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A Basic UNIX OverviewAsrielUNIX FOR DOS ADDICTED WaReZ PuPPieZ AND THEIR PETSIntroduction------------One of the most common operating systems in existance is Unix. Unixexists in many different flavors, from Berkeley BSD to AT&T System Vto SunOs. Basic working knowledge of Unix is almost essential to ahacker, as it is the system a hacker is most likely to come across.If you intend to use the internet at all, or to do any seriousexploration of Telenet, the ability to navigate through Unix is anecessity. (Unix is also the single most interesting system inexistance: it's just fun to fuck with). Unix Logins-----------Most Unix logins look essentially the same. A general Unix loginprompt looks something like this:connected to five.finger.comlogin:That first line is the system identifier. Although it's not at allessential to what you are doing, it's good to know what system you areattempting to log on to.The second line is what typically identifies the system you are on asUnix. Almost all Unix systems greet a user with the same prompt:login:.Well, there's not much to do in Unix from the outside, and Unixsystems are typically fairly secure at this point. You may be able toobtain a list of users, or current users, by logging in as 'who', butother than that there are few functions available here.Unless you are on the internet, or have accounts specifically for thespecific machine you are on, the only way on to the system is to trythe default passwords. What are the default passwords?Unix systems come installed with certain passwords automatically. Inaddition, some accounts must exist on a system. One such account is'root'. This user is the divine Kami of the Unix system... in short,an all access pass. Unfortunately, few systems allow root loginsremotely, and even fewer leave 'root' unpassworded. Nevertheless, it'salways worth a shot... try this:connected to ren.stimpy.netlogin: rootpassword: rootinvalid loginlogin:well, nice try anyways... other possible passwords for root include'sysadmin', 'sys', 'admin'... you get the idea. You may also want to
 
try these passwords with a single digit appended (added, idiot) tothem... meaning the password 'root' could be 'root1' or 'root2'.An interesting tip about passwords in general... many people that usepasswords under 8 characters tend to add a digit or a non-alphanumericcharacter to the password. This is done in order to hinder guessing,and to stop password breakers (more on this later). In this case, youmay want to try adding a space before root... or even an ascii 255 tothe end.Fortunately, there is more than one default password in a unixsystem... a quick list:sys sysbin bindaemon daemonrje rjesetup setupuucp uucp/nuucp/anonymousnuucp uucp/nuucp/anonymousmountfsys mountfsysIn the System-------------Ok, at this point, I'm going to assume you've gotten past the login...as painful as that may sound. Although Unix may be secure from theoutside, without effort from the system administrators, the inside ofthe system is not.First off, you'll likely by asked for a terminal. vt100 serves yourpurposes sufficently, and it's typically the default, so hit enter.Now, hopefully, you have a prompt. There are many different types ofunix prompts, some of which contain current directory information,some of which are just a single character. Just don't panic when myexamples don't look exactly like what you've got on your screen.The first thing you *need* to do on the system is establish your ttyparamters. As eldritch and arcane sounding as this term may seem, it'sactually quite simple... you need to tell the system what keys aregoing to do what.The command to set these parameters is 'stty'. Watch:squinkyB ] stty erase ^hsquinkyB ]There... that wasn't so bad, was it? Well, it's also prettymeaningless to you, unless you have the ascii table memorized and arepretty good at on-the-spot deduction.The tty erase parameters determines which key is to be used as abackspace. At times, this may already be set when you log in, or itmay be set to a suitable alternate (such as delete). Most of the timethe system will tell you when you log on if this is so. In this case,we've entered ^h in order to make the backspace key, appropriatelyenough, backspace.Another extremely important parameter is 'intr'. The 'intr' paramtertells the Unix system what you intend to use as a break character...you should have this set to ^c.Getting Around--------------
 
A good thing to remember about Unix is that it's alot like DOS. Filesare laid out in directories just as in DOS... in fact, the onlyimmediate difference in the directory structures is that Unix uses aforward slash ("/", moron!) instead of a backwards one.Also, the basic Unix directory navigation command is identical to DOS.In order to change directories, you use the command 'chdir', or 'cd'.A quick example:1 /usr1/astoria ] cd ..2 /usr ]Wala. That simple. Quick notes:ю cd / will take you to root.ю cd /*pathname* will take you to *pathname*ю cd home will take you to your home directory.You can make and delete your own directories with the mkdir/rmdircommands. Simply put, mkdir makes a subdirectory off of the currentdirectory, and rmdir removes a subdirectory from the currentsubdirectory. Good to know if you plan to do a lot of file transfers.An important note about Unix directories, files, and concepts:Unix is a case-sensitive operating system. Thus, the filesю Spleenю spleenю SPLEENю SpLeEnare all different. This rule applies to directories and command lineparamters, as well as most other Unix ideas.Another nice thing to know about Unix: Unix files are not subject tothe normal DOS 8 character limit. Thus, you can have vast filenames,such as "this_file_ate_my_biscuit".Some other important commands-----------------------------First and foremost, you should know cp. cp is the basic Unixequivalent of the DOS COPY command. The command line for cp isidentical to that of COPY.Next on the scale of cosmic import is cat. cat is the Unix equivalentof the DOS TYPE command, and once again, for simple file displaying,the command line is identical.Variations on the theme:pg: displayes a file page by page. Type "pg x filename", where x is anumber of lines to display before pausing and filename is thefile you wish to display.more: displays a file screen by screen.Stupid pet trick:You can use your cat to copy files, simply by using the directionaloperators. To copy a file from here to there using cat, simply type:% cat herethis is the file here% cat there
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