The Present-in-General = The Conception of Substance The present in general is the pure denotative power of the mind.

But the act of attention has no connotation at all, that is to say, the power which directs the mind to an object, in contradistinction to the power of thinking any predicate of that object. It is thus neither predicated of a subject, nor a subject, and accordingly is identical with the conception of substance. The Conception of Being = The Copula The copula means either actually is or would be, as in the two propositions, There is no griffin, and A griffin is a winged quadruped. The copula contains only that junction of predicate to subject wherein these two verbs agree. Thus, the conception of being has no content. Being and Substance; The Beginning and End of All Conception: Substance is Inapplicable to a Predicate and Being is Equally so to a Subject So, for example, if we say, The stove is black, the stove is both 1) the substance, from which its blackness has not been differentiated; and, 2) the is, by application to it of blackness as a predicate. Thus, while being does not affect the subject; it does imply the indefinite determinability of the predicate. This means that if one could know the copula and predicate of any proposition, one would know the predicate to be applicable to something supposable. Accordingly, we have propositions whose subjects are entirely indefinite, where the subject is merely something actual or potential; but we have no propositions whose predicate is entirely indeterminate. Modes of Mental Separation: Prescision, Abstraction, Discrimination and Dissociation Prescision and abstraction arise from attention to one element and neglect of the other. Exclusive attention consists in a definite conception or supposition of one part of an object, without any supposition of the other. Discrimination has to do merely with the essences of terms, and only draws a distinction in meaning. Dissociation results from the absence of a constant association; it is the consciousness of one thing, without the necessary simultaneous consciousness of the other. The Mediate and Immediate The proposition asserts the application of a mediate conception to a more immediate one. Since this is asserted the more mediate conception is clearly regarded independently of this circumstance for otherwise the two conceptions would not be distinguished, one would be thought through the other without the latter being an object of thought. The mediate conception, then, in order to be asserted to be applicable must first be considered without regard to this circumstance and taken immediately. But taken it immediately it transcends what is given (the immediate conception) and its applicability to the matter is hypothetical. In the proposition, This stove is black the stove is the more immediate

 reference to a ground: joins a conception to the substance

reference to a correlate: joins a conception to the substance

Quality

Relation

Proposition
substance is inapplicable to the predicate, and being equally so to the subject

Representation
reference to an interpretant: does not join a conception to the substance