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European Space AgencyEuropean Mars Science and Exploration Conference: Mars Express & ExoMarsESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 12 - 16 November, 2007MARS SOLAR WIND INTERACTION : FORMATION OF THE MARTIAN CORONA ANDATMOSPHERIC LOSS TO SPACE
J-Y. Chaufray
1
, R. Modolo
2
, F. Leblanc
3
, G.M. Chanteur
4
 
1
Serviced’Aéronomie du CNRS/IPSL, Reduit de Verrieres BP3 Route des Gatines 91371 Verrieres-le-Buisson,FRANCE.
2
Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Iowa, 203 Van Allen Hall Iowa City IA52242-1479, USA
3
Osservatorio astronomico di Trieste, Via Tepolo 11 34131 Trieste, ITALY
4
CETP/IPSL,10-12, Avenue de l'Europe 78140 Velizy Villacoublay, Francechaufray@aerov.jussieu.fr 
Section 1:
A three dimensional (3-D) atomicoxygen corona of Mars is computed for periods of low and high solar activities. The thermal atomicoxygen corona is derived from a collisionlessChamberlain approach whereas the nonthermalatomic oxygen corona is derived from Monte Carlosimulations. The two main sources of hot exosphericoxygen atoms at Mars are the dissociativerecombination of O
2+
between 120 and 300 km, andthe sputtering of the Martian atmosphere by incidentO
+
pick-up ions. The reimpacting and escapingfluxes of pick-up ions are derived from a 3D hybridmodel describing the interaction of the solar windwith our computed Martian oxygen exosphere. Inthis work, it is shown that the role of the sputteringcrucially depends on an accurate description of theMartian corona as well as of its interaction with thesolar wind. The sputtering contribution to the totaloxygen escape is smaller by one order of magnitudethan the contribution due to the dissociativerecombination. The neutral escape is dominant atboth solar activities (1x10
25
s
-1
for low solar activityand 4x10
25
s
-1
for high solar activity) and the ionescape flux is estimated to be equal to 2x10
23
s
-1
atlow solar activity and to 3.4x10
24
s
-1
at high solaractivity. This work illustrates one more time thestrong dependency of these loss rates on solarconditions. It underlines the difficulty to extrapolatethe present measured loss rates to the past solarconditions without a better theoretical andobservational knowledge of this dependency.
 
.
 
 
European Space AgencyEuropean Mars Science and Exploration Conference: Mars Express & ExoMarsESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 12 - 16 November, 2007MARS SURFACE MAGNETIC OBSERVATORY: A GEOPHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENT (GEP)EXPERIMENT FOR EXOMARS,
S.Vennerstrom
1
, M. Menvielle
2
, J.M. Merayo
1
, S. Schwartz
3
, P. Brauer
1
,C. Carr
3
, G. Chanteur
2
, P.A. Jensen
1
, B. Langlais
4
, M.B. Madsen
5,
M. Mandea
6
, H. O’Brien
3
, N. Olsen
1
, S.M.Pedersen
1
, F. Primdahl
1
, P. Tarits
7
, K. Whaler
8
,
1
Danish
 
