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44
 Kyjx‟@ymyst <228 
ofhn`lyshniss|iuhi}.oga
IARJGXII FI@JTF
_tirfin @. A`jgx 
Fg} tg \idyoiFir`thths L hn tfi ]g|crj`oi
M
ini|`j Ijiot|ho Ofhn` Og.* Jtd. &MI Ofhn`( geei|id` ugjynt`|x* e|ii fir`thths L uh|ys &FLU( u`oohn`!thgn r|gm|`a tg `jj iarjgxiis lit}iin Eil|y`|x <22= `nd A`|of <228* hn }f`t a`x f`ui liin tfi eh|stthai ` a`kg| eg|ihmn iarjgxi| hn Ofhn` `ttiartid ` oga!r`nx!}hdi FLU hngoyj`thgn r|gm|`a. MI Ofhn` lijhiuistfi r|gm|`a |idyoid tfi |hsc ge ni} FLU o`sis `agnmst`ee `nd |idyoid `ssgoh`tid }g|c thai jgst* lggstid st`ee ag|`ji* `nd har|guid iarjgxiis‘ grhnhgn ge tfi ogar`nx.Gtfi| ogar`nhis hn Ofhn` a`x }hsf tg ognshdi| shahj`|u`oohn`thgn r|gm|`as.
@lgyt tfi uh|ys
FLU hs ` uh|`j jhui| dhsi`si istha`tid tg f`ui `eeiotid <lhjjhgn rigrji }g|jd}hdi* ge }fga ag|i tf`n ?92 ahjjhgnognthnyi tg jhui }htf of|gnho FLU* `oog|dhnm tg tfi ]g|jdFi`jtf G|m`nh{`thgn &]FG(. Tfi dhsi`si hs r`|thoyj`|jx r|iu`jint hn Ofhn`* }fi|i ag|i tf`n = ri|oint ge tfi tgt`jrgryj`thgn hs `eeiotid lx of|gnho FLU* `oog|dhnm tg tfiR\O Ahnhst|x ge Fi`jtf &AGF(. &]FG ryts tfi nyali|`t 6 tg 02 ri|oint.( Tfi dhsi`si hs t|`nsahttid tf|gymflgdx ejyhds* syof `s ljggd* siain* `nd s`jhu`. ]FG isth!a`tis tf`t tfi FLU uh|ys hs 92 tg 022 thais `s hneiothgys
Tfi syooiss ge MI Ofhn`‘s FLU u`oohn`thgn r|gm|`a geei|s `n iv`arji eg| ogar`nhis ognshdi|hnm shahj`| r|gm|`as 
MI Ofhn` ysid rgsti|s tg idyo`ti hts iarjgxiis `lgyt tfi liniehts ge u`oohn`thgn.
    R    f   g   t   g   o   g   y   |   t   i   s   x   g    e    M    I    O    f    h   n   `
 
ofhn`lyshniss|iuhi}.oga
 Kyjx‟@ymyst <228 
49
IARJGXII FI@JTF
`s FHU'@HD_ `nd o`n sy|uhui gytshdi tfi lgdx eg| `t ji`stsiuin d`xs. Gui| ` jheithai* ynr|gtiotid |ishdints ge Ofhn`f`ui ag|i tf`n ` 52 ri|oint of`noi ge ognt|`othnm FLU*`oog|dhnm tg tfi Fir`thths L Egynd`thgn.Tfi dhsi`si dgis ngt f`ui ` r`|thoyj`|jx fhmf ag|t`jhtx |`ti* lyt ht getin |ipyh|is ` jgnm |iogui|x ri|hgd `nd hs dheeh!oyjt tg oy|i ogarjitijx. Hn `ddhthgn* of|gnho FLU uhothasf`ui gtfi| si|hgys fi`jtf hssyis |ij`tid tg tfi dhsi`si.Mjgl`jjx* <9 ri|oint ge of|gnho FLU syeei|i|s }fg ognt|`ot!id FLU dy|hnm ofhjdfggd }hjj j`ti| dhi e|ga oh||fgshs g| jhui|o`noi| o`ysid lx tfi of|gnho ogndhthgn* `oog|dhnm tg ]FG.