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European Space AgencyEuropean Mars Science and Exploration Conference: Mars Express & ExoMarsESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 12 - 16 November, 20073D HOT PARTICLE AND UPPER ATMOSPHERE MODELLING OF MARS
H. I. M. Lichtenegger
1
,H. Lammer
2
, H. Gröller
3
, Yu. N. Kulikov
4
,
1
Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences,Schmiedlstr. 6, Graz, Austria,
2
Institute for Geophysics, Astrophysics and Meteorology, University of Graz,Austria,
3
Polar Geophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khalturina Str. 15, 183010, Murmansk,Russian Federation, herbert.lichtenegger@oeaw.ac.atA new 3D hot particle Monte Carlo code which canbe coupled to a 3-D exosphere test particle model ispresented. These coupled codes can be used forstudying expected asymmetries related to latitudeand longitude as well as day and nightsideproduction rates and distributions of hot particles inplanetary exospheres. The newly photochemicallygenerated energetic neutral atoms are traced fromtheir point of origin up to the exobase as a functionof longitude, latitude, production process, collisionprobability with the cool background atmosphere,change of direction (altitude and angles) andenergy dependent collision cross sections. Formodelling the Martian background atmospheric andtemperature profiles from the mesopause to theexobase we apply a diffusive gravitationalequilibrium and thermal balance model. The hotparticles which arrive above the exobase withenergies higher than the corresponding exobasetemperature of the background gas are divided intoenergy bins and used for the calculation of theenergy density distributions as a function of latitude and longitude. These calculated energydensity distributions of photochemically producedhot atoms at the Martian exobase are used as inputsfor 3-D hot particle exosphere simulations. Finallywe compare our results with that obtained with twostream models.
 
European Space AgencyEuropean Mars Science and Exploration Conference: Mars Express & ExoMarsESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 12 - 16 November, 2007ALLUVIAL FAN AND DELTA PROGRADATION IN MARTIAN CRATER LAKES
M. G. Kleinhans
1
, H. E. Van de Kasteele
2
, E. Kraal
3
.
1
Universiteit Utrecht. Faculty of Geosciences, PObox80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
2
No affiliation, Odijk, The Netherlands.
3
Virginia Tech GeoscienceDepartment, Blackburg, VA 24060, USA.m.kleinhans@geo.uu.nl 
Setting and problem:
Numerous sedimentaryfans and fan deltas have been found on Mars
1
,indicating the presence of flowing water on thesurface. In principle the morphology anddimensions of the fans and deltas are stronglydetermined by the formative boundary conditions,and not so much by the details of the sedimenttransport that formed them. Upstream boundaryconditions are the flow discharge and sedimentinput
2
and the downstream boundary condition is thelake water level (or the lack thereof which results ina fan rather than a fan delta). The lake water leveldepends on the water input, the crater dimensionsand infiltration, evaporation or overflow. So far theoverall volumes of fans and deltas have been used toinfer flow discharge and flow duration
2
. We aim toinfer combinations of these boundary conditionsfrom detailed morphology and report preliminaryresults with an analytical method.
Analytical method:
We describe idealisedsedimentary bodies by a cone, the subaerial fan witha given gradient of, say, 0.05, on top of ahorizontally truncated cone, the subaqueous deltawith a given gradient of, say, 0.1-0.6 (up to theangle of repose of the sediment) (Figure 1a). Bythese volumes we derive an analytical cubicequation for the volume of the idealised delta or fan(valid for both). The necessary input parameters arethe fan surface gradient (from observations ordependent on sediment transport capacity) and theclinoform gradient (from observations or at most theangle of repose of unconsolidated noncohesivesediment). The lake level determines the elevationof the break in gradient (the shoreline). Theshoreline position is determined by the sedimentinput (given or calculated
2
), its duration, and thelake level.The lake level is calculated from the inputdischarge and the crater dimensions. The cratervolume can be calculated from empirical powerfunctions for crater depth (from diameter) and cross-sectional profile
3
. We integrated the profiles toobtain the volume of the lake. Given a water input,the lake level rises at a variable rate over time(Figure 1b). A unique shape, shoreline position andheight of a fan or delta is now calculated by thestandard solution (first root) of the cubic equation(Figure 1c). If this solution is negative then there isnot enough sediment to form a subaerial part and thesystem is drowned and deposited as a simple cone.
Results:
The calculations are presented for theexample of figure 18d in ref.1, which is a lobed fandelta in a crater of diameter D=64km and depthd=1.9km. We reconstructed a flow discharge of 250000 m
3
 /s and a sediment input of 0.011 km
3
 /day(reported elsewhere
4
). The rate of water level risedeclines because the crater widens (figure 1b).When the water level is still low, the delta is longbut not high, but while the water level rises thesedimentation cannot keep up so that the shorelineretreats, the delta height increases but its lengthdiminishes (figure 1c). The end result for this andmany other reasonable combinations of water andsediment input is a steep fan wherein the clinoformsare buried. This result suggests that some fansobserved in Martian craters may have formed asdrowned deltas. The most important uncertainty ishow much water is lost through infiltration,evaporation and through the crater rim.
References:
[1] Irwin, R.P., A.D. Howard, R.A.Craddock, and J.M. Moore (2005),
 JGR 110
, E12S15,doi:10.1029/2005JE002460. [2] Kleinhans, M.G.(2005), JGR 110, E12003, doi:10.1029/2005JE002521.[3] Garvin, J.B. and J.J. Frawley (1998),
GRL 25,
24,4405-4408. [4] Kraal, E. et al. AGU fall meeting 2007
 Figure 1a.
Fan delta described by top cone on truncated cone. Shoreline position (circle) depends on water and sedimentinput and on lake level history, while the latter depends on water input and crater dimensions.
b.
Water level rise for a crater of diameter D=64km, depth d=1.9km for a flow discharge of 250000m
3
 /s.
c.
Resulting delta evolution in a simple basin: the delta drowns (same vertical scale as b) and the shoreline (circles) retreats.
 