National Space Center, Technical University of Denmark, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen
,
Denmark 
,
2
Centre d’etudes des Environnements Terrestreet Planétaires, (CETP), France,
3
The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, UK,
4
CNRS/University of Nantes, France,
5
Earth and Planetary Physics, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark,
6
GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany,
7
University of Western Brittany, France,
8
University of Edinburgh, UK.sv@space.dtu.dk  Mars Surface Magnetic Observatory (MSMO),an experiment planned as part of the Geophysicaland Environment Package (GEP) on ExoMars, islikely to provide the first magnetic fieldmeasurements ever performed at the surface of Mars. It will provide unique information in a widespectrum of scientific applications in accordancewith the ExoMars scientific objectives.The overall scientific purposes of themagnetometer are:• to study the effect on the Martianenvironment of the solar wind interaction with theatmosphere, including atmospheric escape,• to understand the effect on the Martianenvironment of explosive events on the Sun (i.e.CME’s, flares), including the variability in ionizingradiation due to solar energetic particles,• to determine the electrical conductivity of the planetary interior as a function of depth, in orderto map deep subsurface water reservoirs andunderstand the planetary evolution,• to improve the resolution of the crustalmagnetic field and estimates of its sources.
Figure 1: Average radial magnetic perturbations closeto crustal anomalies at the Martian dayside, as measuredby MGS in 400 km’s altitude. The color scale is in nT.The contours show the location of the crustal anomalies.
The solar wind interacts with the Martianatmosphere creating a so-called inducedmagnetosphere of draped magnetic field. In thisprocess currents are created in the day-sideionosphere that acts to shield the ionosphere andsurface from the magnetospheric field. With theMSMO we will investigate the efficiency of theshielding and the morphology of ionosphericcurrents. While these processes have been observedfrom orbiting spacecraft, the MSMO will providethe first continuous measurements from a lowaltitude vantage point. A description of theseprocesses is important in order to understand plasmaescape processes at Mars, in particular theirvariability with the solar wind and solar activity.If a landing site close to one of the crustalmagnetic anomalies is selected we will also be ableto study the currents created in the direct interactionbetween the solar wind and the crustal field (Figure1).The MSMO would have a strong synergy withsimultaneous magnetic and plasma measurementsfrom orbit.The magnetometer proposed for the MSMOexperiment derives from instruments flown indedicated geomagnetic missions (Ørsted, CHAMP,SAC-C). The Danish space magnetometers are alldedicated instruments to accurately map the Earth’smagnetic field and have more than 26 years totalcombined in-orbit operation time. The currentmagnetometer is a miniaturised version of theearlier instruments and is baselined for the ESAPROBA-2 and Swarm missions. One of the keyparameters of the magnetometer is the zero-levelaccuracy of the measured vector field. The fluxgatetransducers use a stable and low-noise (12 pTRMSin 0.01-10 Hz), stress-annealed amorphous magneticmaterial for the ring-cores. The heat treatment of thering-cores has been developed in Denmark, startingwith the Ørsted magnetometer. The resolution of themagnetometer is based on a 22 bit A/D converter.The zero-level stability of the magnetometer hasbeen verified in-flight to a level of 0.3 nTRMS overa period of more than 6 years and in temperaturevariations of +/-10°C. By calibration a DC-accuracyof 0.3 nT (1sigma) can be obtained over a largertemperature span of about 100°C. In order todetermine the orientation of the measured magneticfield vector the magnetometer is combined with anattitude sensor consisting of two gravity sensors.
 
