Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5,20
24
24
12,19
18,19
18
18
26
13,25
13,25
13,26
13,26
13,25
13,25
.
7,24
7,24, 29, 32, 35, 37
24
12
"" (3,1415927)
29
29
24,33
32
29
29
29
29
-3-
29
29
30
30
31
30
31
31
31
32
26
31
29, 31
31
31
31
-4-
33
33
27
33
33
35
15
.
35
35
36,37
38
35
35
35
35
37
37
37
37
,
,
.
Brilliant.
, , ,
, .
,
, . , ,
( 0C), ( 40C)
.
,
. , .
, , ,
, "0".
* , ,
. ,
.
-5-
1)
2)
3)
.......................................................... 7
, ..................................... 12
..................................................... 17
4) ..................................................................... 18
5)
............................................................ 19
6) ............................................................ 20
7) ......................................... 21
8) .............................................................. 24
9)
............................................... 29
10) ................................................. 35
-6-
1.
1.1
. , .
10
,
.
log
10
,
.
,
, .
.
,
.
.
, ,
"SD" [ ] "LR" [
].
,
"ALPHA".
1.2
, - ,
,
. ,
. , ,
.
1. "COMP" [], "SD" [ ] "REG" [].
N 1 .
COMP
1
SD
2
REG
3
, , .
.
- "COMP" []
, ,
.
,
.
- "SD" [ ]
-7-
, . "SD",
"SD"
- "REG" []
,
. "REG",
"REG".
* "COMP" [], "SD" [ ] "REG" []
. -
.
,
, ,
.
N 2 .
DEG
1
RAD
2
GRA
3
,
, .
.
- "DEG" []
,
. "DEG"
[], "DEG".
- "RAD" []
,
. "RAD"
[], "RAD".
- "GRA" []
,
. "GRA"
[], "GRA."
* "DEG" [], "RAD" [] "GRA" []
.
, , , .
N 3 .
FIX
1
SCI
2
NORM
3
,
, .
.
-8-
- "FIX" []
,
, .
"FIX" [],
"FIX".
, "0 ~ 9?".
,
.
: .
- "SCI" [ ]
,
. "SCI" [ ], "SCI".
, "0 ~ 9?".
,
.
: .
- "NORM 1/NORM 2" [ 1/ 2]
,
.
, "1~2?".
,
, .
-2
* "NORM 1" [ 1] - , 10 ,
8
10 , .
* .NORM 2. [ 2] - , 10-7 ,
108, .
* "FIX" [], "SCI" [ ]
"NORM1/NORM 2" [ 1/ 2] . -
.
,
, ,
.
1.3
hyp M STO RCL SD REG CMPLX MATVCTEQN D R G FIX SCI r<Q ENG R
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2
10
0 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 , i 10
Disp
,
. , , 9 . , , 0 99.
-9-
, .
COMP "COMP" []
hyp
M
K
SD
"SD" [ ]
REG
"REG" []
DEG RAD
GRA
FIX
SCI
NORM "NORM 1/NORM 2" [ 1/ 2]
, 1 9 .
999.999.999.
"NORM 1" [ 1] "NORM 2" [ 2], .
"NORM 1" [ 1]
0,01
"NORM 2" [ 2]
999.999.999
0,00000001
999.999.999
200
-03
5. 10
0.005
( , , , "NORM 1"
[ 1].)
-10-
, (60 - ) .
=
6 12 23.
6 12
23
12 34 56.
1234'56".
-11-
2. ,
( "V.P.A.M.")
"V.P.A.M.", ,
, ,
, . , , ,
.
*
.
1: 2 (3 + 4) = 14
2
2.
3. +
7.
4
=
14.
2: sin30 = 0.5
sin
30
sin
30.
0.5
,
. .
A ( , 2
)
x , 1/x, x!
y x
,
x ,
R P, P R
,
nPr, nCr
B ( ,
)
, , log, ln, ex, 10x, sin, cos, tan,
sin-1, cos-1, tan-1, sinh, cosh, tanh,
sinh-1, cosh-1, tahn-1
, ( ) ,
, ( ) +, * , , ,
[ex ln 120 ex ln( 120)]. , , .
