created and made.(
 NASU 
)
The Hebrew word translated "and He rested" in verse 2 comes from the root
shabat 
(Eng. "Sabbath"), which later became theofficial name for the seventh day of the week. The word "sanctified" in verse 3 comes from the root
qadash
, which literallymeans "to set apart as holy." Here is what the
Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament 
says about the Hebrew conceptof "sanctification" or "holiness" as it relates to the Sabbath:
A basic element of Israelite religion was the maintenance of an inviolable distinction between the spheres of the sacred and the common or profane (Num 18:32). That which was inherently holy or designated so bydivine decree or cultic rite was not to be treated as common. The sabbath was holy, and the restrictionsconnected with that day served to maintain its distinctive nature and to guard against its being treated ascommon (Exo 16:23-26; Isa 58:13, 14). (p. 787, vol. II)
God blessed and set apart the seventh day of the week (Gen. 2:3). God did not rest because He was tired, for God never getsweary (Isa. 40:28). He rested to enjoy the creation He had just finished and to set an example for mankind. Only God, whoalone is holy, can make something holy. The Bible shows that the Sabbath was blessed and made holy in the very beginning.God intended it as a weekly memorial to His creative acts. By observing the Sabbath, humans would constantly be remindedevery week of the true Creator of all things.While serving as slaves in Egypt, the Israelites had not been able to keep the Sabbath. In fact, they had probably forgotten itssignificance. Exodus 16 shows that after freeing the Israelites from Pharaoh, God wanted to impress upon them the importanceof observing His Sabbath:
EXODUS 16:4 Then the LORD said to Moses, "Behold, I will rain bread from heaven for you. And the people
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shall go out and gather a certain quota every day, that I may test them, whether they will walk in
My law
or not." (
 NKJV 
)
As the ensuing passage clearly shows, the "law" being referred to in verse 4 is the command to keep the Sabbath holy:
EXODUS 16:21 Morning by morning they [
the Israelites
] gathered it [
manna
], as much as each needed; butwhen the sun grew hot, it melted. 22 On the sixth day they gathered twice as much food, two omersapiece. When all the leaders of the congregation came and told Moses, 23 he said to them, "This is whatthe LORD has commanded: 'Tomorrow is
a day of solemn rest, a holy Sabbath
[
shabaton shabat qodesh
]to the LORD; bake what you want to bake and boil what you want to boil, and all that is left over put asideto be kept until morning.'" 24 So they put it aside until morning, as Moses had commanded them; and itdid not become foul, and there were no worms in it. 25 Moses said, "Eat it today, for today is a
Sabbath
to the LORD; today you will not find it in the field. 26 Six days you will gather it; but on
the seventh day
,which is a
Sabbath
, there will be none. 27 On
the seventh day
some of the people went out to gather,and they found none. 28 The LORD said to Moses, "How long will you refuse to keep
My commandments
and instructions? 29 See! The LORD has given you
the Sabbath
, therefore on the sixth day He gives youfood for two days; each of you stay where you are; do not leave your place on
the seventh day
." So thepeople rested on
the seventh day
. (
 NRSV 
)
The observance of the Sabbath rest was clearly one of God's laws
before
the Israelites were given the 10 Commandments atMount Sinai (Exo. 20). The Sabbath command was codified by its inclusion in the 10 Commandments given to the Israelites by God Himself when the Israelites reached Mount Sinai:
EXODUS 20:8 "Remember
the Sabbath day to set it apart as holy
. 9 For six days you may labor and doall your work, 10 but
the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God
; on it you shall not do anywork, you, or your son, or your daughter, or your male servant, or your female servant, or your cattle, orthe resident foreigner who is in your gates. 11 For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earthand the sea and all that is in them, and he rested on
the seventh day; therefore the LORD blessedthe Sabbath day and set it apart as holy
." (
 NET 
)
God's Sabbaths (weekly and annual) were so important to Him that He made their observance a separate covenant with Israel.The "Sabbath Covenant" was instituted
after
what came to be called the "Old Covenant" was ratified (Exo. 24:8):
EXODUS 31:12 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, 13 "Speak also to the children of Israel, saying: 'Surely
My Sabbaths
you shall keep, for it is a sign between Me and you throughout your generations, that youmay know that I am the LORD who sanctifies you. 14 You shall keep
the Sabbath
, therefore, for it is holyto you. Everyone who profanes it shall surely be put to death; for whoever does any work on it, thatperson shall be cut off from among his people. 15 Work shall be done for six days, but
the seventh is theSabbath of rest, holy to the LORD
. Whoever does any work on the
Sabbath day
, he shall surely beput to death. 16 Therefore
the children of Israel shall keep the Sabbath, to observe the Sabbaththroughout their generations as a perpetual covenant
. 17
It is a sign between Me and thechildren of Israel forever
; for in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, and on the
seventh day
He rested and was refreshed.' " (
 NKJV 
)
God made the Sabbath a perpetual covenant with the Israelites. By observing it every week, they would always remember thatthey were the special people of God. It would also serve as a weekly reminder that their God was the only true God, the Onewho had created all things.The Sabbath is of major importance in the Old Testament. Therefore, the command to observe it is repeated numerous times:
EXODUS 34:21 "Six days you shall work, but on
the seventh day
you shall rest; even in plowing time and inharvest you shall rest [on the Sabbath]." (
 Amplified Bible
)EXODUS 35:2 "Six days shall work be done, but on the
seventh day
you shall have a
holy Sabbath
of solemn rest to the LORD." (
 NRSV 
)LEVITICUS 23:3 "There are six days when you may work, but the seventh day is a
Sabbath
of rest,
a day of sacred assembly
. You are not to do any work; wherever you live, it is a
Sabbath
to the LORD." (
 NIV 
)DEUTERONOMY 5:12 "Take care to
keep holy the Sabbath day
as the LORD, your God, commanded you.
