Toan A1

BI GING
TON CAO CP (A1)

Bin son: TS. V GIA T
Ths. PHI NGA

Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s
CHNG I: GII HN CA DY S
1.1. S THC.
1.1.1. Cc tnh cht c bn ca tp s thc.
A. S cn thit m rng tp s hu t Q.
Do nhu cu i hi ca cuc sng,tp cc s t nhin N={0,1,2,...}, c s ca php m
c m rng sang tp cc s nguyn Z={0, 1, 2,...}. Sau , do trong Z khng c cc phn
t m tch vi 2 hoc 3 bng 1, nn ngui ta xy dng tp cc s hu t Q, l tp gm cc s
c biu din bi t s ca hai s nguyn, tc l s thp phn hu hn hoc v hn tun hon.
Nu ch dng li trn tp Q th trong ton hc gp phi nhiu iu hn ch, c bit l gp kh
khn trong vic gii thch cc hin tng ca cuc sng. Chng hn vic tnh ng cho ca hnh
vung c kch thc n v. ng cho l 2 khng th m t bi s hu t. Tht vy
nu 2 =
n
m
Q trong SCLN(m, n)=1 th m
2
=2n
2
m=2p v 4p
2
=2n
2
n=2q. iu ny v
l v lc ny m, n c c chung l 2. Chng t 2 Q. Nhng s xut hin v c dng thng
xuyn trong gii tch nh e, cng khng phi l s hu t.
B. S v t.
Mt s biu din di dng thp phn v hn khng tun hon,hay khng th biu din
di dng t s ca hai s nguyn c gi l s v t.
C. S thc.
Tt c cc s hu t v s v t to thnh tp hp s thc.
K hiu tp s thc l R.
Vy tp s v t l R\Q.
Ngi ta c th xy dng tp s thc R nh vo mt h suy din hay ni cch khc nh vo
mt h tin .Chng ta khng trnh by y m coi rng tp hp s thc R l qu quen thuc
v kim tra li s tho mn tin . Chng ta coi l cc tnh cht ca tp hp R.
Tnh cht 1: Tp R l mt trung giao hon vi hai php cng v nhn: (R, + , .).
1. R b a R b a R b a + . , , ,
2. ) ( ) . ( ), ( ) ( , , , bc a c b a c b a c b a R c b a = + + = + +
3. ba ab a b b a R b a = + = + , , ,
4. R c phn t trung ho i vi php cng l 0 v i vi php nhn l 1
a a a R a = + = + 0 0 ,
3
= = 1 . a a . 1 a
5. Phn phi i vi php cng
ac ab c b a R c b a + = + ) ( , , ,
ca ba a c b + = + ) (
6. Tn ti phn t i ca php cng
0 ) ( ), ( , = + a a a R a
Tn ti phn t nghch o ca php nhn
1 . , }, 0 { \ ,
1 1 * *
= =

a a a R R R a
Tnh cht 2: Tp R c xp th t ton phn v ng kn i vi cc s thc dng.
1. hoc hoc b a R b a < , , b a = b a >
2.

bc ac b a R c R b a
c b c a b a R c b a

+ +
+
, , ,
, , ,

3.
+ + +
+ R ab R b a R b a , , ,
Tnh cht 3: Tp R l y theo ngha sau y:
Mi tp con X khng rng ca R b chn trn trong R u c mt cn trn ng thuc R v
mi tp con khng rng X ca R b chn di trong R u c mt cn di ng thuc R.
Cho X R v aR
Gi a l cn trn ca X trong R nu X x a x , .
Gi a l cn di ca X trong R nu X x a x , .
Gi X b chn trn trong R(b chn di) khi v ch khi tn ti t nht mt cn trn (cn
di) ca X trong R.
Gi s nh nht trong cc cn trn ca X trong R l cn trn ng ca X trong R, k hiu
s l M
*
hay SupX (c l Suprmum ca X).
Gi s ln nht trong cc cn di ca X trong R l cn di ng ca X trong R, k hiu
s l m
*
hay InfX (c l Infimum ca X).
Nu M
*
X th ni rng M
*
l phn t ln nht ca X, k hiu M
*
=SupX=MaxX.
Nu m
*
X th ni rng m
*
l phn t nh nht ca X, k hiu m
*
=InfX= MinX.
Gi X l b chn trong R khi v ch khi X b chn trn v b chn di trong R.
Ch :
1. Tp R\Q khng n nh i vi php cng v php nhn, chng hn
4
Q R \ 2 nhng
Q R
Q R
\ 2 . 2
\ ) 2 ( 2
+

2. Q R y x Q y Q R x \ , , \ +

Q R
x
Q R xy
\
1
\

Nu M l cn trn ca tp X th SupXM v nu m l cn di ca tp X th InfMm.
4. Nu M
*
=SupX th < >
*
, 0 M X
Nu m
*
=InfX th > + >
*
, 0 m X
V d 1: Chng minh Q R \ ) 6 3 2 ( + +
Gii: Gi s q=
2 2
) 6 ( ) 3 2 ( 6 3 2 = + + + q Q hay 6 ) 1 ( 2 1
2
+ = + q q ,
d dng chng minh Q 6 (tong t nh chng minh Q 2 ). Theo ch trn suy ra q+1=0
v q
2
+1=0. iu ny l mu thun. Vy qQ.
V d 2: Tm cc cn di ng v cn trn ng trong R nu chng tn ti ca tp
{ }
* *
, ,
) 1 (
2
1
N n u N n
n
X
n
n
n
=
+ =
Gii:
*
N p c

2
1
8
1
2
1
1 2
1
3
1
1 2
1
2
1
4
3
0
2
1
2
1
1
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
2
2
=

+

+
=
= < + =
+
+
+
+
u
u
p p
u
u u
p
u
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

suy ra c
*
N n
4
3
2
1
2 1
= = u u u
n

InfX=minX=
2
1
, SupX=maxX=
4
3

V d 3: Cho A, B l hai tp khng rng ca R v b chn trn.
a. Chng minh Sup ( B A )=Max(Sup(A), Sup(B)).
b. Gi A+B={ } b a x B A b a R x + = , ) , ( , , chng minh
5
Sup(A+B) = Sup(A) + Sup(B)
Gii:
a. K hiu ) , ( , , Max SupB SupA = = = . Vy tp hp cc cn trn ca
B A chnh l X= x x, { v } x hay X= } , { x x Vy ) ( B A Sup =
b.

SupB b B b
SupA a A a

,
,
SupB SupA b a B A b a + + + + ,
) (
*
B A Sup M + =
0 >
2
,
2
,
>
>
SupB b B b
SupA a A a

) (
,
*
B A Sup SupB SupA M
SupB SupA b a B A b a
+ = + =
+ > + + +

1.1.2. Tp s thc m rng
Ngi ta thm vo tp s thc R hai phn t k hiu l v + . Tp s thc m rng
k hiu l R v { + = , R R }, cc php ton + v ., quan h th t c nh ngha nh sau:
1. R x
= + = +
+ = + + = + +
x x
x x
) ( ) (
) ( ) (

2.
= +
+ = + + +
) ( ) (
) ( ) (

3. { } 0 , ,
* *
> =
+ +
x R x R R x

= =
+ = + = +
x x
x x
) ( ) (
) ( ) (

{ } 0 , ,
* *
< =

x R x R R x

+ = =
= + = +
x x
x x
) ( ) (
) ( ) (

4.

= + = +
+ = = + +
) )( ( ) )( (
) )( ( ) )( (

5. R x
6

+ +

+ < < x

1.1.3. Cc khong s thc
Cho v . Trong R c chn loi khong sau y: R b a , b a
[ ] { b x a R x b a } = ; , c gi l on hay khong ng b chn

[ ) { }
( ] { b x a R x b a
b x a R x b a
< =
<
}
=
; ,
; ,
c gi l khong na ng hoc na m

[ ) { }
( ] { }
( ) {
( ) { }
( ) { a x R x a
x a R x a
b x a R x b a
a x R x a
x a R x a
< =
< = +
< < =
=
= +
; ,
; ,
; ,
; ,
; ,
}
}
c gi l cc khong m
Cc s thc a,b gi l cc mt ca khong.
1.1.4. Gi tr tuyt i ca s thc
A. nh ngha: Gi tr tuyt i ca s thc x, k hiu x l mt s thc khng m xc nh
nh sau

=
0
0
x khi x
x khi x
x
B. Tnh cht
1. ) , ( , x x Max x R x =
2. 0 0 = = x x
3.

n
n
n
i
i
n
i
i n
x x R x
x x R x x x x N n
y x xy R y x
=
=
=

= =
,
, , , , , ,
, ,
1 1
3 2 1
*
K
7
4.
x x
R x
1 1
,
*
=
5.

= =

+ +
n
i
i
n
i
i n
x x R x x x N n
y x y x R y x
1 1
2 1
*
, , , , ,
, ,
K

6.

( )
( ) y x y x y x Min
y x y x y x Max R y x
+ =
+ + =
2
1
) , (
2
1
) , ( , ,

7. y x y x R y x , ,
1.1.5. Khong cch thng thng trong R
A. nh ngha: Khong cch trong R l nh x
( ) y x y x
R R R d

a ,
:

l hnh nh trc quan v khong cch gia 2 im x v y trn ng thng trc s
thc R.
B. Tnh cht
1. ( ) y x y x d = = 0 ,
2. ( ) ( ) x y d y x d R y x , , , , =
3. ( ) ( ) ( z y d y x d z x d R z y x , , , , , , + )
4. ( ) ( ) ( ) z y d z x d y x d R z y x , , , , , ,
8
1.2. S PHC
9
)
Chng ta bit rng trong trng s thc R khng th phn tch thnh tha s tam thc
bc hai khi .Tuy nhin s rt tin li nu c th tha s ho tam
thc ny thnh dng
c bx ax + +
2
0 4
2
< = ac b
( )( x x a trong R , .Nhm mc ch ny thm vo R mt
phn t mi, k hiu l i (gi l n v o) kt hp vi cc cp s thc to ra cc
s phc.
( )
2
, R y x
1.2.1. nh ngha v cc dng s phc
A. nh ngha:
Cho , mt s biu din di dng z=x+iy, trong ( )
2
, R y x 1
2
= i
gi l mt s phc. Tp cc s phc k hiu l C.
Gi x l phn thc ca z, k hiu Rez =x
y l phn o ca z, k hiu l Imz =y
Gi mun ca z,k hiu z xc nh bi s thc khng m
0
2 2
= + = r y x z
Gi Acgumen ca z , k hiu Argz xc nh bi s thc
Argz=
=
z
x
R R cos ; ; v
=
z
y
sin , vi 0 z
Nh vy Acgumen ca z sai khc nhau Z k k , 2 v Arg0 khng xc nh.
Vy s phc z c cc dng vit:
1. z =x+iy gi l dng chnh tc hay dng i s ca s phc z .
2. z = ( ) sin cos i r + gi l dng lng gic ca s phc z.
B. Biu din hnh hc ca cc s phc

y

M(z)
y
r

0 x x

Xt mt phng 0xy vi h to trc chun.
nh x t mi s phc z=x+iy ng vi im M c to (x,y) trn mt
phng 0xy.Vy
xy C 0 :
l song nh.Gi mt phng 0xy l mt phng phc.
( ) z C z , gi l nh ca z trn 0xy
(M xy M
1
, 0

)gi l to v ca M, l s phc C z . Ngoi ra cng c gi
l vct biu din s phc z. Nh vy
OM
z OM = v =Argz

OM Ox,
Trn mt phng phc 0xy nhn thy:
Trc 0x biu din cc s thc R x z = , trc ny gi l trc thc,cn trc 0y biu din cc
s phc z = iy, y R gi l cc s o thun tu,ngi ta gi trc 0y l trc o.
1.2.2. Cc php ton trn tp C
A. Php so snh bng nhau
( )

=
=
+ = +
'
'
' ' 4 ' '
, , , ,
y y
x x
iy x iy x R y x y x
B. Php ly lin hp
Cho , lin hp ca z, k hiu C iy x z + = z cho bi iy x z =
C. Php ly s phc i
Cho z=x+iyC, s phc i ca z, k hiu z (c l tr z ) c xc nh:
-z = -x-iy
D. Php cng
Cho z = x+iy, z= x+iy,tng ca z v z, k hiu z+z xc nh nh sau:
z+z=(x+x)+i(y+y)
E. Php nhn
Cho z=x+iy v z=x+iy, tch ca z v z, k hiu z.z xc nh nh sau:
z.z=(xx-yy) + i(xy+xy)
F. Php tr v php chia
L cc php tnh ngc ca php cng v php nhn

" '. "
'
) ' ( '
z z z z
z
z
z z z z
= =
+ =

10
T cc php ton trn, nhn c cc tnh cht di y:
1. . , z z C z =
2. ( ) ' ' , ' ,
2
z z z z C z z + = +
3. ( ) ' ' . , ' ,
2
z z z z C z z =

= =
= =
=
=
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i n
z z
z z C z z z N n
1 1
1 1
2 1
*
, , , , , , K

4. } 0 { \ , ' ,
* *
C C C z C z =

' ' z
z
z
z
=

5. R z z z C z = ,
} , { , R y iy iR iR z z z = =
6.
2
. z z z C z =
G. Php lu tha, cng thc Moavr ( Moivre)
Cho ( ) Z k i r z + = , sin cos
Gi l lu tha bc k ca z. Bng qui np, d chng minh c
k
z
(1.1) ( ) k i k r z
k k
sin cos + =
Gi (1.1) l cng thc Moivre.
H. Php khai cn bc n ca .
*
C z
Cho . Gi l cn bc n ca z, k hiu ( ) sin cos ,
*
i r z N n + =
*
C
n
z ,xc nh
nh sau: z
n
=
Nu gi = v = Arg th hay l
+ =
=

k n
r
n
2
n
r
1
= v =
n
k 2 +
vi
1 ,..., 2 , 1 , 0 = n k .
Vy s z c ng n cn bc n, l cc s phc c dng:
1 ,..., 2 , 1 , 0
2
sin
2
cos
1
=
+
+
+
= n k
n
k
i
n
k
r
n

(1.2)
11
Ch :
Trong chng 4, sau khi c cc khai trin ca cc hm s s cp, s nhn c dng lu
tha ca s phc z:

i
re z =
Khi cng thc (1.1) s l : Z k e r z
ik k k
= ,
(1.2) s l : 1 ,..., 2 , 1 , 0 , ,
*
2 1
= =
+
n k N n e r z
n
k
i
n
n

Cn bc n ca 1.
V z=1 c z =1=r, Argz=0.Vy cn bc n ca 1 l n s phc dng:
1 ,..., 2 , 1 , 0 ,
2
= = n k e
n
ik
k

V nn cc s phc 1
2
=
i
e

k
c nhng tnh cht sau:
a. { } . , 1 ,..., 2 , 1 , 0
k n k
n k

= .
b. { } . , 1 ,..., 2 , 1 , 0
1
k
k
n k =
c. { } , 0
1
1
, 1 , 0 \
1
0
1
0
1
1
1

=
=
= =
n
k
n
k
n
k
k
N n

d. Cc s phc
k
biu din trn mt phng phc bi cc nh ca mt a gic u n cnh
ni tip trong ng trn lng gic v mt trong cc nh l im c to v bng 1. a gic ny
nhn 0x lm trc i xng, chng hn vi n=2, n=3, n=4, biu din hnh hc cc s
k
cho trn
hnh 1.2
y y y

2
3
2
1
i +
x -1 1 x -1 -1 1 x
-1 1

2
3
2
1
i
n=2 n=3 n=4
h.1.2.
12
V d 1: Hy tm tt c cc nh x C C : f sao cho:
z z zf z f C z + = + 1 ) ( ) ( ,
Gii:
Nu tn ti f th f(-z) zf(z)=1-z ng
suy ra ( )
2 2
1 ) ( 1 z z f z + = +
chng t f(z)=1 nu i z .
t R C i i f + = , , ) ( th + = i i i f 1 ) (
Kim tra
= +
=

i z i
R i z
i z
z
C C f
khi ) 1 ( 1
, khi
khi 1
:

a

S thy tho mn iu kin t ra.
V d 2. Tnh a. ) 3 )( 3 1 )( 1 ( i i i +
b.
i
i
+
1
3

c.
4
3 1 i +
Gii:
a. t trong
3 2 1
z z z z = i z =1
1
, i z 3 1
2
= , i z + = 3
3

Ta i tm mun v acgumen ca cc s phc ny
2 1 1
1 1
= + = = z r ,
1 1
arg z = trong
>
=
0 cos
1
1
1
tg
4
1

=
Tng t nhn c
6
, 2 ,
3
, 2
3 3 2 2

= = = = r r
Vy
+ = =

)
12
5
sin( )
12
5
cos( 2 4 . 2 4
12
5
.

i e z
i

b. t
2
1
z
z
z = trong i z i z + = = 1 , 3
2 1

13

4
, 2
6
, 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
= = = =
= = = =
Argz z r
Argz z r

Vy
12
5
)
4 6
(
2 2

i i
e e z

= =
c. t 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 ,
4
= = k z
k

Trong
= =
= =
+ =
3
2
2
3 1

Argz
z r
i z
Vy )
3
2
sin
3
2
(cos 2

i z + =

) 3 1 (
8
1
)
3
5
sin
3
5
(cos 2
) 3 (
8
1
)
6
7
sin
6
7
(cos 2
) 3 1 (
8
1
)
3
2
sin
3
2
(cos 2
) 3 (
8
1
)
6
sin
6
(cos 2
4
4
3
4
4
2
4
4
1
4
4
0
i i
i i
i i
i i
= + =
+ = + =
+ = + =
+ = + =

V d 3. Tm mun v acgumen ca s phc
200
100
) 3 (
) 1 (
i
i
z
+
=
Gii: t i z i z + = = 3 , 1
2 1

T c: . Ta c mun v acgumen ca cc s phc trn l:
200
2
100
1
.

= z z z

6
, 2
4
, 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
= = =
= = =
Argz z
Argz z

Vy [ ] 2 , 25 , 2
100
1
50
100
1
= = = Argz z
[ ]
2 ,
3
2
6
200
, 2
200
2
200
200
2
= = =

Argz z
14
Cui cng
150 200 50
2 2 . 2

= = z

3
= z Arg
V d 4: Chng minh rng C z th
1 1
2
1
1
2
+
+
z
z

Gii:
Gi s C iy x z + = sao cho
< +
< +
1 1
2
1
1
2
z
z

0
4
3
2 2
0
4
3
2 0
4
3
2
0 ) ( 2 ) (
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
< + +
< + + +
<
< + + +
< + +
x x
x y x
y x
x y x
y x y x

0
2
1
2
3
1 ' < = =
x

Chng t mu thun.
V d 5: Cho a,b,c v C c b , c a , 1 c b a = = =
Chng minh
Arg [ ]
a
b
Arg
a c
b c
2
1
=

Gii:
Hy xt s phc di y, n
c
c
1
, b
b
1
, a
a
1
= = =

[ ]
[ ]

a
b
Arg
a c
b c
Arg
b
a
Arg
a c
b c
Arg
k
b
a
a c
b c
Arg
b
a
a c
b c
a
b
b
a
c a
c b
b
a
a c
b c
b
a
a c
b c
2
1
0 2
0
.
1
1
1 1
1 1
2
2 2
2
2
=
= +
= =

15
V d 6: Cho hy tnh cn bc 4 trong tp C ca s phc: R a
( ) i a a a a z ) 1 ( 4 1 8
2
2
2 2
+ + + =
Gii:
Nhn xt [ ]
2
2
) 1 ( 2 i a a z + =
Vy [ ] i a a z ) 1 ( 2
2
+ =
Tip tc nhn xt thy:

[ ]
[ ]
2
2
2
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
1
) 1 ( 2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
1
) 1 ( 2
+ =
+ + = +
i a a i a a
i a a i a a

Suy ra cc gi tr ca
4
z s l:
{ } { } i a a i a a ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
2
, ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
2
+ + +
V d 7: Gii phng trnh vi n s C z :
z z z + =
4

Gii:
Nhn xt z
1
=0 l nghim
Xt z0,t R , R , e z
* i
=
+

=
=
= + + =
0 4 sin
cos 2 4 cos
cos 2 ) 4 sin 4 (cos
3
3 4

i z z z

hoc
[ ]
=
>
=

cos 2
0 cos
2 0 4
3
[ ]
=
<
=

cos 2
0 cos
2 4
3

Ly
3
1
2 0 = =
Ly
6
1
2
4
3
= =

16
Ly
6
1
2
4
5
= =

Vy cc nghim l: 0 z

) 1 ( 2
4
5
sin
4
5
cos 2
) 1 ( 2
4
3
sin
4
3
(cos 2
2
3
1
6
1
4
3
1
6
1
3
3
1
2
i i z
i i z
z
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
=

1.2.3
*
. p dng s phc vo lng gic
A. Khai trin tgn n n , sin , cos
Cho .p dng cng thc Moivre v cng thc nh thc Newton
*
, N n R
( )

=
= + = +
n
k
k k k n k
n
n
i C i n i n
0
sin . cos sin cos sin cos
Tch phn thc v phn o, nhn c

L
L
+ =
+ + =

3 3 3 1 1
2 2 2
sin cos sin cos sin
sin cos cos cos
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
C C n
C n
Sau khi thay vo cc cng thc trn s c:
2 2
cos 1 sin =
1. n cos biu din di dng mt a thc ca cos , gi l cng thc Chebyshev
loi 1.
2. n sin bng tch ca sin vi mt a thc ca cos , gi l a thc Chebyshev loi 2.
3.
L
L
+
+
= = =

4 4 2 2
3 3 1
1
cos
cos
cos
sin
cos
sin
tg C tg C
tg C tg C
n
n
n
n
tgn
n n
n n
n
n

B. Tuyn tnh ho
q p p p
sin . cos , sin , cos
Cho
= =
+ = + =
=

1
sin 2
1
cos 2
, ,
*
i
e N p R
i

17
Vy
p
p p
+ =

1
cos 2 v ( )
p
p p
i

1
sin 2
S dng cng thc nh thc Newton v xt cc trng hp sau y:
a. Trng hp
*
, 2 N m m p =
1.
+ =
+ + + + =
+ +
+ +
+ =
1
0
2 2
) 1 2 ( 2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2 2
2 2 1
2
2
2 2 2
) ( 2 cos
2
1
2 cos
2 cos 2 ` ) 1 ( 2 cos 2 2 cos 2
1 1
cos 2
m
k
k
m
m
m
m m
m
m
m
m m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m m m
k m C C
C C m C m
C C

L
L

2.
( )

=
+ + =
+ +
+ =
1
0
2 2
) 1 2 ( 2
2
1
2
2
2 2
2 2 1
2
2
2 2 2
) ( 2 cos ) 1 (
2
) 1 (
1 2 sin
) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2 cos 2 2 cos 2
) 1 (
1 1
sin ) 1 ( 2
m
k
k
m
k m
m
m
m m m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m m m m
k m C C
C m C m
C C

L
L

b. Trng hp N m m p + = , 1 2
1.

