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http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1097437.htmlBERLIN - It's a bit jarring to see an exhibition at the Jewish Museum here thatindirectly concerns the fate of German Jews but at first glance seems to suggestthat the museum is joining the increasingly popular trend of presenting Germans asvictims of the Nazi regime, too. It is unusual to witness a demonstration againsta Jewish institution in Germany, and against the Jewish Museum, no less. And evenstranger than that is that the demonstration is not spearheaded by an anti-Semiticor extreme right-wing group, but by an Israeli. But the most bizarre thing of allis that this individual agrees with most of the points made by the exhibition, amessage that he has actually been promoting all his adult life.Hagai Aviel, 51, one of the founders of the Israeli Association AgainstPsychiatric Assault, approached the museum to offer his help in organizing theshow, entitled "Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race." His hope was toconvince its curators that the show does not, in fact, address the Nazi regime perse, but rather a particular branch of psychiatry. Aviel argues that it waspsychiatrists who paved the way for the Final Solution. He believes the only wayto do justice to all concerned - himself, the museum, Germany, Israel and thevictims - is for the museum to extend the time frame of the exhibition, which nowis 1933-1945, and acknowledge that this "deadly medicine" was in use as late as1949, claiming the lives of an additional 20,000 people in special psychiatricfacilities.The Nazis were not the first to propose the creation of a "superior race." Indeed,the concept, an integral part of social Darwinism, dates back to the mid-19thcentury. At the dawn of the 20th century, there was support in several countries(including the United States, Switzerland and Sweden) for policies aimed atcreating such a race, which included such measures as castration of the mentallyill and others who were deemed inferior.AdvertisementThe concept was widely embraced in Germany after its devastating loss in World WarI. After he first encountered it in 1924, while serving time in jail, Adolf Hitlerincorporated discussion of it into "Mein Kampf." Subsequently, the GreatDepression spurred a gradual increase in the numbers who believed in the idea ofgetting rid of nonproductive elements and creating a superior German society. TheNazi party's rise to power gave that idea the official seal of approval.In 1933, Germany's leading psychiatrists opened so-called genetic-health courts,where people were tried for such "offenses" as manic depression, schizophrenia,alcoholism and the like. Between 1933 and 1939, some 400,000 German men werecastrated, after it was determined that they did not contribute to the party, thestate or science. A number of them died as a result. Also subject to castrationwere Germans who suffered from various disorders like depression or addictions.And of course, both Jews and Gypsies were defined as inferior races.On September 1, 1939, bowing to a request from the psychiatric elite, Hitlersigned an order calling for the systematic murder of people "judged incurablysick, by critical medical examination." This was the only document that linked himdirectly to mass murder, and its codename was T4, for "Tiergartenstrasse 4," theBerlin address where the request from an organization of physicians and otherofficials had originated. The house there had once belonged to a Jewish family andhad been confiscated in the wake of the Nuremberg Laws.The order resulted in the establishment of six euthanasia centers in psychiatricinstitutions throughout the Reich, and during the two years in which it was ineffect, a total of 70,000 Germans were murdered on the basis of this directive -most of them in gas chambers. When the order was eventually revoked, the murderousstaff who worked in these centers went on to the camps in Eastern Europe, where
 
they put their expertise to use in killing Jews.While Aviel, his colleagues and Jewish Museum officials agree that some 20,000civilians died or were killed in these institutions between 1945 and 1949, theydiffer as to the method used. Aviel maintains that the systematic murder outlinedunder order T4 continued during those years. By contrast, the museum people assertthat these people died because of the poor conditions in the facilities.'The whole truth'Aviel first encountered psychiatric hospitalization as a minor, when his motherhospitalized him. She tried to have him committed again at age 27, and when heresisted, he was arrested and detained for 15 days. He was released after hisattorney asked that he be sent for psychiatric observation.In the wake of his experiences, Aviel decided to help others who came up againstthe psychiatric establishment and, as part of a joint effort, helped establish theIsraeli Association Against Psychiatric Assault. When association members beganlooking for international partners, they found that only in Germany were thereactivists who fought against the system's power and campaigned for patients'rights.Standing outside the museum, since he has been banned from the immediate grounds,Aviel hands out flyers that explain his organization's struggle. He wears a shirtcalling for "the whole truth" - referring to the fact that he believes the museumshould mention in the exhibition that there were four additional years ofkillings, and many victims. He is adamant that he supports the exhibition, butdemands the museum tell the whole story."[Aside from psychiatrists], there is no other civil servant who can arrest acitizen and penetrate his body," Aviel argues. "Everything that may not be done toa regular person may be done to whomever the psychiatrist determines. Nowadays,too, psychiatrists can determine who is eligible to have basic rights and whoisn't.""Every society determines standards under which its citizens' rights may bedeprived," maintains Prof. Arieh Shalev, who heads the department of psychiatry atthe Hadassah University Hospital in Ein Karem, Jerusalem, and is a lecturer at theHebrew University's School of Medicine. "There are many hurdles before someone ishospitalized in a psychiatric hospital. A person could come to me and say he haslost the desire to live, but I see that he is normal and functioning. I cannothospitalize such people, even if it is clear to me that they are going to commitsuicide. It's very tough."Psychiatrists engage in critical decisions regarding life and death, whichexplains the plethora of arguments about whether they should be responsible forsuch decisions, or whether such responsibility should be handed over to the courtsystem," Shalev continues. "The bottom line, which people must understand, is thatpsychiatry works, it saves people, it helps many people recover from mentalillnesses and rejoin society. We do not want to deny a hospitalized person'sfreedom. [We just want] to treat him. I am very happy there is supervision. I amhappy that I am subject to public scrutiny - that is what makes me the public'semissary. It is good that my powers are limited."Aviel has a hard time accepting these arguments at face value. He insists thatpsychiatry and the Final Solution are interlinked - but, he insists, no one daresto mention this connection in Israel.
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