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13 Six days you may labor and do all your work; 14 but
the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD,your God
. No work may be done then, whether by you, or your son or daughter, or your male or femaleslave, or your ox or ass or any of your beasts, or the alien who lives with you. Your male and female slaveshould rest as you do. 15 For remember that you too were once slaves in Egypt, and the LORD, your God,brought you from there with his strong hand and outstretched arm. That is why the LORD, your God, hascommanded you to
observe the Sabbath day
." (
 NAB
)EZEKIEL 20:12 "Moreover,
I gave them My Sabbaths, as a sign between Me and them
, that they mightknow that I am the LORD who sanctifies them." (
 ESV 
)ISAIAH 58:13 "If you keep your feet from breaking the
Sabbath
and from doing as you please on
My holyday
, if you call the
Sabbath
a delight and
the LORD's holy day
honorable, and if you honor it by notgoing your own way and not doing as you please or speaking idle words, 14 then I will cause you to rideon the heights of the land and to feast on the inheritance of your father Jacob." (
 NIV 
)ISAIAH 56:1 This is what the LORD says: "Maintain justice and do what is right, for My salvation is close athand and My righteousness will soon be revealed. 2 Blessed is the man who does this, the man who holdsit fast, who keeps the
Sabbath
without desecrating it, and keeps his hand from doing any evil." 3 Let noforeigner who has bound himself to the LORD say, "The LORD will surely exclude me from His people." Andlet not any eunuch complain, "I am only a dry tree." 4 For this is what the LORD says: "To the eunuchswho keep
My Sabbaths
, who choose what pleases Me and hold fast to My covenant — 5 to them I willgive within My temple and its walls a memorial and a name better than sons and daughters; I will givethem an
everlasting
name that will not be cut off. 6 And foreigners who bind themselves to the LORD toserve Him, to love the name of the LORD, and to worship Him, all who keep the
Sabbath
withoutdesecrating it and who hold fast to My covenant — 7 these I will bring to My holy mountain and give them joy in My house of prayer. Their burnt offerings and sacrifices will be accepted on My alter; for My housewill be called a house of prayer for all nations." (
 NIV 
)
Failure to properly keep God's Sabbaths was one of the primary sins that caused the nations of Israel and Judah to be punishedwith foreign conquest and captivity by the Assyrians and Babylonians:
II CHRONICLES 36:19 Then
they
[
the Babylonians
] burned down the house of God, broke down the wall of Jerusalem, burned all its palaces with fire, and destroyed all its precious possessions. 20 And those whoescaped from the sword
he
[
Nebuchadnezzar 
] carried away to Babylon, where they became servants to himand his sons until the reign of the kingdom of Persia, 21 to fulfill the word of the Lord by the mouth of Jeremiah [
Jer. 25:9-12
], until the land had enjoyed her Sabbaths. As long as she lay desolate she keptSabbath, to fulfill seventy years. (
 NKJV 
)NEHEMIAH 13:17 Then I contended with the nobles of Judah [
after returning from the Babylonian exile
], and saidto them, "What evil thing is this that you do, by which you
profane the Sabbath day
? 18 Did not ourfathers do thus, and did not our God bring all this disaster on us and on
this city
[
Jerusalem
]? Yet youbring added wrath on Israel by profaning the Sabbath." (
 NKJV 
)
It's evident from the Old Testament that God took His Sabbaths (including the annual Sabbaths and the sabbatical years)seriously enough to punish Israel and Judah for not keeping them. But what about the Sabbath in the New Testament? Did theMessiah Yeshua observe the Sabbath?
LUKE 4:16 When he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up,
he went to the synagogue on theSabbath day, as was his custom
. (
 NRSV 
)LUKE 4:31 Then he went down to Capernaum, a city of Galilee, and was teaching them
on the Sabbaths
.(
 NKJV 
)MARK 6:1 Jesus . . . went to his hometown, accompanied by his disciples. 2
When the Sabbath came, hebegan to teach in the synagogue
, and many who heard him were amazed. (
 NIV 
)MARK 1:21 Then they went into Capernaum, and immediately
on the Sabbath he entered the synagogueand taught
. (
 NKJV 
)
Plainly, the New Testament shows that Yeshua customarily kept the Sabbath. He taught in synagogues and explained that theSabbath was not supposed to be a burden, but rather a blessing. Because the Jews recognized that Jerusalem had beendestroyed and their ancestors carried into captivity for Sabbath breaking, the religious leaders built a fence of rules around the
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