Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INGLES CONCURSAL
Guía de Gramática
2007-2008
Las CONCEPTUALES son las que expresan ideas o conceptos del mensaje como
por ej: sustantivos, verbos, adjetivos, adverbios y las ESTRUCTURALES son palabras
que no encierran un concepto en si mismas, sino que funcionan como nexos entre las
palabras conceptuales para dar coherencia al texto., como por ej.: artículos,
preposiciones, adjetivos determinantes, conjunciones, pronombres.
- Use páginas de contenido, ìndices, cuadros, listas, etc. para ubicar partes de
un libro, manual o informe que sean de especial interés.
- No fije sus ojos en cada palabra. Debe permitir que se muevan libremente
sobre el texto a una velocidad constante mirando varias palabras a la vez.
- No lea en voz alta. Este tipo de lectura es habilidad diferente.
- No lea la misma oración o párrafo repetidas veces. Despreocúpese de
cualquier parte que no sea de interés o sea imposible de entender. Sin
embargo, se puede pasar más tiempo en partes o párrafos de especial interés.
- Para la lectura comprensiva debe haber identificado en cualquier libro o
revista.
a. título
b. encabezamiento
c. párrafo
d. cuadro
e. capítulo
f. página de contenido
g. índice
h. diagrama
i. introducción a un libro/capítulo/artículo
j. conclusión a un libro/capítulo/ artículo
Ejemplos:
PRONOMBRES DEMOSTRATIVOS
Ej. The most difficult problems are those of reinforcing the initial dosis.
Los problemas más difíciles son los de reforzar la dosis inicial.
ADJETIVOS INDEFINIDOS
all todo/a/os/as
another otro/a/
any algo de, algunos/as, cualquiera
each cada
every cada, todo/a
few unos pocos, unas pocas
least menor, menos
less menos
little poco
many mucho
more más
most la mayor cantidad de, la mayoría
much mucho
no nada de, ningún/a
other otro/as/os/as
several varios/as
some algo de, unos/as, algunos/as
PREPOSICIONES
about cerca de
above encima de
after después de
against contra
among entre
at en, a
back atrás, nuevamente
before ante, antes
behind detrás de
below por debajo de
beneath por debajo de
beside cerca de, al lado
between entre
by cerca, por, por medio de
down abajo
during durante
except menos, excepto
for para
from de, desde
in en
inside en
like como
near cerca
of de
off de (separación)
opposite frente a
out afuera
outside fuera de
over arriba de, por encima de
past después de
round alrededor de
since desde
through a través de, por
till hasta que
to a, hacia, (para -si está iniciando una frase con infinitivo)
towards hacia
under por debajo de
under por debajo de
underneath por debajo de
until hasta
up arriba
with con, junta a
within dentro de
without sin
ADVERBIOS
again de nuevo
ago hace
almost casi
already ya
also también
always siempre
as mientras
downwards hacia abajo
each cada uno/a
early temprano
else otro/a/ más
enough bastante
even aún
ever alguna vez
first primeramente
hard fuerte , mucho
here aquí
how cómo
just solo, casi, recién
late tarde
least menos
less menos
little poco
more más
most más
much much
nearly casi
never nunca
no no
not no
now ahora
often a menudo
once una vez
only sólo,solamente
perhaps quizás
pretty bastante
quite muy
rather más bien
right correctamente, bien
second en segundo lugar
since desde entonces
so así
soon pronto
still todavía
then entonces, en ese momento, además,
finalmente
third en tercer lugar
together en compañía de, junto
too también
twice dos veces
upwards hacia arriba
very muy
well bien
when cuando
where donde
wrong mal
yes si
CONJUNCIONES O CONECTORES
and y
as well as así como
also también
apart from aparte de
besides además
furthermore además
in addition además
moreover además
- Las que introducen resultado
alternatively alternativamente
although aunque
but pero
except excepto
however sin embargo
irrespective of a pesar de
nevertheless sin embargo
on the other hand por otro lado/ parte
otherwise alternativamente, o si no, por otro
lado
regardless of a pesar de
whereas aunque, mientras
while mientras
whilst mientras
if si
provided (that) si
providing (that) si
subject to si , sujeto a
unless a menos que
whether si
but for si no fuera o fuese por
- Las que introducen hipótesis
FRASES
TO BE TO BREAK
to be back.: haber vuelto to break away: escapar, desaparecer
to be down: escrito to break down: romperse, averiarse
to be in: haber entrado, estar to break from:desprenderse
to be in for: estar expuesto a to break in: forzar, romper
to be in with: gozar del favor de to break off: terminar, separar,cortar
to be off: partir, cancelar, abandonar to break out: escapar, comenzar
to be out: no ser considerado to break through: pasar, aparecer
