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EPA 530-R-94-011NTIS PB94-170248
T
ECHNICAL
R
ESOURCE
D
OCUMENT
EXTRACTION AND BENEFICIATION OFORES AND MINERALSVOLUME 1
LEAD-ZINC
June 1994U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Solid WasteSpecial Waste Branch401 M Street, SWWashington, DC 20460
 
Technical Resource Document: Lead-Zinc
i
DISCLAIMER AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This document was prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). The mention of company or product names is not to be consideredan endorsement by the U.S. Government or the EPA.This Technical Resource Document consists of two sections. The firstsection is EPA's Profile of the lead-zinc industry; the remaining section is aSite Visit Report from a site visit conducted by EPA. The Profile Sectionwas distributed for review to the U.S. Department of the Interior's Bureauof Mines, the Western Governors Association, the Interstate MiningCompact Commission, the American Mining Congress, and Public InterestGroups. Summaries of the comments and EPA's responses are presented asan appendix to the Profile Section. The Site Visit Report Section wasreviewed by individual company, state, and Federal representatives whoparticipated in the site visit. Comments and EPA responses are included asAppendices to the specific Site Visit Section. EPA is grateful to allindividuals who took the time to review sections of this Technical ResourceDocument.The use of the terms "extraction," "beneficiation," and mineral processing"in the Profile section of this document is not intended to classify any wastestreams for the purposes of regulatory interpretation or application. Rather,these terms are used in the context of common industry terminology.
 
Technical Resource Document: Lead-Zinc
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPage
DISCLAIMER AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................. i1.0
 
M
INING
I
NDUSTRY
P
ROFILE
:
 
L
EAD
-Z
INC
................................................ 1-11.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................ 1-1 1.2ECONOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INDUSTRY......................... 1-2 1.2.1 Lead .............................................................. 1-21.2.2 Zinc .............................................................. 1-111.3 ORE CHARACTERIZATION................................................. 1-12 1.4 LEAD-ZINC EXTRACTION AND BENEFICIATION PRACTICES.................. 1-13 1.4.1 Extraction Methods ................................................. 1-131.4.2 Beneficiation Methods ............................................... 1-141.4.2.1 Milling ................................................... 1-141.4.2.2 Flotation ................................................. 1-151.4.2.3Roasting and Sintering of Concentrates.........................1-231.5 EXTRACTION AND BENEFICIATION WASTES ASSOCIATED WITH LEAD-ZINCMINES.................................................................... 1-241.5.1Extraction and Beneficiation Wastes ...................................1-251.5.1.1Overburden and Mine Development Rock.......................1-251.5.1.2 Mine Water ............................................... 1-251.5.1.3Flotation Wastes...........................................1-281.5.2Waste Management.................................................1-281.5.2.1Waste Rock Piles...........................................1-281.5.2.2Mine Pits and Underground Workings..........................1-291.5.2.3Tailings Impoundments......................................1-291.5.2.4Leachate..................................................1-301.6 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ............................................... 1-30 1.6.1 Ground Water/Surface Water ......................................... 1-301.6.2 Soil .............................................................. 1-311.6.3 Air ............................................................... 1-311.6.4 Damage Cases ..................................................... 1-321.6.4.1 National Priorities List Sites .................................. 1-321.6.4.2 Clean Water Act Section 304(l) Sites ........................... 1-321.6.4.3 Other Reported Damage Cases ................................ 1-331.7 CURRENT REGULATORY AND STATUTORY FRAMEWORK ................... 1-36 1.7.1 Environmental Protection Agency Regulations ............................ 1-371.7.1.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ....................... 1-371.7.1.2 Clean Water Act ........................................... 1-381.7.1.3 Clean Air Act ............................................. 1-411.7.2 Department of the Interior ............................................ 1-421.7.2.1 Bureau of Land Management ................................. 1-421.7.2.2 National Park Service ....................................... 1-441.7.2.3 Fish and Wildlife Service .................................... 1-441.7.3 Department of Agriculture ............................................ 1-451.7.3.1 Forest Service ............................................. 1-451.7.4 State Programs ..................................................... 1-461.7.4.1 Alaska ................................................... 1-461.7.4.2 Missouri .................................................. 1-47
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