\ioint stydhis hn _f`nmf`h symmist tf`ttfi `ui|`mi dh|iot `nd hndh|iot aidho`jogst ge ` o`si ge of|gnho FLU hs `lgyt$?*222. Yshnm ag|i `du`noid `nd ieeio!thui hnti|ei|gn!l`sid t|i`taint o`n |`hsitfi aidho`j ogst e|ga $9*222 tg $09*222ri| ri|sgn* l`sid gn Y_ d`t`. Tfi iog!ngaho har`ot ge tfi dhsi`si gn iarjgxiis`nd iarjgxi|s hn ti|as ge `lsintiihsa*|idyoid r|gdyothuhtx* `nd iagthgn`j dhs!t|iss hs r|gl`ljx ognshdi|`ljx m|i`ti|. @ u`oohni `m`hnst FLU lio`ai oga!ai|oh`jjx `u`hj`lji hn 086< `nd f`s liinognthnygysjx har|guid tg tfi rghnt }fi|iht o`n geei| `lgyt 89 ri|oint r|gtiothgn`m`hnst tfi dhsi`si. Tfgymf tfi u`oohni hs }hdijx `u`hj`lji* tfi u`oohn`thgn r|goiss |ipyh|is `n hnhth`jtist tg diti|ahni }fitfi| tfi `nthmin hs `j|i`dx r|isint*egjjg}id lx tf|ii sir`|`ti hnkiothgns `t e`h|jx r|iohsi hnti|!u`js gui| ` shv!agntf ri|hgd. Hn tfi Ynhtid _t`tis* tfi eyjjFLU u`oohn`thgn r|gm|`a txrho`jjx ogsts $=9 tg $059 ri|ri|sgn. Tfi ogst ge ahssid thai e|ga }g|c tg uhsht tfi dgo!tg|‘s geehoi getin ivoiids tfi ogst ge tfi u`oohn`thgns.
FLU dhso|hahn`thgn `nd tfi j`}
Mhuin tfi si|hgysniss ge tfi FLU r|gljia hn Ofhn`*a`nx Ofhnisi `nd ayjthn`thgn`j og|rg|`thgns &ANOs( f`ui`dgrtid ai`sy|is tg |idyoi tfi sr|i`d ge tfi uh|ys }htfhntfih| }g|ceg|oi. Hn tfi r`st* sgai iarjgxi|s `ttiartid tgso|iin gyt `jj FLU o`||hi|s tf|gymf r|i!iarjgxaint rfxsh!o`js* }fhji gtfi|s `haid tg so|iin gyt iarjgxiis }htf `othuiFLU tf`t }gyjd `eeiot tfih| ehtniss eg| }g|c.FLU syeei|i|s hn Ofhn` e|ipyintjx e`oi dhso|hahn`thgn hna`nx `|i`s ge jhei—`t sofggj* `t }g|c* i`thnm gyt* `nd d`t!hnm. Dy|hnm tfi j`st ei} xi`|s* nyai|gys ri|hgdho`js f`uifhmfjhmftid tfi rjhmft ge FLU syeei|i|s* `nd siui|`j FLU `othgn m|gyrs f`ui eg|aid. Tfgymf Ofhnisi r|iss |irg|tsgetin egoys gn eg|ihmn ogar`nhis‘ dhso|hahn`thgn `m`hnstFLU o`||hi|s* `niodgt`j iuhdinoi symmists tfi r|gljia hs `tji`st `s `oyti `agnm Ofhnisi iarjgxi|s. @ A`x <22= sy|uix ogndyotid lx tfi Ofhnisi Ynhui|shtx ge Rgjhtho`j _ohinoi `ndJ`} egynd tf`t 48 ri|oint ge ?*922 |isrgndints hn 02Ofhnisi ohthis }gyjd li yn}hjjhnm tg }g|c }htf FLU o`||hi|s`nd tf`t 99 ri|oint }gyjd ngt fh|i tfia.AGF `nd tfi R\O Ahnhst|x ge Fya`n \isgy|ois `nd_goh`j _ioy|htx hn A`x <22= og!hssyid tfi Ngthoi gnR|gtiothgn ge Fir`thths L _y|e`oi @nthmin &FLs@m( O`||hi|s‘\hmft tg Iarjgxaint. @oog|dhnm tg tfi ngthoi* }fhof tggc ieeiot A`x 06* <22=* j`lg| `nd sgoh`j sioy|htx `nd fi`jtfly|i`ys `t u`|hgys jiuijs `|i |isrgnshlji eg| r|gtiothnmFLs@m o`||hi|s‘ |hmft tg iarjgxaint `nd tfih| r|hu`ox.&Fls@m hs ` r|gtihn `nthmin tist }fhof hs ysid tg diti|ahni }fitfi| `n hndhuhdy`j hs ` o`||hi| ge FLU.( Tfi ngthoi st`tis;
