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MN@_ E. A\BL_ ->9?4 # <888)Fns e÷| ciom b|som|boab`fb B|dbl`is' fb| nc <9.89.<88= i` Õsvb||biomnldbmngvb`b` @nvik`ng|nvstnmg' b|i``b|vb ciom n` bi`b` Bssny uk` Mn`s E. A|bls'Nrezbiom`r`db` bi`b| Is|nbg \bisb ic Jnm|b >9==. R`vb| ]. som|bilv b| ,...fns`æomsvb Cng si`f bs lbsviccv `iomv fib Jrfb`' bs tb|fb` n`fb|b E|bcfb sbi`1 bsdbgi`dv iccb| tibfb|' a÷`svgiomb Lbf|kmr`db` fb| Cnssb nrezrsomtævzb`' ..., Iomgb|`vb Mn`s E. A|bls n`gæssgiom fb| E|n`aer|vb| Lrom Cbssb ic Mb|lsv >9=4 n` fb|Ln| fbs _xibdbg Ub|gnds ab``b`. Cigb`nngvCiv Cbi`r`db` r`f ×lb|zbrdr`db`' civ Uk|#R|vbig li` iom `nom Vbg Nuiu dbegkdb`.Tæm|b`f fb| \bisb' uk` Vnd zr Vnd' mnlb iom ciom ak||idi|b` c÷ssb`. Iom lbdn`` ci|sbglsv zr tifb|sx|bomb`. @kom an`` iom cbi`b Bi`f|÷oab `r| r`mbivgiom `kvib|b`.Fb| Lgioa uk` Dbvmsbcn`b zrc zrdbcnrb|vb` Dkgfb`b` Vk| uk| Jb|rsngbc lgbilv `iomvkm`b Ekgdb`. Ti|ar`db` tb|fb` sxævb| ic Jnm| im|b Dbsvngv b|mngvb`. Ub|agæ|vbMb|lsvb ti|f bs `iomv cbm| dblb`. R`somrgf isv bi`b Iggrsik`. _omrgf ti|f n`sbmln|uk| fbc Mk|izk`v uk` Dbsomiomvb. Ztbiebg aõ``b` fns Dgbiomdbtiomv uk` Xb|sk`'B|gbl`is r`f B|enm|r`d si``ukgg jrsvib|b`. N`dsv tr|fb zrc Tbddb`kssb`1Æ`dsvgiomabiv r`f Er|omv tr|fb` ÷lb|tr`fb`' nredbn|lbivbv r`f |nvik`ng lbsviccln|'Æ`dsvgiomabiv r`f Er|omv mnlnb` im|b Dbeæm|giomabiv ub|gk|b`. Fib B|enm|r`d fb|Zb|l|bomgiomabiv tr|fb lbtrÛv. Fib Zb|l|bomgiomabiv an`` r`bi`dbsom|æ`avn`db`kccb` tb|fb`. Ztisomb` Õglb|d r`f Agndbcnrb| dilv bs `iomv `r| bi`bdbd|nxmisomb Ub|li`fr`d.I.Bi` Lbklnomvb| is|nbgisomb| Zbivdbsomiomv b|zæmgvb uk` bi`bc d|kÛb`' |r`fb` Visom'fb` b| siom e÷| sbi`b Tkm`r`d n`somneevb' `nom fbc b| bi`idb Ck`nvb ic Gn`f tn|.Rc fibsb` Visom ub|snccbgv b| nggb uib| lis sboms Tkomb` Xkgiviab|' Jkr|`ngisvb`'Cigivæ|s' A÷`svgb|' Dbtb|asomnevgb| r`f X|kebssk|b`. Uk|nrssbvzr`d e÷| jbfb \r`fbisv fib Vnvsnomb' fnÛ siom fib Bi`dbgnfb`b` xb|sõ`giom ab``b`. Tæm|b`f fbs Nlb`flgbilv fb| Lbklnomvb| svrcc1 b| mõ|v zr. Tb`` siom' cbisv i` fb| e|÷mb`Ck|db`svr`fb' fib \r`fb nregõsv' isv fb| Lbklnomvb| nre fbc `brbsvb` _vn`fi``b|is|nbgisomb| Fisarssik` zr Xkgivia' Ti|vsomnev r`f Argvr|. Fibsb \r`fb` an``iom ci| i`ztisomb` drv uk|svbggb`1 iom li` bi`b| \bimb uk` mkomlbdnlvb`,_mnabsxbn|b,#Fn|svbggb|` lbdbd`bv. Fb| N`sx|rom fbs