Industrial Revolution
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AWatt steam engine,thesteam enginefuelled primarily bycoalthat propelled the Industrial
Revolution inBritainand the world.
The
Industrial Revolution
was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transportation had a profound effect on thesocioeconomicandculturalconditions inBritain. The changes subsequently spread throughout
Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution markeda major turning point in human society; almost every aspect of daily life was eventuallyinfluenced in some way. Starting in the latter part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour and draft animal–based economy towards
machine-based manufacturing. It started with themechanization of thetextileindustries, the
development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansionwas enabled by the introduction of canals,improved roads and railways.The introduction of
steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilization of water wheelsand powered machinery
(mainly intextile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity.
The development of all-metalmachine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century
facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries.The effects spread throughout Western Europeand North Americaduring the 19th century,
eventually affecting most of the world. The impact of this change on society was enormous.
TheFirst Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into the Second
Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gainedmomentum with the development of steam-poweredships, railways, and later in the 19th centurywith theinternal combustion engineandelectrical power generation. The period of time covered
by the Industrial Revolution varies with different historians.Eric Hobsbawmheld that it 'brokeout' inBritain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s,
while T. S. Ashton
held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830.
Some twentieth century historians suchasJohn Claphamand Nicholas Craftshave argued that the process of economic and social
change took place gradually and the term
is not a true description of what took place.This is still a subject of debate amongst historians.
GDPper capita was broadly stable beforethe Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the moderncapitalist economy.
The Industrial
Historiansagree that the Industrial Revolution was one of the most important events in history.
The mostsignificantinventionshad their origins in the Western world, primarilyEuropeand the United
States.
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Name history
The term
Industrial Revolution
applied to technological change was common in the 1830s.Louis-Auguste Blanqui in 1837 spoke of
la révolution industrielle
spoke of "an industrial revolution, arevolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society." In his book
,Raymond Williamsstates in the entry for Industry:
The ideaof a new social order based on major industrial change was clear inSouthey and Owen ,between
1811 and 1818, and was implicit as early as Blakein the early 1790s and Wordsworthat the turn
of the century.
Credit for popularising the term may be given toArnold Toynbee, whose lecturesgiven in 1881 gave a detailed account of the process.
Causes
of 00
Industrial Revolution
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