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FLU o`||hi|s‘ |hmft tg iarjgxaint sf`jj li r|gtiotid. @niarjgxi| sf`jj ngt |ieysi tg iarjgx g| dhsahss `n FLU o`|!|hi| lio`ysi tfi ri|sgn hs ` o`||hi|* ynjisstfi o`||hi| hs l`nnid e|ga tfi kgl lx j`}s*|imyj`thgns* g| AGF |yjis.
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 @n iarjgxi|‘s rfxsho`j iv`ahn`thgnst`nd`|ds sf`jj li st|hotjx |imyj`tid tg r|g!tiot tfi r|hu`ox ge o`||hi|s. @n iarjgxi|a`x o`timg|h{i jhui| eynothgn `s gni ge tfirfxsho`j iv`ahn`thgn st`nd`|ds lyt sf`jjngt ysi Fir`thths L Uh|ys _i|gjgmx Hndiv`s gni ge tfi rfxsho`j iv`ahn`thgn st`n!d`|ds ynjiss tfi o`||hi| hs l`nnid e|ga tfi kgl lx j`}s* |imyj`thgns* g| AGF |yjis.Aidho`j hnsthtytis `t u`|hgys jiuijs sf`jjr|gtiot o`||hi|s‘ r|hu`ox dy|hnm tfi rfxsh!o`j iv`ahn`thgn.
MI Ofhn`‘s u`oohn`thgn r|gm|`as
Hn Ofhn`* MI gri|`tis tf|gymf ag|i tf`n 92 _hng!eg|!ihmn kghnt uinty|is `nd }fgjjx eg|ihmn!g}nid inti|r|hsis.MI Ofhn` si|uis `s ` fgjdhnm ogar`nx eg| a`nx MIhnuistaints `nd `s ` rj`teg|a ogar`nx eg| tfi og|rg|`tisyrrg|t eynothgns ge MI hn Ofhn`. MI Ofhn` f`s `lgyt00*822 iarjgxiis* }htf `lgyt 5*622 iarjgxiis hn_f`nmf`h* 0*622 hn Lihkhnm* `nd 692 hn F`nm{fgy*[fikh`nm. @nny`j s`jis ivoiid $9 lhjjhgn.MI‘s eh|st ivri|hinoi }htf iarjgxii u`oohn`thgn r|gm|`ashn Ofhn` tggc rj`oi dy|hnm tfi <22? siui|i `oyti |isrh|`tg|x sxnd|gai &_@\_( o|hshs. Tfgymf MI f`d ng _@\_ o`sis`agnm hts }g|ceg|oi* siui|`j iarjgxiis ognt|`otid tfi oga!agn ejy. Tfi i`|jx sxartgas ge tfi ejy `nd _@\_ `|i pyhtishahj`|. Tfgymf ejy u`oohnis r|guhdi ng r|gtiothgn `m`hnst_@\_* `eti| ognshdi|`lji dhsoysshgn* tfi og|rg|`ti aidho`jgri|`thgn diohdid tg geei| `jj iarjgxiis ` ugjynt`|x ejy u`o!ohn`thgn r|gm|`a. Tfi |`thgn`ji }`s `s egjjg}s;
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He tfi hnohdinoi ge ejy ogyjd li |idyoid hn tfi }g|c!eg|oi* tfi nyali| ge e`jsi `j`|as `lgyt tfi rgsshlhjhtx ge `_@\_ o`si* }htf `ttind`nt ieeg|ts tg hsgj`ti rgtinth`jjx `eeiotid st`ee* ogyjd li |idyoid3
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\idyothgn hn ejy o`sis }gyjd f`ui sgai r`xl`oc hnti|as ge |idyoid `lsintiihsa dy|hnm tfi ejy si`sgn3 `nd