Bi`zbg`b` nre sbi`bI`fiuifrngivæv enszi`ib|v ciom. I` fb` Fisarssik`b` dbmv bs iccb| rc fib _nomb.Xb|sõ`giomb N`d|ieeb mnlb iom `iomv b|gblv. Fib Ebvzb` egibdb`' _ævzb nrs F|ncb`1_xibdbgligfb|' k|ib`vib|v n` fb| \bngivæv fbs Jbvzidb` r`f fbs Ub|dn`db`b`._omn|ez÷`didb A|ivia isv bi`b lbuk|zrdvb Lbsomæevidr`d. _xævb| b`vsxn``b` siom fibAk`v|nmb`vb` i` fb| Ln| lbi Aneebb' E|romvsnev r`f Tbi`. Zr| Giblb`st÷|fidabiv fbsRcdn`ds lgbilv _vnr`b`1 iom gnssb ciom uk` fibsb| E|br`fgiomabiv r`f Zr`bidr`dbi``bmcb`.II.@nom fb` Nrezbiom`r`db`' fib ic Ngvb` Vbsvncb`v zr ei`fb` si`f' zkdb` fib Jrfb`uib|zid Jnm|b fr|om fib T÷svb' rc siom somgibÛgiom ic Dbgklvb` Gn`f`ibfb|zrgnssb`1 sbiv fb| D|÷`fr`d fbs _vnnvbs Isv|nbg ic Jnm|b >96= si`fi`ztisomb` uib|zid Jnm|b ub|dn`db`. F|bi Ub|vbifidr`dsa|ibdb crÛvb` dbe÷m|vtb|fb`: >96=+>969' >954 r`f >94?. Mbrvb isv Is|nbg bi` `k|cngb| _vnnv r`f bi`fbcka|nvisomb| fnzr. Km`b e|bib Cbi`r`d fbs Bi`zbg`b`' km`b r`nlmæ`didb X|bssbmævvb fib is|nbgisomb Dbsbggsomnev im|b Gblb`fidabiv r`f im|b` Dbisv ub|gk|b`._iomb|mbiv ic @nmb` Ksvb` mnv ztn`dgæreid im|b` X|bis' fb`` fns Gblb` nggb|Cb`somb` skgg dbsiomb|v sbi`. _bavk|ngb Zb`sr| isv fb| X|bis. _omõxeb|isombs Gblb`an`` uibg ub|a|nevb`' km`b fib A|bnviuivæv bi`zrl÷Ûb`. Fib N|cbb r`f fb|
 
Dbmbicfib`sv Ckssnf dbmõ|b` zrc lbsvb`' fns bi` _vnnv zrc _omrvz sbi`b` L÷|db|`n`libvb` an``. I` fb| _vnnvsfkav|i` uk` >96= si`f f|bi X|i`zixib` civUb|enssr`ds|n`d b`vmngvb`' kldgbiom bs abi`b dbsom|iblb`b Ub|enssr`d dilv:,B|svb`s: Is|nbg isv fb| bi`zidb j÷fisomb _vnnv' fb| fb` Jrfb` i` nggb| Tbgvkeeb`svbmv r`f im`b` _omrvz libvbv. Ztbivb`s: Is|nbg sv|boav sbi`b Mn`f nggb`N|nlb|` nrs' rc civ im`b` i` E|ibfb` # i` _mngkc' i` _ngnc # zr gblb`. F|ivvb`s:Is|nbg fn|e uk` abi`b| Migeb uk` nrÛb` nlmæ`did sbi`, -Nggdbcbi`b J÷fisombTkomb`zbivr`d' Lk``' <<. Nx|ig >9==). Fb| f|ivvb Xr`av fb| Fkav|i` f÷|evb `r|x|kd|nccnvisom dbcbi`v sbi`. Fb| Lgioa i` fib Zrar`ev tn| `r| fb` X|kxmbvb`dbdblb`' fb|b` Ti|ab` ic Ngvb` Vbsvncb`v lbsom|iblb` ti|f. Fb| _vnnv Is|nbg lbc÷mvsiom rc N`li`fr`d r`f cõdgiomb|tbisb rc Bi`dgibfb|r`d i` fib Br|kxæisombDbcbi`somnev. Fns tæ|b bi`b Lb|biomb|r`d. Fns @k|cngb t÷|fb iccb| r`nreeæggidb|.Fib Ebsvsvbggr`d fbs _vnnvsx|æsifb`vb` Omnic Mb|zkd isv bi` ak`a|bvbs N`dblkv:,Ti| mnlb` E|ibfb` civ Ædyxvb` b|gn`dv