* .
* , ,
.
-12-
:
2 + 3 (log sin(2
) + 6.8) = 22.071017
( "RAD" [])
( ..), ,
. . (). 6 ,
18 .
,
"-[-".
:
2 ( 3 - 4 ( 5+4 ) 3 ) = - 18
2
3
4
5
(
+
* ,
, . ,
, .
/
/ 8
2 .
12 2 .
5
: 3 10
7=
3
5
3
7
5
42857
42857.143
7
=
0.1428571
7 .
: "" ,
-13-
7 , "" ,
,
(
).
,
.
*
.
(
F, M, Y), , , . , ,
:
. , . , 9 , :
(1) .
: 123 "A".
123
123.
=
123.
0.
123.
,
.
: 123 456 "B".
123
456
456.
=
56088.
0.
56088.
. , ,
.
: 123 .
123
123.
+
123.
.
0.
-14-
123.
25, 12.
25
12
12.
136.
* , ,
.
* ,
, "SD"
[ ] "LR" [ ].
!
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
, , , .
""
"" .
, .
.
* "Ans" []
, , "ns".
:
456
579.
210.
"Ans-" ,
12 2 . "Ans-"
.
, "Ans-",
,
. , ,
, "Ans-" .
* ,
"Ans-":
,
,
,
.
"Ans-" ,
x y r q
-15-
( 9-7 8).
,
A
.
: 2
7
9.
-16-
3.
A ( "NORM 1" [ 1])
,
, 9-
, -99 +99.
- 1.23456789
- 99
10
(-),
(-),
: -1.23456789 10-99
*
, .
- 1.2345678
- 1.2345678 10-3
(= 0.0012345678)
2345678
-17-
- 1.2345678
00
10
- 1.2345678
-03
10
4.
,
,
,
, .
,
,
,
, ,
. :
, 123 124
123
4
123.
12.
124.
,
,
,
,
, ,
.
,
.
-18-
5.
"-E-" "-[-", , , . ,
.
) (, ) , , , (9.99999999
1099 ( "-E-").
) ,
( "-E-").
) (, x sn n=0)
( "-E-").
)
( : 6 0) ( "-E-").
)
( "-[-").
2
:
3
4.
17 ,
:
), ), ), ) ...........
.
)........................
. ,
, , , ,
.
* +(1 10-99) -(1 10-99),
.
.
:
,
,
,
,
.
,
, , , .
,
.
1.
, "COMP"
[].
2.
, "DEG"
[].
3.
, "NORM1"
[ 1].
,
.
-19-
6.
*
.
*
G13 (SR44 LR44).
* , , .
* , ,
,
.
1. , , , .
2. ,
.
3.
, , (+) (,
).
4.
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
6 .
.
.
.
-20-
7.
; ; ;
;
(, );
;
; ; ; ; ;
; ; ;
; ; ""; ;
; ;
; ;
;
.(R P, P R); ; ;
-; ;
; ;
( ); ;
; x;
y; x ( );
y ( ); x; y;
x; y; x y;
; ; ;
x; y
:
;
( ).
-99
99
1 10 - 9.99999999 10 , 0.
12- .
sinx/osx/tanx
|x| <9 109
8
10
(<5 10
., <10 .)
-1
-1
sin x/os x
|x| < 1 . .
-1
100
tan x
|x| < 10
sinhx/oshx
|x| < 230.2585
tanhx
|x| < 10100
-1
sinh x
|x| < 5 1099
osh-1x
1<<5 1099
-1
tanh x
|x| < 1
-99
100
logx/lnx
10 < <10
100
ex
- 10 < < 230.2585
x
100
10
- 10 < < 100
-21-
xy
x
3
0 < < 10
100
50
|x| < 10
100
|x| < 10
1/x
x!
0 < x < 69 (x : )
nPr / nCr
10
*
-
.
REC
POL
o ,,,
100
POL
x + y < 10
REC
|q| < 9 10
10
(< 5 x 10 ., < 10 ),
100
0 < r < 10
8
* , xy, ,
3
!, ,
.
*
1 8- .
.
-2
-22-
, ( G13
(SR44 LR44))
3 ( 1 )
LR44/SR44
,
.