=
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + +
+ =
+ + + + =
+ + +
+ +
+ =
m
k
k
m
m m
m
m m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m m m
k m C
C m C m
C C
0
1 2
2 1 2
1 2
1
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
) 2 1 2 cos( 2 cos
cos 2 ) 1 2 cos( 2 ) 1 2 cos( 2
1 1 1
cos 2

L
L

2.
( )

) 2 1 2 sin( ) 1 ( 1 2 sin
sin ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 2 sin( . 2 ) 1 2 sin( 2
1 1
sin ) 1 ( 2
1 2
0
2 1 2
1 2
1
1 2
1 2
2 1
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
k m C
C i m C i m i
C i
k
m
m
k
k m m m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m m m m
+ =
+ + + =
+
+ =
+
=
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + +
L
L

tuyn tnh ho
q p
sin . cos trc ht tuyn tnh ho tng tha s ,
sau thc hin php nhn ri cng tuyn tnh ho cc s hng thu c.

q p
sin , cos
V d 7: Cho R R N b a n ) , , ( , tnh cc tng:

= =
+ = + =
n
k
n
n
k
n
kb a S kb a C
0 0
) sin( ), cos(
18
Gii:
Xt Nu ( )

= =
+
= = +
n
k
k
ib ia
n
k
kb a i
n n
e e e iS C
0 0
) (
Z b 2
a n S a n C
n n
sin ) 1 ( , cos ) 1 ( + = + =
Nu Z b 2

( )
2
sin
.
2
1
sin
.
2
sin 2
2
1
sin 2
1
1
2
.
2
2
) 1 (
1
b
b
n
e
b
i e
b
n
i e
e
e
e
e iS C
nb
a i
b
i
b n
i
ia
ib
n
ib
ia
n n
+
=
+
=

= +

+
+
+

2
sin
2
1
sin
2
sin ,
2
sin
2
1
sin
2
cos
b
b
n
nb
a S
b
b
n
nb
a C
n n
+
+ =
+
+ =
V d 8: Chng minh
1 sin 2
1
2
1
sin ,
1
*
+

=
n
k N n
n
k

Gii:
V sin0 = 0 v 1 sin k nn

n
n n
k
n
k k k k
n
k
n
k
n
k
n
k
n
k
cos .
1 sin
) 1 sin(
.
2
1
2
1
2 cos .
2
1
2
1
) 2 cos 1 ( .
2
1
sin sin sin
0
0 0
2
0 1
+
+
=
+
=
= =

=
= = = =

V
1 sin
1
cos .
1 sin
) 1 sin(
+
n
n

nn
1 sin 2
1
2
1
sin
1

+
=
n
k
n
k

1.3. DY S THC
Sau khi xem xt dy s thc,chng ta hon ton c th m rng cho dy s phc v rng
mt dy s phc tng ng vi mt cp dy s thc.
1.3.1. Cc khi nim c bn ca dy s thc
A. nh ngha
Mt dy s thc l mt nh x t N vo R, k hiu:
R N u :
19
hay n gin nht,k hiu (u
n
)
Vi xc nh, gi l s phn t th n N n n =
0
0
n
u
0
ca dy, u
n
thng l mt biu thc
ph thuc vo n gi l phn t tng qut ca dy, chng hn cho cc dy sau y:
( )

+
n
n
n n
1
1 ,
1
, ) 1 ( ), 1 (
1

B. S hi t, s phn k ca dy s
1. Dy (u
n
) hi t v nu R a
< > > a u n n N n N n
n 0 0
, , , 0
K hiu , r rng (u a u
n
n
=

lim
n
-a) hi t v 0.
2. Dy (u
n
) hi t nu c s R a a u
n
n
=

lim
3. Dy (u
n
) phn k nu n khng hi t, ngha l:
> > a u n n N n N n R a
n
, , , , 0 ,
0 0

4. Dy (u
n
) nhn + lm gii hn nu
A u n n N n A
n
> > >
0 0
, , 0
K hiu , i khi ni rng (u + =

n
n
u lim
n
) tin ti +
5. Dy (u
n
) nhn - lm gii hn nu
B u n n N n B
n
< > <
0 0
, 0 .
K hiu =

n
n
u lim
Dy c gii hn l + hoc - cng gi l phn k.
C. Dy s b chn
1. Ni rng (u
n
) b chn trn bi s R A nu A u N n
n
, .
2. Ni rng (u
n
) b chn di bi s R B nu B u N n
n
, .
3. Ni rng (u
n
) l dy b chn nu tn ti
+
R M sao cho M u N n
n
, .
1.3.2. Tnh cht ca dy hi t
A. Tnh duy nht ca gii hn
nh l: Dy (u
n
) hi t v a th a l duy nht
Chng minh: Gi s
2 1 2 1
, lim , lim a a a a
n n
= =

20
t
2 1
3
1
a a =

< >
< >
2 2
1 1 2 1
, ,
a u n n
a u n n N n n
n
n

Gi s c:
0 2 1 0
), , ( n n n n Max n > =

2 1 2 1 2 1
3
2
2 a a a u a u a a
n n
= < + mu thun.
B. Tnh b chn
1. Dy (u
n
) hi t th b chn trong R.
2. Dy (u
n
) tin n + th b chn di.
3. Dy (u
n
) tin n - th b chn trn.
Chng minh:
1. Gi s 1 lim
0 0
< > =

a u n n n a u
n n
n

a a a u u
n n
+ < + 1
t { } M u N n a u u Max M
n n
+ = , 1 , ,...,
0
0
.
2. Gi s 1 , lim
0 0
> > + =

n n
n
u n n n u
t m = { } m u u u Min
n n
1 , ,...,
0
0

3. Quy v 2. bng cch xt (-u
n
).
Ch :
1. Tn ti cc dy s b chn nhng khng hi t, chng hn
( ) ( )
1
) 1 (
+
=
n
n
u .
2. Mi dy khng b chn s phn k.
3. Mt dy tin ti + th khng b chn trn, iu ngc li khng ng, chng hn:
( ) ( ) n u
n
n
) 1 ( = .
C. Tnh cht i s ca dy hi t
1. a u a u
n
n
n
n
= =

lim lim .
2. 0 lim 0 lim = =

n
n
n
n
u u .
3. b a v u b v a u
n n
n
n
n
n
n
+ = + = =

) ( lim lim , lim .
21
4. a u a u
n
n
n
n
= =

lim lim .
5. (v , 0 lim =

n
n
u
n
) b chn 0 ) ( lim =

n n
n
v u .
6. ab v u b v a u
n n
n
n
n
n
n
= = =

) ( lim lim , lim .
7.
b
a
v
u
b v a u
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
= = =

lim 0 lim , lim .
Chng minh:
1. < > > a u n n N n
n 0 0
0
m a u a u a u
n
n
n n
= <

lim .
2. V ta c 0 0 = =
n n n
u u u .
3.
2
: , 0
1 2 1

< > > a u n n n n
n
,

2
2

< > b v n n
n
,
t

= + < + + > =
2 2
) ( ), , (
0 2 1 0
b a v u n n n n Max n
n n
.
4.
+
< > >
1
, 0
0 0
a u n n n
n

<
+
=
1
a u a u
n n

5. sao cho
+
R M M v N n
n
,

<
+
< =
+
< > >
M
M
v u v u
M
u n n n
n n n n
n
1
.
1
, 0
0 0

6. Gi a u
n n
= .Vy ( )
n
hi t v 0
Ta c
n n n n n n n
v av v a v u + = + = ) (
m v (v ab av
n
n
=

lim
n
) b chn nn 0 lim =

n n
n
v .
22
7. Trc ht ta s ch ra
b v
n
n
1 1
lim =

V 0 lim =

b v
n
n
nn
2 2
,
1 1
b
v
b
b v n n N n
n n
> < >
Ta c b v
b b v
b v
b v
n
n
n
n

=
2
2
.
1 1
0
suy ra
2
, 0
2
2 2
b
b v n n N n
n
< > >
Ly n
0
= Max(n
1
,n
2
), < >
b v
n n
n
1 1
0

Ta thy
n
n
n
n
v
u
v
u 1
= ,theo 6. ta nhn c
b
a
v
u
n
n
n
=

lim .
D. Tnh cht v th t v nguyn l kp
1. Gi s .Khi ) , ( lim b a l u
n
n
=

b u a n n n
n
< < >
0 0
,
2. Gi s v l u
n
n
=

lim
0 0
, , n n n > c b u a
n
khi b l a
3. Gi s 3 dy (u
n
), (v
n
), (w
n
) tho mn:

n n n
w v u n n n >
0 0
, v a w u
n
n
n
n
= =

lim lim
Khi a v
n
n
=

lim
4. Gi s m v
0
n n >
n n
v u + =

n
n
u lim .Khi + =

n
n
v lim
Chng minh:
1.

b u l b l u n n n
u a a l l u n n n
n n
n n
< < >
< < >
2 2
1 1
,
,

Ly n
0
= Max(n
1
,n
2
) c a
n

2 1
, , 0

< >
< >
a w n n
a u n n
n
n
2
1

23
Ly n
3
=Max(n
0
,n
1
,n
2
), s c:
3
n n >
< < a w a v a u
n n n

Vy . a v
n
n
=

lim
4. Ly A u n n n R A
n
> >
+ 1 1
*
, ,
Gi n
2
=Max(n
0
,n
1
), A v n n
n
> >
2
Chng t . + =

n
n
v lim
Ch :
1. chng minh dy (u
n
) hi t v a, thng thng ch ra dy (
n
) hi t v 0 v tho mn
n n
a u
2. Bng cch chuyn qua phn t i, nhn c kt qu sau y:
Nu v
n n
v u n n n >
0 0
, =

n
n
u lim th =

n
n
v lim
V d 1: Chng minh 0
1
lim =

n
n

Gii:
< > >
n
n n n
1
0
0 0
hay
1
> n
Vy chn 1
1
0
+
E n K kiu E(x) l phn nguyn ca x.

V d 2: Tnh
=

+
=
n
k
n
n
n
N n
k n
n
u
1
*
2
, lim lim
Gii:
1 lim 1 lim lim
1
1 1
,
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
*
= = =
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
+
=

=
= =

n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
k
n
n
n
k
n
k
n
u w v
w
n
n
n n
n
u
v
n
n
n
n
k n
n
u N n

V d 3: Chng minh
> +
=
<
=

1
1 1
1 0
lim
a khi
a khi
a khi
a
n
n

24
Gii:
Xt a =1+h
*
, 1
+
> R h a

( )
+ = + = + + =
+ = + =

=
n
n n n
n
i
i i
n
n n
a nh nh
nh h C h a
lim ) 1 ( lim ) ( lim
1 1
0
Xt 0 lim 0 lim
1
lim 1
1
0 , 1 = = + =
> <

n
n
n
n
n
n
a a
a a
a a
Vi a=0 r rng a
n
= 0, 0 lim =

n
n
n
a n
Xt a=1 1 lim 1 = =

n
n
n
a a
V d 4: Tm
*
, lim
+

R a a
n
n

Gii:
Xt a=1 r rng 1 1 lim lim = =
n
n
n
a
Xt a>1, p dng cng thc nh thc Newton

( ) ( ) { } ( )
( ) ( )

=
=
+ =
= + = =
1
0
0
1 1 1
1 1 1
k
n
k
n k
n
n
k
k
n k
n
n
n
n
n
a n a C a
a C a a a

th
*
N n 1 lim
1
1 0 = =

n
n
n
n
a
n
a
a
Xt 0 < a < 1 1
1
lim 1
1
= >

n
n
a a

m
1
1

=
n
n
a
a nn 1 lim =

n
n
a
Kt lun 1 lim ,
*
=

n
n
a R a .
V d 5: Tnh
*
, 1 , lim N a
n
a
n
n
>

Gii:
V 1
1
>
a nn
*
R h
+
h a + = 1
1
, p dng cng thc nh thc Niutn (Newton)

25
{ } 1 , 0 \ N n

2 2
0
1
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
1 h
n n
h
n n
nh h C a
n
k
k k
n
n
+ + =

+ =

n
a
h
n
n
a
n
n
n

1
2
1
lim
2
1

Suy ra
( )
+ =
n
a
n
a
n
a
n
a
n
n
n
n n
lim
1
.
p dng nguyn l kp d dng thy c kt qu vn ng R
Ngi ta ni rng hm m tng nhanh hn hm lu tha.
V d 6: Tinh R a
n
a
n
n

,
!
lim
Gii:
t
0 0
, 1 ) ( n n a E n > + = s c:

0
!
lim
...
2
.
1
...
1
...
2
.
1 !
0 0 0
=
=
=

n
a
n
a
n
a a a
n
a
n
a
n
a a a
n
a
n
n
n
n

Ngi ta ni rng giai tha tng nhanh hn hm s m.
1.3.3. Tnh n iu ca dy s
A. Dy n iu
1. Dy (u
n
) tng nu
1
,
+

n n
u u N n ,
Dy (u
n
) tng ngt nu
1
,
+
<
n n
u u N n .
2. Dy (u
n
) gim nu ,
1
,
+

n n
u u N n
Dy (u
n
) gim ngt nu
1
,
+
>
n n
u u N n .
3. Dy (u
n
) n iu nu n tng hoc gim.
Dy (u
n
) n iu ngt nu n tng ngt hoc gim ngt
nh l 1:
1. Mi dy tng v b chn trn th hi t.
26
2. Mi dy gim v chn di th hi t.
Chng minh:
1. (u
n
) b chn trn
n u Sup l
n
> = , 0 ) ( sao cho

+ < l l u l
n

V (u
n
) tng
< + < < > l u l u l n n

n n
,
Vy N n u Sup l u
n n
n
= =

), ( lim .
2. p dng kt qu 1 i vi dy (-u
n
).
nh l 2:
1. Dy (u
n
) tng v khng b chn trn th dn n + .
2. Dy (u
n
) gim v khng b chn di th dn n .
Chng minh:
1. (u
n
) khng b chn trn
0
, 0 n A > sao cho A u
n
>
0
V (u
n
) tng nn + = > >
n
n n
A u u n n lim
0
0
.
2. p dng kt qu 1. vi dy (-u
n
)
Ch
1. Nu (u
n
) tng th hoc (u
n
) hi t hoc + =

n
n
u lim .
2. Nu (u
n
) tng v hi t n l th ) , ( N n u Sup l
n
= v l u N n
n
.
3. Nu (u
n
) tng th dy b chn di bi u
0.
V d 7: Chng minh rng ( )
+
=

=
n
k
n
k n
u
1
1
hi t
Gii:
c
*
N n

1
1
1
0
) 2 2 )( 1 2 (
1
1
1
2 2
1
1 2
1
1
>
+ +
=
+
+
+
+
=
+
n
n u
n n n n n
u u
n
n n

Vy (u
n
) tng v b chn trn nn n hi t.
V d 8: Tm gii hn ca dy s cho di dng n sau:
5 ,
2
5
1
1
2
1
>
+
=
x
x
x
x
n
n
n

27
Gii: Trc ht dng qui np chng minh n x
n
> 0
- ng vi 5
1
> x 1 = n
Gi s ta s chng minh 0 >
k
x 0
1
>
+ k
x
Tht vy 0
2
5
2
1
>
+
=
+
k
k
k
x
x
x (do t s v mu s u dng)
Chng t n x
n
> 0
Mt khc, da vo bt ng thc Csi (Cauchy) th
n x
x
x
n
n
n
+ =

, 5 )
5
(
2
1
1
1

Suy ra hay 5
2
n
x
n
n
x
x
5

Cng vo cc v vi ta c:
n
x

n
n
n
x
x
x +
5
2 hay
1
2 2
+
n n
x x
Chng t dy n iu gim. ) (
n
x
Kt hp hai kt qu trn ta c
5 lim =

a x
n
n

V
1
2
1
2
5
+
=
n
n
n
x
x
x nn
1
2
1
2
5
lim lim

+
=
n
n
n
n
n
x
x
x
T ta c
a
a
a
2
5
2
+
= v 5 a
Gii phng trnh i vi nhn c a 5 = a .

V d 9: Cho 2 dy (u
n
),(v
n
) tho mn
(v , 0 lim lim = =

n
n
n
n
v u
n
) gim ngt, l
v v
u u
n n
n n
n
=
+
+

1
1
lim
Chng minh l
v
u
n
n
n
=

lim
Gii:
Cho <
> >
+
+
l
v v
u u
n n N n
n n
n n
1
1
0 0
, , 0 ,
28
Ly p, sao cho p >n > n N n
0
s c:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
p p p p p p
n n n n n n
v v lv u lv u
v v lv u lv u
<
<

+ + +
1 1 1
1 1 1
M
Cng li cc v vi v s c:
( ) ( ) ( )
p n n n p p
v v v l u v l u < . . .
Cho + p v n c nh,n > n
0
t trn nhn c

n n n
v lv u . Hay l
v
u
n
n

V (v
n
) gim ngt v dn v 0 nn v
n
>0 ,
1
n n > .
B. Dy k nhau
Hai dy (u
n
), (v
n
) gi l k nhau khi v ch khi (u
n
) tng (v
n
) gim v 0 ) ( lim =

n n
n
u v
nh l: Hai dy k nhau th hi t v c chung mt gii hn l,ngoi ra

n n n n
v v l u u N n <
+ + 1 1
,
Chng minh:
gi N n ( )
n n n n
w u v w = gim v w
n+1
-w
n
= (v
n+1
u
n+1
) - (v
n
u
n
)
= (v
n+1
v
n
) - (u
n+1
u
n
) 0
(w
n
) gim v hi t v 0 n hay u 0
n
w
n
v
n
.
Chng t (u
n
) tng v b chn trn bi v
0
, (v
n
) gim v b chn di bi u
0
Suy ra
2 1
lim , lim l v l u
n
n
n
n
= =

V l l l u v
n n
n
= = =

2 1
0 ) ( lim
Theo ch 2 mc A suy ra u
n
u
n+1
l
v
n+1
v
n
V d 10: Chng minh rng ( )
n
n
n
e
+ =
1
1 hi t.
Gii:
Trc ht ch ra (e
n
) tng
Theo cng thc nh thc Newton s c
29

+ +
+ +
+ + =
+
+ +

+
+ + =
+ =
n
n
n n n
k
n n k n
n n
n n n n
n
n n n
n
n n
n
n
n
e
n
n
n
1
1
1
1
!
1 1
1
2
1
1
1
!
1 1
1
! 2
1
1 1
1
... 2 . 1
) 1 )...( 1 ( 1
3 . 2 . 1
) 2 )( 1 ( 1
2 . 1
) 1 ( 1
1
1
1
3 2
L L L L
L

Suy ra
)
1
1 ( )
1
1
1 (
)! 1 (
1
)
1
1
1 ( )
1
1
1 (
!
1
)
1
1
1 (
! 2
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+ + =
+
+ =
+
+
n
n
n n n
n
n n n n
e
n
n
L L L

e
n+1
nhiu hn e
n
mt s hng dng v t s hng th 3 tr i mi s hng ca e
n
nh hn
s hng tng ng ca e
n+1
v
1
1
1
1
1
+
<
n n
. Suy ra e
n+1
> e
n
.
Ngoi ra
1 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
!
1
! 3
1
! 2
1
2

+ + + + < + + + + <
n
n
n
e L L ,
suy ra n e
n
=
+ < , 3
2
1
1
2
1
2
Gi gii hn ca (e
n
) l s e, r rng .Sau y dng s e lm c s ca logarit. 0 > e
e
n
n
n
=
+

1
1 lim .
V d 11: Chng minh rng (e
n
)
=

=
n
k
k
0
!
1
hi t v e
Gii:
*
N n ,t
! .
1
'
n n
e v
n n
+ = . r rng (e
n
) tng ngt v ( ) 0
! .
1
lim lim
'
= =

n n
e v
n
n n
n

Hn na ta c:
)! 1 )( 1 (
1
! .
1
)! 1 )( 1 (
1
)! 1 (
1
! ..
1
)! 1 )( 1 (
1
' '
1 1
+ +
=
+ +
+
+
=
+ +
+ =
+ +
n n n n n n n n
n n n n
e e v v
n n n n

(v
n
) gim ngt. Trc ht chng minh eQ bng phng php phn chng:
Tht vy, nu
=

=
n
k
n
k
e
0
!
1
lim m Q e tc l
*
, , N q p
q
p
e = , ta s c:
30

! .
1
! !
,
! !
1
! 2
1
2
!
1
'
0
* '
q q q
a
q
p
q
a
v e e
N a
q
a
q k
e
q q
q
k
q
+ < < < <
= + + + = =
=
L

Hay a < p(q-1)! < a + 1
1
+ a
q
. iu ny mu thun v (a,p(q-1)!,a+1) . ( )
3
*
N
Sau y ta s chng minh
=

=
n
k
n
e
k
0
!
1
lim : R rng khi k c nh v n > k th
)
1
1 ( )
1
1 (
!
1
)
2
1 )(
1
1 (
! 3
1
)
1
1 (
! 2
1
2
n
k
n k n n n
e
n

+ + + + > L L
Cho n suy ra '
!
1
! 3
1
! 2
1
2
k
e
k
e = + + + + L
Nh vy . Theo nh l kp suy ra .
n n
e e e >
'
e e
n
n

'
H qu: (nh l v cc on lng nhau)
Cho hai dy (a
n
), (b
n
) tho mn : [ ] [
n n n n n n
b a b a b a N n , , , ,
1 1
]
+ +
v
0 ) ( lim =

n n
n
a b
Khi tn ti duy nht s sao cho l [ ] { } l b a
N n
n n
=
I
,
Chng minh:
V (a
n
),(b
n
) k nhau nn cng hi t v n c a
n
< a
n+1
< l < b
n+1
< b
n.
1.3.4. Dy con
Cho (u
n
),t cc s hng ca n lp mt dy mi vi n ) (
k
n
u
1
< n
2
< ...< n
k
< ....
Gi l mt dy con ca (u ) (
k
n
u
n
).Chng hn:
(u
2n
) v (u
2n+1
) l cc dy con ca (u
n
)
( )
2
n
u l cc dy con ca (u
n
)
khng phi l dy con ca (u ) (
2
n n
u

n
) v s hng u
0
xut hin 2 ln ng vi n=0,n=1
nh l : Nu (u
n
) hi t v R a th mi dy con ca n cng hi t v a
Chng minh:
< > > a u n n n
n 0 0
, , 0
V khi , nn
k
n k < > > a u n n k k k
k
n k 0 0 0
: , suy ra a u
k
n
k
=

lim .
31
Ch :
Nu th + =
n
lim + =

k
n
k
u lim
T nh l trn, chng ta nhn c iu kin cho dy s phn k: Nu tn ti hai dy
con hi t v hai s khc nhau th dy s phn k. Chng hn (-1)
n
phn k v c dy con ((-1)
2n

)hi t v 1 v dy con ( (-1)
2n+1
) hi t v -1
H qu: (u
n
) hi t n iu kin cn v l hai dy con (u l
2n
) v (u
2n+1
) u hi
n . l
Chng minh:
iu kin cn suy t nh l 1.
iu kin :
: < > > l u n p n n
p 2 1 2 1
, , , 0
< >
+
l u n p
p 1 2 2

t n
0
=Max(2n
1
,2n
2
+1) ly N n sao cho n=2p hoc n=2p+1
Trng hp n=2p < = > l u l u n p
p n 2 1
.
Trng hp n=2p+1 < = >
+
l u l u n p
p n 1 2 2
.
Trong mi trng hp c l u l u
n
n
n
= <

lim .
nh l: (nh l Bnzan Vyxtrase), (Bolzano -Weierstrass): T mi dy (u
n
) b chn
u c th ly ra mt dy con hi t
Chng minh: Dng phng php chia i .
Ta s xy dng bng qui np hai dy thc (a
n
), (b
n
) k nhau v mt dy con
[ ] N k b a u
n n n
k
, ,
V (u
n
) b chn nn tn ti a
0
,b
0
sao cho N n c
0 0
b u a
n
,r rng
[ ] N k b a u
k
n
, ,
0 0

Cho gi s ( ) sao cho N n
2
, R b a
n n

n n
b a . Tp [ ] { } N k b a u
n n n
k
, , l v hn v
) (
2
1
0 0
a b a b
n
n n
=
Xt im gia
2
n n
b a +
ca [ ]
n n
b a , , r rng t nht mt trong hai khong cha l
k
n
u
32
v hn. Do tn ti (a
n+1
,b
n+1
)
2
R sao cho
1 1 + +

n n
b a . Tp [ ] { } N k b a u
n n n
k

+ +
, ,
1 1
l
v hn v ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
0 0
1
1 1
a b a b a b
n
n n n n
= =
+
+ +

R rng cc on [a
n
,b
n
] lng nhau. Vy n tn ti l sao cho
n n n
a b l u
k

V l u a b
k
n
k
n n
n
= =

lim 0 ) ( lim
V d 12: Chng minh rng mi dy (u
n
) tun hon v hi t l dy dng
Gii:
(u
n
) tun hon nn
n T n
u u N n N T =
+
, ,
*
Ly c N k N n ,
0
0 0
n kT n
u u =
+

( )
kT n
u
+
0
l mt dy con v l dy dng nn
0 0
lim
n kT n
k
u u =
+

V (u
n
) hi t v n
0
lim
n n
n
u u =

0
bt k vy n u u
n n
= ) ( ) (
0
, l dy dng.
V d 13: Cho dy (u
n
) tho mn
mn
n m
u N n m
n m
+

+
0 , ,
*

Chng minh 0 lim =

n
n
u
Gii:
N n c

0
) 1 (
1 2
0
0
2
0
1 2
2
2
+
+

+
n n
n
u
n
n
u
n
n
Vy 0 lim =

n
n
u .
33
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s
CHNG II: HM S MT BIN S
2.1. CC KHI NIM C BN V HM S
2.1.1. Cc nh ngha c bn
A. nh ngha hm s
Cho X l tp khng rng ca R. Mt nh x t X vo R gi l mt hm s mt bin s

f
) (
:
x f x
R X f
a
X gi l tp xc nh ca , gi l tp gi tr ca . i khi k hiu f ) ( X f f
X x x f y = ), ( x gi l i s, y gi l hm s.
B. Hm chn, l
Cho X i xng vi 0 tc l X x X x ,
Hm s (x) chn khi v ch khi f ) ( ) ( x f x f = .
Hm s (x) l khi v ch khi f ). ( ) ( x f x f =
C. Hm s tun hon
Hm s (x) gi l tun hon trn X nu tn ti sao cho th f
*
+
R X x
x+ X v (x+ f )= (x). f
S T dng b nht trong cc s gi l chu k ca hm s tun hon f(x).
D. Hm s n iu
Cho (x) vi f . X x
1. Ni rng (x) tng nu f ) ( ) ( , ,
2 1 2 1 2 1
x f x f x x X x x .
v (x) tng ngt nu f ) ( ) ( , ,
2 1 2 1 2 1
x f x f x x X x x < < .
2. Ni rng (x) gim nu f ) ( ) ( , ,
2 1 2 1 2 1
x f x f x x X x x .
v (x) gim ngt nu f ) ( ) ( , ,
2 1 2 1 2 1
x f x f x x X x x > < .
3. Ni rng (x) n iu nu n tng hoc gim. f
Ni rng (x) n iu ngt nu n tng ngt hoc gim ngt. f
34
E. Hm s b chn
1. Hm s (x) b chn trn trong X nu tn ti s A sao cho:
.
f
A x f X x ) ( ,
2. Hm s (x) b chn di trong X nu tn ti s B sao cho: f
B x f X x ) ( ,
3. Hm s (x) b chn trong X nu tn ti cc s A,B sao cho: f
A x f B X x ) ( , .
H qu: Nu A l s chn trn ca (x) trong X th f
A X x x f Sup x f Sup
X
= } ), ( { ) (
Nu B l s chn di ca (x) trong X th f
B X x x f Inf x f Inf
X
= } ), ( { ) (
F. Hm s hp
Cho : v g: vi gi nh x f R X R Y Y X f ) (

)) ( (
:
0
x f g x
R X f g
a
Hay y = g( (x)) l hm s hp ca hai hm v g. f f

nh l:
Nu b chn trn th + R X g f : , f g cng b chn trn v
) ( ) ( )) ( ) ( ( x g Sup x f Sup x g x f Sup
X X X
+ +
1. Nu b chn trn v khng m th . R X g f : , f g b chn trn v
) ( ). ( )) ( ). ( ( x g Sup x f Sup x g x f Sup
X X X

2. Nu b chn trn v R X f :
*
R th f b chn trn ng thi
) ( ) ( . x f Sup x f Sup
X X
=
3. b chn di, iu kin cn v l - b chn trn v khi R X f : f
)) ( ( ) ( x f Sup x f Inf
X X
=
Chng minh:
1. R rng ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( x g Sup x f Sup x g x f
X X
+ + chng t (x)+ f g (x) b chn trn.
35
Theo h qu suy ra ) ( ) ( )) ( ) ( ( x g Sup x f Sup x g x f Sup
X X X
+ +
2. ) ( ) ( 0 ), ( ) ( 0 , x g Sup x g x f Sup x f x x
X X

) ( ). ( ) ( ). ( 0 , x g Sup x f Sup x g x f X x
X X

Tng t nh trn.
3. Coi nh hm hng. Ap dng 2 s c ) ( . ) ( x f Sup x f Sup
X X

Vi =0. ng thc cn chng minh l hin nhin
Vi >0. p dng bt ng thc ng vi hng s
1
v hm s ) (x f

) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) (
1
)) ( .
1
(
x f Sup x f
x f Sup x f Sup
x f Sup x f Sup
X X
X X
X X

Sup

4. Gi s b chn di, t ) (x f . ) ( , ) ( ) ( m x f X x x f x f Inf m
X
=
Vy - b chn trn v r rng ) (x f ). ( )) ( ( x f Inf x f Sup
X X