r`f tb|fb` iccb| nggb` r`sb|b Mn`f |biomb`'fib sib ngs bi` Zbiomb` fbs E|ibfb`s b|d|bieb` tkggb`.,III.Bs isv tnm|' cbm|b|b is|nbgisomb \bdib|r`db` mnlb` n|nlisomb` E÷m|b|` _id`ngbdbsn`fv' zrc E|ibfb` zr ub|mn`fbg`. Nlb| bs isv blb`sk tnm|' fnÛ fib n|nlisomb`_vnnvscæ``b| fns B}ivb`z|bomv `iomv `r| gbrd`b` r`f i`e|ndb svbggb`' sib sndb`iccb| tibfb|' fnÛ sib Is|nbg ub|`iomvb` tkggb`. Ædyxvb` isv fns bi`zidb n|nlisombGn`f' fns fns Gblb`s# r`f B}isvb`zs|bomv Is|nbg i` bib`c E|ibfb`sub|v|nd n`b|an``vmnv. _omk` fb| D|kÛunvb| uk` Aõ`id Mrssbi` sromvb `nom Ek|cb` fb| Xn|v`b|somnevciv fb` Jrfb`1 b| tr|fb >964 i` Jb|rsngbc' ngs b| `nom fbc E|bivndsdblbv fibCksombb ub|gibÛ' b|somkssb`. Fb| B`abg Mrssbi` svn`f `blb` fbc svb|lb`fb`D|kÛunvb|. Fb| ædyxvisomb _vnnvsx|æsifb`v _nfnv mnv E|ibfb` dbsomgkssb` civIs|nbg1 nrom b| tr|fb b|somkssb`' i` Ani|k' tæm|b`f bi`b| Cigivæ|xn|nfb. B`fbEbl|rn| >9=4 svn`f iom nre fb| _vbggb uk` fb| fib Nvvb`vævb| fib Cndnzi`b im|b|_om`bggebrb|dbtbm|b gbb|somkssb`. R`f nrom mbrvb digv `kom' fnÛ bi` n|nlisomb|Xkgiviab|' fb| fib Cnomv lbsivzv' Is|nbg fib Mn`f zr |biomb`' rc sbi` Gblb`e÷|omvb` crÛ. Nlb|: Fns \beb|ib|b` uk` Dbsomiomvb isv ln`ng1 fib I`vb|x|bvnvik`fb| B|bid`issb' fib _omrgfzrtbisr`db` si`f tigga÷|giom. _vn`fxr`avb' dblk|b` nrsUk|#R|vbigb`' x|ædb` fns Ligf. R`ub|sõm`giomabiv r`f CiÛv|nrb` x|ædb` Xkgivia.Ci`isvb|x|æsifb`v _omnci| mn`fbgv ub|gkdb`' tb`` b| N|nenv bi`b` Vb||k|isvb``b``v' km`b sbglsv n` sbi`b Ub|dn`db`mbiv ngs Vb||k|isv zr b|i``b`1 _omgæomvb| r`fCõ|fb| si`f sib lbifb. @r| fib Bxkomb' fns Navrbgg fbs Zbivnlsom`ivvs lbsviccv fibAb``zbiom`r`d. @nxkgbk` isv l|n`fsomnvzb`f r`f ck|fb`f fr|om Br|kxn' @k|fne|ianr`f fb` @nmb` Ksvb` dbzkdb`1 mbrvb isv b| fb| Mbgf fb| E|n`zksb`. Fib skdb`n``vb`D|kÛb` i` fb| Dbsomiomvb mnlb` `iomvs n`fb|s ngs Gbif r`f _omcb|z ÷lb| fibCb`somb` dbl|nomv. Ebgfmb||b` si`f abi`b xksiviub` Mbgfb`. Uk|#R|vbigb' b|mklb`zr| Dgnrlb`sfkav|i`' mnlb` rc im|b \bomvmnlb|bi civ Ck|f r`f Vkvsomgnd dbaæcxev'sib mnlb` `iomvs ngs Zb|svõ|r`d r`f Ub|`iomvr`d mi`vb|gnssb`. I` fibsbc _i`` isvfb| Ancxe' fb| ic @nmb` Ksvb` svnvvei`fbv' `k|cng. Lbifb _bivb`' fib Jrfb` r`f fibN|nlb|' mnlb` N|drcb`vb' fib e÷| im|b _nomb sx|bomb`. Ub|vbifidr`dsci`isvb| Y.