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National Energy Efficiency Saudi /Egyptian Program
Energy Efficiency Workshop Reyad- KSA 25 May 2009EFFECTS OF HARMONIC ON POWER FACTOR
Dr. Eng. Mohamed H. Helal - Egypt
Abstract
The increase of use of non linear loads modern equipments that uses high frequency switchingpower supply that generates harmonics will require deep understanding for the effect of harmonics on power factor in order to insure sustainable development.In this paper we investigate the effect of harmonics on power factor and show throughexamples why it is important to use
true
power factor, rather than the conventional 50/60 Hz
displacement 
power factors, when describing nonlinear loads.This study has great priority importance especially when large quantities of CFL lamps will beused for residential and commercial use to replace GSL lamps.The CFL (compact fluorescent lamps) are divided in 2 main categories, LPF and HPF, LPF iswidely used, all LPF CFL has a Power Factor of < 60% and generates Harmonics > 100%(110~165%).Intensive use of LPF CFLs in places ware lighting loads are > 10% of total loads will lead tohigh losses with serious power quality harmonics that may cause damage to capacitor banks.Power factor correction of high frequency witching loads is not possible by capacitors,Economic cost to recover losses due to High Frequency (> 5 KHz) harmonics will exceedeconomic limits.A good and logic solution is to set specifications that meet green lighting regulations andenvironmental regulations in advance.The Egyptian lighting efficiency standards 6313/2007 forbid the use of LPF CFL.
Introduction
Voltage and current harmonics produced by nonlinear loads increase power losses and,therefore, have a negative impact on electric utility distribution systems and components.While the exact relationship between harmonics and losses is very complicated and difficultto generalize, the well established concept of power factor does provide some measure of therelationship,
and it is useful when comparing the relative impacts of nonlinear loads– providing that harmonics are incorporated into the power factor definition.
1
 
Power Factor in Sinusoidal Situations
The concept of power factor originated from the need to quantify how efficiently a load utilizes thecurrent that it draws from an AC power system. Consider, for example, the ideal sinusoidal situationshown in Figure 1.
 
The voltage and current at the load are:Where
V1
and
 I1
are peak values of the 50/60 Hz voltage and current, and δ
1
and
ϴ
 
1
are therelative phase angles. The true power factor at the load is defined as the ratio of average power toapparent power, or:For the purely sinusoidal case, (3) becomesWhere
 p f disp
is commonly known as the displacement power factor, and where is (
δ
1
-
ϴ
1
)known as the power factor angle.
2
 
Therefore, in sinusoidal situations, there is only one power factor because true power factor anddisplacement power factor are equal.For sinusoidal situations, unity power factor corresponds to zero reactive power 
Q
, and low power factors correspond to high
Q
. Since most loads consume reactive power, low power Factors insinusoidal systems can be corrected by simply adding shunt capacitors.
 Sinusoidal Example
Consider again the case in Figure 1, where a motor is connected to a power systemThe losses occurred while delivering the power to the motor are (I²
 
rms
R)
.Now, while holding motor activePower 
 Pavg 
and voltage
V1rms
constant, we vary the displacement power factor of the motor.The variation in losses is shown in Figure 2, where we see that displacement power factor greatlyaffects losses.
Figure 2: Effect of Displacement Power Factor on Power System Losses for Sinusoidal
Example (Note: losses are expressed in per unit of nominal sinusoidal case wherePf true = pf disp = 1.0
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