Mt khc
)) ( ( ) ( Inf )) ( ( ) ( )) ( ( ) (
X
x f Sup x f x f Sup x f x f Sup x f
X X X

Sau khi so snh hai bt ng thc suy ra )). ( ( ) ( x f Sup x f Inf
X X
=
Phn o chng minh tng t.
G. Hm s ngc
Cho song nh R Y X Y X f , , :
nh x ngc gi l hm s ngc ca X Y f
:
1
f
) (
1
y f x y

= a
Thng thng i s k hiu l x, hm s k hiu l y, vy hm ngc ca ) (x f y = l
hm s . V th trn cng mt phng to 0xy, th ca hai hm s v l i
xng nhau qua ng phn gic ca gc phn t th I v III.
) (
1
x f y

= f
1
f
V d 1: Cho tho mn R R g f : , 0 )) ( ) ( ))( ( ) ( ( , , = y g x g y f x f R y x
Chng minh rng t nht mt trong hai hm s l hng s.
36
Gii:
Gi s v ta s ch ra l hng s. Trc ht c R b a , ) ( ) ( b f a f ) (x g

=
=

0 )) ( ) ( ))( ( ) ( (
0 )) ( ) ( ))( ( ) ( (
:
x g a g x f b f
x g a g x f a f
R x
Tr tng v v n g(a)=g(b) suy ra:

) ( ) ( 0 )) ( ) ( ))( ( ) ( ( a g x g x g a g b f a f = =
V d 2: Tm hm trn R sao cho ) (x f R x x x f x f x + = + 1 ) 1 ( ) ( .
3
Gii: Gi s tn ti ,thay x bi 1-x vo h thc cho: ) (x f

3 2
3 3 2 ) ( ) 1 ( ). 1 ( x x x x f x f x + = +
Suy ra
2 2 2
) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( + = + x x x f x x
1 ) (
2
+ = x x x f
Kin tra tho mn. 1 ) (
2
+ = x x x f
V d 3: Cho v x x f = ) ( x x g = 1 ) ( trong [0,1]. Kim tra tnh ngt ca bt ng thc:

[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
) ( ) ( )) ( ) ( (
) ( ) ( )) ( ) ( (
1 , 0 1 , 0 1 , 0
1 , 0 1 , 0 1 , 0
x g Sup x f Sup x g x f Sup
x g Sup x f Sup x g x f Sup
<
+ < +

Gii:
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

4
1
) x - (x Sup (f(x)g(x))
2
= = = = + = =
1 , 0 1 , 0 1 , 0 1 , 0 1 , 0 1 , 0
; 1 1 )) ( ) ( ( ; 1 ) ( ) ( Sup Sup x g x f Sup x g Sup x f Sup Chng
t tnh ngt tho mn (do 1
4
1
2 1 < < , )
2.1.2. Cc hm s thng dng
A. Hm lu tha
Cho R . Hm lu tha vi s m ,c k hiu l , l nh x t vo R, xc
nh nh sau
P
*
+
R
x x P R x =
+
) ( ,
*
Nu 0 > , coi rng 0 ) 0 ( =
P Nu 0 = , coi rng 1 ) 0 (
0
= P
th ca cho bi h.2.1 ) (x P
37
y
1 > 1 =
1 0 < <
1
0 =

0 <

H.2.1
B. Hm m c s a
Xt . Hm m c s a, k hiu l , l nh x t R vo , xc nh nh
sau: th ca cho bi h.2.2.
} 1 { \
*
+
R a x
a
exp
*
+
R
. exp ,
x
a
a x R x =
x
a y =
C. Hm lgarit c s a
Xt . Hm lgarit c s a, k hiu l ,l nh x ngc vi nh x ,
nh vy
} 1 { \
*
+
R a
a
log
a
exp
y
a
a x x y R R y x = =
+
log , ) , (
*

th ca hm s cho bi hnh h.2.3. x y
a
log =
Ch : Hm lu tha c th m rng khi min xc nh l R.

y y
log
a
x, a>1
a
x
, a>1
1 0 1 x

a
x
, 0 < a < 1
x log
a
x, 0<a<1

H.2.2 H.2.3
Tnh cht ca hm s lgarit
1. 0 1 log =
a
38
2. , ,
*
+
R y x
y x
y
x
y x xy
a a a
a a a
log g lo log
log log log
=
+ =

x x R
a a
log log

=
3. x a x R b a
a b b
log . log log , ,
*
=
+

4. x x R x
a
a
log log ,
1
*
=
+

Ch : Sau ny ngi ta thng ly c s a l s e v gi l lgarit npe hay lgarit t nhin
ca x, k hiu y = lnx v suy ra
a
x
x
a
ln
ln
log =
D. Cc hm s lng gic
Cc hm s lng gic: sinx, cosx, tgx, cotgx c xt k trong chng trnh ph thng
trung hc. Di y chng ta ch nhc li mt s tnh cht c bn ca chng.
Tnh cht:
1. sinx xc nh trn R, l hm s l, tun hon vi chu k T = 2 v b chn:
R x x , 1 sin 1
2. cosx xc nh trn R, l hm s chn, tun hon vi chu k T = 2 v b chn:
R x x , 1 cos 1
3. tgx xc nh trn R\{ Z k k + ,
2

}, l hm s l, tun hon vi chu k = T v nhn

gi tr trn khong ) , ( + .
4. cotgx xc nh trn R\{ Z k k , }, l hm s l, tun hon vi chu k = T v nhn
gi tr trn khong ) , ( + .
E. Cc hm s lng gic ngc
1. Hm arcsin l nh x ngc ca sin: [ ] 1 , 1
2
,
2

K hiu l arcsin: [ ] .

2
,
2
1 , 1

Vy ta c: [ ] y x x y y x sin arcsin ,
2
,
2
, 1 , 1 = =

Ch :
[ ] x x x = ) sin(arcsin , 1 , 1
39
l hm l, tun hon vi chu k ) arcsin(sin ) ( x x f = 2 v cho di dng:

,
2
2
, 0
) (
x x
x x
x f
nu
nu

th ca y=arcsinx cho trn hnh 2.4

H.2.4 H.2.5
y
Arccos
y
2

x
0
2

Arcsin
-1

0
1
2

2
2. Hm arccos l nh x ngc ca [ ] [ ] 1 , 1 , 0 : cos k hiu:
[ ] [ ] , 0 1 , 1 : arccos
[ ] [ ] y x x y y x cos arccos , , 0 , 1 , 1 = =
th hm s y=arccosx cho trn hnh 2.5
Ch :
[ ] x x x = ) cos(arccos , 1 , 1
= g l hm s chn tun hon vi chu k ) arccos(cos ) ( x x 2 v biu din di dng:
nu x x g = ) ( [ ] , 0 x
V [
, 0 arcsin
2

x ] v x x x = =
) sin(arcsin arcsin
2
cos
Vy
2
arcsin arccos

= + x x
40
3. Hm actang l nh x ngc ca ,
2
,
2
: R tg

k hiu:

2
,
2
:

R arctg
Vy ta c tgy x arctgx y y R x = =

2
,
2
,

th ca y=arctgx cho trn hnh 2.6

Ch :
x arctgx tg R x = ) (
xc nh trn ) ( ) ( tgx arctg x h =
+ Z R
2
\ l hm s l tun hon vi chu k v
=
2
, 0 , ) (

x x x h
4. Hm acctang l nh x ngc ca cotg R ) , 0 ( : k hiu:

2
, 0 : cot

R g arc
Vy ta c gy x gx arc y y R x cot cot
2
, 0 , = =

th hm y=arccotgx cho trn hnh 2.7

y
2
arctg
0
2
x
tg

H.2.6
41

2
y
x
0
arccotg

H.2.7
Ch :
x gx arc g R x = ) cot ( cot ,
xc nh trn ) ( cot ) ( tgx g arc x k = Z R \ ,tun hon vi chu k v
) , 0 ( , ) ( = x x x k
V (
, 0 ) (cot cot
2

gx g arc ) v ) (
2
cot arctgx tg arctgx g =

Vy
2
cot

= + gx arc arctgx
Ngi ta gi hm s lu tha, hm s m, hm s lgarit, cc hm s lng gic v cc
hm s lng gic ngc l cc hm s s cp c bn.
F. Cc hm hypeblic thun
1. Hm sinhypeblic l nh x xc nh nh sau: R R sh :
) ( ,
x x
e e shx R x

=
2
1

42
2. Hm csinhypeblic l nh x xc nh nh sau: R R ch :
) ( ,
x x
e e chx R x

+ =
2
1

3. Hm tanghypeblic l nh x xc nh nh sau: R R th :

1
1
,
2
2
+
= =
x
x
e
e
chx
shx
thx R x
4. Hm cotanghypeblic l nh x xc nh nh sau: , : coth
*
R R

1
1 1
coth ,
2
2
*
+
= = =
x
x
e
e
thx shx
chx
x R x
Tnh cht:
1. Shx,thx,cothx l cc hm s l cn chx l chn v 0 , > chx R x
2. cc hm hypeblic tho mn cng thc sau y , , , , , R q p b a x
1 1
2
2
2
2
2 2
= =
b
y
a
x
Hyperbon x sh x ch biu din tham s s l:

=
=
R t bsht y
acht x

cha shb chb sha b a sh shb sha chb cha b a ch . . ) ( ; . . ) ( + = + + = +
cha shb chb sha b a sh shb sha chb cha b a ch . . ) ( ; . . ) ( = =

thb tha
thb tha
b a th
thb tha
thb tha
b a th
. 1
) ( ;
. 1
) (

=
+
+
= +
. a sh a ch a sh a ch a ch
2 2 2 2
2 1 1 2 2 + = = + =
. cha sha a sh . 2 2 =

a th
tha
a th
2
1
2
2
+
= .
) 1 2 (
2
1
); 1 2 (
2
1
2 2
= + = a ch a sh a ch a ch .

2 2
2
q p
ch
q p
ch chq chp
+
= +

2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
q p
sh
q p
ch shq shp
q p
ch
q p
sh shq shp
q p
sh
q p
sh chq chp
+
=
+
= +
+
=

43
Tnh cht nu l gii tn gi sinhypeblic, ...
th ca cc hm shx, chx cho trn hnh 2.8, cn th cc hm thx, cothx cho trn hnh
2.9

y
ch y coth
sh

1
y=
x
e
2
1
th
0 x 0 x

H.2.8 H.2.9

G. Cc hm hypeblic ngc
1. Hm Acsinhypeblic l nh x ngc ca k hiu: , : R R sh
hayl R R Argsh : shy x Argshx y R y x = = , ) , (
2
2. Hm Accsinhypeblic l nh x ngc ca [ ] + , 1 : R ch , k hiu:
tc l [ ) , , 1 :
+
+ R Argch [ ) chy x Argchx y R y x = = +
+
, , , 1
3. Hm Actanghypeblic l nh x ngc ca ), 1 , 1 ( : R th k hiu:
tc l , ) 1 , 1 ( : R Argth thy x Argthx y R y x = = , ), 1 , 1 (
4. Hm Acctanghypeblic l nh x ngc ca [ ], 1 , 1 \ : coth
*
R R k hiu:
tc l [ ] , 1 , 1 \ : coth
*
R R Arg
[ ] y x x Arg y R y R x coth coth , , 1 , 1 \
*
= =
Biu thc logarit ca hm hypeblic ngc:
1. Trc ht thy ngay rng Argshx l hm s l v v:
) (
2
1
y y
e e x shy x Argshx y

= = =
44
Hay 0 1 2
2
=
y y
xe a v do nn 0 >
y
e
2
1 x x e
y
+ + =
Cui cng ) 1 ln( ,
2
x x Argshx R x + + =
2. [ ) chy x Argchx y R y x = = +
+
, , , 1
0 1 2 ) (
2
1
2
= + + =
y y y y
xe e e e x
V nn ly 1
y
e [ ) ) 1 ln( , 1 1
2 2
+ = + + = x x Argchx x x x e
y

3.

x
x
y
x
x
e e e x
e e
e e
x
thy x Argthx y R y x
y y y
y y
y y
+
=
+
= = +
+
=
= =
1
1
ln
2
1
1
1
1 ) 1 (
, ), 1 , 1 (
2 2 2

Cui cng
x
x
x
+
=
1
1
ln ) 1 , 1 (
2
1
Argthx
4. [ ]
1
1
ln
2
1 1
coth , 1 , 1 \
+
= =
x
x
x
Argth x Arg R x
H. a thc, hm hu t.
1. nh x P: c gi l a thc khi v ch khi tn ti R X N n v
sao cho
1
1 0
) ,..., , (
+
n
n
R a a a
=
=
n
i
i
i
x a x P X x
0
) ( ,
Nu , gi n l bc ca a thc, k hiu degP(x)=n 0
n
a
2. nh x : c gi l hm hu t khi v ch khi tn ti hai a thc f R X
P,Q: sao cho R X
) (
) (
) ( , 0 ) ( ,
x Q
x P
x f x Q X x =
Gi
) (
) (
) (
x Q
x P
x f = l hm hu t thc s khi v ch khi: degP(x)<degQ(x)
3. Hm hu t ti gin l cc phn thc c dng:

k
a x
A
) (
hoc
k
q px x
C Bx
) (
2
+ +
+

Trong
*
N k , l cc s thc v <0 C B A q p a , , , , , q p 4
2
Di y ta a ra cc nh l c chng minh trong l thuyt i s

nh l 1: Mi a thc bc n vi cc h s thc u c th phn tch ra tha s trong dng:

m l
m m
k
l
k
n
q x p x q x p x x x a x P

) ...( ) ( ) ...( ) ( ) (
2
1 1
2
1
1 1
+ + + + =
Trong ) , 1 ( l i
i
= l cc nghim thc bi ca a thc cn
i
k R q p
j j j
, ,
45
vi v m j ,..., 2 , 1 = m j q p n k
j j
m
j
j
l
i
i
, 1 ; 0 4 2
2
1 1
= < = +

= =
,
nh l 2: Mi hm hu t thc s u c th phn tch thnh tng hu hn cc hm hu t
ti gin.
V d 4: Cho , gii phng trnh { } 1 \
*
+
R a
4
3
log log log
4 2
= + x x x
a a
a

Gii:
iu kin
*
+
R x

a x a x
a a a
x
= =
=
+
ln ln
4
3
ln 4
1
ln 2
1
ln
1
ln

V d 5: Cho hy tnh R x N n , ( ) P x ch
n
k
k
=
=0
1 2 2
Gii:

( )
1 2
1 2 2
1 2 2
1 2 2
1 2 2
1 2
1 2 2
1 2
1 2 2 1 4 1 2 2
1 1
0
2 2
+
+
=
+
+
= =
+
+
=
+ = =
+
=
+
=

chx
x ch
x ch
x ch
x ch P
cht
t ch
cht
t ch t ch t t ch t ch
n n
o k
k
k n
k
k

V d 6: Cho hy bin i biu thc ( 1 , 1 , y x ) Argthy Argthx + .
p dng hy bin i
thx
thx
Argth x f
+
+
=
3
3 1
) (
Gii:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x thx Argth Argth
thx
thx
Argth x f
xy
y x
Argth
xy
y x
xy
y x
y x xy
y x xy
y x
y x
y
y
x
x
Argthy Argthx
2 ln
2
1
) (
3
1
3
1
1
3
1
) (
1
1
1
1
1
ln
2
1
1
1
ln
2
1
1 1
1 1
ln
2
1
1
1
ln
2
1
1
1
ln
2
1
= + =
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
+
=
+
+ + +
=

+ +
=
+
+
+
= +

V d 7: Gii phng trnh: arcsin(tgx)=x
46
Gii:
iu kin:
[ ]
+
4
,
4
1 , 1
2
,
2 2

x tgx
x k x ,

. ,
1 cos
0 sin
0
cos
1
1 sin
sin
) arcsin(sin ) arcsin(
Z k k x
x
x
x
x
x tgx
x tgx
=
=
=

=
=

4
,
4

k nn phng trnh v nghim.
2.1.3. Hm s s cp
nh ngha: Hm s s cp l nhng hm s c to thnh bi mt s hu hn cc
php tnh cng, tr, nhn, chia v cc php ly hm hp i vi cc hm s s cp c bn v cc
hng s.
2.2. GII HN CA HM S
2.2.1. Khi nim v gii hn
A. nh ngha gii hn
Ta gi ln cn ca im R a l tp ) , ( ) (
+ = a a a
Gi A- ln cn ca l tp + ) , ( ) ( + = + A
A
vi A>0 v kh ln.
Gi B- ln cn ca l tp ) , ( ) ( B
B
= vi B>0 v kh ln.
Cho f xc nh ln cn im a (c th khng xc nh ti a )
1. Ni rng c gii hn l f l khi x dn n a (gi tt: c gii hn l ti a) nu l
{ }

< > l x f a a x X a ) ( \ ) ( , ) ( , 0
2. Ni rng c gii hn l f + ti a nu
{ } A x f a a x X a A > > ) ( \ ) ( , ) ( , 0

.
3. Ni rng c gii hn l f ti a nu f c gii hn l + ti a
4. Ni rng c gii hn l f l ti + nu
47
< + + > l x f x X
A A
) ( ) ( , ) ( , 0 .
5. Ni rng c gii hn l f l ti nu
< > l x f x X
B B
) ( ) ( , ) ( , 0 .
6. Ni rng c gii hn l f + ti + nu
A x f x X A
M M
> + + > ) ( ) ( , ) ( , 0 .
7. Ni rng c gii hn l f ti + nu v ch nu f c gii hn l ti +
+
8. Ni rng c gii hn l f + ti nu

A x f x X A
M M
> > ) ( ) ( , ) ( , 0 .
9. Ni rng c gii hn l f ti khi v ch khi f c gii hn l ti +
Khi c gii hn l ti a hoc ti ) (x f l ni rng c gii hn hu hn ti a hoc ti
. Ngc li c gii hn l
) (x f
) (x f , ni rng n c gii hn v hn.
B. nh ngha gii hn mt pha.
1. Ni rng c gii hn tri ti a l nu f
1
l
. ) ( 0 , ), ) ( ( 0 , 0
1

< < < > > l x f x a x X a
2. Ni rng c gii hn phi ti a l nu f
2
l
. ) ( 0 , , 0 , 0
2
< < < > > l x f a x x
K hiu c gii hn l ti a thng l: f l
hoc l x f
a x
=
) ( lim l x f
a x

) (
Tng t c cc k hiu:
+ = + =

, , lim ; , ) ( lim l x f
x a x

K hiu c gii hn tri ti a l , thng dng f
1
l ( )
1
) ( lim l a f x f
a x
= =

Tng t ( )
2
) ( lim l a f x f
a x
= =
+
+

H qu: iu kin cn v l x f
a x
=
) ( lim l . ) ( ) ( l a f a f = =
+
48
2.2.2. Tnh cht ca hm c gii hn.
A. S lin h vi dy s
nh l: c gii hn l ti a iu kin cn v l mi dy ( trong ) (x f l )
n
u
X hi t v a th l u f
n
n
=

) ( lim
Chng minh:
Cho l x f
a x

) ( v . Khi a u
n

< < < > > l x f a x x ) ( 0 , , 0 , 0
V < > =

a u n n n a u
n n
n
0 0
), ( lim
Nh vy < > > l u f n n n
n
) ( , , 0
0 0
ngha l . l u f
n
n
=

) ( lim
Ngc li, cho m a u
n
) ( l u f
n
n
=

) ( lim s c l x f
a n
=
) ( lim
Nu khng, tc l x > > , 0 , 0 < a x v l x f ) ( , tc
l
*
N n ly
n
u
n
= ,
1

n
a u
n
1
< v l u f
n
) ( . R rng nhng
v l. Chng t phi xy ra
a u
n
n
=

lim
l u f
n
x

) ( lim l x f
a x
=
) ( lim
B.Tnh duy nht ca gii hn
nh l: Nu th l duy nht. l x f
a x
=
) ( lim l
Chng minh:
L h qu ca nh l v tnh duy nht ca gii hn ca dy s v nh l va pht biu
trn.
C.Tnh b chn
nh l: Nu th b chn trong mt ln cn ca a. l x f
a x
=
) ( lim ) (x f
Chng minh:
Ly , 1 = { } . 1 ) ( \ ) ( , 0 < > l x f a a x

Hay l l l x f l l x f x f + + + = 1 ) ( ) ( ) (
Ch :
Trng hp cng chng minh tng t. = + = a a ,
49
nh l o: Hm khng b chn trong ln cn ca a th khng c gii hn hu hn
ti a.
) (x f
Chng hn
x x
x f
1
sin
1
) ( = khng c gii hn hu hn ti 0.
D.Tnh cht th t ca gii hn v nguyn l kp.
nh l 1: Cho . Khi : l x f
a x
=
) ( lim
1. Nu l c < th trong ln cn b ca ) ( : x f c a <
2. Nu d l < th trong ln cn b ca d x f a < ) ( :
3. Nu d l c < < th trong ln cn b ca d x f a < < ) ( : c
Chng minh:
1. { } ) ( ) ( \ ) ( , , 0
1
1
x f c c l l x f a a x c l < < > =

2. { } d x f l d l x f a a x l d < < = ) ( ) ( \ ) ( , ,
2
2

3. { } d x f c a a x Min < < = ) ( \ ) ( ), (
2 , 1

Ch : nh l trn khng cn ng khi thay cc bt ng thc ngt bng cc bt ng thc
khng ngt.
nh l 2: Cho khi , ) ( lim l x f
a x
=
1. Nu trong ln cn ca a th ) (x f c l c
2. Nu d x f ) ( trong ln cn ca a th d l
3. Nu trong ln cn ca a th d x f c ) ( d l c
Nh vo lp lun phn chng, chng ta thy nh l trn thc cht l h qu ca nh l 1.
nh l 3: Nguyn l kp:
Cho ba hm s tho mn: h g f , , ) ( ) ( ) ( x h x g x f trn X; l x h x f
a x a x
= =

) ( lim ) ( lim
Khi l x g
a x
=
) ( lim
Chng minh: < < < > l x f a x x ) ( 0 : , , , 0
1 2 1

< < < l x h a x ) ( 0
2

Ly ) , (
2 1
Min = th
<
<
< <
l x h
l x f
a x X x
) (
) (
0 :
. ) ( ) ( ) ( < < l x h l x g l x f Tc l l x g
a x
=
) ( lim
50
Ch : nh l ng vi cc trng hp = + = a a ,
nh l 4: Nu trong ln cn ca a c ) ( ) ( x g x f v + =
) ( lim x f
a x
th:
+ =
) ( lim x g
a x

Chng minh:
A x f a x x A > < < > ) ( 0 : , , 0
1 1

Mt khc ) ( ) ( 0 : ,
2 2
x g x f a x x < <
Ly A x g a x x Min > < < = ) ( 0 : ), , (
2 1
chng t
a x
x g ) (
Ch :
nh l ng vi trng hp = + = a a ,
Tng t c nh l khi
a x
x f ) (
E. Cc php tnh i s ca hm s c gii hn
nh l 1 (Trng hp gii hn hu hn):
1. l x f l x f
a x a x

) ( ) (
2. 0 ) ( 0 ) (
a x a x
x f x f
3.
1
) ( l x f
a x

v
2 1 2
) ( ) ( ) ( l l x g x f l x g
a x a x
+ +

4. R

, ) ( . ) ( l x f l x f
a x a x

5. 0 ) (
a x
x f v b chn trong ln cn ca ) (x g 0 ) ( ). (
a x
x g x f a
6.
1
) ( l x f
a x

v
2 1 2
. ) ( ). ( ) ( l l x g x f l x g
a x a x

7.
1
) ( l x f
a x

v
2
1
2
) (
) (
0 ) (
l
l
x g
x f
l x g
a x a x

Chng minh:
1. < < < > > l x f a x x ) ( 0 : , 0 , 0
M l x f l x f l x f
a x
<

) ( ) ( ) (
2. Hin nhin v 0 ) ( ) ( 0 ) ( = = x f x f x f
3.
2
) ( 0 : , 0 , 0
1 1 1

< < < > > l x f a x x
51

2
) ( 0 : , 0
2 2 2

< < < > l x g a x x
Gi < < = a x x Min 0 : ), , (
2 1
s c:

= + < + + +
2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
l x g l x f l l x g x f
Chng t
2 1
) ( ) ( l l x g x f
a x
+ +

4.

+
< < < > >
1
) ( 0 : , 0 , 0 l x f a x x vi R
Suy ra

<
+
< <
1
) ( 0 : l x f a x x
Chng t l x f
a x

) (
5.
M
x f a x x
+
< < < >
1
) ( 0 : , , 0
1 1

Trong b chn bi s M trong ln cn ) (x g ) (
2
a
. Tc l
M x g M x < < ) ( a - x 0 : , ,
2 2

t ) , (
2 1
Min = th
( ) ( ) 0 ) ( ). (
1
) ( . ) ( . 0 : <
+
< = < <
a x
x g x f
M
M
x g x f x g x f a x x

6. t ) ( ). ( ) ( . ) ( ). ( 0 ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
x g x h x g l x g x f x h l x f x h
a x
+ = =

V
2
) ( l x g
a x

nn b chn trong ln cn ca a.
Theo 4. th , . ) ( .
2 1 1
l l x g l
a x

theo 5. th 0 ) ( ). ( x g x h
Vy
2 1
. ) ( ). ( l l x g x f
a x

7. Trc ht ta ch ra
2
1
) (
1
l x g
a x

V 0 ) ( 0 ) (
2 2
>

l x g l x g
a x a x
. Theo nh l 1 v tnh th t ca gii
hn th
2
) ( 0 : , 0
2
1 1
l
x g a x x > < < >

2
2
2
2
2
2
1
) ( 2
. ) (
) (
1
) (
1
0 0 :
l
l x g
l x g
l x g
l x g
a x x

= < < <

52
V 0 ) (
2

a x
l x g . Vy .
1
) (
1
2
l x g
a x

p dng 6. vi
g
f
g
f 1
. =
nh l 2 (Trng hp gii hn v hn):
1. Nu +
a x
x f ) ( v trong ln cn ca a th m x g ) ( + +
a x
x g x f ) ( ) (
2. Nu +
a x
x f ) ( v trong ln cn ca a th 0 ) ( > m x g +
a x
x g x f ) ( ). (
Chng minh:
1. m A x f a x x A > < < > ) ( 0 : , , 0
. Tc l A x g x f > + ) ( ) ( + +
a x
x g x f ) ( ) (
2.
m
A
x f a x x A > < < > ) ( 0 : , , 0
A m
m
A
x g x f = > . ) ( ). ( . Tc l +
a x
x g x f ) ( ). (
Ch : - nh l trn ng cho trng hp = + = a a ,
- C s tng t cho nh l 2 khi
a x
x f ) (
F. Gii hn ca hm hp
Cho v R Y g R X f : , : Y X f ) (
nh l: Nu b x f
a x

) ( v l y g
b y

) ( th l x f g
a x

)) ( (
Chng minh:

) ( 0 : ,
) ( 0 : , , 0

< < <
< < < >
b x f a x x
l y g b y y

Chng t:
< < < l x f g a x x )) ( ( 0 : .

