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Nurturing Informal ProfessionalDevelopment for eLearningInstructors
Jennifer D. Jones, M.Ed.
United States of Americahttp://injenuity.com
ABSTRACT
The demand for distance learning, specifically Web-based instruction, has greatly increased inrecent years, with many learners choosing to attend online institutions. Traditional education providers must learn to participate in a new market for which they are largely unprepared tonegotiate. Existing models of instructor professional development do not provide the rapid,iterative, collaborative learning that instructors need in order to participate in new learningenvironments. Institutional culture change takes time, and organizations are realizing that time isno longer a luxury they possess. Informal learning is a valuable opportunity for administrators tonurture and support the organic and community-based professional development that leads tosuccessful eLearning adoption across an organization. This chapter addresses opportunities andchallenges in nurturing informal professional development, with examples of methods and practices that can be quickly adopted with minimal institutional cost.
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
eLearning, Informal Learning, Professional Development, Faculty Development,Connectivism, Faculty, Instructors, Informal Professional Development,Academic Computing, Networked Learning, Creative Commons
INTRODUCTION
In the field of education, professional development is the practice of providing continued trainingand educational opportunities to instructors so they can maintain professional standing, progressthrough career paths, and obtain required certifications. Informal learning is seldom included ininstitutional planning for instructor professional development, despite the fact that instructorsself-report that they prefer learning from their peers (Hardcastle, 2008). While it may bechallenging to plan for informal learning, it is important to devise strategies to support andnurture this type of professional development.To nurture informal professional development, institutions must embrace the changingteaching and learning culture. Digital pedagogy requires many instructors to make a distinct shiftin their teaching methods. These changes bring to light many of the problems with traditional
 
instructor-driven teaching methods. Jenkins (2008, p.49) claims, “A resourceful student is nolonger one who personally possesses a wide palette of resources and information from which tochoose, but rather, one who is able to successfully navigate an already abundant and continuallychanging world of information.” Instructors must become immersed in the community-basedtechnologies and experiences that facilitate more learner-centered instruction. These culturalchanges will not occur through workshops and seminars or as administrative mandates. They willspread through organizations and beyond when instructors collaboratively discover methods tohelp learners gather knowledge and make meaning in a more learner-centered environment,supported by new media.This chapter focuses on eLearning, which is loosely defined as instruction enhanced withWeb-based tools. Web-based tools may include traditional course and learning managementsystems, social networking platforms and third party social media applications. This overarchingdefinition will include courses taught fully at a distance, blended courses, where portions of instructional time are conducted online, and face-to-face courses enhanced with the application of Web-based tools. Challenges faced by eLearning instructors often relate to their teaching practices more than the tools and technology. Taylor and McQuiggan (2008) found, “Manyfaculty development programs fail to make significant changes to teaching itself, however, because they focus on the technical side of teaching online, breaking it down into skill sets rather than addressing pedagogy.” Most instructors can benefit from discovering instructional strategiesthat involve more learner-centered approaches. Professional development for eLearninginstructors should be open to all instructors, including those who only teach face-to-face.The chapter provides a short background on informal learning and professional development,including references to emerging learning theories. It addresses some of the current issues andconcerns with nurturing informal professional development and then provides recommendedactivities from institutions supporting informal learning. The section on future trends offerssuggestions for additional research and potential new developments in the field of eLearning.Directed primarily at higher education providers, many of the topics discussed can also be appliedin K-12 institutions. The chapter provides general information and suggestions, with theunderstanding that each organization, instructor and student will have unique needs and perspective.
BACKGROUND
Most learning we experience in our lifetime occurs informally. Research into informal learningincludes exploration of multiple learning theories, both traditional and emerging. SocialCognitive and Constructivist philosophies address some of the components of informal learning.These theories hold value for examining learning and knowledge creation, but the nature of the practice of learning has changed considerably since they were first developed. Instructo professional development is also now associated with adult learning theories and relatedinstructional practices (Lawler, 2003). As these theories have been written about extensivelyelsewhere, they will not be discussed in detail in this chapter. Emerging theories, such asConnectivism (Siemens, 2005) and the Rhizomatic Learning Model (Cormier, 2008) attempt toexplain how social learning is mediated in the age digital communications.Connectivism brings together principles of chaos and networks to support the theory thatknowledge does not simply reside within an individual, but can be found in organizations as well
 
as within technological appliances. Siemens (2005) explains, “Over the last twenty years,technology has reorganized how we live, how we communicate, and how we learn. Learningneeds and theories that describe learning principles and processes, should be reflective of underlying social environments.” Like connectivism, rhizomatic learning looks to networks of  personal connections in creation of knowledge and meaning as a negotiated process.
Suggesting that a distributed negotiation of knowledge can allow a community of peopleto legitimize the work they are doing among themselves and for each member of the group, the rhizomatic model dispenses with the need for external validation of knowledge, either by an expert or by a constructed curriculum. (Cormier, 2008).
These models address the complex nature of collaborative knowledge creation betweennetworked individuals.Critics of both theories claim they bear too much resemblance to classical social learningtheories, and that technology has little influence on social learning processes. Without a clear definition of knowledge, theorizing about learning becomes a complex endeavor.
The increasingly transitory nature of what is lauded as current or accurate in new and developing fields, as well as the pace of change in Western culture more broadly, hasmade it difficult for society in general and education in particular to define what countsas knowledge. (Cormier, 2008)
One interesting development in the vetting of new learning theories is the affordance of newmedia to facilitate conversation and debate around the concepts. Jenkins (2008, p.52) warns,“Cyber communities often bring together groups that would have no direct contact in the physicalworld, resulting in heated conflicts about values or norms.” The individual, meaning-making process is aided by collaborative discussion tools, where participants contribute in ways thatassist others in creating context to support personal opinions on new learning theories. Thisessentially brings life to the theories, in the form of continuous discussion and debate, where allare welcome to contribute opinion and document research and practice. This process, however,leaves some critics concerned with the accuracy and quality of the collaboratively generatedcontent.In addition to discussion of emerging trends in learning models, we should also consider institutional culture. There is a wealth of published literature on institutional culture and changemanagement. Every organization has a unique culture that should be addressed when developing programs that will affect change. Part of the institutional culture includes the learning ecology.Siemens (2003) defines the learning ecology as, “an environment that fosters and supports thecreation of communities.” Supporting and nurturing informal professional development requires promotion of a healthy learning ecology.
Creating, preserving, and utilizing information flow should be a key organizational activity. Knowledge flow can be likened to a river that meanders through the ecology of an organization. In certain areas, the river pools and in other areas it ebbs. The health of the learning ecology of the organization depends on effective nurturing of information flow (Siemens, 2005).
Instructor professional development includes a history of formal workshops, courses, seminarsand conferences. Professional Development Plans (PDP’s) vary by institution and are sometimesdriven by state standards. Often, these plans include a review process on a multi-year cycle.Professional development activities are usually aligned with specific goals as part of aninstructor’s PDP, which is used for promotion, evaluation, and certification. Many of these policies neglect to acknowledge forms of informal learning where instructors collaborate and
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