to be out of: no tener más to break up: terminar, perder fuerza
to be out to: empeñarse to break upon: aparecer, sorprender
to be over: terminar
to be up in/on: estar al corriente de
to be up to: ser competente para
TO BRING TO CALL
to bring about: efectuar to call at: ir a, parar en
to bring away: llevarse algo to call away/off: cancelar, ordenar
to bring back :devolver to call back: revocar
to bring close/near: acercar to call for: necesitar, demadar
to bring down: bajar to call forth: hacer salir, sacar
to bring forth: producir to call in:pedir, llamar
to bring forward: llevar una suma a otra to call on: visitar
cuenta
to bring in: introducir, presentar una to call out: gritar
cuenta
to bring out. aparecer to call up: citar, convocar
to bring over: persuadir
TO CARRY TO CUT
to carry away: llevarse, arrebatar to cut away: recortar
to carry back: devolver to cut down: reducir, cercenar
to carry forward: suma y sigue, llevar to cut in: conectar, introducir
adelante
to carry off: alzar, retirar
to carry on: continuar
to carry over: transferir
to carry through: llevar a cabo
to carry up: erigir
to carry up to: ajustar, amoldar a
TO COME TO DO
to come about: ocurrir, efectuarse to do away with: abolir, quitar
to come at: alcanzar to do for: servir, bastar para
to come back: volver, retroceder to do over: hacer de nuevo, repetir
to come down: bajar, descender to do up: abrochar
to come from: proceder, provenir to do with: poder con, arreglarse
to come in: entrar to do without: arreglarse, poder con
to come near: acercarse
to come on: avanzar, seguir
to come out: publicar
to come over: venir, cruzar
TO DRAW TO FALL
to draw away: quitar, llevarse to fall back: retroceder, retirarse
to draw back: retroceder to fall down: caerse
to draw in: atraer to fall in: caer dentro
to draw off: sacar, extraer, retirar to fall off: disminuir, decaer
to draw on: acercarse, ocasionar to fall out: suceder
to draw out: sacar to fall to: comenzar
to draw over: persuadir
to draw up:
TO GET TO GIVE
to get at: llegar to give back: devolver
to get back: recobrar to give in: rendirse, ceder
to get down: escribir, descender to give off: echar, despedir
to get in: entrar, lograr to give out: publicar, faltar
to get off: salir, sacar, bajar to give over: entregar,
to get on: progresar to give up: renunciar
to get out: desaparecer, editar
to get out of: evadir, evitar
to get round: persuadir
to get up: levantarse
TO GO TO KEEP
to go across. cruzar to keep away: mantenerse
to go against: oponerse to keep back: guardar
to go along: seguir to keep down: decrecer
to go back. retroceder to keep in: mantener
to go by: pasar por alto to keep off: no entrar
to go down: bajar to keep on: continuar
to go forward: adelantar to keep to: adherirse
to go in: entrar to keep up: mantenerse firme
to go into: participar to keep up with: ir parejo
to go off: explotar
to go through: discutir en detalle
to go to: dirigirse, acercarse
to go up: incrementar, subir
TO LET TO LOOK
to let down: dejar caer, decepcionar to look after: cuidar
to let in: dejar entrar to look at: mirar
to let off: causar explosión, dejar ir to look for: buscar
to let on: revelar to look forward: prever,
to let up: relajarse, disminuir to look like: parecerse
to look on: considerar
to look out. cuidar(se)
to look to: atender
to look through: examinar
to look up: averiguar, consultar, buscar
to look upon: considerar
TO MAKE TO PUT
To make again: rehacer to put away: apartar
to make of: deducir, inferir to put back: guardar
to make off: irse to put down: bajar, reprimir
to make out: discernir, comprender to put in: introducir, poner
to make over: transferir to put off: posponer
to make up: completar, constituir to put out: extinguir, despedir
to put over: dilatar
to put to: agregar, añadir
to put up: poner en su lugar guardar
TO RUN TO STAND
to run across: atravesar, hallar to stand back: retroceder
to run after: tratar de alcanzar, buscar to stand by: estar inactivo,listo
to run down: parar con alguna excusa to stand for: representar, estar en lugar de
to run on: continuar to stand forth: adelantarse
to run out: agotar, desperdiciar to stand of: mantenerse a distancia
to run out of: quedarse sin to stand out: mantenerse firme, destacarse
to run over: repasar, hojear to stand to: no abandonar
to run through: examinar, presentar to stand up: levantarse
to run up: incurrir, sumar to stand up for: enfrentar
TO TAKE TO TURN
to take away: quitar, sacar, llevarse to turn away: desviar
to take back: devolver, llevar to turn back: volver atás, destituir
to take down: escribir, asentar to turn down: declinar