 
European Space AgencyEuropean Mars Science and Exploration Conference: Mars Express & ExoMarsESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 12 - 16 November, 2007MARSIS DATA INVERSION APPROACH: Preliminary results
G. Picardi
1
*, D. Biccari
1
, M. Cartacci
1
, A.Cicchetti
1
, S. Giuppi
1
, A. Marini
1
, A..Masdea
1
, R.Noschese
1
, F.Piccari
1
, R. Seu
1
, J.J.Plaut
2
, W.T.K.Johnson
2
, R.L.Jordan
2
, A.Safaeinili
2
, C.Federico
3
, A.Frigeri
3
, P.T.Melacci
4
,R. Orosei
5
, O.Bombaci
6
, D.Calabrese
6
, E.Zampolini
6
, P.Edenhofer
7
,D.Plettemeier
8
, L. Marinangeli
9
,E.Pettinelli
10
, T. Hagfors
11
, E. Flamini
12
, G.Vannaroni
13
, E. Nielsen
14
, I.Williams
15
, D. A. Gurnett
16
, D. L.Kirchner
16
, R. L. Huff 
161
Infocom Dept.- University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Via Eudossiana, 18 – 00184 Rome-Italy,
2
Jet PropulsionLaboratory – 4800 Oak Grove Drive - Pasadena, CA-91109 - USA -
3
Dept. of Earth Science - University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia Italy,
4
Computer Science Dept. - University of Perugia- Via Vanvitelli 1, 06123 PerugiaItaly,
5
INAF-IASF. - Via del Fosso di Cavaliere,100 - 00133 Rome – Italy,
6
Alcatel Alenia Space - ViaSaccomuro,24 - 00131 Rome –Italy,
7
Institut für HochfrequenztechnikArbeitsgruppe Antennen undWellenausbreitung Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik Ruhr-Universität Bochum 44780Bochum, Germany,
8
Fakultaet für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik Lehrstuhl und Laboratorium fürTheoretische
9
International Research School of Planetary Sciences, Dipartimento di Scienze, Universita'd'Annunzio, Viale Pindaro 42 - 65127 Pescara – Italy,
10
Physics Dept.–University of Rome“Roma Tre”, Viadella Vasca Navale, 84– 00146 Rome-Italy,
11
Max Plank Institut fur Aeronomie, Germanie,
12
ASI, Viale Liegi,26 – 00198 Rome, Italy,
13
INAF-IFSI. - Via del Fosso di Cavaliere,100 - 00133 Rome – Italy,
14
Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research 37191 Katlenburg-Lindau, Federal Republic of Germany
15
Astronomy unitQueen Mary-University of London-U.K.,
16
Dept. of Physics and Astronomy – The University of Iowa – IowaCity, IA – 52242 – USApicar@infocom.uniroma1.it 
Abstract
An approach to the inversion of the data availablefrom the MARSIS (Mars Advanced Radar forSubsurface and Ionosphere Sounding) instrument onMars Express is described. The data inversion givesan estimation of the materials composing thedifferent detected interfaces, including the impurity(inclusion) of the first layer, if any, and itspercentage, by the evaluation of the values of thepermittivity that would generate the observed radioechoes.The data inversion method is based on the analysisof the surface to subsurface power ratio and therelative time delay as measured by MARSIS. TheMARSIS resolution permits us to identify layeredstructures present in the subsurface with a depthresolution of 150 m. A volume scattering and amultilayer analysis has been performed in order toanalyze the influence of these scattering process onthe obtained results. The data inversion has beenperformed at several frequencies to estimate thefrequency dependent parameters
 
affecting thebehavior of the radar echoes.A preliminary relative calibration has beenperformed to determine the capability of MARSISto resolve different surface dielectric constants. Inthis calibration, based on the estimate of surfacebackscattering, the influence of the ionosphere hasalso been taken into account. The constraints, due tothe known geological history of the surface, thelocal temperature and the thermal condition of theobserved zones and the results of other instrumentson Mars Express and other missions to Mars, haveto be considered to improve the validity of theutilized models.The interpretation of radar data requirediscrimination between signals arising fromsubsurface interfaces and those coming from thesurface topographic features not immediately belowthe radar so that the time delay betweentransmission and reception is the same (surface‘‘clutter’’). The main complexity, pertaining to thedata inversion, is related to the accuracy needed onthe values of the dielectric constant on the surface(
’
m
(0)), as well as on the accuracy in the radar datainfluenced by various causes as, for instance, theionosphere residual distortion.Taking into account that along the orbits the echoframes exhibit a non stationary behavior, due to theshape of the surface and subsurface, in order toobtain a proper inversion, the frames have beenselected only in regions of MARS that aremoderately flat as can be determined, a priori fromMOLA data and by the echoes’ behavior. In thiscase, where the surface backscattering is frequencyindependent, the echoes should have a shape asnarrow as possible according with the pulsebandwidth and the weighting network.The data inversion, taking into account models of inclusion distribution in the first layer, and datafrom SHARAD/MRO that show multilayer structureof the first layer with higher depth resolution,provides a solution, in terms of determination of thedielectric constant of the subsurface, compliant withthe knowledge accuracy of the surface scattering.The obtained dielectric constants are higher thanthose pertaining to the material confined by theextreme models considered possible by geologistsand their values show an unexpected compatibilitywith a presence of liquid water mixed with solidmaterial.
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