Transformer on Load

Φ Φ2
Φ

Φ2
Φ Φ
Φ2’
I0 I2

V 1

Load

Fig. 4
Phasor diagram for Transformer on Load

V1 V 1

I1 I1
I2 '
I2 ' θ1
θ1
I0 θ0 I0
θ0
Φ Φ
Load I2 is θ2 Load I is
2
I2 resistive I2 inductive

K=1 K=1

E2 E 2

Fig. 5
 Actual transformer:
Winding resistance & magnetic leakage

R X I1
1 1 X 2 R 2 I2

V 1
E 1 E V
2 2

2 2
2
Z1 = R 1 + X 1
2
Z2 = R 2 + X 2

R1 & R2 : resistances of primary & secondary windings respectively.

X1 & X2 : leakage reactances of primary & secondary windings respectively.
Phasor diagram of actual transformer

a) I2 is resistive b) I2 is inductive c) I2 is capacitive

Transfer of resistances & reactances to any
side
• The Cu loss by I2 in secondary = I22 R2. If R 2 ′is the
equivalent resistance in the primary which would
have caused the same loss as R2 in the secondary,
then
2 2 ′
I 2 R 2 = I1 R 2
′ R2 R2
or, R 2 = 2
=
 I1  k2
 
 I2 
• Similarly, equivalent primary resistance as referred
to secondary is
′
R1 = k 2R1
• Leakage reactances can also be transferred
from one winding to other ;
′ X2 ′
X2 = 2 X1 = k 2 X1
k ′
Total resistance referred to primary is R 01 = R 1 + R 2

Total reactance referred to primary is ′

X 01 = X 1 + X 2

• Total impedance of transformer referred to

primary is 2 2
Z 01 = R 01 + X 01
Similarly, total resistance referred to secondary is
′
R 02 = R 2 + R 1
Similarly, total reactance referred to secondary is
′
X 02 = X 2 + X 1

Similarly, total impedance of transformer

referred to secondary is
2 2
Z 02 = R 02 + X 02
 Z 02

R 02
X 02

Impedance referred to secondary

Equivalent circuit of Transformer
I1 Φ I2

V 1
E 1 E V
2 2

A) Circuit
R 1 X 1 I1 I2 ' R 2 X 2 I2

I0
Iw Iμ

V 1
R 0
X 0 E 1 E 2 V 2
Z L

B) Equivalent circuit of transformer

Equivalent circuit of Transformer referred to
primary
R1 X1 I1 I2' R 2' X2'

I0
Iw Iμ
V1 R0 X0 E2'= E1 V2' ZL' E2/E1 = I1/I2 = K

I1 I2'

E2' = E2/K, R2' = R2/K2, X2' = X2/K2, V2' =V2/K, Z′L =ZL/K2

C) Equivalent circuit with secondary impedances transferred to primary

I1 R1 X1 I2' R2' X2 '

I0
Iw Iμ
V1 R0 X0 E2' = E1 ZL '
V2'

I1 I2'

D) Approximate equivalent circuit

Approximate Equivalent circuit with secondary impedances
transferred to primary

I1 R01 = R1+R 2' X01= X1 + X2' I 2'

I0

'
V1 R0 X0 ZL
V2'

I1 I2'
 Transformer tests
• The performance of a transformer can be calculated on the basis of its
equivalent circuit which contains the 4 main parameters:
1. Equivalent resistance R01(or R02)
2. Equivalent leakage reactance X01 (or X02)
3. Core loss resistance R0
4. Magnetizing reactance X0.

• These parameters are determined from the following tests:

a) Open circuit test
b) Short circuit test
 Open circuit test
W A

V1 V V2=E2

Low Voltage winding High Voltage winding

Open Circuit Test

• As the primary no-load current I0 is small, Copper loss is negligibly small in

primary & nil in secondary. Hence, wattmeter reading represents the core
loss under no load condition.
• Core loss = W = input power on no-load = V1I0cosΦ0
=> cosΦ0 = W/(V1I0)
Hence, Iw = I0 cos Φ0 & Iμ=I0sin Φ0
Also, X0 = V1/ Iμ & R0 = V1/ Iw
 Short Circuit test
• This test is conducted to determine:
1. Full-load copper loss
2. Equivalent resistance & reactance referred to metering side.

W A

LV
V
supply

High Voltage winding Low Voltage winding

• A low voltage (5 -10% of normal primary voltage) at correct frequency is applied

to the primary winding & is continuously increased till full load currents flow both
in primary & secondary. Since applied voltage is small, flux linking with core is
very small & hence, iron loss can be neglected & reading of wattmeter gives
total copper losses at full load.
• If Vsc is the voltage required to circulate rated load currents, then
Vsc 2 2 2
Z 01 = ;W = I sc R01 ⇒ X 01 = Z 01 − R01
I sc