Vy l x f g
a x

)) ( (
G. Gii hn ca hm n iu
nh l 1: Cho R b a R b a f , , ) , ( : hoc R b a , v l hm tng.
1. Nu b chn trn th f ) ( ) ( lim
) , (
x f Sup x f
b a
b x
=

53
2. Nu khng b chn trn th f + =
) ( lim x f
b x

Chng minh:
1. Gi ) , ( , 0 ). (
) , (
b a x f Sup l
b a
> = l f l < ) (
Do tng nn: ) (x f
+ < < < l x f l l x f l x f f x b a x ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( : ) , (
Hay < l x f ) (
Gi s . t R b < < < > > l x f x b x b ) ( 0 : , 0
Chng t l x f
b x

) (
Gi s . Ly + = b < > > > l x f A x A ) ( , . Chng t l x f
x

) (
2. A f b a R A > ) ( ) , ( , .
Vy sao cho ) , ( b a x A f x f x > ) ( ) ( .
A x f > ) ( chng t +
b x
x f ) (
Vi , xt tng t nh trn + = b
Ch :
Nu b hu hn, nh l trn ni v gii hn tri ti b.
T nh l suy ra: mi hm tng trn (a,b) lun c gii hn hu hn hoc v hn ti b.
nh l 1 c th suy din cho trng hp gim trn (a,b). Kt qu trong cc trng
hp c m t trn hnh 2.10.
) (x f
54
Kt lun th R b a f ) , ( :

Tng v b ) (
) , (
) ( x f
b a
Sup
a x
x f

chn trn

Gim v b
chn di ) ( ) (
) , (
x f Inf x f
b a
b x

Gim v b
chn trn ) ( ) (
) , (
x f Sup x f
b a
a x

Tng v b Inff x f
a x

) (
chn di

Tng v khng
b chn trn +
b x
x f ) (

Gim v khng
b chn di
b x
x f ) (

Gim v khng +
a x
x f ) (
b chn trn

Tng v khng
a x
x f ) (
b chn di
H.2.10
nh l 2: Nu xc nh ti a v tng ln cn ca a th lun tn ti mt gii hn tri
v mt gii hn phi hu hn ti a v: lim f(x) f(a) lim f(x)
) (x f
x a x a
+
55
Chng minh:
R rng: tng v b chn trn bi ln cn bn tri ca a. ) (x f ) (a f
tng v b chn di bi ln cn bn phi ca a. ) (x f ) (a f
Theo nh l 1, chng ta nhn c kt qu cn chng minh. Ta c kt qu
tng t khi gim. Hnh 2.11. m t nh l 2. f
y

) (
+
a f
) (a f
) (

a f

0 a x
H.2.11
2.2.3. Cc gii hn ng nh
A. 1
sin
lim
sin
lim
0 0
= =

x
x
x
x
x x
(2.1)
Chng minh: D dng thy c { } 0 \
2
,
2

x
th c bt ng thc kp: 1
sin
cos < <
x
x
x .
Dng nh ngha chng minh c 1 cos lim
0
=
x
x
. Vy suy ra cng thc (2.1)
B. e
x x
x
x
x
x
=
+ =
+
+
1
1 lim
1
1 lim (2.2)
Chng minh:
sao cho { }
* *
, 1 , 0 \ N n R x
+
n x n
n x n
1 1
1
1
1
+
+
Suy ra
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
n x n
n x n
.
56
Theo v d 10. chng 1 v tnh cht i s ca dy hi t th:
e
n n n
n n

+
+
+
+ =
+
+
+ 1 1
1
1
1 .
1
1
1
1
1
1
e
n n n
n n

+ =
+
+
1
1 .
1
1
1
1
1

Suy ra e
x
x
x

+
+
1
1 . Thc hin php bin i y x =
e
y y x
y
y
y
y
x
x
=
+ =
+ =
+
+
+
1
1
1 lim
1
1 lim
1
1 lim
Tng qut nu 0 ) (
a x
x u th ( ) e x u
a x
x u +

) (
1
) ( 1 v 1
) (
) ( sin
x u
x u

C. = + =
+
+
x x
x x
ln lim , ln lim
0
(2.3)
Chng minh: V lnx tng trn nn ti
*
+
R + hm s c gii hn hu hn hoc l + .
Gi s c gii hn hu hn l th . 2 ln lim ln lim x l x
x x +
= =
Tuy nhin 2 ln 2 ln 2 ln + = + = l l x x v l.
Vy = +
+
+
+ 0
*
1
ln ln , . ln
x x
x
x R x x
V d 1: Chng minh: 0
1
lim , 0 sin lim
0
= =

+
x
x
x x

Gii:
0 > ( b) { } 0 \ ) 0 (
x c x x < sin .
Ly < < < = x x x sin 0 : ,
0 > A x
x
= > <
1 1

Vy .
1
: ,
*
< >
+
x
A x x R A Chng t 0
1

x
x

V d 2: Tnh ( ) 1 1 lim ,
2 2
3 1 2
lim
2 2
4
+
+
+

x x
x
x
x x

57
Gii:

0
1 1
2
1 1
2 .
3
2
3 . 2
2 2 . 2
) 3 1 2 ).( 4 (
) 2 2 ).( 4 ( 2
2 2
3 1 2
2
2 2
4

+ + +
= +
=
+ +
+
=

+

x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x

V d 3: Tnh
2
0
3 cos cos
lim
x
x x
x

Gii:

2
2 2
2 2
2
3
sin 2
2
sin 2
) 3 cos 1 ( ) 1 (cos 3 cos cos
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
+
=
+
=

4
2
9
2
1
2
3
2
3
sin
2
9
2
2
sin
2
1
0 2
2
2
2
= +
=
x
x
x
x
x

V d 4: Tnh ( )x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1
0
2
sin 1 lim ,
1
1
lim
2
+

Gii:
e
1
2
1
1
1
2 -
x
1
2
.
2
1
2 2
2
2
2 2
2

+
=
x
x x
x
x x
x

( ) ( ) e x x
x
x
x
x x + = +
0
sin
.
sin
1 1
sin 1 sin 1
D. S tn ti gii hn ca cc hm s cp
nh l: Hm s s cp xc nh ti th
0
x ) ( ) ( lim
0
0
x f x f
x x
=

2.3. I LNG V CNG B (VCB) V I LNG V CNG LN (VCL)
2.3.1. i lng VCB
A. nh ngha:
nh x R X : , gi l i lng VCB ti a nu nh 0 ) (
a x
x , a c th l +
hoc -
H qu: tn ti l x f
a x
=
) ( lim iu kin cn v l hm s l x f x = ) ( ) ( l VCB

ti a.
58
B. Tnh cht i s ca VCB
Da vo tnh cht i s ca hm c gii hn, nhn c tnh cht i s ca cc VCB
sau y:
1. Nu n i x
i
,..., 2 , 1 ), ( = l cc VCB ti th tng
, tch cng l
VCB ti a
a
=
n
i
i
x
1
) (

=
n
i
i
x
1
) (
2. Nu ) (x l VCB ti a, b chn trong ln cn ca a th ) (x f ) ( ). ( x f x l VCB ti a.
C. So snh cc VCB
Cho ) ( ), ( x x l cc VCB ti a.
1. Nu 0
a x
th ni rng l VCB cp cao hn ti a, k hiu ) ( o = ti a,

cng ni rng l VCB cp thp hn ti a.
2. Nu 0

c
a x
th ni rng , l cc VCB ngang cp ti a.

c bit th ni rng 1 = c , l cc VCB tng ng ti a. Khi k hiu ~ ti a.
R rng nu , ngang cp ti a th c ~ ti a.
3. Nu th ni rng ) (
k
o = l VCB c cp cao hn k so vi VCB ti a
4. Nu th ni rng 0) (c ~
k
c l VCB c cp k so vi VCB ti a
H qu 1: Nu
1 1
~ , ~ ti a th
1
1
lim lim
a x a x
=
H qu 2: Nu ) ( o = ti a th ~ + ti a .
H qu 3: Qui tc ngt b VCB cp cao:
Nu l VCB cp thp nht trong s cc VCB
*
( ) m i
i
, 1 , =
v l VCB cp thp nht trong s cc VCB
*
( ) n i
i
, 1 , = ti a . Khi :

*
*
1
1
lim lim
a x
n
j
j
m
i
i
a x
=
=

Ch : Cc VCB ng nh l:
1. 0 , 0
0
>

x
x
59
2. ( ) ( ) 1 0 , 0 a 1 , 0
x
< < >
+
a a a
x x
x

3. 0 , 0 , 0
0 0 0

x x x
Argthx thx shx
4. 0 arcsin , 0 , 0
0 0 0

x x x
x tgx Sinx
5. 0
0

x
arctg
2.3.2. i lng VCL
A. nh ngha
nh x A: gi l i lngVCL ti a nu nh R X +
a x
x A ) ( hoc
(a c th l + hoc ).
H qu: l VCL ti a th cn v l ) (x A
) (
1
) (
x A
x = l VCB ti a.
B. Tnh cht ca VCL
1. Nu l cc VCL cng du n i x A
i
,..., 2 , 1 ), ( = ( ) + hay ( ti a th tng
l VCL mang du ti a.
)
=
n
i
i
x A
1
) (
Nu l cc VCL ti a th tch
l VCL ti a n i x B
i
,..., 2 , 1 ), ( =
=
n
i
i
x B
1
) (
2. Nu l VCL ti a v gi nguyn du ti a v ln cn ca n th
l VCL ti a.
) (x A ) (x f ) ( ). ( x f x A
C. So snh cc VCL
Cho l cc VCL ti a ) ( ), ( x B x A
1. Nu
a x
x B
x A
) (
) (
th ni rng l VCL cp cao hn ti a, hay ) (x A ) (x B B l
VCL c cp thp hn A ti a
2. Nu 0
) (
) (

c
x B
x A
a x
th ni rng l VCL ngang cp ti a. B A,
c bit th ni rng l cc VCL tng ng ti a, k hiu 1 = c B A, B A ~ ti a.
H qu 1: Nu ti a th
1 1
~ , ~ B B A A
) (
) (
lim
) (
) (
lim
1
1
x B
x A
x B
x A
a x a x
=
H qu 2: Nu lVCL cp cao hn ti a th ) (x A ) (x B A B A ~ + .
H qu 3: Qui tc ngt b ccVCL cp thp:
60
Nu l cc CVL cp cao nht trong s cc VCL
*
A m i x A
i
,..., 2 , 1 ), ( = v
*
B l VCL cp
cao nht trong s cc VCL n j x B
j
,..., 2 , 1 ), ( = ti a th ta c

) (
) (
lim
) (
) (
lim
*
*
1
1
x B
x A
x B
x A
a x
n
j
j
m
i
i
a x
=
=

Ch : Cc VCL sau y thng hay dng:
1. ( ) 0 , > +
+

x
x
2. ( ) ( ) 1 0 , 1 , < < + > +
+
a a a a
x
x
x
x

3. ( ) ( ) 1 0 , log 1 , log
0
< < + > +
+
+
a x a x
x
a x a

4. ( ) ( ) 1 0 , log 1 , log
0
< < >
+
+
a x a x
x a
x
a

5. + +
+ x x
shx chx , shx ,
x

6. +
+
0 0
coth , coth
x x
x x
V d 1: Tnh
x
x
x
x
x x
sin
lim
1
cos . sin lim
0

,
Gii:
0
sin
lim 1 sin , 0
1
0
1
cos . sin lim 1
1
cos , 0
0
0
=
=

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sinx
x
x
x
x

V d 2: Tnh
x
x x tg
x
x
x x
2
3 2
0 0
sin
lim ,
4 sin
2 sin
lim

Gii:
1 lim
sin
lim ~ sin , ~
2
1
4
2
lim
4 sin
2 sin
lim
4 ~ 4 sin
2 ~ 2 sin
2
2
0
2
3 2
0
2 2 2 2
0 0
= =
= =

x
x
x
x x tg
x x x x tg
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x

V d 3: Tm
1
1
lim ,
2
1
lim ,
2 2
1
lim
2
2
3
2
2
2
+
+
+ +
+

x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x x

Gii:
2
1
2
lim
2 2
1
lim
2
2
2
2
= =
+

x
x
x
x x
x x

61
0
1
lim lim
2
1
lim
3
2
3
2
= = =
+
+ +

x x
x
x
x x
x x x

1 lim
1
1
lim
2
2
2
2
= =
+

x
x
x
x
x x

2.4. S LIN TC CA HM S
2.4.1. Cc khi nim c bn
A. Hm lin tc ti mt im
Cho v . Ni rng lin tc ti a nu R X f : X a ) (x f
) ( ) ( lim a f x f
a x
=
hay ) lim ( ) ( lim x f x f

a x a x
=
Tc l < < > > ) ( ) ( : , 0 , 0 a f x f a x x
B. Hm lin tc mt pha ti a
Cho Ni rng hm lin tc bn tri ti a nu . , : X a R X f f
) ( ) ( ) ( lim a f a f x f
a x
= =

Hm lin tc bn phi ti a nu f
) ( ) ( ) ( lim a f a f x f
a x
= =
+
+
H qu: hm lin tc ti a iu kin cn v l: ) (x f
) ( ) ( ) ( a f a f a f = =
+
C. Hm lin tc trn mt khong
1. Hm lin tc ti mi im ) (x f X x th ni rng n lin tc trn tp X .
2. Hm lin tc trn khong m (a,b) v lin tc tri ti b,lin tc phi ti a ni rng
n lin tc trn [a,b]
) (x f
D. Hm lin tc tng khc
Hm [ ] . , , , : R b a R b a f
Ni rng hm lin tc tng khc trn f [ ] b a, khi v ch khi v
sao cho
*
N n
( ) [ ]
1
1 0
, ,..., ,
+
n
n
b a a a a b a a a a
n
= < < < = ...
1 0
v lin tc trn tt c cc khong
m v c gii hn phi hu hn ti , c gii hn tri hu hn ti
f
( ) 1 ,..., 1 , 0 , ,
1
=
+
n i a a
i i i
a
1 + i
a
E. im gin on ca hm s
1. Nu khng lin tc ti a, ni rng c im gin on ti ) (x f ) (x f a x = .
62
2. Nu a l im gin on v l cc s hu hn th gi ) ( ), (
+
a f a f a x = l im gin
on loi 1 ca hm s v gi l bc nhy ca ti a. ) ( ) ( ) (
+
= a f a f a h
f
) (x f
H qu: Nu tng (gim) ln cn im a khi lin tc ti a khi v ch khi
. iu ny suy ra t nh l 2 ca hm s n iu.
) (x f ) (x f
0 ) ( = a h
f
3. Nu a l im gin on ca v khng phi l im gin on loi 1 th ni rng
c im gin on loi 2 ti
) (x f
) (x f a x = .
Cc nh ngha trn c m t trn hnh 2.12.

y y

b
1
a
2
a
3
a
4
a a
1
a
2
a
3
a
loi 1 loi 2 lin tc tng khc
H.2.12

2.4.2. Cc php ton i s ca hm lin tc
nh l 1: Cho R X a R X g f , , : ,
1. Nu lin tc ti a th ) (x f ) (x f lin tc ti a.
2. Nu cng lin tc ti a th ) ( ), ( x g x f ) ( ) ( x g x f + lin tc ti a.
3. Nu lin tc ti a th ) (x f ) (x f lin tc ti a.
4. Nu lin tc ti a th lin tc ti a. ) ( ), ( x g x f ) ( ). ( x g x f
5. Nu lin tc ti a v ) ( ), ( x g x f 0 ) ( x g th
) (
) (
x g
x f
lin tc ti a.
Ch :
nh l trn c pht biu tng t cho cc hm lin tc trn cng khong X
63
Nu v lin tc ti a th v cng lin tc ti a. ) (x f ) (x g ) , ( g f Sup ) , ( g f Inf
Vi R X g f Sup : ) , ( R X g f Inf : ) , (
)) ( ), ( ( x g x f Sup x a )) ( ), ( ( x g x f Inf x a
Tht vy ) (
2
1
) , ( g f g f g f Sup + + + =
) (
2
1
) , ( g f g f g f Inf + + =
Chng minh nh l 1 tng t nh chng minh nh l v cc php ton i s ca hm c
gii hn hu hn.
nh l 2: Cho R Y g X a R X f : , ; : v
Nu lin tc ti a v lin tc ti
. ) ( Y X f
) (x f ) ( y g ) (a f b = th hm hp lin tc ti a. )) ( ( x f g
Chng minh tng t nh chng minh nh l v gii hn ca hm hp.
Ch :
nh l 2 cng c pht biu tng t cho lin tc trn X v f g lin tc trn Y.
S dng nh l 2, nhn c cc gii hn quan trng di y:
V khi tha mn nh l 2 th )) ( lim ( )) ( ( lim x f g x f g
a x a x
= do :
e
x
x
a
a
x
log
) 1 ( log
lim
0
=
+
(2.4)
c bit 1
) 1 ln(
lim
0
=
+
x
x
x
(2.5)
) 1 0 ( , ln
1
lim
0
< =
a a
x
a
x
x
(2.6)
Tht vy gi . Theo (2.4) s c: ) 1 ( log 1 + = = y x a y
a
x
a
e y
y
x
a
a a
y
x
x
ln
log
1
) 1 ( log
lim
1
lim
0 0
= =
+
=

( )
=
+

x
x
x
1 1
lim
0
(2.7)
Gi ( ) ) 1 ln( ) 1 ln( 1 1 y x x y + = + + =

( )
=
+
+
= =
+

x
x
y
y
x
x y
x
x
x x x
) 1 ln(
) 1 ln(
lim
) (
lim
1 1
lim
0 0 0

T trn d dng nhn c nh l sau:
64
nh l 3: Mi hm s s cp xc nh ti a x = th lin tc ti a.
2.4.3 Tnh cht ca hm s lin tc trn mt on
Cho [ ] R b a f , : l lin tc, b a < .
A. Tnh tr mt ca hm s lin tc
nh l 1: Nu lin tc trn ) (x f [ ] b a, v 0 ) ( ). ( < b f a f th tn ti ( ) b a c ,
0 ) ( = c f
Chng minh: Thc hin phng php chia i on [ ] b a, . Nu trong qu trnh chia i
tm c im c s dng li. Nu khng tm c c th nhn c dy cc on lng nhau
trong v [ (
n n
b a , ]) 0 ) ( , 0 ) ( > <
n n
b f a f
n
n n
a b
a b
2
= .
Suy ra 0 ) ( ) lim ( ) ( lim = =

c f a f a f
n
n
n
n
v 0 ) ( ) lim ( ) ( lim = =

c f b f b f
n
n
n
n

trong . Vy ) , ( b a c 0 ) ( = c f .
nh l 2: Nu lin tc trn ) (x f [ ] b a, khi nhn gi tr trung gian ) (x f
gia v ngha l: ) (a f ) (b f
[ ] [ ] = ) ( , , , ) ( ), ( c f b a c b f a f
Chng minh :
nh l l ng vi hoc ) (a f = ) (b f = .
Gi s ) ( ) ( b f a f < v xt ). ( ) ( b f a f < < t = ) ( ) ( x f x g lin tc trn [ ] b a, v
. Theo nh l 1 th tn ti 0 ) ( , 0 ) ( > < b g a g ) , ( b a c 0 ) ( = c g hay = ) (c f .
B. Tnh b chn ca hm s lin tc
nh l 3: Hm s lin tc trn ) (x f [ ] b a, th t c gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn
ngha l: [ b a, ]
[ ] [ ] b a x b a x x
M m
, , ,
,
c ) ( ) ( ) (
M m
x f x f x f
Chng minh :
Trc ht chng minh b chn trong ) (x f [ ] b a, . Gi s khng b chn, tc l: ) (x f
[ ] n x f b a x N n
n n
) ( , ,
b chn nn theo nh l Bolzano-Weierstrass tn ti dy con ca n ) (
n
x
( ) [ ] ( ) . ,
0 k n n
n x f b a x x
k k

Chuyn qua gii hn s c + = ) (
0
x f . V l v lin tc ti . ) (x f
0
x
Gi v .
[ ]
) (
,
x f Inf m
b a
=
[ ]
) (
,
x f Sup M
b a
=
65
Ly [ ] 0 ) (
1
, , ,
1
*
> = m x f
n
b a x N n
n
n n
.Theo nh l Bolzano-Weierstrass
( )
k
n
x l dy con ca ( v )
n
x
[ ]
>

0 ) (
1
,
m x f
n
b a x x
k
k
n
k
m n

Qua gii hn s c m x f x f
m n
k
k
= =

) ( ) ( lim
Tng t
M
x
[ ]
M x f Sup x f
b a
M
= = ) ( ) (
,

H qu: Nu lin tc th [ ] R b a f , : [ ] ( ) [ ] R M m b a f = , ,
Trong
[ ] [ ]
) ( ), (
, ,
x f Sup M x f Inf m
b a b a
= =
2.4.4 Tnh lin tc u
A. nh ngha: Cho . Ni rng lin tc u trn R X f : f X nu
( ) < < > > ) " ( ) ' ( " ' : " , ' , 0 , 0
2
x f x f x x X x x
Ch rng trong nh ngha ny s R khng ph thuc vo v , n khc vi tnh
lin tc ca hm ti a,
' x " x
f c th ph thuc vo a.
H qu: Nu lin tc u trn ) (x f X th lin tc trn X .
iu ny l hin nhin, v ly ' x a = bt k th iu kin lin tc ti a l tho mn.Tuy
nhin, mt hm s lin tc trn
) (x f
) (x f X c th khng lin tc u trn X
chng hn xt hm s cho bi . Tht vy R R f :
2
) ( x x f =
sao cho ( )
2
" , ' , 0 , 0 R x x > > < " ' x x v
2 2
" ' x x
Ly
2
1
" ' , " + =
+
x x R x khi
2
1
" ' = x x v + =
2 2 2
4
1
" " ' x x x
nu ly
= " x . C th chn
2
1
" ,
2
1
= = x v
2
1
2
1
' + = x
nh l Hyne (Heine)
Nu lin tc trn on ng ) (x f [ ] b a, , R b a , th lin tc u trn [ ]. b a,
Chng minh :
Chng ta lp lun phn chng nh sau: Gi s khng lin tc u , tc l ) (x f
( ) [ ]
2
, " , ' , 0 , 0 b a x x > > c < " ' x x v ) " ( ) ' ( x f x f
ly ,
*
N n ( ) [ ]
2
, " , ' ,
1
b a x x
n
n n
=
66
sao cho
n
x x
n n
1
" ' < v ) " ( ) ' (
n n
x f x f
V b chn nn tn ti dy con (
n
x' ) ( )
k
n
x' hi t v [ ] b a c , , c tng ng dy con
( )
k
n
x" ng nhin b chn.
Vy tn ti mt dy con ca n ( )
j
k
n
x" hi t v [ ] b a c , .
R rng
n
x x
j
k
j
k
n n
1
" ' < v qua gii hn suy ra c=d ng thi:
) " ( ) ' (
j
k
j
k
n n
x f x f .Qua gii hn, do tnh lin tc suy ra
) ( ) ( c f c f . V l.
V d 1: Chng minh rng x x f = ) ( lin tc u trn khong [ ) + , 0
Gii:
Ly , hm s lin tc u trn 0
0
> x [ ]
0
, 0 x
Ly tu trn [
2 1
, x x )
2 1 0
, , x x x < +
Ta c <
<
+
=
0
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 x
x x
x x
x x
x x

2 1 0
, , 2 , 0 x x x = > sao cho < < ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
x f x f x x
Vy lin tc u trn [ ) + ,
0
x .
Hp hai khong li ta nhn c x x f = ) ( lin tc u trn [ ) + , 0
V d 2: Chng minh rng khng lin tc u trn x x f
2
cos ) ( = [ ) + , 0
Gii: Ta phi ch ra

2 1
, , , 0 x x > sao cho <
2 1
x x m ) ( ) (
2 1
x f x f
Tht vy: R k x k x k
k k
+ = = >

) 1 2 ( , 2 , , 0
2 1

< <
+ +
= + =
k k k
k k x x
k k
2 2 ) 1 2 (
2 ) 1 2 (
1 2

(Ly
2
2
> k ) 2 cos cos

2
1
2
2
=
k k
x x ( ly 2 = ).
67
Chng 3: Php tnh vi phn hm s mt bin s
CHNG III: PHP TNH VI PHN HM S MT BIN S

3.1. O HM
T nay v sau (n ht mc 3.8) lun k hiu X R X f , : v X khng thu v
mt im, tc l X l khong no trn R , v
X
R l tp cc nh x ni trn, cn l
th ca hm s .
f
C
f
3.1.1. o hm ti mt im
3.1.1.1. nh ngha o hm ti mt im
Cho . Ni rng kh vi ti a nu tn ti gii hn hu hn
X
R f X h a X a + , , f

h
a f h a f
h
) ( ) (
lim
0
+

Gii hn ny thng k hiu hay ) ( ' a f ) (a
dx
df
gi l o hm ca ti a. f
T s
x
a f
h
a f h a f
) ( ) ( ) (
=
+
gi l t s ca cc s gia hm s v s gia i s.
3.1.1.2. nh ngha o hm mt pha
1. Cho X h a X a + , . Ni rng kh vi phi ti a nu tn ti gii hn hu hn f

h
a f h a f
h
) ( ) (
lim
0
+
+

Gii hn ny k hiu l , gi l o hm phi ca ti a. ) ( ' a f
p
f
2. Cho . Ni rng kh vi tri ti a nu tn ti gii hn hu hn X h a X a + , f

h
a f h a f
h
) ( ) (
lim
0
+

Gii hn ny k hiu l , gi l o hm tri ca ti a. ) ( ' a f
t
f
H qu 1: kh vi ti a iu kin cn v l kh vi tri v phi ti a ng thi

f f
) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' a f a f a f
p t
= =
H qu 2: (iu kin cn ca hm kh vi)
Nu kh vi ti a th lin tc ti a f f
68
Chng minh: Ly
*
R h X h a +
r rng
h
a f h a f
h a f h a f
) ( ) (
. ) ( ) (
+
+ = +
m ) ( ) ( ) ( '
) ( ) (
0 0
a f h a f a f
h
a f h a f
h h
+
+

chng t lin tc ti a. f
Ch :
1. c th lin tc ti a nhng khng kh vi ti a chng hn cc hm di y v th ca
chng trn hnh 3.1. m t iu
f
cho bi
R
R f x x f = ) ( . lin tc ti 0 nhng khng kh vi ti 0 v
h
h
khng c gii
hn khi , y ta thy 0 h ) 0 ( ' 1 1 ) 0 ( '
p t
f f = =
cho bi
+
R
R f x x f = ) ( lin tc ti 0 nhng khng kh vi ti 0 v vi
*
+
R h
+ =
+
0
1
h
h h
h

cho bi
R
R f
=
0 0
0 ,
1
sin .
) (
x
x
x
x
x f

lin tc ti 0 v ) 0 ( 0 ) (
0
f x x f
x
=

nhng khng kh vi v

h h
h
h
1
sin
1
sin .
= khng c gii hn khi 0 h
y y
h
x
x f(x)
1

-1 0 1 x 0 x

H.3.1
69
2. Nu kh vi phi (hoc tri) ti a th lin tc phi (hoc tri) ti a. f f
3. Nu kh vi phi v tri ti a th lin tc ti a. f f
3.1.1.3. ngha hnh hc ca o hm
Nu kh vi ti a th tn ti tip tuyn ca th ti im . Tip tuyn ny
khng song song vi trc 0y v c h s gc l .
f
f
C )) ( , ( a f a A
) ( ' a f
Trng hp khng kh vi ti a m tn ti v . Lc gi im
l im gc ca ,v hai bn tip tuyn ti A khng song song vi nhau.
f ) ( ' a f
t
) ( ' a f
p
f
C a f a A )) ( , (
f
C
Trng hp khng kh vi ti a nhng c f
+
+
+
hoc
0
) ( ) (
h
h
a f h a f

hoc +
+
hoc
0
) ( ) (
h
h
a f h a f

th ti ng cong c mt bn tip tuyn song song vi 0y. )) ( , ( a f a A
f
C
Hnh 3.2. m t cc ni dung trn.

y y

f
C

f
C
) (a f ) (a f

0 a x 0 a x

H.3.2

3.1.1.4. ngha c hc ca o hm
Cho cht im chuyn ng ti thi im t c nh v bi vc t bn knh ) (t r (Xem
hnh 3.3.)