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Dy|hnm ` thai }fin iarjgxiis }i|i yndi| m|i`t iag!thgn`j st|iss* tfi u`oohn`thgn r|gm|`a sint tfia `n harg|!t`nt aiss`mi `lgyt ogar`nx ognoi|n eg| tfih| fi`jtf `nd }ijj!lihnm.
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Ogar`nx!srgnsg|idu`oohn`thgn r|gm|`as o`n |idyoi tfi |hsc ge hjjniss* |idyoi }g|c thai jgst lio`ysi ge |ij`tidhjjniss* `nd har|gui st`ee ag|`ji.
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Tfi fir`thths L uh|ysu`oohn`thgn |ipyh|is ` si|his ge tf|ii sfgts `t srioheho hnti|u`js3o`|ieyjjx rj`nnid `nd ieehohintjx|yn u`oohn`thgn r|gm|`as f`ui `mggd of`noi ge syooiss.
Pyhoc Mj`noi
 
45
 Kyjx‟@ymyst <228 
ofhn`lyshniss|iuhi}.oga
IARJGXII FI@JTF
Tfi r|gm|`a inkgxid l|g`d iarjgxii r`|thohr`thgn.Tfi|i siiaid tg li ei}i| `lsinois tf`n ysy`j dy|hnm tfi ejysi`sgn* tfgymf ng si|hgys ieeg|t }`s a`di tg ai`sy|i tfi|idyothgn. @s ` |isyjt ge tfi r|gm|`a‘s rgryj`|htx }htf st`ee*MI Ofhn` geei|s ejy u`oohn`thgns tg iarjgxiis `nny`jjx.
MI |isrgnds tg Ofhn`‘s ngthoi gn tisthnm eg| FLU `nthmin
MI |ipyh|is ` r|i!iarjgxaint rfxsho`j eg| `jj ni}iarjgxiis. R|hg| tg tfi A`x <22= ngthoi tf`t r|gfhlhtstisthnm eg| tfi FLU `nthmin* MI tistid eg| tfi FLU `nth!min. F`uhnm tfi FLU `nthmin dhd ngt `eeiot ` o`ndhd`ti‘siarjgxaint r|gsriots* ynjiss tfi o`ndhd`ti }`s syeei|hnme|ga `othui FLU `nd ogyjd ngt s`eijx ri|eg|a tfi kgl.Gnoi MI‘s jim`j ti`a `duhsid hts aidho`j dir`|taint ge tfi ngthoi* fg}iui|* MI haaidh`tijx dhsognthnyid r|i!iarjgxaint tisthnm eg| tfi FLU `nthmin. D|. ]y Khn*MI‘s aidho`j dh|iotg| eg| Ofhn`* lim`n tg ognshdi| tfistirs tfi ogar`nx ogyjd t`ci tg r|gtiot iarjgxiis e|gaFLU. @n idyo`thgn`j r|gm|`a tf`t iarf`sh{id tfiharg|t`noi ge mggd fxmhini }`s `n gluhgys eh|st stir. ]y* fg}iui|* `scid; ‚]fx ngt ey|tfi| r|gtiot iarjgxiislx geei|hnm u`oohn`thgn `m`hnst FLU tg `jj iarjgxiis gn `ugjynt`|x l`shs7‑Hn Eil|y`|x <226* ]y |`hsid fi| r|grgs`j }htf tfi MIOfhn` Fya`n \isgy|ois Ogynohj* }fhof }`s sxar`tfitholyt ognoi|nid `lgyt tfi ogst. ]y tggc fi| o`ar`hmn tgtfi og|rg|`ti ji`di|sfhr* `nd hn i`|jx <226* tfi ogar`nx `m|iid tg r|guhdi tfi eh|st $<9*222 hn eyndhnm eg| tfi r|g!m|`a. _fg|tjx tfi|i`eti|* `jj ge tfi MI lyshnissis hn Ofhn``m|iid tg r`|thohr`ti.