:
0C - 40C
, :
23,9 () 77 () 153,4 ()
, :
114,3 ( )
-23-
8.
* "COMP"
[] (
).
* ,
( ).
* 18 6
.
8.1
( )
23 + 4,5 - 53 =
23
4 5
53
56 (-12) (-2.5) =
56
12
2 5
2 3 (1 1020) =
2
3
1
20
7 8 - 4 5 (= 56 - 20)=
7
8
4
5
1+2-34 5+6=
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
=
45
4
5
6
- 25.5
268.8
6.6666667
19
10
36.
6.6
0.3
2 { 7 + 6 (5 + 4) } =
7
5
0.
0.
122.
*
10 - { 7 x (3 + 6) } =
10
,
6
- 53.
:
10
8.2
* "K",
.
3 + 2.3 =
2
5.3
8.3
6 + 2.3 =
-24-
2.3 x 12 =
(-9) 12 =
12
=
=
9
17 + 17 + 17 + 17 =
17
=
=
1.7 =
27.6
- 108.
34.
51.
68.
2.89.
1.7 =
4.913
1.74 =
8.3521
72.
- 90.
56
2.8
23
1.15
364=
18.
3 6 (- 5) =
4
5
56
=
4 (2 + 3)
23
=
4 (2 + 3)
20.
8.3
* 7
, .
193.2 23 =
193
23
8.4
193.2 28 =
28
6.9
193.2 42 =
42
4.6
* , ,
, .
96+3 =
(7 - 2) 8
B=
9
6
3
57.
7
C=
-25-
40.
1.425
*
:
9
6
3
7
2
8
.
*
.
.
* "M", .
23 + 9 = 32
53 - 6 = 47
-) 45 2 = 90
99 3 = 33
22
23
53
45
2
99
9
6
+
+
0.
32.
47.
90.
33.
22.
8.4
* ,
, ,
9.
*
.
* ,
.
*
, ,
, .
4
5
1
2
8
(3 + 1 ) 7 =
6
4
3
9
4
5
6
1
4
1
2
7
8
3
3
9
3 7 568.
3.0123239
3 7 568.
2 4 + 3 - 11 =
5 4
2
2
3 11 20.
3.55
-26-
2 1 20.
(1.5 10 ) - {(2.5 x 10 ) x
1
3
}=
100
2
3
5
6
100
14925000.
* , ,
( ,
,
,
)
.
3 456 = 8 11
78
13
()
3
456
78
3 456 78.
=
8 11 13.
*
.
115 13.
12 - 32 =
45 56
12
45
32
56
4 15.
=
- 32 105.
* , ,
.
41
78.9 =
52
41
52
78
41 52. x
=
62.209615
8.5
12% 1500
1500
12
660 880
660
880
180.
75.
15%- 2500
2500
15
2875.
25%- 3500
3500
25
2625.
300 . 500 ..
?
300
500
160.
(%)
80$ 100$ ,
?
100
80
25.
(%)
-27-
12% 1200
18% 1200
23% 1200
1200
12
144.
18
216.
23
276.
26% 2200
26% 3300
26% 3800
26
2200
572.
3300
858.
3800
988.
15.625
81.25
30 192
156 192
192
30
156
* 600 1200 .
?
* 510 1200 .
?
1200
600
150.
510
142.5
*
150 138 ?
*
150 129 ?
150
138
- 8.
510
- 14.
-28-
9.
* , .
, , ,
, 10, , , .
... [ ] []
2
1/x, x , x!
, .
... [] [ ]
... [ x] [ ]
[ y]
* "COMP"
[]. ,
,
, , ,
.
* p = 3,1415927 e = 2,7182818.
* ,
.
,
.
*
. 21.
9.1
(,
) .
,
.
1425'36" =
14
14.
25
14.416667
36
14.426667
14 25 36.