70
z

) (t r

0 y

x
H.3.3

Gi ) (t r r = l phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im.
Gi s ti thi im vc t bn knh ca cht im l
2 1
,t t ) ( ), (
2 1
t r t r
Gi
1 2
1 2
1 2
) ( ) (
t t
t r t r
t t
r
v
TB
=

l vn tc trung bnh t thi im n
1
t
2
t
Vn tc tc thi ) (
1
t v ca cht im ti thi im s l gii hn ca t s trn khi

1
t
0
1 2
t t
) (
) ( ) (
lim ) (
1
.
1 2
1 2
1
1 2
t r
t t
t r t r
t v
t t
=
=

Vy vn tc tc thi ca cht im chnh bng o hm ca vc t bn knh theo thi gian t.
3.1.2. Cc php tnh i s ca cc hm kh vi ti mt im
nh l 1: Cho v kh vi ti a khi f g
1. kh vi ti a v g f + ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( )' ( a g a f a g f + = +
2. f R , kh vi ti a v ) ( ' . ) ( )' ( a f a f =
3. kh vi ti a v g f . ) ( ' ). ( ) ( ). ( ' ) ( )' . ( a g a f a g a f a g f + =
4. Nu 0 ) ( a g th
g
f
kh vi ti a v
) (
) ( ' ). ( ) ( ). ( '
) (
2
'
a g
a g a f a g a f
a
g
f
=

71
Chng minh :
1.
( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ) (
1
) ( ) (
1
) )( ( ) )( (
1

0
a g a f a g h a g
h
a f h a f
h
a g f h a g f
h
h
+ + + + = + + +

2. ( ) ( ) ) ( ' ) ( ) (
1
) )( ( ) )( (
1
0
a f a f h a f
h
a f h a f
h
h
+ = +

3. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( . ) ( ) (
1
) )( ( ) )( (
1
a g h a g a f h a g a f h a f
h
a fg h a fg
h
+ + + + = + )

( ) ( ) ) ( ' ). ( ) ( ). ( ' ) ( ) (
1
) ( ) ( . ) ( ) (
1
0
a g a f a g a f a g h a g
h
a f h a g a f h a f
h
h
+
+ + +
+ =

do ) ( ) (
0
a g h a g
h
+

v g kh vi ti a.
4. Trc ht chng minh
) (
) ( '
) (
1
2
'
a g
a g
a
g
=

) (x g lin tc ti a v 0 ) ( a g vy g khc khng trong mt ln cn ca a, do tn ti
hm
g
1
xc nh ln cn ca a, vi h b th

) ( ) (
) ( ) ( 1
) (
1
) (
1 1
) (
1
) (
1 1
a g h a g
a g h a g
h a g h a g h
a
g
h a
g h +
+
=
+
=

( )
) (
1
). ( '
) ( ) (
1
. ) ( ) (
1
2
a g
a g
a g h a g
a g h a g
h

+
+ =
suy ra
) (
) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) ( '
) (
) ( '
). (
) (
1
). ( ' ) (
1
) (
2 2
' '
a g
a g a f a g a f
a g
a g
a f
a g
a f a
g
f a
g
f
=
+ =
.
nh l 2: (o hm ca hm hp).
Cho vi . Nu kh vi ti a v g kh vi ti
th hm hp kh vi ti a v
R Y g R X f X a : , : , Y X f ) ( f
) (a f gof
( ) ). ( ' . ) ( ' ) ( )' ( a f a f g a gof = (3.1)
Chng minh:
Ly tu sao cho R h X h a + . t
72

=

+
=
0 0
0 ) ( '
) ( ) (
) (
1
h
h a f
h
a f h a f
h
u n
nu

suy ra ) ( ) ( ' ) ( ) (
1
h h a hf a f h a f + + = +
0 ) (
0
1

h
h
Ly tu sao cho R k Y k a f + ) ( . t

( ) ( )
( )
=

+
=
0 0
0 ) ( '
) ( ) (
) (
2
k
k a f g
k
a f g k a f g
k
nu
nu

suy ra ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ' ) ( ) (
2
k k a f kg a f g k a f g + + = +
0 ) (
0
2

k
k
R h sao cho s c X h a +
( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) (
1
h h a hf a f g h a f g h a gof + + = + = +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ' . ) ( ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ) ( ' ) (
1 2 1 1
h h a hf h h a hf a f g h h a hf a f g + + + + + =
( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( h h a f g a hf a f g + + =
trong ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ' . ) ( ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ) (
1 2 1 1
h h a hf h a f a f g h h + + + =
v 0 ) ( , 0 ) (
0
2
0
1

k h
k h suy ra 0 ) (
0

h
h . Dn n

( ) ( )
( ) ) ( ' ). ( '
) ( ) (
0
a f g a f
h
a gof h a gof
h

+

nh l 3: (o hm ca hm ngc).
Gi s n iu ngt v lin tc trn X kh vi ti v R X f : X a 0 ) ( ' a f
Khi hm ngc ca l kh vi ti v f R X f f
) ( :
1
) (a f
( ) ( )
) ( '
1
) (
'
1
a f
a f f =
(3.2)
Chng minh: Theo gi thit tn ti song nh vy tn ti hm ngc lin tc trn
.
f
1
f
) ( X f
{ } ) ( \ ) ( a f X f y chng ta xt
73

( )
) ( '
1
) (
) (
1
) (
) ( ) (
1
1 1
a f
a y f
a f y
a f y
a f f y f

nu 0 ) ( ' a f
Chng t kh vi ti v
1
f ) (a f ( )( ) ( )( ) 1 ) ( ' . ) (
) ( '
1
) (
'
1
'
1
= =

a f a f f
a f
a f f
Nu gi l th ca hm th cc tip tuyn ti
1
f
C
1
f ( )
f
C a f a A ) ( , v
i xng vi nhau qua ng phn gic ca gc phn t th I v III ( )
1
), ( '

f
C a a f A
Hnh 3.4. m t iu

y

1
f
C

f
C
a a
0 ) ( ' a f
) (a f ) (a f 0 ) ( ' = a f

0 a x 0 a x ) (a f ) (a f

H.3.4

3.1.3. o hm trn mt khong (nh x o hm)
A. nh ngha: Cho kh vi ti mi im
X
R f R b a x ) , (
K hiu nh x R b a f ) , ( : '
) ( ' x f x a
l nh x o hm hay o hm ca trn (a,b) thng k hiu hay ) (x f ) ( ' x f
) , ( ), ( b a x x
dx
df
. Cng ni rng kh vi trn ) (x f X b a ) , (
B. Cc tnh cht
Cc nh l di y suy ra mt cch d dng t cc nh l mc 3.12.
74
nh l 1: Cho kh vi trn R X g f : , X , (tc l X b a = ) , ( ) khi .
1. kh vi trn g f + X v ' ' )' ( g f g f + = +
2. f R , kh vi trn X v ' )' ( f f =
3. kh vi trn g f . X v ' ' )' . ( fg g f g f + =
4. trn 0 ) ( x g X th
g
f
kh vi trn X v
2
'
' '
g
fg g f
g
f
=

Bng mt php qui np n gin, nhn c:
Nu v kh vi trn
*
N n
n
f f f ,..., ,
2 1
X th
kh vi trn
=
n
i
i
f
1
X v

= =
=
n
i
i
n
i
i
f f
1
'
1
'
kh vi trn
=
n
i
i
f
1
X v

=
+
=
=
n
k
n k k k
n
i
i
f f f f f f
1
1
'
1 1
'
1
... ...
nh l 2: Cho v . Nu kh vi trn
X
R f
Y
R g f X v g kh vi trn th
kh vi trn
) ( X f gof
X v
' ) ' ( )' ( f of g gof =
M rng ' ) ' )( ' ( )' ( f of g ogof h hogof =
nh l 3: Cho n iu ngt trn
X
R f X , kh vi trn X v trn 0 ) ( ' x f X khi
kh vi trn v
1
f ) ( X f

'
1
)' (
1
f
f =

3.1.4. o hm ca cc hm s thng thng
A. Hm s m
Cho R R f a x f
x
= : , ) (
a a
h
a
a
h
a a
h
x f h x f
x
h
x
x h x
ln
1 ) ( ' ) (
=
+
+
(nh vo cng thc (2.6))
Vy hm m kh vi trn R . c bit
x x
e e = )' (
B. Hm s lgarit
Cho . Hm ngc
*
, log ) (
+
= =
R
a
R f y x x f
y
a x =
a x a a
y a a x
y
y
ln
1
ln
1
' ln ' = = =
75
c bit th x y ln =
x
y
1
' =
C. Hm lu tha
Cho ly logarit c 2 v s c
*
, , ) (
+
= =
R
R f R y x x f
x y ln ln =
S dng o hm ca hm hp ta c

1
'
1 '

= =

x y
x y
y

Trng hp 0 x tu theo biu thc xc nh th ta vn c
1
x
1
'

=

x y
D. Hm lng gic
Cho [ ]
R
f x x f 1 , 1 , sin ) ( =

h
x
h
x
h
x h x sinh
cos
1 cosh
sin
sin ) sin(
+
=
+

h
x
h
h
x
sinh
cos
2
sin 2
sin
2
+ =
Theo cng thc (2.1) suy ra 0
2
sin 2
, 1
sinh
0
2
0

h h
h
h
h

Vy R x x x = , cos )' (sin
Tng t c th ch ra x x f cos ) ( = cng kh vi trn R
v x x x x x sin
2
cos )' (cos
2
sin cos =
+ =
+ =

suy ra tgx kh vi trn
+ Z k k R ,
2
\
v
x tg
x x
x x
x
x
tgx
2
2 2
2 2
'
1
cos
1
cos
sin cos
cos
sin
)' ( + = =
+
=
=
cotgx kh vi trn { } Z k k R , \ v
) cot 1 (
sin
1
)' (cot
2
2
x g
x
gx + = = .
E. Hm lng gic ngc
Cho [ ]
[ ] 1 , 1
, 0 , arccos ) (

= = f y x x f ta s chng minh kh vi trn . ) (x f ) 1 , 1 (
76
Tht vy hm ngc ca n y y x y x
2
cos 1 sin ' cos = = = . v ) , 0 ( y
Vy
2 2
1
1
cos 1
1
)' (arccos
x y
x
=
Tng t
2
1
1
)' (arcsin
x
x
=

2
1
1
)' (
x
arctgx
+
=

2
1
1
)' cot (
x
gx arc
+
=
F. Hm cho theo tham s
Cho di dng tham s
X
R f
R y X x ) , ( : , ) , ( :
C th
= =
=
T t t y
t x
) , ( ) (
) (

vi
Nu y x, kh vi trn T, tn ti hm ngc kh vi v ) (
1
x t

= ) ( ' t khc khng trn T,
th theo cng thc tnh o hm ca hm s ngc v hm s hp s nhn c

) ( '
) ( '
t
t
dx
dy
= (3.3)
G. o hm lgarit
Nu c dng tch ca cc nhn t vi s m c nh hoc ,
th ta c th xt o hm logarit ca tng t nh hm lu tha trong mc C hoc hm s m
trong mc A Sau s dng nh l o hm ca hm hp.
f ) ( , 0 ) ( , x v v x u u u f
v
= > = =
f
Tht vy trong

v u x f = ) ( R , , cn cc hm ) ( ), ( ), ( x x v x u kh vi trn
X v lun dng trn X . Khi .
ln ln ln ) ( ln + + = v u x f

' ' ' '
+ + =
v
v
u
u
f
f
.
) (
' ' '
) ( ' x f
v
v
u
u
x f
+ + =

Hoc c th biu din

w v u
e x f
ln ln ln
) (
+ +
=
Cc cch tnh o hm thng qua cng thc o hm ca hm lgarit gi l o hm lga.
77
H. Bng cc o hm ca cc hm s thng dng
R x y R x const C y = = = 0 '
X X x x y X x R x y = =

1
1
' ,

R x x y R x x y = = cos ' sin
R x x y R x x y = = sin ' cos
+ + = =
+ = Z k k R x x tg
x
y Z k k R x tgx y ,
2
\ 1
cos
1
' ,
2
\
2
2

{ } { } Z k k R x x g
x
y Z k k R x gx y + = = = , \ ) cot 1 (
sin
1
' , \ cot
2
2

R x a a y R x a y
x x
= = ln '

* *
ln
1
' log
+ +
= = R x
a x
y R x x y
a

[ ] ) 1 , 1 (
1
1
' 1 , 1 arcsin
2

= = x
x
y x x y
[ ] ) 1 , 1 (
1
1
' 1 , 1 arccos
2

= = x
x
y x x y
R x
x
y R x arctgx y
+
= =
2
1
1
'
R x
x
y R x gx arc y
+
= =
2
1
1
' cot
R x chx y R x shx y = = '
R x shx y R x chx y = = '
R x x th
x ch
y R x thx y = = =
2
2
1
1
'
{ } { } 0 \ coth 1
1
' 0 \ coth
2
2
R x x
x sh
y R x x y = = =
V d 1: Hy tnh o hm ti 0 ca cc hm s sau (nu c)
1.
=
0 0
0
1
sin
) (
2
1
x
x
x
x
x f

2.
3
1
2
) ( x x f =
3.
3
2
3
) ( x x f =
Gii:
78
1. ) 0 ( ' 0
1
sin
1
sin
) 0 ( ) (
0
2
1 1
f
h
h
h
h
h
h
f h f
h
= = =

2. + = =
0
3
2
3
1
2 2
1 ) 0 ( ) (
h
h
h
h
h
f h f
, khng kh vi ti 0 ) (
2
x f
3. + = =
+
0
3
1
3
2
3 3
1 ) 0 ( ) (
h
h
h
h
h
f h f

0 h
, khng kh vi ti 0 ) (
3
x f
V d 2: Cho kh vi ti
X
R f X a . Hy tm

h
h a f h a f
h
) ( ) (
lim
2
0
+ +

Gii:
) ( '
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2 2
a f
h
a f h a f
h
a f h a f
h
h
h a f h a f

+
+
=
+ +

V d 3: Chng t rng cho bi biu thc di y khng kh vi ti mi
R
R f R x

+
=
Q R x x
Q x x
x f
\ 3
1
) (
nu
nu
Gii: Nhn thy tp Q v R\Q u tr mt ly R x
0

0
\
0
3 ) ( lim 1 ) ( lim
0 0
x x f x x f
Q R x
x x
Q x
x x
= + =
,
lin tc ti th
0
x 1 3 1
0 0 0
= = + x x x
Vy hm khng kh vi ti 1 x
Xt 1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
0
=
+
+
Q h
h
h
h
h
f h f
Q h ,
Xt 1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
\ 1
\
0
=
+
+
Q R h
h
h
h
h
f h f
Q R h ,
Vy khng tn ti ) 1 ( ' f
V d 4: Cho v f g kh vi ti a tnh

a x
x g a f a g x f
a x

) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
lim
Gii:
79
Lp hm s ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( x g a f a g x f x h = kh vi ti a v 0 ) ( = a h
) ( '
) ( ) (
lim
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
lim a h
a x
a h x h
a x
x g a f a g x f
a x a x
=

) ( ) ( ' ) ( ) ( ' a f a g a g a f =
V d 5: V th ca hm s v o hm ca hm s sau y.
1. x x y =
2. x y ln =
Gii:
Trc ht ta hy tnh ) ( ' x y
1.

= =
0
0
2
2
x x
x x
x x y

>
<
=
0 2
0 2
'
x x
x x
y

x y y y y
x
x
y
p t p
x
t
2 ' 0 ) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( ' 0 ) 0 ( ' 0 lim ) 0 ( '
2
0
= = = = =
. , trn R
2.
>
<
= =
0 ln
0 ) ln(
ln
x x
x x
x y

>
<
=
0
1
0 ) 1 (
1
'
x
x
x
x
y

x
y
1
' = vi
*
R x
Hnh 3.5. m t cc th ca y v y

y y

y 2 2
1
-1 -2 -1
0 1 x 0 1 2 x
-1 -1
y -2

H.3.5
80
V d 6 : Tnh o hm ' ca hm s
x
y

=
+ =
arctgt t y
t x ) 1 ln(
2
Gii:
2
1
2
1
1
1
) 1 ln(
) (
'
2
2
2
t
t
t
t
t d
arctgt t d
dx
dy
y
x
=
+
+
=
+
= =
3.2. VI PHN CA HM S
3.2.1. nh ngha vi phn ti mt im
Cho kh vi ti f R f
X
, X a . Vi phn ca ti a k hiu xc nh bi
cng thc
f ) (a df
vi h a f a df ). ( ' ) ( = R h
Vy l mt hm tuyn tnh ca h ) (a df
Xt hm s trn x x f = ) ( R , R x x f = , 1 ) ( ' vy h dx . 1 =
T cng thng k hiu dx a f a df ). ( ' ) ( =
H qu: kh vi ti a iu kin cn v l tn ti hng s ) (x f R v mt
VCB ) (h ti 0 sao cho
) ( ) ( ) ( h h h a f h a f + = + ng thi ) ( ' a f = .
Tht vy kh vi ti a khi v ch khi tn ti ) (x f ) ( ' a f
Ngha l ) ( '
) ( ) (
lim
0
a f
h
a f h a f
h
=
+

Hay l 0 ) ( ) ( '
) ( ) (
0
=
+
h
h a f
h
a f h a f

) ( ). ( ' ) ( ) ( h h h a f a f h a f + = +
Vy = ) ( ' a f
Tng t nh o hm ti mt im, ta nhn c tnh cht i s ca vi phn.
nh l : Nu v kh vi ti
X
R g f , X a th
1. ) ( ) ( ) )( ( a dg a df a g f d + = +
2. ) ( ) )( ( a df a f d = vi R
81
3. ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )( . ( a df a g a dg a f a g f d + =
4. ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) (
1
) (
2
a dg a f a df a g
a g
a
g
f
d =
khi 0 ) ( a g
Ch :
) ( ) ( ) ( a f a f h a f = + l s gia ca hm s ng vi s gia i s h x = . Vy nu
kh vi ti a th vi h kh b s c cng thc tnh gn ng s gia ca hm s ) (x f
) ( ) ( a df a f .
Xt hm hp . Nu kh vi ti a v g kh vi ti theo nh l 2 th kh vi
ti a. Tc l
gof f ) (a f gof
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( . ) ( ' ). ( ' . ) ( ' ). ( ' ) ( a df a f g h a f a f g h a gof a gof d = = = .
Nh vy d x l bin c lp hay bin ph thuc th dng vi phn u ging nhau. Ngi
ta ni vi phn cp 1 c tnh bt bin.
3.2.2. Vi phn trn mt khong
Cho kh vi trn . Vi phn ca hm s trn c xc nh theo
cng thc
X
R f X b a ) , ( ) , ( b a
vi h x f x df ). ( ' ) ( = ) , ( b a x .
Tng t nh nh l trn, ta nhn c nh l sau y.
nh l: Nu kh vi trn th trn khong cng tho mn cc h thc sau. g f , ) , ( b a
1. ) ( ) ( ) )( ( x dg x df x g f d + = +
2. ) ( ) )( ( x df x f d =
3. ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )( . ( x df x g x dg x f x g f d + =
4. ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) (
1
) (
2
x dg x f x df x g
x g
x
g
f
d =
khi 0 ) ( x g
V d 1: Tnh gn ng ' 40 60 sin
o
Gii:
t , ta c x x f sin ) ( = x x f cos ) ( ' =
Chn
3
60

= =
o
o
x , khi
270 180 . 60
. 40
' 40

= = = h
82
Theo cng thc xp x ta c:

. 872 , 0 006 , 0 866 , 0
270 2
1
2
3
270
. 60 cos 60 sin ' 40 60 sin
= + = +
+
o o o

V d 2: Mt hnh cu bng kim loi bn knh R , khi nng ln bn knh n thm mt on
R . Tnh th tch mi ca hnh cu mt cch chnh xc v gn ng.
p dng bng s cm R cm R 1 , 0 , 5 = =
Gii:
Cng thc tnh th tch V ca hnh cu l:

3
3
4
R V =
Sau khi gin n, bn knh hnh cu l R R + , th tch mi ca hnh cu tnh chnh xc l:

3 3 3
868 , 176 ) 1 , 0 5 (
3
4
) (
3
4
cm R R V V = + = + = +
Nu tnh gn ng, ta xem: dV V ( S gia ca th tch gn bng vi phn) v khi th
tch
3
3
4
R V

= xem nh hm s ca i s R . Vy:

3 2
2
10 1 , 0 . 5 . 4
. 4 '.
cm
R R R V dV
R

= =
= =
Th tch ban u ca hnh cu:

3 3 3
666 , 166 5
3
4
3
4
cm R V = = =
Vy th tch mi ca hnh cu tnh gn ng l:

3
666 , 176 cm dV V V V = + +
Sai s tuyt i trong bi ton ny l:

3 3 3
202 , 0 666 , 176 868 , 176 cm cm cm =
Nh vy sai s tng i l:
0011 , 0
868 , 176
202 , 0
= =

83
3.3. O HM V VI PHN CP CAO
3.3.1. o hm cp cao
A. nh ngha
1. Cho kh vi trn f X , nu kh vi ti ) ( ' x f X a th ni rng c o hm cp 2 ti a
v k hiu o hm l . Tng t o hm cp n ca ti a, k hiu l
chnh l o hm ca hm ti a.
f
) ( " a f ) (x f ) (
) (
a f
n
) (
) 1 (
x f
n
2. Ni rng kh vi n cp n (hay n ln) trn ) (x f X khi v ch khi tn ti trn ) (
) (
x f
n
X , trong l o hm ca
*
N n ) (
) (
x f
n
) (
) 1 (
x f
n
3. Ni rng kh vi v hn ln trn ) (x f X khi v ch khi kh vi n ln trn ) (x f X ,
. Sau y thng k hiu N n ) ( ) (
) 0 (
x f x f =
Ch :
Nu kh vi n ln trn f X th N q p , sao cho n q p + ta c
( )
) (
) (
) ( q p
q
p
f f
+
=
Tp xc nh ca thng cha trong tp xc nh ca
) (n
f
) 1 ( n
f
B. nh l
Cho kh vi n ln trn
X
R g f N n R , , ,
*
X , khi trn X c cc h thc sau y:
( )
) ( ) ( ) ( n n n
g f g f + = +
1. ( )
) ( ) ( n n
f f =
2. gi l cng thc Leibnitz ( )

=
=
n
k
k n k k
n
n
g f C fg
0
) ( ) ( ) (
3. trn 0 ) ( x g X th
g
f
kh vi n ln trn X
Chng minh:
1. v 2. c chng minh d dng bng qui np
3. chng minh qui np theo n nh sau:
Vi n =1, cng thc ng theo nh l 2 trong 3.1.3.
Gi s kh vi (n+1) ln trn g f , X v cng thc Leibnitz ng vi n tc l:
l tng ca nhng kh vi trn ( )

=
=
n
k
k n k k
n
n
g f C g f
0
) ( ) ( ) (
.
) ( ) ( k n k
g f

X nn tn
ti ( ) v
) 1 (
.
+ n
g f
84
( )

=
+
+
=
+
=
+
=
+ +
+ = + =
n
k
k n k k
n
n
l
l n l l
n
n
k
k n k k
n
n
k
k n k k
n
n
g f C g f C g f C g f C g f
0
) 1 ( ) (
1
1
) 1 ( ) ( 1
0
) 1 ( ) (
0
) ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
.
(v v )

+
=
+
+
=
+
+ =
1
0
) 1 ( ) (
1
0
) 1 ( ) ( 1
n
k
k n k k
n
n
l
l n l l
n
g f C g f C 0
1
=
n
C 0
1
=
+ n
n
C
( )

