kQ;kjd§kQ;kjd§kQ;kjd§kQ;kjd§ ,dxlsl,dxlsl,dxlsl,dxlsl Ñka;khlÑka;khlÑka;khlÑka;khlg mq¾úldjla g mq¾úldjla g mq¾úldjla g mq¾úldjla ''''''''''''''''''''

wo YS% ,xldj" úcd;sl wdl%uKslhska g tfrys uyd hqoaOhlska ch .;a fihlska wdvïnr jka kdy' fou< cd;sl;ajfha úuqla;slduh ika koa O uD.;ajfhka uqjy;a l< ;sia jirl t,a'à'à'B ls %hdldß;ajh mrdch lr" tyskdhl;ajh o isxy, rdcHfha yuqoduhidyisl;ajfhka iuQ,>d;kh lsÍu W;=re kef.kysr m%foaYhkaf.ka msg;" m%ldYs; isxy, iudcfhys Wka ud§ i;=glg fya;= úh'th yqfola isxy, iudcfhys ftka øSh ,la IKhla fkdjQkls' th tfia fkdjkafka" ckdêm;s fma%uodi t,a 'à'à'B h úiska >d;kh lrkq ,enqfõ hehs ie< jQ iekska i;=áka bms< mdrg ng isxy, ck;dj" bka miq t,a 'à'à'Bfha ;ñ,a fi,a jï isxy, rdcHfha yuqodj úiska >d;kh lrkq ,eî hehs ie< jQiekska kej; ish i;=g m, lrka kg mdrg ng miq" ta w;r jQ fmdÿ ,laIKh" >d;k yuqfõ uqim;a ùu hehs ie<lsh fkdyels fyhsks' fojeka k" m<uq jeka kg jvd fjkia jQ w;sjd¾.sl foaYmd,khl m%ldYkhla úh' th isxy, rdcHg tfryst,a'à'à'Bfha wka;jd§ fou< m%ldYkhg m%;smla I isxy,jd§ m%ldYkh úh' tjf.a u th wv ish jilg jeä ld,hla mqrd isxy, iudch" kj;u iudc wNsfhda. yuqfõ ;u wd;auhi;md .;a yskak Ñka ;kfha j;a uka úrEmS È.=j f,i ie<lsh yels h'wdrïNl .%duH isxy, cd;sljdohwdrïNl .%duH isxy, cd;sljdohwdrïNl .%duH isxy, cd;sljdoh wdrïNl .%duH isxy, cd;sljdohYS%,xldfõ j;auka cd;sl Ñka;kfha moku we;af;a fm!rdKsl isxy,-fn!oa O b;sydihg uyd udkH Wreuhla wdfrdamKh lr yqjd ±la ùfuys h' tys wdrïNh we;af;a ;sín; cd;sluyskao yduqÿrejka f.a ia jfoaYjd§ lúfhys iy wk.dßl O¾umd, f.a .%duH isxy, fn!oaO jd.a m%ydrhkays h' isxy,hka f,i úfoa Ysl md,khg úreoaO ùfï wdhdpk yd tfia úreoaOfkdùu ksySkhka f.a .;s ,laIK hehs neK je§u yereK úg" ta isxy, l+ckfhys fidhd.; yels ;rï Ñka ;khla fkdúk' tys jQfha jevjiï isxy, uu;ajhla muKs'Ñka;khlska f;dr tjeks uu;ajhlg ì%;dkH hg;a úð; md,khg tfrysj kej; kej;;a ck;dj tla frdla l< fkdyelsúh' ta ck ú{dKfha yhshì%;dkHh md,khg tfrys 1818 iy 1848 ler<sfollmrdð; w;a±lSfuka wjika úh' úfoaYsl wdl%uKslfhl= g tfrysj isxy, rfcl=fidhd f.k ler<s .eiQ miq.dñ .%duH ck ú{dKh" 20 jk ish ji wdrïNfha isg jdKsc fj<| jHdmdrhkays n, mEu hgf;a j¾Okhùfï brKug hg;a jQ wm f.a hg;a úð; iudchgm%udKj;a fkdúk' bka l,lsreKq wk.dßl O¾umd,bkaÈhdkq wdia jdoh fidhd hkafka Tyqf.a .