9.2
sin (
p rad) =
6
"RAD" (
)
=
0.5
cos 63 52'41" =
"DEG" (
63
52
)
41
cos
=
-29-
63.878056
0.440283
tan(- 35 gra)
"GRA" (
)
35
- 0.6128007
2 sin45 x cos65 =
"DEG"
2
cot30o =
45
65
1
=
tan30o
"DEG"
30
- 0.5976724
1.7320508
1
sec( p rad) =
=
p
3
cos( 3 rad)
"RAD"
3
2.
cosec30o =
1
o =
sin30
"DEG"
30
2
cos =
=
2
"RAD"
2.
-1
2
0.7853981
tan -10.6104 =
"DEG"
6104
31.399891
31 23 59.
9.3
sinh 3.6 =
18.285455
tanh 2.5 =
0.9866143
0.9866143 _
=
=
-1
sinh 30 =
30
-30-
0.2231301
- 1.5
4.0946222
tanh 4x = 0,88.
=
tanh-1 0.88
=
4
88
0.3439419
9.4 /
( , , )
log1.23(= log101.23) =
1
23
0.0899051
4 = 64.
log4 = log64
x = log64
log4
64
ln90( = loge90) =
90
log456 ln456 =
456
0.4
3.
4.4998097
0.4342944
-3
10 + 5 e =
4
5
3
2.7608218
2.3
5.6 =
5
7
52.581438
1/7
123 ( = 123 ) =
7
123
(78 - 23)-12 =
78
23
12
312 + e10 =
3
12
10
1.9886478
1.3051118
553467.47
35
=
=
-31-
- 0.2785679
0.5265407
21
x10
( ................................. 0.5265407)
151/5 + 251/6 + 351/7 =
5
25
15
7
35
5.090557
9.5 , , ,
2+ 3 5=
2
3
5+
-27 =
5
27
5.2871969
- 1.2900241
123 + 30 =
123
1
1
3
1
4
30
1023.
=
3
12.
8!( = 1 2 3 ..... 7 8) =
8
40320.
)
FIX
234
1.23
=
234
FIX
2.47
2.468
"FIX2"
FIX
234
234
1.23
=
FIX
2.46
2.46
1 3+1 3=
"SCI2"(
)
SCI
-32-
1.23
=
SCI
2.46
-01
x10
+
-01
x10
0.6666666
"SCI2"
1
SCI
-01
x10
+
SCI
-01
x10
3.3
=
6.6
0.66
1 100 = 0.001
-3
= 1 10
( 1)
1000
( 2)
1.
-03
x10
0.001
123m x 456
= 56088 m
= 56.088 km
123
456
56088.
56.088
7.8g 96
= 0.08125
= 81.25
7
96
03
x10
0.08125
81.25
-03
x10
0,000 0,999.
RAN#
0.570
()
9.7
:
x = r cos q
y = r sin q
:
x y, P
q = 60 r = 2.
"DEG"
60
x=
y=
-33-
1.0
1.7320508
9.8
:
2
r= x +y
o
o
q = tan yx ( - 180 < q <180
)
=
-1
:
r q , P
x = 1 y = 3.
"RAD"
r=
q=
2.0
1.0471976
(q )
9.9
: n > r (n, r: )
=
:
nPr = (n n!
- r)!
:
4- 4
1 7?
7
840.
9.10
: n > r (n, r: )
=
:
nCr = r!(nn!- r)!
:
4 ,
.
10
-34-
210.
10.
, ,
.
10.1
* "SD" [
]
.
: sn-1, sn, x, n, Sx Sx2 55, 54, 51, 55,53, 53, 54, 52.
"SD"
55
54
53
51
54
55
52
DATA
52.
( )
xsn-1
1.407886
( )
xsn
1.3169567
( )
x
53.375
(n)
8.
(Sx)
Sx
( )
( )
427.
( )
2
(Sx )
Sx2
22805.
.
()
1.9821429
.
( )
55
1.625
(55 - )
54
0.625
(54 - )
51
- 2.375
(55 - )
-35-
:
sn-1 , :
2
Sx2 - (Snx)
n-1
:
sn ,
2
Sx2 - (Snx)
n
, :
Sx
n
*
,
, , ,
,
,
( ).
:
n, sn-1 : 1,2; -0,9; -1,5; 2,7; -0,6;
0,5; 0,5; 0,5; 0,5; 1,3; 1,3; 1,3; 0,8; 0,8; 0,8; 0,8; 0,8.
