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Exp - 1
SERIES AND PAREALLEL RESONANCE
AIM: To determine the performance of the series and parallel circuit at resonance.
SERIES RESONANCE
PARALLEL RESONANCE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
APPARATUS:-
THEORY:
Thus at resonance the impedance Z is minimum. Since I = V/Z. The current is maximum . So
that current amplification takes place.
Parallel Resonance:
The parallel circuit consisting branches with single pure elements R,L & C is
an ideal circuit. How ever the performance of such a circuit is of interest in the general subject
of resonance. This ideal parallel circuit is of interest in the general subject of resonance.
Lower cut-off frequency is above the resonant frequency at which the current is reduced
to times of it’s minimum value. Upper cut-off frequency is above.
√
Quality factor is the ratio of reactance power inductor (or) capacitor to its resistance. Selectivity
is the reciprocal of the quality factors.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
.
5. Quality factor Q =
=
= 21.07
TABULAR FORMS:
TABULAR FORMS:
2. Lower cut-off frequency fl =
= 2456. 77 Hz
4. Band width =
= 120.07 Hz
5. Quality factor Q =
= 0.0474 Hz
PRECAUTIONS:
• Meter reading should be taken with out parallax error.
• Connection should be made tight.
RESULT:-
AIM:
APPARATUS:
2 Voltmeters (0-30) V MC 01
3 Ammeters (0-200m)A MC 01
330 Ω 01
4 Resistors 470Ω - 01
630Ω 01
5 Experimental board - - 01
Required
6 Connecting wires - -
Number
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
BASIC CIRCUIT
WHEN V1=0
WHEN I1=0
WHEN V2=0
WHEN I2=0
THEORY:
A port is normally referred to a pair of terminals of a network though which we
can have access to network of calculating current in any part of network. Frequently the problem
is move restried in nature and may be that of calculating the response at a terminal pair
designated an input when excitation is applied at another terminal pair designated as input
terminals. It is a problem of terminal through which it is accessible, is called “Two Port
Network.“
If we relate the voltage of one port to the current of the same port, we get driving
point immitance. On the other hand, if we relate the voltage of one port to the current at another
port, we get transfer immittance. Immitance is a general term used to represent either the
impedance or the admittance of a network.
PROCEDURE:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Set the ammeter pointer to zero position.
3. Take the readings without parallax error.
4. Avoid loose connections.
5. Do not short-circuit the RPS output terminals.
TABULAR FORMS:
Theoritical Values
V1 I1 V2
I2
(volts) (mA) (mA)
(mA)
V1=0
0 61 20 92
I1=0
11.42 0 20 57
V2=0
20 107 0 61
I2=0
20 66 13.2 0
Practical Values
V1 I1 V2
I2
(volts) (mA) (mA)
(mA)
V1=0
I1=0
V2=0
I2=0
Theoretical calculations:
Z-parameters:
Z11 = $ / I2=0 =
Z12 = $ / I1=0 =
Z21 = $ / I2=0 =
Z22 = $ / I1=0 =
Y – Parameters
$
Y11 = / V2=0 =
$
Y12 =
/ V1=0 =
$
Y21 =
/ V2= 0 =
$
Y22 =
/ V1= 0 =
ABCD parameters:
A = / I2= 0 =
B= $
/ V2= 0 =
$
C=
/ I2= 0 =
$
D= $
/ V1=0 =
H – Parameters:
h11 = $ / V2 =0 =
h12 = / I1=0 =
$
h21 = $ / V2 =0 =
$
h22 = / I1 =0 =
g- parameters:
$
g11 = / I2 =0 =
$
g12 = $
/ V =0
1 =
g21 =
/ I2=0 =
g22 = $
/ V1=0 =
A1B1C1D1 parameters:
A1 =
/ I1=0 =
B1 = $ / V1=0 =
1 $
C =- / I1=0 =
1 $
D = $ / V1=0 =
RESULT:
Reviw Questions:-
3. What is Z- parameter?
Exp - 3
GIVEN CIRCUIT:
STATEMENT:
SuperPosition Theorem:
APPARATUS:
100Ω 01No
3 Resistors 150Ω - 01No
200Ω 01No
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:-
Superposition theorem:-
PROCEDURE:
TABULAR FORMS:
From Fig(1)
From Fig(2)
Current
Applied voltage
S. No IL
(V1) Volt
(mA)
From Fig(3)
Current
Applied voltage
S. No IL
(V2) Volt
(mA)
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS
From Fig(2)
I1=V1/(R1+(R2//R3)) = 161 mA
ILl =I*R2/(R2+R3) = 69 mA
From Fig(3)
I2=V2/(R2+(R1//R3)) = 92 mA
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Set the ammeter pointer at zero position.
3. Take the readings without parallax error.
4. Avoid loose connections.
5.Avoid short circuit of RPS output terminals.
RESULT:
Review Questions:-
1) What do you man by Unilateral and Bilateral network? Give the limitations of
Superposition theorem.
2) What are the equivalent internal impedances for an ideal voltage source and for a
Current source?
3) Transform a physical voltage source into its equivalent current source.
4) If all the 3 star connected impedance are identical and equal to ZA, then what is the
Delta connected resistors?
CONCLUSION:
1. The given circuit is linear, since the response is algebraic sum of the individual
responses.
2. Superposition theorem is not valid for power responses.
3( b) RECIPROCITY THEOREM
AIM :
To verify reciprocity theorem for the given circuit .
GIVEN CIRCUIT:
STATEMENT:
Reciprocity theorem
APPARATUS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:-
CIRCUIT – 1:
CIRCUIT -2
THEORY:-
Reciprocity Theorems:-
This theorem permits in to transfer source from one position in the circuit to another and
may be stated as under.
In any linear bilateral network, if an e.m.f E acting in a branch causes a current ‘I’ in
branch ‘Y’ then the same e.m.f E located in branch ‘Y’ will cause a current I in branch.
However, currents in other branches will not change.
TABULAR FORM:
RECIPROCITY THEOREM :
From Fig(1)
Current
Applied voltage
S. No IL
(V1) Volt
(mA)
From Fig(2)
Current
Applied voltage
S. No IL 1
(V2) Volt
(mA)
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS :
From Fig(1)
I1=V/(R1+(R2//R3)) = 161 mA
IL= I1*R3/(R2+R3) = 92 mA
From Fig(2)
I2=V/(R2+(R1//R3)) = 138 mA
IL1= I2*R3/(R1+R3) = 92 mA
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Set the ammeter pointer at zero position.
RESULT:
1 V/IL 92 mA
2 V/ILl 92 mA
CONCLUSION:
1. The given circuit is bilateral, since the ratio of excitation to the response is same before
and after interchanging the positions of excitation and response.
Exp - 4
STATEMENT:
It states that, maximum power will be transferred from source to load when the load
resistance is the complex conjugate of source resistance.
GIVEN CIRCUIT:
APPARATUS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
Fig(1)
THEORY:
The statement of maximum power transfer is “ In d.c circuits, maximum power is
transferred from a source to load when the load resistance is made equal to the internal resistance
of the source as viewed from the load terminal with load removed and all e.m.f sources replaced
by their internal resistance.
Consider a voltage source of V of internal resistance R delivering power to aload
RL. We shall prove that when RL = RS the power transferred is maximum.
%
Circuit current = &
' "& (
Power delivered P = I2 RL
%
= )& + RL
' "& *
RS ==RL
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram fig(1).
2. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value (Say
30V).
3. Vary the load rheostat. in steps, and note down the response (current) through the load for
each step (ammeter reading) & load voltage.
4. Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
5. Disconnect the circuit.
6. Calculate the power absorbed by the load, PL for each step using the formula PL=IL2 RL.
7. Plot the graph by taking ‘RL’ on X-axis and PL on Y-axis.
LOAD
VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER
SNO. RESISTENCE
VL (in Volts) IL (in amps) P=VL*IL(watt)
In ohms
…….