%duH isxy,udkisl;ajhg Bg jeä hula l< fkdyels nj Tyqg owjfndaO jQfhks' ke;skï th wjfndaO lr .ekSugfkdyels jQ fyhshïudrej ksidfjks'tksid u" merKs iudc n, rgdjka fkd;ld kj n,uysuhka kj iudc ia:r iu.ska ìys jkakg jQ hg;a úð;jdoS md,kh ;=," kj iudc jákdlï iu.ska kjÑka;k i|yd wjldY we;s úh' tf;la fï rfÜjeishka fkd±k isá w¨;a udÈ,shl m%jdyk yelshdjka "ck jyr fjkqjg uqøs; m; fmd; iys; kj ck ika ksfõok udOH" jev jiï l%ufhys bvug yd rdcldßhg ;snQne÷ï lrfhka .s,s yS ia jdëk Ôjfkda mdhka fj; fia kaÿ ùfï bv lv iy wjirh hk ish,a, tla ;eka ù" merKs iudcfhys lsis úfgl n,dfmdfrd;a;= úhfkdyels jQ kejqï fm/<shlg u. mEÿfõ h' fï w¨;a ixialD;sfhys j¾Okh yd jHdma;sh

iu. merKs iudc rgdjka wNsnjñka kj iudc l,amkhlg" kj iudc Ñka;khlgb,a¨ula ,eìK'th id¾:lj bgq lr,Sug ;sín; yduqÿrejkag iy wk.dßl O¾umd,g fkdyels úh' merKs iïu; iudcfha kj f.dv ke.Su hg;a úð; úfrdaë Ñka;khl nyd ,ka kg yqÿ isxy,jdohm%udKj;a fkdjQfhks' Tjqka f.a isxy,jd§ cd;sl uu;ajfhysmh .eiSug Wkka ÿ jQfha ì%;dkH hg;a úð; md,kh iu. iïuq;s.eiQ kj iudcfhys n,h fjkqfjka bÈßm;a jQ jdKsc m%cdj f.a isxy, kdhlhska lsysm fokd h' ,xld cd;sl iNdj ì¢ñka isxy, uyiNdj yefokafka o Tjqka f.a kdhl;a jfhka ksoyi b,a,d .ekSug h' tfy;a tl, ck ú{dKhla fjkqfjka iudc Ñka ;khla bÈßm;a lsÍug iu;a jQfha udlaiajd§ foaYmd,kh fjkqfjka ixúOdkd;aulj bÈßm;a jQ jdudxYslhska muKs' mdrïmßlisxy,jd§ uu;ajh i;= jQyskak ,la IK yuqfõ udla iajd§ Ñka;kh úiska lsishï m%udKhlska hg;a úð;jdoh tys iQrd lEfï lvd je§ï iu.ska w¾: l;kh lsÍug;a tksid thg úreoaO ùfï h:djd§ wjYH;djh;a f;areï lr .;af;a h' y;<sia jk oilfha isg iuiudc mla Ih ^fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh fojk hqO ld,fhys iqÿ hg;a úð; md,khg wkq.; úh& foaYmd,k jHdmdrhla f,iska ì%;dkH hg;a úð; md,khg tfrysYla ;su;a iudc m%mxphla njg m;a jkafka ta fya;=fjks' isxy,jd§ fj<| m%cdjf.a kj foa Ymd,kh isxy,jd§ fj<| m%cdjf.a kj foaYmd,khisxy,jd§ fj<| m%cdjf.a kj foa Ymd,kh isxy,jd§ fj<| m%cdjf.a kj foaYmd,khfldkafoais iu.ska fyda ksoyi b,a ,d isá ,dxlSh fjf<| ksfhdackfha m%N+ kdhlhska f.a ksjg" weúá,sldr ksoyia jHdmdrh wjika l< iy iu iudc mlaIh bia u;= l< hg;a úð;úfrdaë m%ldYkh wfydais l< 1948 ksoyi" t;eka isg ,dxlsl ck;dj yuqfõ kj foaYmd,kwNsfhda.hla Tijd ;eî h' ta ish ft;sydisl úldYkh ;=, ,dxlSh N=ñfhys ia:dms; jQ tlsfklg fjkia jQ wkkH;d iys; cd;Ska" ,íêlhska yd ixialD;Ska " kùk foaYhl fmdÿmx.=ldrhska f,i" ;ks ,dxlSh rdcHhla ;=, ksoka .; lr .ekSfï wNsfhda . hhs' fláfhka lsjfyd;a iudc mx.=ldÍ" nyq;a jjd§ rdcHla ia:dms; lr .ekSfï wNsfhda .hhs' ;sín; yduqÿrejka f.a iy wk.dßl O¾umd, f.a .