to take from: restar, sustraer to turn into: convertir en, cambiar
to take in: admitir, dar ingreso to turn off: apagar, parar
to take off: sacarse, destruir to turn on: prender, atacar, encender
to take on: asumir to turn out: resultar, acudir
to take out: sacar, llevar, quitar to turn over: transferir, trasladar
to take to: comenzar, dedicarse to turn to: comenzar a trabajar,
to take up: levantar, admitir, ocupar
RECORDAR
VERB TO BE
You are (you’re) Are you ? You are not (you aren’t)
They are (they’re) Are they ? They are not (they aren’t)
VERB TO HAVE
Affirmative Form
I have (I’ve)
Presente Simple
I/ you/ we/ they WALK to the hospital every day
Camino/ caminas/ caminamos/ caminan al hospital todos los días
Pasado Simple
Si el verbo es regular BASE + ED/D/IED
Si es irregular el verbo cambia (2da columna verbos irregulares)
I/ he/ we WORKED
Trabajé, trabajó, trabajamos ( IGUAL TODAS LAS PERSONAS)
I/He/we THOUGHT
Pensé, pensó, pensábamos (IGUAL TODAS LAS PERSONAS)
En la forma interrogativa se utiliza DID+ BASE (Did you work? / Did you think?)
y en forma negativa se utiliza DID + NOT + BASE ( he did not think)
You worked / took Did you work / take? You did not work / take
She worked / took Did she work / take? She did not work / take
They worked / took Did they work / take? They did not work / take
.
Simple Future Tense:
Futuro Simple
El auxiliar will (o shall para I o We) precede al verbo (I will work).
You will take Will you take? You will not take
She will take Will she take? She will not take
They will take Will they take? They will not take
Futuro Inmediato
Going to: estar por, o Ir a ... He is going to work. Está por trabajar. They are going to
visit Rome. Ellos van a visitar Roma.
Perfect Tenses: Se forman con “have” conjugado más el participio del verbo
principal.
You have taken Have you examined? You have not worked
She has taken Has she examined? She has not worked
They have taken Have they examined? They have not worked
You had worked / taken Had you worked / taken? You had not worked / taken
He had worked / taken Had he worked / taken? He had not worked / taken
She had worked / taken Had she worked / taken? She had not worked / taken
It had worked / taken Had it worked / taken? It had not worked / taken
We had worked / taken Had we worked / taken? We had not worked / taken
They had worked / taken Had they worked / taken? They had not worked / taken
.
Conditional Tenses: Se forman con “would” más un verbo en infinitivo
Equivalen al Modo Potencial en español.
Potencial: : would + verbo base para todas las personas (en castellano el verbo
termina en -ía)
I would investigate They would observe
Investigaría Observarían
Simple Conditional:
You would take would you take? You would not take
She would take would she take? She would not take
They would take would they take? They would not take
Perfect Conditional
You would have taken would you have taken? You would not have taken
He would have taken would he have taken? He would not have taken
She would have taken would she have taken? She would not have taken
It would have taken would it have taken? It would not have taken
We would have taken would we have taken? We would not have taken
They would have taken would they have taken? They would not have taken
They have been examined = han sido examinados / se los examinó (esta es
la forma pasiva con “se” en español)
They had been examined = habían sido examinados / se los había
examinado (esta es la forma pasiva con “se” en
español)
You are playing Are you playing? You are not playing
They are playing Are they playing? They are not playing
She was playing Was she playing? She was not playing
They were playing Were they playing? They were not playing
Modal Verbs
Poder:
Deber:
Grupo verbal que sustituye must (deber) = TO HAVE TO + VERBO (tener que +
verbo).
VOZ PASIVA
Información útil:
No nada – ningún
Every todo
Any cualquiera (en forma afirmativa) Any suggestion is possible.
Cualquier sugerencia es posible.
EXPRESIONES
Comparativos y superlativos
Dark (oscuro) / Darker than (más oscuro que) / The darkest (el más oscuro)
Important importante) / more important than (más importante que) /
The most important (el más importante)
Comparación de igualdad
as ....... as (tan .... como) as dark as (Tan oscuro como)
Formas de –ING:
Sentido verbal. He is writing a paper.
Forma sustantiva. Reading is important
El leer o la lectura es importante
Forma adjetiva. The living cell
La célula viva
Forma preposicional. The importance of analysing these results
La importancia de analizar estos resultados