Theoretical calculations
./
Total current I = &
* "& '
P = I2 RL
0*
=
& 2. RL
* "& '
0/
→0/ 2
& & ' 4& / & ' 53 =0
/ "& '
Rs=RL
PRECAUTIONS:
→ Avoid loose connections
→ Ammeter should always connected in series with the circuit.
Review Questions:-
Exp - 5
AIM: To verify Thevenin’s & Norton’s theorems for the given circuit.
GIVEN CIRCUIT:
STATEMENTS:
Thevenin’s theorem
It states that any linear, active network with two open terminals can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of Thevenin’s equivalent voltage source Vth in series
with Thevenin’s equivalent resistance Rth. Where Vth is the open circuit voltage across the two
terminals and Rth is the resistance seen from the same two terminals.
Norton’s theorem
It states that any linear, active network with two open terminals can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of Norton’s equivalent current source IN in parallel
with Norton’s equivalent resistance RN. where IN is the short circuit current through the two
terminals and RN is the resistance seen from the same two terminals
APPARATUS:
Name of the
S. No Range Type Quantity
apparatus
Regulated power (0 –
1 Digital 01
supply 30)V/2A
2 Voltmeter (0-30)V MC 01
(0-
3 Ammeter MC 01
2000m)A
100Ω 02
Carbon
4 Resistors 150Ω 01
Composition
200Ω 01
5 Experimental board --- --- 01
Required
6 Connecting wires --- ----
number
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:-
TO FIND IL:
FIG(1)
TO FIND VTH:
FIG(2)
TO FIND Rth:
TO FIND IN:
Fig(4)
THEORY:
Thevenin’s theorem:
The values of VTh and RTh are determined as mentioned in thevenin’s theorem.
Once the thevenin equivalent circuit is obtained, then current through any load resistance RL
%6
connected across AB is given by, I = & "& '
6
To find RTh,
& &7
RTh = R2 + &
" &7
NORTON’S THEOREM:
(i) The output IN of the current source is equal to the current that would flow through
AB when A&B are short circuited.
(ii) The resistance RN is the resistance of network measured b/wn A and B with load
removed and the sources of e.m.f replaced by their internal resistances.
Ideal voltage source are replaced with short circuits and ideal current sources are replaced
with open circuits .
PROCEDURE:
Thevenin’s Theorem
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS :
Thevinen’s theorem:
VTH=(V/(R1+R3) )R3 = 20 V
Norton’s theorem:
RN = R2 +(R1*R3)/(R1+R3) = 216.6 Ω
VTH = V /(R1+R3) ) R3 = 20 V
IL = IN *RTH/(RTH+RL) = 63 mA
IL=63 mA IL =
Vth=20 V Vth=
RN=RL=216.6 Ω
RN=RL=
IL=63 mA
IL =
IN=92 mA
IN=
RESULT:-
Review Questions:-
2) In the above question if the voltage is 10 volts and the load is of 50Ω.
What is the load current and Vth? Verify IL?
4) In the above question if the voltage is 20V and the load is of 50 Ohms,
What is the load current and IN ? Verify IL ?
Exp - 6
4 Power 5 HP 3 KW
5 Field current 1A 1A
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
TABULAR COLUMN:
GRAPH:
Draw the graph between generated voltage at no load and field current. By taking
generated voltage Eg in volts on Y axis and field current If in amps on X-axis.
MODEL GRAPH:
PRECAUTIONS:-
1) The rheostat is connected such that minimum resistance is included in field circuit of
motor
2) The rheostat is connected such that maximum resistance is included in field circuit of
generator.
3)Starter handle is moved slow
RESULT:
.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
Exp – 7
AIM:
To conduct the field test on two identical series machines and to find the efficiency at full
load.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SWINBURNS’S TEST ON D.C SHUNT MACHINE
Page
2-1ECE ET LABMANUAL
Dept of E.E.E
2-1ECE ET LABMANUAL
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THEORY:
PROCEDURE
TO FINDARMATURE RESISTANCE(RA):
1) Connect the circuit per the circuit diagram
2) Keep the rheostat in maximum position.