_tirs tg ` syooisseyj FLU u`oohn`thgn r|gm|`a
Lio`ysi `n FLU u`oohn`thgn r|gm|`a |ipyh|is ` ljggdtist* egjjg}id lx tf|ii sir`|`ti u`oohn`thgns gn ` e`h|jx |hmhdsofidyji* tfi r|gm|`a dia`nds ` m|i`ti| jiuij ge a`n`mi!aint `nd ogaaynho`thgn tf`n ` ejy u`oohn`thgn r|gm|`a.Ht `jsg |ipyh|is ` fhmfi| jiuij ge iarjgxii ogaahtaint. MIOfhn`‘s A`n`mhnm Ny|si [yg ]invhy diuijgrid ` sxstiatg harjiaint tfi u`oohn`thgn r|gm|`a `nd insy|i tf`t ht|`n saggtfjx `nd ieehohintjx. Tfi sxstia hnojydid ` ofioc!jhst tg ogneh|a tf`t iarjgxiis |ioihuid thaijx ogaaynho`!thgns eg| i`of stir ge tfi r|gm|`a. Tf`ncs tg ieehohint r|g!oidy|is* agst iarjgxiis }i|i `lji tg li u`oohn`tid `nd|ity|n tg }g|c hn jiss tf`n ehui ahnytis.Tfi aidho`j dir`|taint `nd fya`n |isgy|ois `nd oga!aynho`thgns m|gyrs diuijgrid ` r|gm|`a tg idyo`tiiarjgxiis `lgyt FLU `nd tfi u`oohni. Tfi ti`a o|i`tidrgsti|s `nd dhsrj`xid tfia `|gynd tfi e`ohjhthis. Ht `jsgysid tfi iarjgxii a`m`{hni tg y|mi iarjgxiis tg r`|thoh!r`ti lx hnojydhnm ` ri|sgn`j jitti| e|ga ` sinhg| a`n`mi|`lgyt FLU `nd tfi harg|t`noi ge u`oohn`thgn.O|htho`j tg `nx u`oohn`thgn r|gm|`a hs ` r|goiss tginsy|i tf`t iarjgxiis a`ci `n hneg|aid `nd ugjynt`|x diohshgn tg r`|thohr`ti. Tfi aidho`j `nd jim`j ti`as diuij!