%duH isxy, uu;a jfhka Tíng .sh" wo wmg yuq jk kHdhjd§ kj isxy,-fn!oa O Ñka;kh ta wNsfhda .h ch .ekSug fkdyels jQrgl úldr rEms n,y;aldrhls' fojk f,dal hqoaOfhys mYapd;a hq. úldYkh yuqfõ cd;slbÈß .uk w; yer .ekSug odhl jQ yels¨kq Ñka ;khl fovú,a ,ls' fojk f,dal hqoaOfhys ïf,aÉP;ajh úiska tlsfkld mrhd ke.S isàug ;,a¨ flrekqtÈßjd§ fomd¾Yjh" hqoa Oh ch .ekSug kùk úµd yd ;dlaIKsl ±kqula ÈhqKq l<y' fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq b;sß jQ ta kùk ±kqu iu.ska f,dal fj<| m, j¾Okhg msúiqKq w¨;a f,dalh yuqfjys,dxlsl kdhl;ajhg o ish cd;sl" iudc wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha Èid ks;s igyka lr .ekSug n, flreKs' th uQ,sl jYfhka iudc mx.=ldß yd nyq;ajjd§ rdcHlft;sydisl ld¾h Ndrhla úh' tneúka tjeks rdcHla f.dv ke.Sfï j.lSu yd wNsfhda.h w;yer ±uQ kdhl;ajhkag cd;sl iudc wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha Èid ks;s igyka lr .ekSugfkdyels ùu ;d¾lsl b;sßhls'ta wNsfhda.h ch .ekSfï bÈß u. ksishdldrj iudc.; lr .ekSug jfï foaYmd,khg ofkdyels úh' udlaiajd§ bÈß ±la u fojk f,da l hqoaOh wdrïN jk úg udlaia - f,kska jdoh f,iska ixfYdaOkh ù ;snQw;r" tys fidaÿ m;a lshjQ fg%dÜialsjdoh" y;rjk cd;Hka;rfha wNHka;r wr.,hl meg,Sl,a,sjdohlg k;= fjñka ;sìK' fï cd;Hka;r jduixfYdaOkjd§ wj.ukg .d,a ù isá furg jfï foaYmd,kh ,dxlSh iudc h:d¾;hg úi÷ïbÈßm;a l< fkdyS" msgq mEfõ h' iudc mx.=ldß yd nyq;ajjd§ rdcHla Èkd .ekSu Tjqyq" wjj¾ê; OfkaYjr iudchka iïnka Ofhka ld,a udla ia lsis Èk l;d fkdl< iudcjdohla ia:dms; lsÍu olajd l,a ;enqfõ h' bka fuyd ixl%uKsl ls%hd ud¾. .ek Tjqka g is;sh fkdyels úh'ta wkqj" ksoyia ,xldfõ kj hq.h werfUkafka ;sridr iudc wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla i|ydwjYH iudc mx.=ldß yd nyq;ajjd§ rdcHla f.dv ke.Sfï lsisÿ u;jdohla fkdue;sj h' ta

ysvefiys me<mÈhï jQ" jd¾.sl rdcHla ye§fï fj<| jHdmdßl isxy, u;jdoh g bv foñka h'ã' tia" fiakdkdhl l;d l< tla i;a cd;sfhys u;jd§ m%ldYkh;Ska ÿ lrkq ,enqfõ ta isxy, uy iNdj iu.ska h' rdcH n,hisxy, nyq;rhg wh;a lr .ekSu Tjqka f.a u;jdofha yrh úh'bka §h iïNjhla ;snQ jeú,slrfha fou< lïlre ckhd f.a mqrjeisNdjh yd Pkao n,h" 1948 ksoyiska miq m<uqmd¾,sfïka;=fõ m<uq jif¾§ u wfydaisflfrkafka ta wkqj h'uydudkH ã' tia ' f.a lDIs úma,jfha isxy, ckdjdi jHdmD;s Èh;a jkafka o ta fjkqfjka h' tksidfjka 1940 oilfha ;s%l=Kdu,h Èia;s%la lfhys ishhg 3'8 la jQ isxy, ck.ykh" 1981jk úg ishhg 33'6 ola jd jeä jkafka h' isxy, ck.ykhtf<iska jeä fj;au" fou< ck.ykh ta ld, mrdih ;=,u ishhg 56'8 isg 33'7 olajd wvq jka fka h' tjf.au wïmdr Èia ;s%lalfha o isxy, ck.ykh kej;;a tu ld, mrdirh ;=, ishhg 7'0 isg 38 olajd jeä jkafka h' Bg wkqrEmj" fou<ck.ykh ishhg 37 isg 20 olajd wvq jkafka h'iq¨;r ck;djg flfrk widOdrKlï f,i fï yeulgu jdudxYsl mlaI úreoaO jQj;a tufm<yr kj;d .ekSug Tjqkag fkdyels jkafka Tjqka f.a iudcjd§ foaYmd,kh fjkqfjka jeä wjOdrKh jqfha ixúê; kd.