3) Now excite the motor terminals by 30V supply by closing DPST switch.
By varying the rheostat & motor down the readings of Ammeter and voltmeter
MODEL CALCULATIONS:-
For motor:
IL= Ia+If
No load losses = Wo =VIo – Iao2Ra
Input = VI
Cu losses = Ia2 Ra
Total losses =No load losses + cu losses
Efficiency( η) = Output/Input
Output = input-total losses
For generator:-
I a = IL +If
No load losses = Wo = V Io – Iao2Ra
Input = VI
Cu losses = Ia2 Ra
Total losses =No load losses + cu losses
Efficiency ( η) = Output / Input
Output = input - total losses
TABULAR COLOUMN:
CALCULATION TABLE:
As a Motor:
As a Generator:
GRAPH:
MODEL GRAPH:
THEORY:
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
PRECAUTIONS:
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1.Why the magnetic losses calculated by this method are less than the actual value?
2.Is it applied to D.C series machines?
3.Comment on the efficiency determined by this method.
Exp – 7
AIM:
To conduct the brake test on a given D.C shunt motor and to draw its performance
curves .
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: BRAKE TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR
Page
2-1ECE ET LABMANUAL
Dept of E.E.E
2-1ECE ET LABMANUAL
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THEORY:
The speed of a D.C motor Nα V.Ia Ra
ϕ
The speed of the D.C motor is inversely proportional to the flux produced by the
field. Decreasing the flux the speed of the machine can be increased. The flux of the field
winding can be changed by changing shunt field current with the help of shunt field rheostat.
Another method for speed control is to keep a variable resistance in series with the armature. By
increasing the resistance the voltage drop also increases and hence the voltage applied across the
armature decreases which result in the decrease in speed of the motor.
PROCEDURE:
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Tabular column
Amme Forces in
Voltmet Torque
ter Input = KG Net forces Speed in O/p=
er = %ή=
Readi VI F = S1~S2 RPM 2πNT/60
S.NO Reading f*r*9.81 (o/p)/(i/p)*100
ng I watts S1 S2 in kg (N) (Watts)
V volts (N-M)
amps
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GRAPH:
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The graph is drawn between
a) Output in Watts Vs Speed(N) in RPM
b) Output in Watts Vs Torque(T) in N-m
c) Output in Watts Vs Current(I) in A
d) Output in Watts Vs Efficiency(%η)
By taking output in Watts on X axis and speed, Torque, current, Efficiency on
Y- axis .
MODEL GRAPH:
FORMULAE:
Torque=:F*Re*9.81 N
Power output=[(2*Π*N*T) /60] W
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PRECAUTIONS:
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1. Initially 3-point starter should be kept at ‘OFF’ position and later it must be varied
slowly and uniformly from ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ position.
2. The field regulator must be kept at its minimum output position.
3. The brake drum of the motor should filled with cold water.
4. The motor should be started without load.
APPLICATIONS:
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
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Exp – 8 the full version at
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OC & SC TESTS ON 1 – PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM:
To conduct Open circuit and Short circuit tests to pre-determine the performance of the
single phase transformer
APPARATUS:
ThisCIRCUIT
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OC Test Observations
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Where
VI cos φ
M. F. = Multiplication factor =
FSD
FSD Full scale divisions
SC Test Observations
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PROCEDURE (OC TEST):
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MODEL CALCULATIONS:
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(a)Calculation of Equivalent circuit parameters:
V2
K= =
V1
WSC 2 2
R02 = 2
= X 02 = Z 02 − R02 =
I sc
VSC
Z 02 = =
I SC
X 01 = X 02 / K 2 =
R01 = R02 / K 2 =
Z 01 = Z 02 / K 2
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Tabulation:
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(a) Efficiency at different loads and P.f s
S.N Load Cu.lo Outp Inp η X S.N Loa Cu.lo Outp Inp η
o. ss ut ut (% x o. d ss ut ut (%
(W) (W) (W) ) (W) (W) (W) )
1. ¼ 1. ¼
F. F.L
2. L. 2. .
½ ½
3. F. 3. F.L
L. .
4. ¾ 4. ¾
F. F.L
L. .
F.
