• Embed Doc
  • Copy Link
  • Readcast
  • Collections
  • CommentGo Back
Download
 
1
5. Magnetic Field
1.
 
Magnetic Field
 We can imagine a magnetic field surrounding a magnet in much the same way that we did forelectrical charges.
•
 
One of the biggest differences is that 
electrical charges can be isolated from each other
(a negativecharge can be sitting all alone), while
magnetic poles must come in pairs
(north and south)
 
•
 
Did You Know?There are some theories in modern physics that indicate that it should be possible (eventhough never been done) to isolate a north pole from a south pole. The
dipoles 
would become
monopoles.
 
2.
 
Similarities and differences
 Magnetic Fields Gravitational Fields Electric Fields
Strong field Weakest of all fields Strong field.Not directly calculated in Physics(although we do measure it indirectly)Calculated using aninverse square law (
Newton's 
 
Universal Law of Gravitation 
)Calculated using aninverse square law(
Coulomb's Law 
)Attraction or Repulsion Always attraction Attraction orRepulsion.Directly related to the magnet involvedDirectly related to themasses involvedDirectly related tothe charges involvedIndividual poles can never beseparate from each otherIndividual masses areseparate from each otherIndividual chargesare separate from each otherFollows inverse square law nearthe magnet but follows an inverse cubedlaw further away so that the fieldbecomes exponentially weaker asseparation increasesFollows inversesquare law so that the fieldbecomes exponentially weakeras separation increasesFollows inversesquare law so that the fieldbecomes exponentiallyweaker as separationincreases.
•
 
Magnetic field exerts force on a charge particle
•
 
Some facts about the magnetic force
a)
 
From a point P, a charged particle can move in any direction or along any line. Along one of thesepossible lines, if the charge is moving, there is no magnetic force. Magnetic force is defined to beacting along this line.b)
 
The magnitude of the magnetic force is proportional to the product of speed of the charged particle
 and

,
being the angle the speed makes with the line along which magnetic field is acting. Hencemagnetic force is proportional to |
 

|.c)
 
The direction of the magnetic force is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field as well asto direction of the velocity.d)
 
The magnetic force is also proportional to the magnitude of charge
.e)
 
Its direction is different and opposite for positive and negative charges.Magnetic force can be defined mathematically as
⃗
=
⃗
×
�
 Equation uniquely determines the direction of magnetic field
�
from the rules of the vector product.
•
 
Characteristics of the Force
 
2
A magnetic field can create a force on an object. However, for the object to feel a force, and themagnetic field to affect the object, three things must be true1.
 
The object must have an electric charge.2.
 
The charged object must be moving.3.
 
The velocity of the moving charged object must have a component that is
perpendicular
to thedirection of the magnetic field.
•
 
Units of magnetic field
The SI unit of magnetic field is

/
−
. It is written as

.

is

/
−
. Tesla is also defined as

/
².Another unit in common use is

.1
= 10
4
 

 
•
 
We have magnetic field of the order of 10
−
5
near the earth's surface.
•
 
Superconducting magnets can create a magnetic field of the order of 10
.
•
 
Earlier, the concept of magnetic field was referred to as magnetic induction.
3.
 
Electromagnetic field
Electric field and magnetic field are not basically independent. They are two aspects of same entityelectromagnetic field. Whether the electromagnetic field will show up as an electric field or a magnetic fieldor a combination depends on the frame from which we are looking at the field.
Note:
We represent magnetic field vectors like that as arrows. But all we see is either the tip of thearrow
⊙
, if the field is coming out of the page, or the tail of the arrow,
⊗
, if the field is going into the page.
4.
 
Motion of a Charged particle in a uniform magnetic field
Magnetic force on a charged particle is perpendicular to its velocity. Hence there will not any changein its speed or kinetic energy.The magnetic force will deflect the particle without changing speed and in a uniform field,the particle will move along a circle perpendicular to the magnetic field. The conclusion is that, the magneticforce provides centripetal force.If r be the radius of the circle, then

=

²/
 
 
3
(LHS is the expression for magnetic force and RHS is expression mass × acceleration)
=

/

 The
time taken 
to complete the circle is
= 2

/
= 2

/

 The time period or time taken to complete one circle is independent of speed. But the radius dependson
. Hence if speed increases, the radius is larger.
Frequency 
of revolutions is
= 1/
=

/2

 This frequency is called cyclotron frequency.
•
 
Helical Paths
 If the velocity of charge is not perpendicular to the magnetic field, the resultant path will be a helix.The radius of the path will be determined by velocity component which is perpendicular to the magnetic field.If 
is the angle between
and
, then there are two components of velocities(i)
 
sin
perpendicular to magnetic field B this component provides circular motion about B(ii)
 
cos
parallel to the magnetic field B this component provides motion of translation
The radius of helix
 
(
sin
)
2
=

sin
 
of 00

Leave a Comment

You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...
You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...