+
=
+
+
+
=
+
= + =
1
0
) 1 ( ) (
1
1
0
) 1 ( ) ( 1
.
n
k
k n k k
n
n
k
k n k k
n
k
n
g f C g f C C
4. Qui np theo n.
Vi n =1 ta c cng thc
2
'
' '
g
fg g f
g
f
=
chng t rng
g
f
kh vi
Gi s rng kh vi (n+1) ln v tnh cht ng vi n. V kh vi n ln
trn
g f , ' , , , ' g f g f
X nn v kh vi n ln trn ' ' fg g f
2
g X . Theo gi thit qui np
2
' '
g
fg g f
kh vi n
ln trn X nh vy
g
f
kh vi (n+1) ln trn X .
3.3.2. Vi phn cp cao
A. nh ngha
1. Nu kh vi n cp n ti f X a th biu thc gi l vi phn cp n ti a k
hiu l . Vy l hay
n n
h a f ). (
) (
) (a f d
n n n n
h a f a f d ) ( ) (
) (
=
n n n
dx a f a f d ) ( ) (
) (
=
2. Nu kh vi n cp n trn f X th vi phn cp n ca trn f X c k hiu l
v xc nh theo cng thc sau X x x f d
n
), (

n n n n n
dx x f h x f x f d X x ) ( ) ( ) ( ,
) ( ) (
= =
B. Cng thc tnh vi phn cp cao
T nh l v o hm cp cao, trc tip nhn c cc cng thc tnh vi phn cp cao di
y
nh l: Nu kh vi n cp n trn g f , X th khi
1. g d f d g f d
n n n
+ = + ) (
2. Vi f d f d R
n n
= ) ( ,
3.
=
n
k
k n k k
n
n
g d f d C g f d
0
. ) . (
4. Nu 0 ) ( x g th
g
f
c vi phn n cp n.
85
Ch :
Khng c cng thc n gin cho
) (n
g
f
cng nh
g
f
d
n
.
Tnh bt bin ca vi phn b ph v khi ly vi phn cp cao (t 2 tr ln), V d sau s
chng t iu . Cho hm hp , trong gof
( )
6 2 3
) ( ) ( , ) ( x x f g f f g x x f = = =

2 4 2 5
30 ) ( 6 ) ( dx x x g d dx x x dg = =
Mt khc
2 2
) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( df f g d fdf f dg = =
m
2 4 2 4 2 2
30 18 ) ( 3 dx x dx x f g d dx x df = =
3.3.3. Lp ca mt hm
A. nh ngha
1. Cho , Ta ni thuc lp (k hiu ) trn N n f
n
C
n
C f X nu kh vi n ln trn f
X v lin tc trn
) (n
f X .
2. Ni rng trn
C f X nu kh vi v hn ln trn f X .
3. Ni rng trn
0
C f X nu lin tc trn f X .
Ch : Nh vy, mt hm c th kh vi n ln trn X nhng cha chc thuc .
n
C
Chng hn

=
0 0
0 ,
1
sin
) (
2
x
x
x
x
x f
,

kh vi trn R nhng khng thuc lp trn
1
C R
Tht vy

=

=
0 0
0 ,
1
cos
1
sin 2
) ( '
x
x
x x
x
x f
,

khng c ) ( ' lim
0
x f
x
4. Ni rng tng khc trn
n
C f [ ] b a, khi v ch khi tn ti
trn [ ]
R a a N p
p
,..., ,
0
*

n
C f ) 1 ,..., 0 ( ,
1
=
+
p i a a
i i

Chng hn
( ]
[ ]
=
nu
nu
0 , 1 0
1 , 0
) (
2
x
x x
x f
86

( ]
[ ]
=
0 , 1 0
1 , 0 2
) ( '
x
x x
x f
nu
nu

Vy trn [
1
) ( C x f ] 1 , 1

( ]
[ ]
=
0 , 1 0
1 , 0 2
) ( "
x
x
x f
nu
nu

2
C f tng khc trn [ ] 1 , 1
B. nh l
nh l 1: Nu trn
n
C g f , X th
1. trn
n
C g f + ) ( X
2. trn
n
C f R X ,
3. trn
n
C fg X
4.
n
C
g
f
trn X khi X x x g 0 ) (
nh l ny thc cht l h qu ca nh l trong mc 3.3.1.
nh l 2: Cho v . Nu v thuc lp th
trn
X
R f Y X f R g
Y
) ( , f g
n
C
n
C gof X
Chng minh : Qui np theo n.
Vi n =1 nh l ng (theo nh l 2 trong mc 3.1.3.)
Gi s nh l ng vi n, cho trn
1
,
+
n
C g f X v trn Y . Ta c
' ) ' ( )' ( f of g gof =
V , t gi thit qui np chng t . Hn na Vy tch
n
C g f ' ,
n
C of g '
n
C f '
, chng t
n
C f of g ' ). ' (
1 +
n
C gof
V d 1: Cho R x N m x x f
m
= , , ) (
Tnh vi ) (
) (
x f
n
N n
Gii:
... , ) 1 ( ) ( " , ) ( '
2 1

= =
m m
x m m x f mx x f

k m k
x k m m m x f

+ = ) 1 )...( 1 ( ) (
) (
87
Chng t

>
=
< +
=

m n
m n m
m n x n m m m
x f
n m
n
nu
nu
nu
0
!
) 1 )...( 1 (
) (
) (
V d 2: Chng minh nu x x f sin ) ( = th
+ =
2
sin ) ( ,
) ( *

n x x f N n R x
n

Gii:
Trng hp n =1. ng
+ = =
2
sin cos )' (sin

x x x
Gi s cng thc ng vi n

+ + =
+ =
+ =
+
2
) 1 ( sin
2
cos ) (
2
sin ) (
) 1 ( ) (

n x n x x f n x x f
n n

Tng t cng nhn c
N n x n x x
n

+ = , ,
2
cos ) (cos
) (

V d 3
*
: Cho hy tnh arctgx y = ) (
) (
x y
n
Gii:
V
+ = =
+
= =
2
sin . cos cos
1
1
'
2
2

y y y
x
y tgy x
'
2
cos . cos
2
sin . sin " y y y y y y

+ +
+ =

+ =
+ =
2
2 sin . cos
2
2 cos . cos
2 2

y y y y
Bng qui np suy ra
+ =
2
sin . cos )! 1 (
) (

y n y n y
n n

Ta c y
x
arctg Z = =
2
1
(xt 0 x )
Vy ) ( sin
) 1 (
1
)! 1 (
2
2
) (
Z n
x
n y
n
n
+
=
Hay
+
=

x
arctg n
x
n x y
n
n n
1
. sin
) 1 (
1
)! 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
2
2
1 ) (

88
V d 4: Tnh o hm cp 100 ca hm s x x x f sin ) (
2
=
Gii:
p dng cng thc Leibnitz

=
100
0
) 100 ( ) ( 2
100
) 100 (
) (sin ) ( ) (
k
k k k
x x C x f

) 98 ( 2 2
100
) 99 ( 2 1
100
) 100 ( 2 0
100
) 100 (
) (sin )" ( ) (sin )' ( ) (sin ) ( x x C x x C x x C x f + + =
) 49 sin( 9900
2
99
sin 200 ) 50 sin(
2
+ +
+ + + = x x x x x
x x x x x sin 9900 cos 200 sin
2
=
V d 5: Cho R f ) 1 , 1 ( :

) 1 ( ) 1 (
3 2
) (
2
+
+
=
x x
x
x f hy tnh ) (
) (
x f
n
Gii: Phn tch thnh cc phn thc ti gin ) (x f

1
1
.
4
1
1
1
.
4
1
) 1 (
1
.
2
5
) (
2
+
+
=
x x x
x f

n
n
n
n
n
n n
x
n
x
n
x
n
x f
) 1 (
!
) 1 .(
4
1
) 1 (
!
) 1 .(
4
1
) 1 (
)! 1 (
. ) 1 .(
2
5
) (
1 2
) (
+
+
+
=
+ +

V d 6*: Cho vi ) 1 ln( ) (
1
x x x f
n
n
+ =

) , 1 ( + x .
Chng minh kh vi n ln trn ) (x f ) , 1 ( + v trn c

=
+
=
n
k
k
n
n
x
n x f
1
) (
) 1 (
1
)! 1 ( ) (
Gii:
Cc hm v
1 n
x ) 1 ln( x + kh vi v hn ln trn ) , 1 ( + vy trn
. Chng minh qui np theo n.
C x f
n
) (
) , 1 ( +
+ n =1
x
x f
+
=
1
1
) ( '
1
ng
+ Gi s cng thc ng vi n, theo cng thc Leibnitz
{ } ) ( ) ( ) ( . ) (
) ( 1
1
) 1 (
1
1
) 1 (
1
x f C x xf x f x
dx
d
x f
n
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
n +
+
+
+
+
+
+ = =
89

= =
+
+
+ +
+
=
n
k
k
n
k
k
x
n n
x
k
n x
1 1
1
) 1 (
1
)! 1 )( 1 (
) 1 (
)! 1 (

=
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
n
k
k k k
x
n
x
k
x
k
n
1
1
) 1 (
1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
)! 1 (

+
+
+
=

+
= =
1
2 1
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
)! 1 (
n
l
l
n
k
k
x
l
x
k n
n

+
+
+
+
+
=

=
+
n
k
k n
x
n
x
n
x
n
n
2
1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( 1
)! 1 (

+
=
+
=
1
1
) 1 (
1
!
n
k
k
x
n Vy cng thc ng vi n+1.
Nu s c 0 x

( )
n
n n n
k
k
n
n
x x
x n
x
x
x
n
x
n x f
) 1 (
1 ) 1 ( )! 1 (
1
1
1
) 1 (
1
1
.
1
)! 1 (
) 1 (
1
)! 1 ( ) (
1
) (
+
+
=
+
=
+
=

=

V d 7*: Cho cc a thc v hm s trn ) ( ), ( x Q x P

C f R vi

>
=
0 ) (
0 ) (
) (
x x Q
x x P
x f

chng minh Q P =
Gii:
V c: n C f

Q P Q P f
n n n
deg deg ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 (
) ( ) ( ) (
= = =
Gi s vi
m
m
x a x a a x P + + + = ... ) (
1 0
N n

m
m
x b x b b x Q + + + = ... ) (
1 0
s c m n ,..., 1 , 0 =
n n
b a = tht vy

n
n n
n
b
n
Q
n
P
a b Q a P = = = = = =
!
) 0 (
!
) 0 (
; ) 0 ( ) 0 (
) ( ) (
0 0

) ( ) ( x Q x P =
V d 8*: Cho trn
2
, C g f R v
( )
< +

=
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
0 ) ( ) (
) (
3
x g x g x f
x g x f
x h
nu
nu
90
Chng minh trn
2
C h R
Gii:
D dng nhn c
<
=
0
0 0
) (
3
t t
t
t
nu
nu
Thuc lp trn trn trn

2
C
2
C og R
2
C og f h R + = R .
3.4. CC NH L V GI TR TRUNG BNH
3.4.1. nh l Phc ma (Fermat)
A. im cc tr ca hm s
Cho . Gi hm s t cc tr a phng ti
X
R f X a khi v ch khi tn ti
X a ) (
, ) (a x

tho mn 0 ) ( ) ( a f x f hoc 0 ) ( ) ( a f x f
Trng hp th nht xy ra ni rng t cc tiu a phng ti a, trng hp sau ni
rng t cc i a phng ti a.
f
f
Nu ch c hoc 0 ) ( ) ( > a f x f 0 ) ( ) ( < a f x f ni rng hm s t cc tr a phng
ngt ti a.
B. nh l Fermat
nh l: Nu kh vi ti a v t cc tr a phng ti a th ) (x f 0 ) ( ' = a f
Chng minh: Theo gi thit tn ti ) (a
sao cho ) (a x

ta c 0 ) ( ) ( a f x f
(Ta gi thit hm t cc i a phng)
*
R h sao cho ) (a h a

+ s c

+
<
+
>
0
) ( ) (
0
0
) ( ) (
0
h
a f h a f
h
h
a f h a f
h

Chuyn qua gii hn khi s c 0 h

0 ) ( '
0 ) ( '
a f
a f
0 ) ( ' = a f
Hm t cc tiu a phng cng chng minh tng t
Ch :
Sau ny thng ni rng hm t cc tr ti a theo ngha l t cc tr a phng ti a.
91
Nu hm t cc tr ti a th a phi l im trong ca X . Nh vy nu xc nh
trn [a,b] th khng c khi nim t cc tr ti u mt a v b, c chng ch ni v cc o
hm tri ti b v phi ti a.
) (x f
nh l Fermat c th pht biu tng qut hn: Nu kh vi phi v tri ti a v t
cc i (cc tiu) ti a th
) (x f
v 0 ) ( ' a f
t
0 ) ( ' a f
p

v ) 0 ) ( ' ( a f
t
0 ) ( ' a f
p
Hm s c cc tr ti a cha chc kh vi ti a
Chng hn

=
0 0
0
1
sin
) (
2
x
x
x
x
x f
nu
nu

c cc tiu khng cht ti 0 v Z k
k
f x
x
x =
, 0
1
, 0 ,
1
sin 0
2
.
Tuy nhin khng kh vi ti 0 v

h
h
k
h
f h f
1
sin
) 0 ( ) (
2
=
khng c gii hn khi 0 h

Hm s kh vi ti a v 0 ) ( ' = a f cha chc t cc tr ti a, chng hn

3
) ( x x f =
c tuy nhin Vy n khng c cc tr ti 0. 0 ) 0 ( ' = f

0 0
0 0
3
3
x x
x x
vi
vi
3.4.2. nh l Rn (Rolle)
nh l: Cho tho mn.
[ ] b a
R f
,
1. lin tc trn [a,b] f

2. kh vi trn (a,b) f
3. khi tn ti ) ( ) ( b f a f = ) , ( b a c sao cho 0 ) ( ' = c f

92
y

) ( ) ( b f a f =

0 a c b x

H.3.6

Chng minh:
Theo tnh cht ca hm lin tc trn [a,b] th s t gi tr nh nht m v ln nht
M trn [a,b]
) (x f
;
[ ]
[ ]
) ( ) (
,
,
x f Inf x f Min m
b a
b a
= =
[ ]
[ ]
) ( ) (
,
,
x f Sup x f Max M
b a
b a
= =
Nu m=M th ) , ( 0 ) ( ' ) ( b a x x f const x f = =
Nu m<M, v nn khng c ng thi ) ( ) ( b f a f = ) (a f M = v hoc
v . Chng t hm t gi tr nh nht m hoc ln nht M ti im
Tc l hoc theo nh l Fermat th
) (b f m =
) (a f m = ) (b f M =
) , ( b a c ) ( ) ( x f c f ) ( ) ( x f c f 0 ) ( ' = c f
Ch :
nh l Rolle c th minh ho hnh hc nh sau :
Tn ti t nht mt im ( )
f
C c f c M ) ( , vi ) , ( b a c ti tip tuyn ca song
song vi trc 0x. Xem hnh 3.6.
f
C
im tng ng s ) , ( b a c ) 1 , 0 ( sao cho ) ( a b a c + =
3.4.3. nh l s gia hu hn. (nh l Lagrng (Lagrange))
nh l: Cho tho mn:
[ ] b a
R f
,
1. Lin tc trn [a,b]

2. Kh vi trn (a,b), khi tn ti ) , ( b a c sao cho
) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) ( c f a b a f b f =
Chng minh:
93
Xt hm xc nh bi
[ ] b a
R
,

a b
a f b f
x f x
=
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( R rng ) (x lin tc trn
[a,b], kh vi trn (a,b) v ) ( ) ( ) ( a f b a = = . Theo nh l Rolle tn ti sao cho ) , ( b a c
0 ) ( ' = c
0
) ( ) (
) ( ' ) ( ' =
=
a b
a f b f
c f c
Suy ra
a b
a f b f
c f
=
) ( ) (
) ( ' hay ) )( ( ' ) ( ) ( a b c f a f b f =
Nh vy h c f a f ). ( ' ) ( = trong b a h = +
h a c + = ), 1 , 0 (
Ch :
nh l Lagrange c th minh ho hnh hc nh sau :
Tn ti t nht mt im ( )
f
C c f c M ) ( , vi ) , ( b a c m tip tuyn ti song song vi
ng thng AB, trong ( ) ( ) ) ( , ) ( , b f b B a f a A , . Xem hnh 3.7.
H qu 1: (nh l gii hn ca o hm )
Cho tho mn
) , (
0
), , (
b a
R f b a x
1. lin tc ti ) (x f
0
x
2. kh vi trn ) (x f { }
0
\ ) , ( x b a
3. l x f
x x
=
) ( ' lim
0
khi kh vi ti v lin tc ti f
0
x ) ( ' x f
0
x
Chng minh:
V nn l x f
x x
=
) ( ' lim
0
0 , 0 > > sao cho
{ } < < < l x f x x x b a x ) ( ' 0 : \ ) , (
0 0

p dng nh l Lagrange trn [ ]
0
, x x , nh vy tn ti ) , (
0
x x c
x
sao cho
) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) (
0 0 x
c f x x x f x f = v ng nhin
< <
0 0
x x x c
x

T suy ra < =
l c f l
x x
x f x f
x
) ( '
) ( ) (
0
0

iu ny chng t v t iu kin ca nh l suy ra lin tc ti . l x f = ) ( '
0
) ( ' x f
0
x
94

y

B ) (b f

f
C

A
) (a f
0 a c b x

H.3.7

Ch :
Chng ta nhn c nh l tng t i vi o hm tri hoc phi
H qu 2: Cho tho mn
[ ] b a
R f
,
1. lin tc phi ti a f
2. kh vi trn (a,b) f
3. l x f
a x
=
+
) ( ' lim khi c l

h
a f h a f
a f
h
p
=
+
=
+
) ( ) (
lim ) ( '
0

H qu 3: Cho tho mn.
) , ( b a
R f
1. lin tc ti f ) , (
0
b a x
2. kh vi trn f { }
0
\ ) , ( x b a
3. ) ( , ) ( ' lim
0
+ =
x f
x x
khi ) ( ,
) ( ) (
lim
0
0
0
+ =
x x
x f x f
x x

3.4.4. nh l s gia hu hn suy rng (nh l Csi(Cauchy))
nh l: Cho tho mn:
[ ] b a
R g f
,
,
1. lin tc trn [a,b] g f ,
2. kh vi trn (a,b) g f ,
3. ) , ( 0 ) ( ' b a x x g . Khi tn ti ) , ( b a c sao cho
) ( '
) ( '
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
c g
c f
a g b g
a f b f
=

95
Chng minh:
Trc ht thy ngay ) ( ) ( b g a g , v nu ) ( ) ( b g a g = , theo nh l Rolle suy ra tn ti
) , ( b a c 0 ) ( ' = c g , v l theo gi thit.
Xt hm s cho bi
[ ] b a
R
,

( ) ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( a g x g
a g b g
a f b f
a f x f x
=
Hm tho mn cc iu kin ca nh l Rolle nn tn ti ) , ( b a c 0 ) ( ' = c ,
tc l 0 ) ( '
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ' =
c g
a g b g
a f b f
c f hay
) ( '
) ( '
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
c g
c f
a g b g
a f b f
=

Ch :
Thy ngay rng nh l Lagrange l trng hp ring ca nh l Cauchy
(ly trn [a,b] ) x x g = ) (
nh l Rolle l trng hp ring ca nh l Lagrange (cho ). ) ( ) ( b f a f =
V d 1: Cho tho mn
[ b a
R f
,
]
1. lin tc trn [a,b] f
2. kh vi phi v tri trn [a,b] f
3.
Chng minh rng
) ( ) ( b f a f =
) , ( b a c 0 ) ( ' ) ( ' c f c f
p t

Gii:
Tng t nh chng minh nh l Rolle
Nu m =M th r rng const x f = ) ( trn [a,b] suy ra
) , ( b a c c 0 ) ( ' ). ( ' 0 ) ( ' ) ( ' 0 ) ( ' = = = = c f c f c f c f c f
p t p t

Nu m<M. Gi s hm t Maximum ti f ) , ( b a c
Vy nu th 0 > h 0
) ( ) (
+
h
c f h c f

nu th 0 < h 0
) ( ) (
+
h
c f h c f

Qua gii hn khi s c 0 h 0 ) ( ' c f
p
v 0 ) ( ' c f
t
Cui cng suy ra 0 ) ( ' ). ( ' c f c f
t p

96
V d 2: Cho kh vi trn (a,b), a > = = b f a f b f a f
t p
) , ( , ,
3 2 1
b a c c c
0 ) ( ' ) ( ' , 0 ) ( ,
3 1 2 3 2 1
= = = < < c f c f c f c c c
Gii:
0 0 ) ( , 0 ) ( '
) ( ) (
lim > = > =
a f a f
a x
a f x f
p
a x
b :
) , ( + a a x c chng hn 0 ) ( > x f 0
2
>
a f
tng t 0 > b 0
2
<

b f . V lin tc trn f

+
2
,
2

b a nn
) , (
2
,
2
2
b a b a c
+

sao cho 0 ) (
2
= c f . p dng nh l Rolle cho cc on [ ]
2
, c a v
s [ ] b c ,
2 2 1
, c c 0 ) ( ' ) ( '
3 1
= = c f c f trong b c c c a < < < <
3 2 1
.
V d 3*: Cho kh vi trn tp f X . Chng minh nh ( ) ) , ( ' b a f l mt khong ca R
trong
2
) , ( X b a
Gii:
Gi s a<b v ) ( ' ) ( ' b f a f < ly ( ) ) ( ' ), ( ' b f a f k s chng minh tn ti
) , ( b a d k d f = ) ( ' .
K hiu
a b
a f b f
t
=
) ( ) (
0
, [ ] ) ( ' ,
0
a f t U = , [ ] ) ( ' ,
0
b f t V =
Xt hm
=
a x a f
a x
a x
a f x f
x
nu
nu
) ( '
) ( ) (
) (
) (x lin tc trn [a,b] v
0
) ( ), ( ' ) ( t b a f a = = theo nh l v gi tr trung bnh
chng t [ ] ( ) b a U ,
Tng t xt
=
b x b f
b x
b x
b f x f
x
nu
nu
) ( '
) ( ) (
) (
Suy ra ) ( ), ( ' ) ( , ) (
0
x b f b t a = = lin tc trn [ ] [ ( ) b a V b a , , ]
97
m . Do nu ( ) V U b f a f ) ( ' ), ( ' ( ) ) ( ' ), ( ' b f a f k th tn ti chng hn ) , ( b a c
) , ( ) , (
) ( ) (
) ( b a c a d k
a c
a f c f
c =
= k d f = ) ( '
V d 4*: Cho lin tc trn [a,b], kh vi trn (a,b) tr ra n im trn (a,b). Chng minh
rng tn ti n+1 s dng
f
1 1
,...,
+ n
sao cho v n+1 s 1
1
1
=
+
=
n
i
i
) 1 ,..., 1 ( ), , ( + = n i b a c
i
sao cho b c c a
n
< < < <
+1 1
... tho mn
) ( ) ( ' ) ( ) (
1
1
a b c f a f b f
n
i
i i

=

+
=

Gii:
Gi s khng kh vi ti cc im f n i a
i
, 1 , = v b a a a a
n
< < < < < ...
2 1

p dng nh l Lagrange cho n+1 khong ta c
) )( ( ' ) ( ) ( : ) , (
1 1 1 1 1
a a c f a f a f a a c =
) )( ( ' ) ( ) ( : ) , (
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
a a c f a f a f a a c =

. ..