ßl fiajl msßia fj; ùu ksidfjks' Tjqyq jD;a;Sh iñ;s foaYmd,khlg fldgq fjñka iáhy' th fjfiiskau úfrda Odl,am foaYmd,khla úh' iudc.eg`M" w¾nQo i|yd tys iudcjdofhka fumsg úl,a m úi÷ï foaYmd,khla fkdúk'tlS miq ìuys fou< ck whs;Ska iDcq f,i bÈßm;a lsÍfï kj fou< foaYmd,k mlaIhla fp,ajkdh.ï f.a kdhl;ajfhka b,xffl ;ñ,a wriq lÉÑ kñka ìysùu fuka u jeo.;a jka fka" ck rgdjkays fjkialï u; iaÓr isxy, nyq;rhla md¾,sfïka;= m%cd;ka;%jdoh ;=,;yjqre ùfuka " isxy,jd§ foa Ymd,k mlaIhl jqjukdj o bia u;=ùu h' nKavdrkdhl 1952 § tla i;a cd;sl mla Ifhka bj;a ùfï fm!oa .,sl fya;= ldrKd ljrla jQj;a Tyq f.a mla Ih YS% ,xld ksoyia mlaIh f,i kï flfrkafka;a tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfha isá isxy, uy iNdj Tyq iu.ska tl;= jkafka;a isxy, Pkao fjkqfjka Tyq 1956 § meh 24ka isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj lsÍug bÈßm;a jkafka ;a wyUq isÿùï f,i fkdjk nj muKla igyka úh hq;= h'jfï yhsfhka mjfï yhsfhka mjfï yhsfhka mjfï yhsfhka mSÿKq SÿKq SÿKq SÿKq kj isxy,jdohkj isxy,jdohkj isxy,jdohkj isxy,jdohjfï foaYmd,kfhys ;snQftkaøSh fodaihla fya;=fjka Tjqyq Wm;ska u hq'weka'mS úfrdaë jQy' fuh nKa vdrkdhl yd f.dv ke.=Kq isxy,jd§foaYmd,khg msgqjy,la úh' OfkaYa jrh" m%d.a Ok Yla;sh iu.ska yd u;jd§j mx;shla f,i;yjqre fkdjqkq wfma rfÜ" OfkaYa jr mla Ihla f,iska muKla fkdj wefußldkq wêrdcHjd§ksfhdackhla f,iska o hq'weka'msh yxjvq .eiQ jdudxYsl kdhlhska g" fj<| yd jdKsc m%cdjf.a isxy,jd§ foaYmd,kh hq'weka'mSúfrda ë foaYmd,kfha m%.;sYS,s ksfhdackhla úh' nKvdrkdhl úiska ksfhdackh lrkq ,enqfõ fï jHdmdßl jqjukdjka h'ta nKavdrkdhl foaYmd,kh úiska isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj lsÍu yqfola fou< ck;djg Tjqka f.a niska rdcH fomd¾;fïka;= yd wdh;k iu. .kq fokqlsÍug we;swhs;sh wfydaislsÍula muKla u fkdù h' th rdcH isxy,lrKh lsÍula úh' ´kEu rdcHla ;yjqre lr.kakd u;jdohla we;' rdcHla ls%hd;a ul jkafka ta u;jdoh wkqj h' nKa vdrkdhl wdKavqfõ foaYmd,kh tf<iska rdcH u;jdoh isxy,lrKh lsÍfï foa Ymd,k ;Skaÿj" rdcHNdId m%;sm;a;sh u;ska bgqúh' isxy, ksmqK;djh fkdue;s jqka i|yd ld,hla ,nd ÿka k o 60 oilh ueo jk úg rdcH fiajd ish,a, isxy, niska ls %hd;a ul ùu iïmQ¾K fjñka ;sìK'