L. F.L
.
(b) Regulation at full load
Lagging Pf Leading Pf
S. S.
P.F. % Reg. P. F. % Reg.
No. No.
1. 0.3 1. 0.3
2. 0.4 2. 0.4
3. 0.5 3. 0.5
4. 0.6 4. 0.6
7. Unity 7. Unity
Output
% efficiency = x 100 =
Input
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PRECAUTIONS:
MODEL GRAPHS:
1) Load Vs Efficiency
2) Pf Vs Regulation
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RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1) The regulation calculated is exact or approximate?
2) Is it direct or indirect test?
3) What are the parameters to be calculated by using this test?
4) What are the conditions for maximum regulation and zero regulation?
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Exp – 9
BRAKE TEST ON 3 -PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To perform Brake test on 3- phase Slip ring induction motor to determine performance
characteristics.
APPARATUS:
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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PROCEDURE:
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1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
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2. Insert the proper rating fuses
3. Initially we place the rotor rheostat in maximum position
4. Initially there is no load on the motor
5. Close the TPST switch by giving 415 V, 50 Hz AC supply using 3-phase Auto Transformer
6. Measure no load voltage, current and power
7. Apply the load by tightening the brake drum measure the values of voltage, current ,
wattmeter, speed, weights reading i.e. S1 and S2.
8. After taking the values make brake drum in initial position(voltage 415 to 0 position) then
switch off the supply (Remove TPST switch)
9. Tabulate the results and draw the graphs.
MODEL CALCULATION:
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1. Output Vs Efficiency
2. Output Vs Torque
3. Slip Vs Torque
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PRECAUTIONS:
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1. While starting the motor the load should not be there on the drum
2. The applied load on the brake drum does not exceed its rated value
3. The readings should be noted without parallelex errors
4. Always the drum should be kept cool
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1) Is it possible to realize maximum torque at starting of induction motor?
2) What should be the frequency of injected emf in rotor circuit?
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OC & SC TESTS ON 3 – PHASE ALTERNATOR
AIM:
To conduct Open circuit and Short circuit tests on a three- phase Alternator and to determine
the voltage regulation and synchronous impedance using EMF and MMF methods
APPARATUS:
S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1 Voltmeter MI 0-600 V 01No
2 Voltmeter MC 0-50 V 01No
3 Ammeter MI 0-10 A 01No
4 Ammeter MC 0-2 A 01No
5 Rheostat Wire 300 Ω/ 2 A 01No
Wound 100Ω/ 5 A 01No
6 Connecting ---- ----- Required
Wires number
7 (0-
Tachometer
Digital 10,000)RPM 01No
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Tabulation:
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a) OC & SC Test:
O. C. Test S. C. Test
Speed = Speed =
S.No. Field Phase S.No. Field Short circuit
current (A) voltage (V) current, current (ISC), (A)
(If) (A)
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b) Armature Resistance:
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(SC TEST):
VOC
From Graph Z S = for the same If and speed: =
I SC
Ra = (1.6) RdC =
X S = Z S2 − Ra2 =
2
E0 = (v cos φ + I a Ra ) 2 + (v sin φ ± I a X S ) =
E0 − V
% Re g = x 100 =
V
where
E0 – Generated emf of alternator per phase voltage
V – Full load, rated terminal voltage per phase.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The excitation should not exceed the field current
2. The rheostat in shunt motor should be at minimum position
3. Take the readings without parallelox errors
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1. Field current ( If ) Vs Generated EMF ( E )
2. Field current ( If ) Vs Short circuit current ( I sc )
3. Power factor Vs % Regulation
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RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1) What is meant infinite bus bar?
2) How to minimize hunting effect?
3) At what condition frequency collapses?
4) What is synchroscope?