\nli` sndvb tæm|b`f bi`b| Zrsnccb`ar`ev nc >9. Nx|ig ic X|bssbogrl uk` Vbg Nuiu'fnÛ bs im` tr`fb|b' tbgomb \bssk`n`z fib svbi`btb|eb`fb` n|nlisomb` Ai`fb| r`fJrdb`fgiomb` i` fb| Tbgvx|bssb eæ`fb`' tæm|b`f ic A|ibd ztisomb` I|na r`f I|n`lbfb`ab`gks Dievdns bi`dbsbvzv tr|fb. A|ibd isv bi` dbti``l|i`db`fbs Dbsomæev'fbsmngl ti|f dbsomtibdb`. Tib bs b|sombi`v' si`f fib ombcisomb` Akcxk`b`vb` fbsDievdnsbs br|kxæisomb` R|sx|r`ds. @ibcn`f mnv fns \bomv' Y. \nli` zrtifb|sx|bomb`.IU.Fns Ub|li`fb`fb ztisomb` Jrfb` r`f ,Xngæsvi`b`sb|`, isv fib Dbdb`tn|v r`fB|enm|r`d uk` Mbicnvgksidabiv. Xngæsvi`n tn| Cn`fnvsdblibv' fns uk` fb|Akgk`ingcnomv D|kÛl|ivn``ib` lbmb||somv tr|fb. Bi` _vnnv Xngæsvi`n mnv `ib
 
b}isvib|v1 bs dilv abi`b Xngæsvi`b`sb|. Bs dilv mbicnv#' |bomv# r`f gn`fgksbN|nlb|. _÷fgiom uk` Jb|iomk' n` fb| _v|nÛb zrc Vkvb` Cbb|' gblb` Lbfri`b`'_omnvvb` uk` Lbfri`b` i` Agbi`sgrcs' b|`ibf|idv r`f fbagnssib|v' im|b| T÷|fb r`fim|bs _vkgzbs lb|nrlv. Fib er|omvln|b Lbzbiom`r`d ukc R`vb|cb`somb` akccv ci| i`fb` _i``. Bi`b _vr`fb `nom fibsb| Lbklnomvr`d xnoab iom cbi`b` Akeeb| nrs i` bi`bcZiccb| i` bi`bc E÷`e#_vb|`b#Mkvbg nc Vkvb` Cbb|1 somtn|ztbiÛ isv fndbdb` bi`somtnomb|' bi` i`fieeb|b`vb| Ak`v|nsv. Lbfri`b| gblb` ic C÷gg' ic F|boa. I`e|õmgiomb n|nlisomb Ai`fb|nrdb` mnlb iom nre fibsb| \bisb `iomv somnrb` aõ``b`.Fib Ai`fb| cnomb` nre ciom bi`b` b|tnomsb`b` Bi`f|roa. Fib Zibdb`mb|fb dbmõ|v zrcGblb`s#Civvbg' fib Zibdb isv bi` Dbl|nromsvib| e÷| fib Ai`fb| r`f `iomv Kljbav zrc_xibgb` r`f zrc _omcrsb`. Fibsb N|nlb| si`f fkxxbgv ub||nvb`: uk` fb|Cn`fn`vscnomv r`f uk` fb` n|nlisomb` Cæomvb`. Fibsb Cb`somb` tb|fb` d`nfb`gksdbkxeb|v' tb`` bs fb` Cæomvidb` i` fb` Xgn` xnÛv. @r| fr|om @æmb ti|f bi`bc fnsR`dg÷oa uk|svbggln|. Ci| an`` abi`b| bi`|bfb`' fibs sbi fib sbglsvdbtæmgvb r`fsbglsvlbsviccvb Gblb`sek|c fb| N|nlb|' zr fb| bs abi`b Ngvb|`nviub dælb. FibJrfæisomb T÷svb ti|f zrc Ligf' zr| ub||ævb|isomb` _zb`b. N|crv' T÷|fb#_vkgzub|grsv dbv|b``v uk` Tkmgsvn`f' i` bi`bc Gn`f' i` fb| \bdik`' i` fb| fibTibdb fb| br|kxæisomb` Argvr| r`f fb| om|isvgiomb` \bgidik` svn`f. Fb| _vb|` uk`Lbvmgbmbc ub|gõsomv' fib Lkvsomnev fbs _vb|`s ub|svrccv.U.Fib Jrfb` tn|b` dbgæmcv. Ic Mkgkonrsv#Crsbrc zr Jb|rsngbc isv Gbif fkarcb`vib|v1cbm| isv `iomv cõdgiom' ngs Fkarcb`vb zr snccbg` r`f zr x|æsb`vib|b` i` fr`agb`\ærcb` uk| somtn|zb` Tæ`fb`. Cb`b _om|ivvb tr|fb` iccb| som`bggb|' somgibÛgiom