) )( ( ' ) ( ) ( : ) , (
1 1 n n n n n
a b c f a f b f b a c =
+ +

t
*
1
1 2
2
1
1
,..., ,
+ +

= R
a b
a b
a b
a a
a b
a a
i
n
n

v ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ' ) ( ) ( ... ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
1
a b c f a f a f a f b f a f b f
n
i
i i n

= + + =

+
=

3.5. NG DNG CC NH L V GI TR TRUNG BNH
3.5.1. Cng thc Taylo (Taylor), cng thc Maclranh (McLaurin)
A. nh ngha
1. Cho hm kh vi n cp (n+1) ti f X a tc l ti ln cn ca a v c o
hm cp n+1 ti a. Gi a thc vi
n
C f
) (x P
n
n x P
n
) ( deg tho mn iu kin
n k a f a P
k k
n
, 0 ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
= =
l a thc Taylor ca ti ln cn im a, hay l phn chnh qui ca khai trin hu hn
bc n ti a ca
) (x f
) (x f
98
2. Nu a = 0 th gi l a thc McLaurin ca ) (x P
n
) (x f
B. nh l
Nu l a thc Taylor ca ti ln cn ca a th n l duy nht v c dng ) (x P
n
) (x f

n
n
n
a x
n
a f
a x
a f
a f x P ) (
!
) (
... ) (
! 1
) ( '
) ( ) (
) (
+ + + =
Chng minh:
Gi s tn ti a thc th hai l khi hiu l a thc c
bc khng vt qu n v c nghim
) (x Q
n
) ( ) ( x Q x P
n n

a x = bi n+1 chng t ) ( ) ( x Q x P
n n
=
t
n
n n
a x A a x A A x P ) ( ... ) ( ) (
1 0
+ + + =
) ,..., 1 , 0 (
!
) (
) ( ! ) (
) (
) ( ) (
n k
k
a f
A a f A k a P
k
k
k
k
k
n
= = = =
Chng t
=
=
n
k
n
k
n
a x
k
a f
x P
0
) (
) (
!
) (
) (
C. Cng thc Taylor
Cho l a thc Taylor ca ti ln cn ca a ) (x P
n
) (x f
1. Gi ) ( ) ( ) ( x P x f x r
n n
= l phn d Taylor bc n ti a ca ) (x f
H qu: Phn d c dng: ) (x r
n

1
) 1 (
) (
)! 1 (
) (
) (
+
+
+
=
n
n
n
a x
n
c f
x r vi ) , ( x a c
Hay 1 0 ), ( < < + = a x a c , gi l phn d trong dng Lagrange
Chng minh:
R rng 0 ) ( ... ) ( ' ) (
) (
= = = = a r a r a r
n
n n n
t v 0 ) ( ... ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ' 1
= = = = =
+
a G a G a G a x x G
n n
)! 1 ( ) (
) 1 (
+ =
+
n a G
n
Vi a x v ) (a x

, theo nh l Cauchy s c

) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) (
) (
a G x G
a r x r
x G
x r
n n n
= =
) (
) (
1
'
1
'
c G
c r
n
, ) , (
1
x a c
) c (a, ,
1
=
=
2
2
2
'
1
'
1
'
1
'
) ( "
) ( "
) ( ' ) ( '
) ( ) (
) (
) (
c
c G
c r
a G x G
a r c r
c G
c r
n n n n

99
Sau (n+1) ln p dng nh l Cauchy, kt qu s l

) (
) (
) (
) (
) 1 (
) 1 (
c G
c r
x G
x r
n
n
n n
+
+
= vi ) , ( ... ) , ( ) , (
1
x a c a c a c
n n

m )! 1 ( ) ( ), ( ) (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
+ = =
+ + +
n c G c f c r
n n n
n
Suy ra
1
) 1 (
) (
)! 1 (
) (
) (
+
+
+
=
n
n
n
a x
n
c f
x r .
2. Gi cng thc
=
+
+
+
+
+ =
n
k
n
n
k
k
a x
n
a x a f
a x
k
a f
x f
0
1
) 1 ( ) (
) (
)! 1 (
)) ( (
) (
!
) (
) (

l
cng thc Taylor bc n , hay khai trin hu hn bc n hm ti ln cn ca a ) (x f
3. Gi cng thc
=
+
+
+
+ =
n
k
n
n
k
k
x
n
x f
x
k
f
x f
0
1
) 1 ( ) (
)! 1 (
) (
!
) 0 (
) (

l cng thc McLaurin bc n,
hay khai trin hu hn bc n ca ti ln cn ca 0. ) (x f
Ch :
Nu b chn ln cn ca a th r rng
) 1 ( + n
f ) (
)! 1 (
) (
) (
) (
) 1 (
a x
n
c f
a x
x r
n
n
n
+
=
+
dn n 0 khi
a x ngha l ( )
n
n
a x x r ) ( 0 ) ( =
Vi gi thit b chn ln cn ca a th c th ly gn ng ln cn ca a
bng a thc vi sai s l
) 1 ( + n
f ) (x f
) (x P
n
( )
n
n
a x x r ) ( 0 ) ( = .
Ngi ta chng minh phn d vit trong dng khc, gi l dng Cauchy:

1
) 1 (
) 1 (
!
) (
) (
+
+
=
n n
n
n
x
n
x f
x r

D. Cng thc McLaurin ca cc hm thng dng
1. . R x e x f
x
= , ) (
Ta thy trn
C f R v N k f
k
= 1 ) 0 (
) (
Suy ra ) ( 0
!
0
n
n
k
k
x
x
k
x
e + =
=

2.
= C f R x x x f , , sin ) (

+ =
=
= =
+ =
1 2 , ) 1 (
2 0
2
sin ) 0 (
2
sin ) (
) ( ) (
m k
m k
k
f k x x f
m
k k

,

100

=
+
+
+
+
=
n
m
n
m
m
x
m
x
x
0
2 2
1 2
) ( 0
)! 1 2 (
) 1 ( sin
Tng t
=
+
+ =
n
m
n
m
m
x
m
x
x
0
1 2
2
) ( 0
)! 2 (
) 1 ( cos .
3. , X x R x x f + = , , ) 1 ( ) (
X ph thuc . Vi x ln cn ca 0 th

C f

k k
x k x f

+ + =

) 1 )( 1 )...( 1 ( ) (
) (
) 1 )...( 1 ( ) 0 (
) (
+ = k f
k

Suy ra
=
+
+
+ = +
n
k
n k
x x
k
k
x
1
) ( 0
!
) 1 )...( 1 (
1 ) 1 (

.
Cc trng hp c bit:
Vi 1 =
) ( 0 ) 1 ( ... 1
1
1
2 n n n
x x x x
x
+ + + =
+

) ( 0 ... 1
1
1
2 n n
x x x x
x
+ + + + + =

Vi
2
1
=
) ( 0
8
1
2
1
1 1
2 2
x x x x + + = +
Vi
2
1
=
) ( 0
8
3
2
1
1
1
1
2 2
x x x
x
+ + =
+

4. ) 1 ln( ) ( x x f + = , ln cn 0 th
C f
! . ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 1 (
!
) 1 ( ) (
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
n f
x
n
x f
n n
n
n n
=
+
=
+
+
+

) ( 0 ) 1 ( ...
2
) 1 ln(
1
2
n
n
n
x
n
x x
x x + + + = +

5. R x arctgx x f = , ) (
(Xem v d mc 3.3.3.)
+ =
=
=

1 2 , )! 2 2 ( ) 1 (
2 0
) 0 ( ,
1
) (
m k m
m k
f C f
m
k
nu
nu

101
Vy ) ( 0
1 2
) 1 (
...
5 3
2 1 2
1 5 3
m m
m
x x
m
x x
x arctgx +
+ + + =

6. ln cn ca 0.
= C f tgx x f , ) (
Ta biu din ) ( 0
3
! 4 ! 2
1
! 5 ! 3
cos
sin
3
3
4 2
5 3
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
tgx + + =
+
+
= =
3.5.2. Qui tc Lpitan (LHospital)
Cho tho mn cc iu kin sau:
X
R g f X a , ,
1. lin tc ti a v kh vi ln cn { } a a \ ) (

2. { } a a x x g \ ) ( 0 ) ( '

3. l
x g
x f
a x
=
) ( '
) ( '
lim
Khi l
a g x g
a f x f
a x
=
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
lim .
Chng minh:
< < < > > l
x g
x f
a x x
) ( '
) ( '
0 : , 0 , 0
Ly { } a a x \ ) (
sao cho < < a x 0 . Theo nh l Cauchy s tn ti

{ } a a c
x
\ ) (
sao cho a x a c
x
< < 0 c
) ( '
) ( '
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
x
x
c g
c f
a g x g
a f x f
=

Chng t

<
> > l
a g x g
a f x f
a x
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( , 0 , 0
ngha l l
a g x g
a f x f
a x
=
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
lim
Ch :
Nu th r rng qui tc LHospital cho ta iu kin tm gii hn
dng
0 ) ( ) ( = = a g a f
0
0
l
x g
x f
x g
x f
a x a x
= =

) ( '
) ( '
lim
) (
) (
lim
102
Nu = =

) ( lim ) ( lim x g x f
a x a x
, th bng cch xt cc hm s
) (
1
x f
v
) (
1
x g
v nh vy
cng nhn c iu kin tm gii hn dng
.
Nhn thy rng trong php chng minh qui tc LHospital nu hoc kt qu
vn ng.
= a = l
Cn lu rng qui tc LHospital ch cho iu kin tm gii hn. Bi v khi khng
tn ti
) ( '
) ( '
lim
x g
x f
a x
vn c th tn ti
) (
) (
lim
x g
x f
a x
. Chng hn :

2
1
2
cos
lim =
+

x
x x
x
. Tuy nhin
2
sin 1
lim
)' 2 (
)' cos (
lim
x
x
x x
x x
=
+

khng tn ti
tm
) ( '
) ( '
lim
x g
x f
a x
ng nhin c th p dng qui tc LHospital trong v f g thay
bi v ' . Nh vy, trong mt bi ton tm gii hn , c th lp li qui tc LHospital mt s
ln.
' f g
V d 1: Hy phn tch n
x
e
sin 3
x
Gii:
V th nn 0 x 0 sin x ) (sin 0 sin
6
1
sin
2
1
sin 1
3 3 2 sin
x x x x e
x
+ + + + =
) ( 0
6
1
sin
4 3
x x x x + =
( ) ( ) ) ( 0 ) ( 0
6
1
) ( 0
2
1
6
1
1
3 5 3 4 2 3 sin
x x x x x x x e
x
+ + + + + + =
) ( 0
2
1
1
3 2
x x x + + + =
V d 2: Tnh
) cos 1 (
sin
lim
0
x x
x x
x

Gii:
p dng cc cng thc khai trin hu hn s nhn c

3
1
) ( 0
2
) ( 0
6
1
lim
) cos 1 (
sin
lim
3
2
4 3
0 0
=
+
+
=

x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x

V d 3: Tnh
x
x e
x
x
sin
cos 1 1
lim
0

+

103
Gii:
( ) ) ( 0 ) ( 0 ) ( 0 1 1 1 x x x x x x e
x
+ = + = + =

) ( 0
2
) ( 0
2
) ( 0
2
1 1 cos 1
3
2
3
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x + = + =
+ =
) ( 0 ) ( 0
6
sin
4
3
x x x
x
x x + = + =
Vy 1 lim
) ( 0
) ( 0
2
) ( 0
lim
sin
cos 1 1
lim
0 0 0
= =
+
+
=

+ + +

x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x e
x x
x
x

V d 4. Tm
a.
x
x
x

) 1 ln(
lim
0
+
,
b. , ln lim
0
x x
x
) 0 ( >
Gii:
a. Nhn xt
x
x
x
x
x
x x x

) 1 ln(
lim
1
lim
)' (
))' 1 (ln(
lim
0 0 0
+
= =
+
=
+

b. I
x
x
x x
x x
= =
+ +

1
ln
lim ln lim
0 0
, 0 lim
)'
1
(
)' (ln
lim
0 0
=
=
+ +

x
x
x
x x

Vy I=0.
V d 5: Tnh
a.
x
x
x
ln
lim
+
, ) 0 ( >
b.
x
x
a
x
+
lim , ) 0 , 1 ( > > a
Gii:
a. 0
1
1
)' (
)' (ln
1
= =

x x
x
x
x
khi + x chng t 0
ln
lim =
+

x
x
x

b.
a a
x
a
x
x x
ln )' (
)' (
1
=

, ly o hm hu hn n ln sao cho 0 n . Khi

104
0
ln
) 1 )...( 1 (
+
+
x
n x
n
a a
x n

chng t 0 lim =
+
x
x
a
x

Vy ta cng so snh c cc VCL ti
x
a x x , , ln

vi nhau. Kt qu c trong mc
1.3.2.
V d 6: Bng phng php lga hy tnh cc gii hn sau y

x
x
x
x
x
x
gx I
x
x
I x I
ln
1
0
3
cos 1
1
0
2
0
1
) (cot lim ,
sin
lim , lim
+ +
= =
Gii:
(theo v d 4) 0 ln ln
0
+
=
x
x
x x x
1
0
1
= = e I

x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
cos 1
ln sin ln
sin
ln
cos 1
1 sin
ln
cos 1
1

x x
x x x
x
x x
2
sin
sin cos
)' cos 1 (
)' ln sin (ln

=

3
1
cos 2
sin
1
cos sin 2 sin
sin
)' sin (
)' sin cos (
0
2 2

+
=
+
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x x

3
1
2
= e I
gx
x
gx
x
cot ln
ln
1
) ln(cot
ln
1
=
1
cos sin
1
)
sin
1
(
cot
1
)' (ln
)' cot (ln
0
2
=
=
+
x
x x
x
x
x gx
x
gx

1
3

= e I
3.6. S BIN THIN CA HM S
3.6.1. Tnh n iu ca hm kh vi
nh l 1: Cho tha mn:
[ ] b a
R f
,
1. f lin tc trn on [a,b]

2. f kh vi trn khong (a,b)
105
3. ) , ( , 0 ) ( ' b a x x f = khi f(x) khng i trn [a,b]
Chng minh:
Ly bt k . Theo nh l Lagrange tn ti sao cho ] , [ ,
2 1
b a x x ) , (
2 1
x x c
) ( ) ( 0 ) )( ( ' ) ( ) (
2 1 1 2 1 2
x f x f x x c f x f x f = = = v ty vy f(x) khng i trn
[a,b], tc l f(x)=const trn [a,b]
1 1
, x x
nh l 2: Cho f lin tc trn [a,b], kh vi trn (a,b). f tng trn [a,b] th cn v l
) , ( , 0 ) ( ' b a x x f
Chng minh:
* Gi s f tng trn [a,b]. Cho sao cho , ta c:

*
0
), , ( R h b a x ) , (
0
b a h x +
0
) ( ) (
0 0
+
h
x f h x f

Qua gii hn khi nhn c 0 h 0 ) ( '
0
x f
* Ngc li, gi s . Ly ty 0 ) ( ' ), , ( x f b a x ] , [ ,
2 1
b a x x . p dng nh l
Lagrange trn s c sao cho: ] , [
2 1
x x ) , (
2 1
x x c
) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) (
1 2 1 2
c f x x x f x f =
) ( 0 )) ( ) ( )( (
1 2 1 2
x f x f x f x x tng trn [a,b]
Thay f bi f s nhn c nh l trong trng hp hm gim.
nh l 3: Cho f lin tc trn [a,b], kh vi trn (a,b). f tng ngt trn [a,b], iu kin cn
v l
a. ) , ( , 0 ) ( ' b a x x f
b. Tp } 0 ) ( ' ), , ( { = x f b a x khng cha bt k mt khong c phn trong khng
rng no.
Chng minh:
Gi s f tng ngt trn [a,b]. Theo nh l 2 ta c:
) , ( 0 ) ( ' b a x x f
Nu cha mt khong c phn trong khng rng tc l tn ti } 0 ) ( ' ), , ( { = x f b a x
0 > b , c f(c)=0 sao cho } 0 ) ( ' ), , ( { ) , ( = + x f b a x c c hay l
0 ) ( ' ), , ( = + x f c c x . Theo nh l 1 th f(x)=const trn ] , [ + c c , iu ny mu
thun v f(x) tng ngt trn [a,b]. Chng t tp cc khng im ca f(x) khng cha bt k
khong no c phn trong khng rng.
106
Ngc li, gi s ) , ( 0 ) ( ' b a x x f v tp cc khng im ca f(x) khng cha bt
k khong no c phn trong khng rng. Theo nh l 2, r rng f tng trn [a,b]. Gi s f tng
khng ngt, tc l ) , ( ,
2 1
b a x x sao cho
2 1
x x < v ) ( ) (
2 1
x f x f = v f tng trn [a,b] nn
] , [
2 1
x x x ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
x f x f x f x f x f x f = = trn . Vy ] , [
2 1
x x
} 0 ) ( ' , { ) , (
2 1
= x f x x x mu thun vi gi thit.Chng t f tng ngt trn [a,b]
3.6.2. iu kin hm s t cc tr
nh l 1: Cho . Nu tn ti ln cn
X
R f X a ) (
v trn 0 ) ( ' x f ) , ( a a v
trn 0 ) ( ' x f ) , ( a a + th f c mt cc i ti a.
nh l ny suy trc tip t nh l 2 trong mc 3.6.1 v nh ngha cc tr ca hm s.
nh l 2: Cho ti ln cn
n
C f ) (a
v tha mn iu kin:
0 ) ( , 0 ) ( ... ) ( '
) ( ) 1 (
= = =

a f a f a f
n n
Khi :
a. Nu n chn th f(x) t cc tr ti a: t cc tiu nu , t cc i nu
.
0 ) (
) (
> a f
n
0 ) (
) (
< a f
n
b. Nu n l th f(x) khng t cc tr ti a.
Chng minh:
Trong ln cn b ca a, ta c cng thc Taylor ti ln cn :

n
n
n
n
a x
n
f
a x
n
a f
a x
a f
a f x f ) (
) (
) (
)! 1 (
) (
... ) (
! 1
) ( '
) ( ) (
) (
1
) 1 (
+
+ + + =

) , ( , ) (
!
) (
) ( ) (
) (
x a a x
n
f
a f x f
n
n
+ =

a. Nu n chn th 0 ) (
n
a x
Gi s f
(n)
(a)>0, do tnh lin tc ca f
(n)
(x) ln cn a nn suy ra trong
. Vy f t cc tiu ti a.
0 ) (
) (
>
n
f
) (a
Gi s f
(n)
(a)>0, khi ) ( ) ( a f x f chng t f t cc i ti a.
b. Nu n l, i du ln cn (
n
a x ) ) (a
trong khi . Gi s
do tnh lin tc ca f
0 ) (
) (
a f
n
0 ) (
0
) (
> = f a f
n (n)
(x) nn ln cn kh b ca a. Lc
c du thay i khi x i qua a. Vy
0 ) (
) (
>
n
f
n n
a x f ) )( (
) (

) ( ) ( a f x f < nu a x <
107
nu ) ( ) ( a f x f > a x > vi x kh gn a.
Suy ra f(x) khng t cc tr ti a.
V d 1: Cho sao cho R R g R R f
+
: , :
( ) y x g y x y f x f R y x . ) ( ) ( , , v 0 ) 0 ( =
+
g
Chng minh f l hng s trn R.
Gii:
Ly x c nh ty trn R
( ) y x g
y x
y f x f
x y

) ( ) (
:
Qua gii hn, v ) ( ' 0
) ( ) (
lim 0 ) 0 ( x f
y x
y f x f
g
x y
= =
=

+

Theo nh l 1 th f(x)=const trn R.
V d 2: Cho , f b chn, kh vi n cp 2 v . Chng minh f l
hm gim.
R R f
+
: 0 ) ( " x f
Gii:
V tng. Gi s ) ( ' 0 ) ( " x f x f R c f(c)>0 th theo nh l Lagrange i vi
f(x) trn [c,x], sao cho ) , (
1
x c c c x >
) )( ( ' ) )( ( ' ) ( ) (
1
c x c f c x c f c f x f =
+ +
+ x
c x c f c f x f ) )( ( ' ) ( ) (
Chng t f(x) khng b chn. Vy ) ( 0 ) ( ' x f x f gim trn R.
V d 3: Tm cc khong tng, gim v cc tr ca hm s:
3
2
3
2
) 1 ( + = x x y

Gii: Hm s xc nh v kh vi trn R x { } 1 ; 0 \ R

+ =
3 3
/
1
1 1
3
2
x x
y
khi 0
/
= y
3 3
1 = x x . Gii phng trnh ny nhn c
2
1
= x
108
T biu thc ca ta c bng bin thin ca hm s:
/
y

x 0
2
1
1 +

y - + 0 - +
+
3
4 +

y 1 1
Vy hm s gim trong cc khong ) 1 ;
2
1
( ), 0 ; (
hm s tng trong cc khong ) ; 1 ( ),
2
1
; 0 ( +
1 ) 1 ( ) 0 (
min
= = = y y y

3
max
2 )
2
1
( = = y y
3.7. BI TON TM GI TR LN NHT, GI TR B NHT
Bi ton: Cho hm s xc nh trn tp ) (x f X . Tm gi tr b nht (GTBN) , gi tr
ln nht (GTLN) ca hm s trn tp .
Ni rng hm t GTBN l m ti ) (x f X x
1
khi v ch khi :
X x x f x f m = ), ( ) (
1

Ni rng hm t GTLN l M ti ) (x f X x
2
khi v ch khi :
X x x f x f M = ), ( ) (
2

3.7.1. Hm lin tc trn on kn [a,b]
Theo tnh cht lin tc ca hm s trn mt on kn bao gi cng tn ti m,M. Theo nh
l Fermat nu hm kh vi ti x
0
v t cc tr ti th f(x
0
)=0. V cc tr c tnh a phng nn
cc im ti hm t GTBN, GTLN ch c th l hoc cc im ti hm s khng kh vi
hoc cc im lm o hm trit tiu hoc cc im a,b. T cc quy tc tm m, M tng ng
x
1
, x
2
nh sau:
a. Tm cc gi tr f(a), f(b).
b. Tm cc gi tr ca hm s ti cc im hm s khng kh vi.
c. Tm gi tr ca hm s ti cc im lm trit tiu o hm f(x).
109
d. So snh cc gi tr tm c trn tm ra gi tr b nht, l m, tm ra gi tr ln
nht, l M.
3.7.2. Hm lin tc trn khong m, khong v hn
Trong trng hp ny, thay v tnh f(a), f(b), ta tm gii hn ca hm s khi x dn ti a,
dn n b, hoc dn n. Tuy nhin phi xem xt hm s c t c gii hn ny khng. Cc
bc tip theo thc him nh mc trn.
V d 1: Tm GTBN, GTLN ca hm s 3 0 ) 2 (
3
2 2
= x x x y
Gii:

3
9 ) 3 ( , 0 ) 0 ( = = y y
Hm s kh vi trn khong (0,3)\{2}. 0 ) 2 ( = y .
0
) 2 (
1
3
4
'
3
=
=
x x
x
y khi 1 = x , 1 ) 1 ( = y
{ } 0 9 , 1 , 0 min
3
= = m t c ti 2 , 0 = = x x
{ }
3 3
9 9 , 1 , 0 max = = M t c ti 3 = x
V d 2: Tm GTBN, GTLN ca hm s + < = x x y
x
1 , 0 ,
Gii:
Hm s kh vi trn khong ) ; 1 , 0 ( + .
+ = = =
+ +
x
x x
x y y lim lim ,
10
1
) 1 , 0 (
10

khi 0 ) 1 (ln ' = + = x x y
x 1
= e x

e
e e y
1
1
) (

=
Vy
e e
e e
m
1
10
1
1
10
1
,
1
min =
= t c ti
1
= e x
Hm s khng c GTLN.
3.8*. HM LI
3.8.1. Khi nim v hm li, hm lm v im un
A. nh ngha
1. nh x c gi l li nu R X f :
110
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ) 1 ( ( ], 1 , 0 [ , ,
2 1 2 1 2 1
x f x f x x f X x x + +
Ni rng f l lm khi v ch khi f l li.
th ca hm li f trn (a,b) c m t trn hnh 3.8.
t
f
C x f x M x f x M x x x )), ( , ( )), ( , ( , ) 1 (
2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1
+ = l th ca hm s f

y
x
1
x
x
2
x
1
M
2
M
0
) (x f
) (
1
x f
) (
2
x f
) ( ) 1 ( ) (
2 1
x f x f +

H.3.8

Nh vy nh x f li khi v ch khi vi bt k cp im ca , mi im
c honh nm gia cc honh ca M
) , (
2 1
M M
f
C
f
C M
1
v M
2
u nm pha di on M
1
M
2
. Ni
cch khc ng cong nm di mi dy cung tng ng
2. Cho . Gi s m f li (lm) trn [a,b], f lm (li) trn [b,c] .
Khi im U(b,f(b)) gi l im un ca th C
X
R f ] , [ ] , [ c b b a X =
f
ca hm s. Nh vy im un l im phn
bit gia cc cung li v cung lm ca th hm s.
B. nh l
nh l 1: f l li trn X iu kin cn v l X a , t s gia ti a ca f tng trn
, tc l } { \ a X

a x
a f x f
x
a
=
) ( ) (
) ( tng trn . } { \ a X
Chng minh:
Ly ty sao cho a<b<c . Gi A(a,f(a)), B(b,f(b)), C(c,f(c)) v P(AB), P(AC),
P(BC) l cc h s gc ca cc ng AB, AC, BC. Nh vy
X c b a , ,
) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( AC P c AB P b
a a
= = .
111
Nh vy nh l c chng minh khi ta ch ra ) ( ) ( AC P AB P l iu kin cn v ca
hm li.
t c a b ) 1 ( + = , trong ] 1 , 0 [
=
a c
b c

f li c ngha l:
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ) 1 ( ( c f a f c a f + +

a c
a f c f
a b
a f b f
c f a b a f b c b f a c
+
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

hay ) ( ) ( AC P AB P
nh l 2 : (Bt ng thc Jensen)
Nu li , sao cho
th s
c
X
R f ] 1 , 0 [ ,..., , ; ,..., , ,
2 1 2 1
*

n n
X x x x N n
=
=
n
k
k
1
1

= =

n
k
k k
n
k
k k
x f x f
1 1
) (
Chng minh: Qui np theo n
Vi n=1 ng, vi n =2 ng theo nh ngha hm li.
Gi s tnh cht trn ng vi , ta i chng minh tnh cht cng ng vi
n+1.
*
N n
Cho v X x x x
n

+1 2 1
,..., , ] 1 , 0 [ ,..., ,
1 2 1

+ n
sao cho .
=
=
n
k
k
1
1
Nu 0 ...
2 1
= = = =
n
bt ng thc mun c l hin nhin.
Gi s ) 0 ,..., 0 , 0 ( ) ,..., , (
2 1

n
gi v
=
+
> = =
n
k
n k
1
1
0 1

=
=
n
k
k k
X x x
1
1
'

v v f li, suy ra X x x x
n
,..., ,
2 1
) ( ) ' ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ' ( ) ) 1 ( ' (
1 1 1 1
1
1
+ + + +
+
=
+ = + + =
n n n n
n
k
k k
x f x f x f x f x x f x f
Theo gi thit qui np:

= = =
=
=
n
k
n
k
k k k
k
n
k
k
k
x f x f x f x f
1 1 1
) (
1
) ( ) ' (

112
Do ] 1 , 0 [
k
v
=
=
n
k
k
1
1
suy ra

+
=
+
=

1
1
1
1
) (
n
k
k k
n
k
k k
x f x f
3.8.2. iu kin hm li
nh l 1: Gi s f l li trn X khi f kh vi phi v tri ti mi im trong ca X v
sao cho a<b<c, ta c X c b a , ,

b c
b f c f
b f b f
a b
a f b f
p t
) ( ) (
) ( ' ) ( '
) ( ) (

Chng minh: Theo nh l 1,
b c
b f c f
x
b
=
) ( ) (
) ( tng trn } { \ b X
Cho v ) , [ b a u ) , ( c b v s c:
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( c v u a
b b b b
. Nh vy ) (x
b
tng trn [b,c) v b chn di bi ) (u
b
.
Theo mc G ca 2.2.2. ) (x
b
c gii hn phi ti b, chnh l f(b) v
) ( ) ( ' ) ( ) ( c b f u a
b b b b

T suy ra ) (x
b
tng trn [a,b) v b chn di bi . Vy n c gii hn tri ti
b, gii hn l v
) ( ' b f
p
) ( ' b f
t
) ( ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( c b f b f a
b p t b

Ch :
f li trn [a,b] th lin tc trn (a,b) (Theo mc 3.1)
f li trn [a,b] c th gin on ti a hoc lin tc ti a hoc khng kh vi phi ti a.
nh l 1 v cc ch c minh ha trn hnh 3.9.

