ADHESION

INSULATION OF BODIES OF WATER

The frozen form of water, ice, is less dense than that of liquid water. This is different from other liquids, but this unique characteristic allows large bodies of water to only freeze on top. The layer of ice acts as a barrier from the outside cold air, protecting the water underneath and the organisms there are able to continue their lives. Ice is less dense than water because frozen water does not break and reform hydrogen bonds like that of liquid water. The hydrogen bonds become stable in ice creating a crystalline lattice which separates each water molecule ten percent more apart from one another than in liquid water, thus giving ice a higher density.

THE WATER PHENOMENA

Water molecules do not only form hydrogen bonds with itself, but also with other substances where such bonds are able to form. When water is poured into a graduated cylinder, a meniscus will form at the top of the liquid because there was a small amount of hydrogen bonding between the water and its container. This is especially shown in a 25 ml graduated cylinder because it is a skinnier container than most, so the meniscus is more visible. Another example of where adhesion with water is seen is when water travels up a plant from its roots through its leaves. Hydrogen bonds form between the water molecules and the stem of a plant, just like in the graduated cylinder.

Water takes part in every chemical reaction and is the substance in which life could not function without. Its polar bonds allow it to form hydrogen bonds with other polar or charged molecules through adhesion but also with itself because of cohesion. The high specific heat and high heat of vaporization are just two of many individual characteristics of water.

WATER WITH NONPOLAR SUBSTANCES

Even though entropy is supposed to force molecules into a random, ever changing arrangement, when water is combined with a nonpolar substance such as mineral oil, separation occurs. When the two liquids are shaken together, they may for some time appear to have combined into a homogeneous solution, but after sometime, the solutions will separate into two layers, the less dense one on top. This occurs because nonpolar substances have a phobia of water and other polar substances. Polar and nonpolar substances differ in the arrangement of their bonds. Nonpolar molecules have no slight of complete charges between their atoms making them neutral. However, polar bonds do have that slight charge, making some regions of molecules more negative than others. This difference in bonds will cause the tow substances to separate from each other, since the slight charges in the polar bonds will attract to each other and away from the nonpolar molecules.

EVAPORATIVE COOLING

WATER AS A SOLVENT
Although scientists wish there was, there is no universal solvent that can dissolve any solute placed in it, but water has been found to be the closest to that. The crystal sodium chloride, when put in water, divides into sodium and chloride ions that have mutual affinity to that of the water molecules because of electrical attraction. The slightly negative oxygen region of water is attracted to the sodium cations and the positive partial charge in waters hydrogens cling to the chloride anions. This creates a hydration shell that surrounds each ion producing a homogeneous solution. A similar dissolving process is used with sugars like glucose. Although glucose does not break into ions like sodium chloride,

When molecules are in the liquid state, they stay close to each other due to intramolecular bonding. This is especially prominent in water because of the hydrogen bonding between molecules, causing the amount of heat needed to create water vapor be 580 calories, double that of ammonia or alcohol. However, if their temperature is increased so much that the molecules are moving too fast, they become a gas and evaporate into the air. When molecules evaporate, the area in which they were once on stays cool, because the hottest molecules leave the surface. This evaporative cooling effects how

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