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EXPLOSIVES
Types
Types and
Properties
Properties
WHAT IS AN EXPLOSIVES
WHAT IS AN EXPLOSIVES
?
?
Chemical compounds or mixtures that are
initiated by
HEAT
HEAT,
SHOCK
SHOCK or a
combination of both.
Decomposes or explodes very rapidly
and Violently
Produces a rapid release of
HEAT
HEAT and
large quantities of High Pressure Gas High Pressure Gas
Primary Reaction Zone Primary Reaction Zone
Expanding Gases
Path of Detonation
Detonation Process
Detonation Process
Detonation Process
Detonation Process
CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVES
Low Explosives Low Explosives
(Deflagration)
Black Powder
Gun Powder
HIGH EXPLOSIVE HIGH EXPLOSIVE
(Detonation) (Detonation)
Initiation/Primary Initiation/Primary
Lead Azide
Mercury Fulminate
SECONDARY SECONDARY
TNT
ANFO
Emulsions
TYPES OF EXPLOSIVES
Explosives
IDEAL
IDEAL
(Molecular)
TNT
PETN
NG
Lead Azide
NON-IDEAL
(Composite)
ANFO
Emulsions
Heavy ANFO
$
$
EXPENSIVE
EXPENSIVE
$
$
$ $
COST EFFECTIVE
COST EFFECTIVE $ $
$
$
Comparative Build Up
Definitions
Definitions That Apply To Explosive
Manufacturing
PRECURSORS
PRECURSORS - Non-explosive raw materials
used in the preparation of a BLASTING AGENT
(Ammonium Nitrate, Fuel Oil, Emulsion Matrix}
BLASTING AGENTS
BLASTING AGENTS - Term used to describe
Non-Ideal Explosive mixtures
1. Prepared from Precursors
2. Not Cap sensitive
3. Manufactured on Site
Blasting Agent Precursors
Ammonium Nitrate (AN)
Ammonium Nitrate (AN)
Principle component (oxidiser )
Properties: Low Moisture,
Free Flowing,
Free Flowing, Oil Absorbency,
Low Density,
Low Density, Good Friability, N o n-C a k I n g
Cycles above and below 35 - 37
o
C
Decompose around 250
o
C release O
2
Can detonate under extreme conditions
Blasting Agent Precursors
Fuel Oil (FO)
Fuel Oil (FO)
Fuel component (Distillate)
Flashpoint greater than 61
o
C
Temperature extremes
Temperature extremes
Contamination
Contamination
Poor storage facilities
Density 1.
Density 1.
6
6
g/cc
g/cc
Purpose:
Used for wet and
Used for wet and
small hole diameter blasting,
small hole diameter blasting,
On occasions may be used as a
On occasions may be used as a
booster or primer
booster or primer
Emulsion Cartridges
Bulk Emulsion Blends
Emulsion and ANFO blends are water resistance
gassed bulk emulsions designed to be pumped
from a bulk delivery truck through a delivery
hose to the bottom of the blasthole
Minimum Hole diameter depends on the product
and blend (75 - 98mm)
VoD dependant on product type, density, blend,
diameter, confinement, primer type
Initiated by:Boosters
Density can be 1.00 g/cc to 1.25 g/cc Density can be 1.00 g/cc to 1.25 g/cc
Purpose: An effective Blasting Agent for wet An effective Blasting Agent for wet
holes that allows complete coupling in the holes that allows complete coupling in the
blasthole, allows for variable density across the blasthole, allows for variable density across the
shot and added ANFO can modify explosive shot and added ANFO can modify explosive
performance if required performance if required
Emulsions
Essentially a liquid oxidiser phase Suspended in a
Continuous fuel phase
Continuous fuel phase with an emulsifier added to
the fuel phase to prevent separation.
Oxidiser Phase Oxidiser Phase
Suspended Suspended
Fuel Phase Fuel Phase
Continuous Continuous
(surrounds the oxidiser) (surrounds the oxidiser)
ANFO mixed with emulsion matrix in blends
where the majority of the mixture is ANFO.
Heavy ANFO are ANFO based explosives
with higher detonation properties and better
water resistance, they are augred from a
bulk delivery truck from the top of the
blasthole
Minimum Hole diameter depends on the
product and blend (89mm - 127mm)
VoD dependant on product type, density,
blend, diameter, confinement, primer type
Initiated by:Boosters
Density can be 0.85 g/cc to 1.30 g/cc Density can be 0.85 g/cc to 1.30 g/cc
Purpose: Emulsion provides a water Emulsion provides a water
resistant coating to the ANFO, this increases resistant coating to the ANFO, this increases
the bulk density, hence higher energy the bulk density, hence higher energy
Heavy ANFO