European Space AgencyEuropean Mars Science and Exploration Conference: Mars Express & ExoMarsESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 12 - 16 November, 2007The alteration of the mineralogical composition of ejecta at Syrtis Major
D. Baratoux
1
, P.C. Pinet
1
, A.Gendrin
2
L. Kanner
2
J. Mustard
2
Y. Daydou
1
J. Vaucher
1
and J.-P. Bibring
3
 
1
Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, UMR 5562 CNRS, Laboratoire Dynamique Terrestre et Planétaire, UniversitéPaul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
2
Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University,Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
3
Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, UMR 8617, Orsay, France.David.baratoux@dtp.obs-mip.frWe summarize in this paper the recentobservations which have been made from OMEGA[1] and THEMIS-IR data [2]. A large number of impact craters at Syrtis show a thermal and spectralsignature which seems to be weakly affected by theerosional history.
Figure 1.
RGB pyroxene map from OMEGA data. Blue,high-calcium pyroxene band strength; red and green, low-calcium pyroxene band strength. For some of the largestcraters, the ages have been derived from crater counts andare indicated. Ages for type I ejecta (HCP-rich) appear inblue, while ages for type II ejecta appear in orange. Thefull-resolution OMEGA has been represented on aTHEMIS-IR daytime image for the crater 0738 + 114(RGB composition with a different stretch, data from orbitnumber 444)
A RGB-composite map showing the High-Calcium-Pyroxene abundance versus Low-Calcium-Pyroxene is presented on the Figure 1 showing theenrichment of some impact ejecta relative to theSyrtis lava flows. In particular, the OMEGAspectrum and inferred composition display anaxisymmetric pattern which can be explained by theexcavation in a terrain having a variablecomposition with depth followed by the ejectaemplacement flow (Figure 1).Then, it is shown that the enrichment in High-Calcium pyroxene corresponds to the younger ejecta(Figure 2). Several hypotheses are discussedconcerning the reasons why the spectral signature of this enrichment is now masked to the observationsfrom the orbit, including the presence of dust, andpossible processes of alteration in the present coldand dry environment.
Figure 2.
Ages of HCP-rich craters versus other craters.
 References:
[1] Baratoux, D., N. Mangold, P. Pinet, andF. Costard (2005), Thermal properties of lobate ejecta inSyrtis Major, Mars: Implications for the mechanisms of formation, J. Geophys. Res., 110, E04011,doi:10.1029/2004JE002314. [2] Baratoux, D., P. Pinet, A.Gendrin, L. Kanner, J. Mustard, Y. Daydou, J. Vaucher,and J.-P. Bibring (2007), Mineralogical structure of thesubsurface of Syrtis Major from OMEGA observations of lobate ejecta blankets, J. Geophys. Res., 112, E08S05,doi:10.1029/2007JE002890.
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