"SD"
1
DATA
- 0.9
()
2
- 2.5
` ( )
0.
1
DATA
5
2
DATA
- 1.5
2.7
()
DATA
2.7
()
1
DATA
- 1.6
` ( )
DEL
-36-
DATA
- 1.6
- 0.6
` ( )
2
DEL
7
5
2.7
0.5
DATA
0.5
` ()
4
1.4
( )
0.
1
DATA
3
8
1.3
0.8
` ()
DATA
0.8
( )
8
DEL
(n)
0.8
DATA
0.8
17.
x
xsn-1
0.6352941
0.9539006
10.2
* "LIN" [ ]
.
:
y = A + Bx
A=
Sy - BSx
n
B = nSxy2- SxSy
nSx - (Sx)2
r=
nSxy - SxSy
2
2
2
2
{nSx - (Sx) } {nSy - (Sy) }
-37-
:
.
,C
10
15
20
25
30
1003
1005
1010
1008
1003
(A), (B),
(r) (x, y) ,
.
"LIN"
'
10
10.
1003
DATA
15
1005
DATA
1005.
20
1010
DATA
1010.
25
1008
DATA
1008.
30
1014
DATA
1014.
1003.
998.
0.5
(B)
0.9190182
(r)
( 18C)
y
18
1007.
()
( 1000 )
:
Sx2, Sx, n, Sy2, Sy, Sxy, x, xsn, xsn-1, y, ysn, ysn-1, ,
B r
(
)
.
:
xi
yi
2
3
3
4
2
4
3
5
2
5
4
5
"LIN"
2
DATA
3.
()
4
-38-
4.
` ( )
0.
3
'
3.
DATA
4.
'
3.
'
2.
DATA
4.
'
1.
DATA
5.
DEL
5.
DATA
5.
'
2.
()
` ( )
()
` ( )
5
2
()
4
DATA
4.
'
4.
DATA
6.
DEL
6.
DATA
5.
DEL
4.
DATA
5.
()
` ( )
` ( )
2
4
2
, .
-39-
:
x = exp y - A
B
y = A + B lnx
* x (lnx) y,
,
.
* , .
,
y,
y
,
. ,
Slnx, S(lnx)2 Slnxy,
Sx, Sx2 Sxy.
:
xi
yi
29 50
74 103 118
1.6 23.5 38.0 46.4 48.9
, B, r, ,
.
"LR"
'
29
50
3.3672958
DATA
1.6
23
DATA
23.5
38
DATA
38.
103
46
DATA
46.4
118
48
DATA
74
48.9
- 111.1284
(A)
( xi 80)
80
37.948795
(y)
( yi 73)
=
73
224.15413
(x)
:
y=Ae
x = lny - lnA
B
Bx
* y (lny) x,
,
-40-
.
* ,
.
()
, ,
,
,
,
. , 2
2
Slny, S(lny) Sxlny, Sy, Sy
Sxy.
:
xi
yi
35.1
5.2
, B, r, ,
.
"LR"
6
21
'
DATA
6.9
3.0633909
12
15
DATA
2.7536607
19
12
DATA
2.4932055
26
DATA
2.1400662
35
DATA
1.6486586
30.497587
-0.0492037
-0.9972473
(A)
(B)
(r)
( xi 16)
=
16
13.879157
(y)
( yi 20)
x
20
8.574868
(x)
:
y=Ax
x = exp
( lny B- lnA )
* lnx lny.
* ,
.
()
,
-41-
, ,
, . ,
Slnx, S(lnx)2, Slny, S(lny)2
2
2
Slnxlny, Sx, Sx , Sy, Sy , Sxy.
:
xi
yi
28
2410
30
3033
33
3895
35
4491
38
5717
, B, r, ,
.
"LR"
28
'
3.3322045
2410
DATA
7.787382
30
3033
DATA
8.0173075
33
3895
DATA
8.267449
35
4491
DATA
8.4098307
38
5717
DATA
8.6511995
0.238801
-2.7718661
-0.9989062
(A)
(B)
(r)
( xi 40)
=
40
6587.6748
(y)
( yi 1000)
1000
20.262257
(x)
-42-