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Guide for electrical design engineers
 Zbigniew Hanzelka
 AGH-University of Science & Technology 
P  ow er  Q u al   i    t    y
Power Quality 
Mitigation of voltage unbalance
U 
12
U 
23
U 
31
U 
2
U 
3
U 
1
I 
23
=
I 
C
I 
31
=
I 
L
I 
12
I 
1
=
I 
12
-
I 
31
I 
2
=
I 
23
-
I 
12
I 
3
=
I 
31
-
I 
23
 
2
http://www.leonardo-energy.org
Power Quality 
1.
Introduction
When the limit values o unbalance actor, specifed in standards are exceeded, the use o symmetrizatin systemsis required. A symmetrizator should not cause signifcant active power losses during operation; it implies that thesymmetrization process shall be carried out by means o reactive elements (
LC 
) or using active methods (powerelectronic systems).
2.
Symmetrization of the load currents
 The urther analysis, using the method o symmetrical components, concerns the system node in the confgurationas in Figure 1. An asymmetrical load (A), symmetrical load (S) and compensator (K) are connected to substation bus-bars o phase voltage
U 
, supplied rom three-phase symmetrical system.
A
I
3A
I
1K 
I
3K 
I
13
E
1
E
3
U
2
U
1
UCOMPENSATOR(K)SYMETRICLOAD(S)ASYMETRICLOAD (A)
1
I
3
I
2
E
Fig. 1. Diagram of the analysed node
Since the system o electromotive orces (
E 
) and the supply line are symmetrical, it is assumed that the voltageunbalance at the load terminals is caused by the asymmetry o the load currents. It means that, i the asymmetryo the load currents is eliminated, the voltages at the point o the load connection orm the symmetrical three-phasesystem. This is the case o the supply system protection, and the loads connected to it, against the asymmetry causedby asymmetrical currents o the load (A) and resulting asymmetrical voltage drops across the equivalent impedanceso supply system (on assumption identical in all phases:
 ZZZ 
123
= =
).An obvious conclusion rom Figure 1 is that the voltage unbalance at PCC, caused by the load asymmetry, can be mitigatedby reduction o the phase equivalent impedances (short-circuit impedances) i.e. by increasing the short-circuit capacity atthe point o load connection, what in practice means connecting the load to the point o the system o higher voltage.
3.
The „natural” symmetrization
 The frst and the most basic operation o the symmetrization process is the arrangement o the actual loadconnections between the system phases, in such a way that the current unbalance actor (and hence the voltageunbalance actor) was the smallest possible value. In case o connecting a single load to the network, the levelo unbalance (measured by the current unbalance actor or zero- or negative-sequence component) does not dependon phase-to-phase or phase-to-neutral voltage, where the load is connected. Similarly, when connecting two single-element loads, the level o unbalance does not depend on which voltages the loads are connected. However, whenthese loads will have a dierent character then, in terms o the “natural” symmetrization (i.e. the symmetrization,which does not require any additional elements), it is important to take into account the character o the loads andphase angles o the voltages they are connected to.
 
3
http://www.leonardo-energy.org
Mitigation of voltage unbalance
EXAMPLE 1
For the system of three loads on nominal voltage 380 V and powers, respectively: P
1
= 7.22 kW, Q
1
= 7.22 kVAR (ind.);P
2
= 7.22 kW, Q
2
= 7.22 kVAR (cap.); P
3
= 7.22 kW, Q
3
= 0 delta-connected, supplied from three-phase 3x380/220Vnetwork, determine the arrangement of their connections to the network phases, ensuring minimum value of thecurrent unbalance factor.
 ________________________
From the load active and reactive power the elements of its equivalent admittance can be determined, i.e.: thesusceptance (B =
QU 
2
) and conductance (G =
P U 
2
) (Fig. 2).
GBLoad(P, Q)U
N
U
N
Y
Fig. 2. The load (P - active power, Q - reactive power) and its equivalent admittance
Hence:
YGjBP U  j QU kW V  j kVARV 
 A AA
11 11212 2 2
7 223807 223800
= + = − = − =
.( ).( )( .005 0 05
−
 jS
. )
YGjBP U  j QU kW V  j kVARV 
 A AA
22 22222 2 2
7 223807 223800
= + = + = + =
.( ).( )( .005 0 05
+
 jS
. )
YGjBP U  j QU kW V  j kVARV S
 A AA
33 33232 2 2
7 2238003800 1
= + = + = + =
.( ) ( ).
Variant 1 – Loads connected as in Fig. 3:
YY 
 AA
12 1
=
YY 
 AA
23 2
=
YY 
 AA
31 3
=
Fig. 3. Variant 1 of load connection
 The current unbalance factor:
 k I I aYYaY YYY 
I  AAA AAA
%( )( )
% % . %
= =+ ++ +=
21212 23 3112 23 31
100 100 68 3
 ajj 
= =− +
exp( )1201232
0
 ajj 
2 0
1201232
= =− −
exp( )
123
A
Y
12A
Y
23
A
Y
31
A
I
1
A
I
2
A
I
3
A
I
31A
I
23
of 00

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