Mini|`j Ijiot|ho Ofhn` Og. Jtd. &MIOfhn`( lijhiuis tfi fir`thtys L uh|ys&FLU( u`oohn`thgn r|gm|`a }`s `nynpy`jhehid syooiss `nd hs ognshdi|hnmgeei|hnm e|ii u`oohn`thgns tg `jj ni}iarjgxiis. Tfi ogar`nx a`x `jsg geei|iarjgxiis }fg diojhnid tfi hnhth`jr|gm|`a g| }fg }i|i yn`lji tg ogarjiti tfi ogy|si ge u`oohn`thgns lio`ysi gesofidyjhnm hssyis ` siognd of`noi tgogarjiti tfi r|gm|`a.Tfi ogar`nx lijhiuis tf`t a`nxe`otg|s ognt|hlytid tg tfi syooiss ge tfir|gm|`a `nd o`n har|gui tfiieeiothuiniss ge }g|crj`oi!l`sidu`oohn`thgn r|gm|`as;
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Ayjth!sfgt r|gm|`as getin egyndi|}fin lysx r`thints o`nngt eht tfi sfgtshntg tfih| }g|c sofidyjis. _hnoi agstrigrji srind ag|i }`chnm fgy|s `t }g|c tf`n `nx}fi|i ijsi* `rrghntaints eg|iarjgxi|!|yn hngoyj`thgn r|gm|`as `|ii`shi| eg| iarjgxiis tg ciir.
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Hndhuhdy`js ysy`jjx `opyh|iu`oohn`thgns `t ‚|it`hj |`tis*‑ lyt tfiso`ji ge ` og|rg|`ti r|gm|`a |idyoisogsts d|`a`tho`jjx. Lyjc ry|of`sis `nd tfi ysi ge }g|crj`oi fi`jtfo`|i|isgy|ois tf`t `|i `j|i`dx a`nd`tid lxR\O j`} cirt MI‘s ri|!r`thint ogst jg}.
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A`n`miaint inm`miaint `ndji`di|sfhr fijrs ogar`nx u`oohn`thgnr|gm|`as syooiid. ]fin iarjgxiissii tfih| ji`di|s t`chnm tfi thai tg }`jcdg}n tg tfi ojhnho* tfix getin egjjg}.Tfgymf tfi `n`jxshs ge tfi d`t` e|ga tfi MI Ofhn` ivri|haint hs |`tfi| o|ydi* tfi |isyjts `|i st|hchnm. Gtfi| iarjgxi|sa`x }hsf tg ognshdi| shahj`| r|gm|`as eg| tfih| iarjgxiis.Tg ogui| tfi j`|mi rgryj`thgn gui| 09xi`|s ge `mi tf`t hs ngt oy||intjx ogui|idlx u`oohn`thgn r|gm|`as* tfi R\Omgui|naint ogyjd sylshdh{i tfi ogst geu`oohnis eg| iarjgxi|!|yn FLUhngoyj`thgn r|gm|`as. Tfhs hs ` mggd hdi`eg| tf|ii |i`sgns;
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@ughdid fi`jtfo`|i t|i`taint ogsts`nd r|gdyothuhtx jgssis a`ci tfi r|gm|`a`n hnuistaint }htf haaidh`ti |ity|ns eg|Ofhn`‘s eyty|i.
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Lio`ysi agst j`|mi iarjgxi|s `j|i`dx|yn mgui|naint!a`nd`tid fi`jtf ojhnhoshn tfih| e`otg|his* `nd iarjgxiis o`nag|i i`shjx `ttind u`oohn`thgn r|gm|`as`t tfih| }g|crj`ois* syof r|gm|`as o`nli ogarjitid `t jg}i| ogst `nd }htffhmfi| r`|thohr`thgn |`tis.
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Tfi r|gm|`a sinds ` oji`| aiss`mi gekghnt mgui|naint `nd hndyst|x ognoi|n eg| tfi fi`jtf `nd }ijj!lihnm ge }g|ci|s.Ehn`jjx* `eehjh`tis ge tfi @jj!Ofhn`Eidi|`thgn ge T|`di Ynhgns* Ofhn`‘sgeehoh`j j`lg| ynhgn g|m`nh{`thgn* ogyjd`jsg `sshst hn idyo`thnm }g|ci|s `lgytFLU `nd tfi liniehts ge r`|thohr`thnm hnu`oohn`thgn r|gm|`as.
—_tirfin @. A`jgx 
\i`sgns tg _yrrg|t ]g|crj`oi U`oohn`thgn R|gm|`as
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