li`iom dbeg÷omvbv. Abi` _yclkg' abi` Zbiomb` |biomv mi`' abi` V|ksv an`` fib ^rnfb|uk` ci| `bmcb`' fib nre ci| gnsvb`. Ciggik`b` j÷fisomb| Cb`somb` tr|fb`enl|iacæÛid b|ckfb|v1 im|b Gbiomb` ub|l|n``v. Fb| N`visbciviscrs isv bi`bXsyomksb. Fib Cbm|mbiv fb| fbrvsomb` L÷|db| mnf N. Mivgb| n` fib Cnomv dbl|nomv'fib Cbm|mbiv isv N. Mivgb| ukc ?8. Jn`rn| >9?? lis zrc =. Cni >962 lbfi`dr`dsgksr`f dbmk|snc dbekgdv. Fib Lbmnrxvr`d' nredbsvbggv ic Misvk|iab|sv|biv' _vngi`sR`vb|vndb` sbib` Uk|#Ligf e÷| @nziub|l|bomb`' jn sib mævvb` fibsb Ub|l|bomb` b|svcõdgiom dbcnomv' isv zy`isom. Uibgb Cb`somb` tb|fb` nrom mbrvb `kom somrgfid. FibAnvnsv|kxmb fb| Ub|f|æ`dr`d lbdn``v civ fb| Anxivrgnvik` fbs Fbrvsomb` \biombs,Fib tnm`si``idb R`vnv' fib civ fbc @ncb` Nrsomtivz lbzbiom`bv ti|f' gæÛv siom i`Tnm|mbiv dn| `iomv ub|svbmb`' sib gæÛv siom `r| lb|iomvb`, -Fkge _vb|`lb|db|'E|n`aer|vb| Nggdbcbi`b' 5. Nx|ig >9==).UI.Zik`iscrs' fns tn| r`f isv fib bgbcb`vn|b xkgivisomb' skzingb r`f argvr|bggb A|nevfbs nrvk`kcb` _vnnvbs Is|nbg. I` fb| Fbagn|nvik` uk` >96= svbmv: Is|nbg isv fb|_vnnv nggb| Jrfb`1 Mbicvsnvv r`f V|rvzlr|d `nom Ub|ekgdr`d' X|kd`kc r`f Mkgkonrsv.E÷| fib N|nlb|' sbglsv _bcivb`' isv fb| N`visbciviscrs lbfbrvr`dsgks' uk` fb`N|nlb|` ti|f fb| Zik`iscrs lbaæcxev. I` fb` x|kxmbvisomb` L÷omb|` fbs Ngvb`Vbsvncb`vbs isv fib ‐Vkomvb| Zik`s‗ fns zra÷`evidb' fns cbssin`isomb Jb|rsngbc.Jrfb` somreb` fib Vmbk|ib fbs Zik`iscrs ngs N`vtk|v nre fb` siom ic >9.Jnm|mr`fb|v nrsl|bivb`fb` N`visbciviscrs. Vmbkfk| Mb|zg ->=58 lis >986) b`vtn|e‐Mbicsvnvv‗ i` sbi`bc Lrom ‐Fb| Jrfb`svnnv‗ ->=95). Fb| Nrel|rom zr|_bglsvlbsviccr`d fb| Jrfb` eõ|fb|vb _bglsvei`fr`d1 fib Jrfb` ÷lb|tn`fb` im|bTbm|gksidabiv. Fb| Tbm|mnevidabiv fbs _vnnvbs Is|nbg dbmõ|v cbi`b _ycxmnvib' fb``i` fibsb| Tbm|mnevidabiv isv fns _ncb`ak|` e÷| fib zra÷`evidb Xegn`zb fbs E|ibfb`sic @nmb` Ksvb` dblk|db` r`f ub|tnm|v. Fib Ub|mbiÛr`d fbs E|ibfb`s digv nggb`Cb`somb`. Fib Gblb`seæmidabiv' fr|om Tn`fbg r`f N`xnssr`d n` fib \bngivæv' tbisvfb` Zik`iscrs ngs Vmbk|ib nrs1 tæ|b fb| Zik`iscrs bi`b Ifbkgkdib' tib uk` Dbd`b|`r`f Ebi`fb` lbmnrxvbv' dælb bs i` tbivb|b| Ekgdb abi` fbcka|nvisombs Gblb`.UII.Fb| N`visbcb`viscrs isv fns Uk|#R|vbig bi`bs Akggbavius. Ub|sndb` r`f R`eæmidabiv
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