y
A
C
B
t
a b c x 0
y
x 0
1
= =
=
1 , 0 , 1
) 1 , 0 ( , 0
) (
x x
x
x f

y
x 0
1
-1 1
] 1 , 1 [ 1 1 ) (
2
= x x x f ,

H.3.9
113
nh l 2: Cho kh vi. f li trn X iu kin cn v l f tng trn X
X
R f
Chng minh:
Gi s f li trn X , ly sao cho X b a , b a < . Theo nh l 1 ta c:
) ( ' ) ( '
) ( ) (
) ( ' x f b f
a b
a f b f
a f
tng trn X
Ngc li cho f(x) tng trn X, cho X b a , sao cho a<b v ] 1 , 0 [ , t
b a x ) 1 ( + = ( cc trng hp a=b hoc 1 , 0 = = l tm thng). p dng nh l
Lagrange cho f trn [a,x], [x,b] th tn ti ) , ( ), , ( b x d x a c sao cho
) ( ' ) )( 1 ( ) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) ( c f a b c f a x a f x f = =
) ( ' ) ( ) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) ( d f a b d f x b x f b f = =
V f tng nn )) ( ) ( )( 1 ( )) ( ) ( ( ) ( ' ) ( ' x f b f a f x f d f c f . Ngha l
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( b f a f x f +
Chng t f li trn X.
H qu 1: Cho f kh vi hai ln trn X. f l li iu kin cn v l 0 ) ( " x f
H qu 2: u(a,f(a)) l im un ca th hm vi , f kh vi hai ln
trn X , iu kin cn v l f(a)=0 v f(x) i du khi x i qua im a.
X
R f X a
V d 1: Xt tnh li, lm v tm im un ca th hm s 0 , ln > = a
x
a
x
a
y
Gii:
Hm s kh vi mi cp khi . 0 > x
) ln 1 ( '
2
x
a
x
a
y + =
) ln 2 3 ( "
3
x
a
x
a
y + =
khi 0 "= y 0 ln 2 3 = +
x
a
hay
2
3
ae x =
Ta c khi 0 "< y
2
3
.e a x > v khi 0 "> y
2
3
ae x < .
Vy hm s lm trong khong
2
3
, 0 ae , li trong khong
+ ,
2
3
ae v
2
3
ae x
U
= v
2
3
2
3

= ae y
U

114
V d 2: Cho f(x)=xlnx trn ) , 0 ( +
a. Chng minh f l li trn ) , 0 ( +
b. Chng minh ) , 0 ( , , , + b a y x c
b a
y x
y x
b
y
y
a
x
x
+
+
+ + ln ) ( ln ln
Gii:
a. , 1 ln ' + = x f 0
1
" =
x
f . Vy f li trn ) , 0 ( +
b. Ly
b
y
x
a
x
x = =
2 1
, v
b a
a
+
=

b
y
b
y
b a
b
a
x
a
x
b a
a
b a
y x
b a
y x
b
y
f
b a
b
a
x
f
b a
a
b
y
b a
b
a
x
b a
a
f
ln ln ln
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

hay
b
y
y
a
x
x
b a
y x
y x ln ln ln ) ( +
+
+
+
3.9. TIM CN CA NG CONG
3.9.1. Khi nim chung v tim cn
ng thng ( ) c gi l tim cn ca ng cong C
f
nu nh khong cch t
mt im n ( ) dn n 0 khi (Tc l M chy ra v cng trn
ng cong C
f
C y x M ) , ( + +
2 2
y x
f
). Xem hnh 3.10
u
y
y
x
x
) (
) , ( y x M
f
C
0
H

H. 3.10
115
Nh vy iu kin cn ng cong C
f
c tim cn l ng cong c nhnh ra v
cng. Hn na C
f
v tim cn ca n vn c th giao nhau.
3.9.2. Phn loi v cch tm tim cn
A. Tim cn ng (Tim cn song song vi trc tung)
ng x=a

l tim cn ng ca ng cong ) (x f y = khi v ch khi
=
) ( lim x f
a x

Gii hn trn c th bao hm c trng hp , . ng vi
tng trng hp s nhn c tim cn ng pha trn hoc pha di, bn phi hoc bn tri
ng cong C

+
y a x a x , , + y
f
. S a chnh l cc im ca hm s.
B. Tim cn ngang (Tim cn song song vi trc honh)
ng y=b l tim cn ngang ca ng cong ) (x f y = khi v ch khi
b x f
x
=

) ( lim
Tu theo x hay + x ta c tim cn ngang bn tri hay bn phi.
C. Tim cn xin (Tim cn khng song song vi cc trc to )
ng + = x y , 0 l tim cn xin ca ng cong ) (x f y = khi v ch khi
[ ]
=
=

x x f
x
x f
x
x
) ( lim
) (
lim

Tu theo x hay + x ta c tim cn xin bn tri hay bn phi.
R rng v pha no khi c tim cn ngang y=b th khng th c tim cn xin bi v
khi 0
) (
lim =

x
x f
x
v ngc li.
V d: Tm cc tim cn ca ng cong cho bi phng trnh
)
1
ln(
x
e x y + =
Gii: Hm s xc nh khi 0
1
> +
x
e hay 0 ) 1 ( > + x ex . Suy ra
e
x
1
< hoc x>0.
Vy tp xc nh ) , 0 ( )
1
, ( + =
e
X
e
x
x
e x
e
x
1
)
1
ln( lim
1
= + = +

l tim cn ng.
116
1 lim =

x
y
x

e
x
x
e
x
x
x
e
x
e x x y
x x x x
1
1
1
1
).
1
(
lim
1
1 )
1
ln(
lim 1 )
1
ln( lim ) ( lim
2
2
=
=
+
=
+ =

Vy
e
x y
1
+ = l tim cn xin c hai pha.
3.10. BI TON KHO ST HM S
Nhng kt qu trong cc mc trn dn n vic kho st y mt hm s v phng din
nh lng v nh tnh.
S tng th kho st hm s gm cc bc di y
1. Tm min xc nh f (nu nh cha cho) v cc tnh cht c bit ca hm s nh: chn,
l, tun hon (nu c)
2. Xt s bin thin ca hm s: Tm cc khong n iu ca hm s.
3. Tm cc tr (nu c)
4. Xt tnh li, lm ca hm s, im un (nu c)
5. Tm tim cn ca th hm s (nu c)
6. Lp bng bin thin
7. V th
Di y ta s minh ha bi ton kho st hm s qua mt s v d c th.
V d 1: Kho st hm s
1
) (
3
= =
x
x
x f y
Gii:
Tp xc nh : hm s xc nh th 0
1
3
x
x
hay 0
1

x
x
. Vy ] 1 , 0 ( \ R X =
Chiu bin thin:
3
) 1 (
)
2
3
( '
=
x
x
x y trn X
0 ) ( ' = x y khi
2
3
, 0 = = x x Bng xt du ca y
117
x 0 1
2
3
+
y'
- 0 - + 0

gim khi x < 0 hoc y
2
1 < < x
3

Cc tr: T bng xt du ca y suy ra
2
3
min
= x

2
3 3
)
2
3
(
min
= = y y
Tnh li, lm: } 0 { \ , 0
) 1 (
1
4
3
"
5
X x
x x
y
= chng t f(x) li trn X.

Tim cn: + =
+
) ( lim
1
x f
x
Tim cn ng x = 1.

2
1
1
1
1
1
) (

+ =
=
x
x
x
x
x x f
p dng cng thc Taylor cho hm
) 1 ( x +

+ =
2 2
) 1 (
1
0 .
) 1 (
8
1
) 1 ( 2
) (
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x f
Suy ra 0
2
1
) (

+ +
x
x x f
0
2
1
) (
+

x
x x f
Vy tim cn xin
2
1
,
2
1
+ = = x y x y
Bng bin thin
118
x 0 1
2
3
+
y'
- 0 - + 0
y"
+ + +
+
+ +
0
2
3 3
y

th

y
x
1 0
2
3
2
3 3

V d 2: Kho st hm s
2
) 1 )( 1 ( x x
x
y
+
=
Gii:
Tp xc nh: } 1 { \ = R X
Chiu bin thin:
3 2
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1 2
'
x x
x x
y
+ +
+
= trn X
Bng xt du ca y:

x -1 +
y' - +
1
+

119
T bng xt du ca y suy ra y gim trn ) 1 , ( y tng trn ) 1 , 1 ( v ) , 1 ( +
Ngoi ra y khng t cc tr
Tnh li lm:

4 3
2 3
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1 5 3 3
. 2 "
x x
x x x
y
+
+
=
Nhn xt: Phng trnh c duy nht nghim trong 0 1 5 3 3 0 "
2 3
= + = x x x y
khong )
2
3
, 0 ( , gi nghim l x
0
Vy y lm trn ) , 1 ( ), , 1 ( ), 1 , (
0
+ x
y li trn (x
0
,1) v U (x
0
,y (x
0
)) l im un.
Tim cn: =
+

2
1
) 1 )( 1 (
lim
x x
x
x

=
+
+ =
+
+

2
1
2
1
) 1 )( 1 (
lim ,
) 1 )( 1 (
lim
x x
x
x x
x
x x

Nhn c cc tim cn ng 1 = x , ngoi ra 0 lim =

y
x
c tim cn ngang y=0.
Bng bin thin

x -1 1 +
y'
-
-
+
y"
+ -
+ + y
0
x

- 0
+

U
y
0

120
th

y
x
-1 0 1
0
x

121
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn
CHNG IV: PHP TNH TCH PHN
4.1. KHI NIM V TCH PHN XC NH
4.1.1. nh ngha tch phn xc nh
Cho [ ] b a R b a f < , , :
1. Ta gi mt h hu hn cc im , ) (
i
x n i , 0 = sao cho
b x x x x a
n n
= < < < < =
1 1 0
...
l mt phn hoch (hay mt cch chia) on [ ] b a, v gi
i
n i
x Max
1 0
= , trong
1 , 0
1
= =
+
n i x x x
i i i
, l bc ca phn hoch chn. Tp phn hoch l ) (
n

2. Ta gi mt cch chn ng vi phn hoch l mt cch ly n im
i
, sao cho
[ ] 1 , 0 ,
1
=
+
n i x x
i i i
,
3. Ta gi s thc l tng Riman (Riemann) ca hm ng vi mt phn
hoch v mt cch chn.R rng vi
=
=
1
0
) (
n
i
i i
x f f
[ ] b a
R f
,
s c dy v hn tng Riemann K hiu l
) (
n
.
4. Nu 0 m I
n
hu hn ( khng ph thuc vo cch chia on [a,b] v cch
chn cc im
i
ng vi cch chia ) th I gi l tch phn xc nh ca trn f [ ] b a, , K
hiu l , khi ni rng kh tch trn
b
a
dx x f ) ( f [ ] b a, .
Nh vy (4.1)
=
1
0
0
) ( lim ) (
n
i
i i
b
a
x f dx x f
Trong k hiu trn: l du ly tch phn, l ly tch phn t a n b, a l cn di, b l

cn trn ca tch phn,

b
a
x l bin ly tch phn, l hm di du tch phn, dx l vi phn ca
bin ly tch phn.
) (x f
Ch :
Chng ta s nhn c ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh nh sau: Nu
trn th tng Riemann chnh l tng din tch cc hnh ch nht c kch thc tng ng
0 ) ( x f
[ b a, ]
i
x v 1 , 0 ) ( = n i f
i
, . l din tch ca hnh thang gn ng din tch ca hnh thang cong
122
gii hn bi trc Ox, ng cong ca hm s, cc ng thng . Nh vy
chnh l din tch ca hnh thang cong m t trn, k hiu l hnh thang
f
C b x a x = = ,
b
a
dx x f ) ( [ ]
f
C b a , , .
Xem hnh 4.1.
i
i
x
1 + i
x
y
0
a
b x

H.4.1

Nu kh tch trn [ th . Bi v tch phn v phi cng
chnh l gii hn ca dy tng Riemann , v c hai u thc hin phn hoch
vi cng mt hm s . Nh vy tch phn xc nh khng ph thuc vo bin ly tch phn
) (x f ]
]
b a,

=
b
a
b
a
dt t f dx x f ) ( ) (
=
=
1
0
) (
n
i
i i n
x f
[ b a, f
Ngi ta nh ngha c tnh theo cng thc
a
b
dx x f ) (
(4.2)

=
a
b
b
a
dx x f dx x f ) ( ) (
c bit (4.3)
=
a
a
dx x f 0 ) (
4.1.2. iu kin tn ti
A. iu kin cn
nh l: Nu kh tch trn [a,b] th b chn trn [a,b] f f
Chng minh: L lun phn chng:
Gi s khng b chn trn, khi lp c dy con ca f ) (
n
dn n bng cch ly
cc im
+
i
trong ln cn khng b chn trn ca . Chng t khng tn ti gii hn hu hn ca f
123
n
. Vy b chn trn, tng t cng b chn di. Tc l tn ti sao cho f f R M m ,
[ ] b a x M x f m , ) ( ,
B*. Cc tng cbu ( Darboux)
Cho v phn hoch xc nh [ ] R b a f , : ) (
i
x ) , 0 ( n i =
t
[ ] [ ]
1 , 0
1 1
, ,
= = =
+ +
n i f Sup M f Inf m
i i i i
x x
i
x x
i
, , .
Ta gi l cc tng Darboux di v trn, hay tng tch phn
di v tng tch phn trn ca ng vi mt phn hoch xc nh.
,

=
=
= =
1
0
1
0
n
i
i i
n
i
i i
x M S x m s
f
V rng [ ]
1
, ) (
+

i i i i i i
x x M f m , nn S s .
Mt phn hoch nh th l hng s, tng Riemann ph thuc vo S s,
[ ] 1 , 0 ,
1
=
+
n i x x
i i i
. Chng t cc tng Darboux l cn di ng v cn trn ng ca
H qu 1: Nu thm vo im chia mi th tng v gim. s S
Chng minh: Gi s thm vo phn hoch im [ ]
1
, '
+
k k
x x x
Gi l tng Darboux mi, khc vi tng c ch trn . Hy so snh
v
' S S [
1
,
+ k k
x x ]
) (
1 k k k
x x M
+
) ' ( " ) ' ( '
1
x x M x x M
k k k k
+
+
trong
[ ]
f Sup M
x x
k
k
' ,
' = v .
ng nhin
[ ]
f Sup M
k
x x
k
1
, '
"
+
=
k k k k
M M M M " , '
Vy ) ( ) ' ( " ) ' ( '
1 1 k k k k k k k
x x M x x M x x M +
+ +

Chng t gim. Tng t s chng minh c tng. S s
H qu 2: Mi tng Darboux di khng vt qu mt tng Darboux trn.
Chng minh: Gi ng vi
1 1
, S s
1
; ng vi
2 2
, S s
2
. Ta s chng minh . Lp
2 1
S s
3
gm h tt c cc im ca
1
v
2
. Theo h qu 1 s c

2 1 2 3 3 1
S s S S s s
Nh vy tn ti { } S s Sup I =
*

{ } s S Inf I =
*
v .
*
*
S I I s
C*. iu kin cn v hm kh tch
nh l: cho hm kh tch trn [a,b] iu kin cn v l f
(4.4) 0 ) ( lim
0
=
s S
Chng minh: iu kin trn c th din t nh sau

[ ] ) 1 , 0 ( , , , , 0 , 0
1
= < < > >
+
n i x x s S
i i i

124
iu kin cn: Gi s hm kh tch, tc l f
n
dn ti I khi 0 khng ph thuc vo
cch chia [a,b] v cch chn cc im [ ] 1 , 0 , ,
1
=
+
n i x x
i i i
. Ni cch khc
[ ] + < < < < > >
+
I I x x I
n i i i n 1
, , 0 , 0
V s,S l cc cn di ng v cn trn ng ca
n
nn ta c
+ I S s I
Suy ra I S s = =
0 0
lim lim

. Hay l 0 ) ( lim
0
=
s S

iu kin :
Theo h qu 2, S I I s
*
*
Nu v I I I s S = = =
*
*
0
0 ) ( lim
S I s
Mt khc I s S I S s
n n n
=

0
lim
Thng k hiu
i i i
m M = gi l dao ng ca trn f [ ] 1 , 0 , ,
1
=
+
n i x x
i i
.
Nh th
=
=
1
0
n
i
i i
x s S
Vy kh tch trn [a,b] cn v l f
(4.5) 0 lim
1
0
0
=
n
i
i i
x
4.1.3. Lp cc hm kh tch.
nh l 1: Nu lin tc trn [a,b] th kh tch trn on ) (x f
Chng minh: Gi s lin tc trn [a,b] khi lin tc u trn [a,b], tc l f f
< < > >
i i
x , 0 , 0 .
Vy < , s nhn c
0 lim ) (
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
= = <

=
=
n
i
i i
n
i
i
n
i
i i
x a b x x

nh l 2: Nu n iu v b chn trn [a,b] th kh tch trn on . ) (x f
Chng minh: Gi s n iu tng, vy ) (x f ) ( ) (
1 i i i
x f x f =
+

( )
= < < >
= >

=
+
=
1
0
1
1
0
) ( ) ( , 0
) ( ) (
0
n
i
i i
n
i
i i i
x f x f x x
a f b f

0 lim
1
0
0
=

n
i
i i
x
125
H qu: Nu lin tc tng khc trn [a,b] th kh tch trn on . Di y ta
a ra cc nh l v s khng chng minh, v mt lp hm kh tch, lp hm ny cha tt c cc
lp hm xt trn.
) (x f
nh l 3: Nu b chn trn [a,b] v ch c hu hn im gin on th
kh tch trn [a,b].
) (x f ) (x f
nh l 4: Nu kh tch trn [a,b] th ) (x f ) ( ) ( . , ) ( const k x f k x f = cng kh tch
trn [a,b].
nh l 5: Nu kh tch trn [a,b] th tng, hiu, tch ca chng cng kh tch trn
[a,b].
g f ,
nh l 6: Nu kh tch trn [a,b] th kh tch trn mi on [ ] f [ b a, , ] . Ngc li
nu [a,b] c tch ra thnh mt s on v trn mi on hm kh tch th kh tch trn
[a,b].
f
4.1.4. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh
A. Tnh cht
Cho kh tch trn [a,b] v a<b, g f , l hng s.
1. vi

+ =
b
c
c
a
b
a
dx x f dx x f dx x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( b a c
2.

=
b
a
b
a
dx x f dx x f ) ( ) (
3. ( )

+ = +
b
a
b
a
b
a
dx x g dx x f dx x g x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
4. Nu trn [a,b] th 0 ) ( x f 0 ) (
b
a
dx x f
5. Nu th [ b a x x g x f , ), ( ) ( ]

b
a
b
a
dx x g dx x f ) ( ) (
6. Nu trn [a,b], lin tc ti 0 f f [ ] b a x ,
0
v th 0 ) (
0
> x f

>
b
a
dx x f 0 ) (
Tht vy ) (
0
x
) ( ), (
2
1
) (
0 0
x x x f x f

Xt
[ ]
=
) ( \ , 0
) ( ) (
2
1
) (
0
0 0
x b a x
x x x f
x e

126
Suy ra [ ] b a x x e x f , ), ( ) ( . Theo 5.
0 2 ). (
2
1
) ( ) (
0
> =

x f dx x e dx x f
b
a
b
a

7.

b
a
b
a
dx x f dx x f ) ( ) (
8. Nu [ ] b a x M x f m , , ) ( th ) ( ) ( ) ( a b M dx x f a b m
b
a

M dx x f
a b
m
b
a

) (
1
. t
=
b
a
dx x f
a b
) (
1

Gi l gi tr trung bnh ca trn [a,b], khi ta c f
) ( ) ( a b dx x f
b
a
=

Nu lin tc trn [a,b] theo nh l 2 ca mc 2.4.3 s tn ti sao cho ) (x f [ b a c , ]
) (c f = .
=
b
a
a b c f dx x f ) )( ( ) (
Nh vy trn ng cong th ca hm trn [a,b] bao gi cng tm c
im hnh ch nht c kch thc b-a v c din tch bng din tch ca hnh
thang cong
f
C 0 ) ( x f
( ) ( , c f c M ) ) (c f
[ ]
f
C b a , , . Xem hnh 4.2

y
0 x
a
b
A
B
M
M1
M3
2

H.4.2

127
B. nh l tng qut v gi tr trung bnh
nh l: Cho kh tch trn [a,b], a<b, hoc trn [a,b] v
. Khi tn ti
g f , 0 ) ( x g 0 ) ( x g
M x f m ) ( [ ] M m, cho . (4.6)

=
b
a
b
a
dx x g dx x g x f ) ( ) ( ). (
Nu thm iu kin lin tc th tn ti ) (x f [ ] b a c , sao cho
(4.7)

=
b
a
b
a
dx x g c f dx x g x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ). (
Chng minh: Gi s trn [a,b], khi v 0 ) ( x g 0 ) (
b
a
dx x g
) ( ) ( ). ( ) ( x Mg x g x f x mg

b
a
b
a
b
a
dx x g M dx x g x f dx x g m ) ( ) ( ). ( ) (
Nu th Cng thc ng 0 ) ( =
b
a
dx x g =
0 ) ( ). (
b
a
dx x g x f
Nu th 0 ) ( <
b
a
dx x g M dx x g x f
dx x g
m
b
a
b
a

) ( ). ( .
) (
1

t =

=
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
dx x g dx x g x f dx x g x f
dx x g
) ( ) ( ). ( ) ( ). ( .
) (
1

Khi lin tc trn [a,b], s ) (x f [ ] b a c , = ) (c f
v ta c .

=
b
a
b
a
dx x g c f dx x g x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ). (
Trng hp c chng minh tng t. 0 ) ( x g
C. Bt ng thc Csi-Svc( Cauchy-Schwarz) i vi tch phn
nh l: Nu lin tc tng khc trn [a,b] th khi g f ,
.

b
a
b
a
b
a
dx x g dx x f dx x g x f ) ( . ) ( ) ( ). (
2 2
2
Chng minh: R c ( ) 0
2
+
b
a
dx g f
128
hay 0 2
2 2 2
+

b
a
b
a
b
a
dx g fgdx dx f
Gi s 0
2
=
b
a
dx f
Nu th mu thun 0 >
b
a
fgdx +
d
b
a
b
a
dx g fgdx
2
2
Nu th mu thun 0 
b
a
dx f
0 . . '
2 2
2

=

b
a
b
a
b
a
dx g dx f gdx f
T nhn c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
4.1.5. Cng thc Niutn-Lpnt (Newton-Leibnitz).
A. Hm tch phn ca cn trn
Cho kh tch trn [a,b]. Ly c nh, ) (x f
0
x [ ] b a x ,
0
. Cho [ b a x , ] khi theo nh l 6
th hm kh tch trn [ vi ) (x f ] x x ,
0
x tu trong [a,b]. Hm s
(4.8)
=
x
x
dt t f x
0
) ( ) (
gi l hm tch phn ca cn trn hay tch phn ca hm theo cn trn ) (x f
nh l 1: ) (x l hm lin tc trn [a,b]
Chng minh: Ly v sao cho ) , ( b a x
*
R h [ ] b a h x . + xt s gia hm s ti x :
h dt t f x h x x
h x
x
= = + =

+
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
trong
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
f Sup f Sup f Inf f Inf
b a h x x h x x b a , , , ,

+ +
(Theo tnh cht 8.)
T 0 ) (
0

h
x , vy ) (x lin tc ti ) , ( b a x
Ch : Cng tng t nh trn ta s chng minh ) (x lin tc phi ti a, lin tc tri ti b.
129
nh l 2: Nu lin tc trn [a,b] th ) (x f ) (x kh vi trn [a,b] v c
[ ] b a x x f x , , ) ( ) ( ' = . (4.9)
Chng minh:
Ly ta c ) , ( b a x

=
+
h
x h x ) ( ) (
, vi kh b v h

+ +
f Sup f Inf
h x x h x x ] , [ ] , [
,
V lin tc ti ) (x f x nn khi th v cng dn n , do 0 h
[ ]
f Inf
h x x + , [ ]
f Sup
h x x + ,
) (x f
cng dn n .Theo nh ngha ca o hm, gii hn chnh l ) (x f ) ( ' x
Vy ) ( ) ( ' x f x =
ng nhin , ) ( ) ( ' ) ( ) ( ' b f b a f a
t p
= =
H qu:
Nu ) ( ), ( x x kh vi trn lin tc trn ) ( , x f X X v[ ] X x X x x ) ( ), ( th
kh vi trn
=
) (
) (
) ( ) (
x
x
dt t f x G

X v
( ) ( ) ) ( ' ) ( ) ( ' ) ( ) ( ' x x f x x f x G = (4.10)

B. Nguyn hm ca hm s v tch phn bt nh
Cho . Gi R X F f : , F l mt nguyn hm ca trn f X nu F kh vi trn X v ta
c . X x x f x F = , ) ( ) (
'
nh l: Nu lin tc trn ) (x f X th s c nguyn hm trn X v nu l mt
nguyn hm th tp hp cc nguyn hm ca l
) (x F
f { } R C C x F + , ) (
Chng minh: Theo nh l 2, r rng tn ti nguyn hm ca l ) (x f

1
) ( ) ( ) (
0
C x dt t f x
x
x
=

Gi s l mt nguyn hm ca trn ) (x F f X th R C C x F + , ) ( cng l nguyn
hm ca v f
( ) X x x f x F C x F = = + , ) ( ) ( ) (
' '
.
Ngc li nu l mt nguyn hm no ca trn f X th ) ( ) ( x x F kh vi trn X ,
ngoi ra
( ) 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
'
= = x f x f x x F trn X
C x F x const x x F + = = ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( trong . R C
Tp hp cc nguyn hm ca trn ) (x f X gi l tch phn bt nh ca , ) (x f
130
K hiu . Vy
dx x f ) (
(4.11) C x F dx x f + =
) ( ) (
Trong l mt nguyn hm ca trn ) (x F ) (x f X .

C. Cng thc Newton-Leibnitz.
nh l: Nu lin tc trn [a,b] c mt nguyn hm l trn [a,b] th ) (x f ) (x F
(4.12) ) ( ) ( ) ( a F b F dx x f
b
a
=
i lng c k hiu ) ( ) ( a F b F
b
a
x F ) ( gi l bin phn t a n b ca . ) (x F
Chng minh: Theo nh l trn, tn ti R C sao cho
, ) ( ) ( C x x F + = trong
=
x
a
dt t f x ) ( ) (

+ = + = + =
b
a
b
a
C dx x f C dt t f C b b F ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
C C a a F = + = ) ( ) (
Vy .
=
b
a
dx x f a F b F ) ( ) ( ) (
Ch : Cng thc Newton-Leibnitz cho cch tnh tch phn ca cc hm lin tc bng cch
tm mt nguyn hm ca hm s ri tnh bin phn ca n t a n b.
V d 1: T nh ngha hy tnh
b
a
xdx sin
Gii:
Hm lin tc trn [a,b] vy kh tch trn . Thc hin mt phn hoch vi x x f sin ) ( =
n
a b
x
i

= v chn ) , 1 ( . n i h i a
i
= + = vy tng Riemann l

=
+ =
n
i
ih a h
1
) sin( .
Theo v d 7 mc 1.2.3 nhn c

+ = h b h a
h
h
2
1
cos
2
1
cos
2
sin
2

131
Cho 0 0 h th b a cos cos vy
b a xdx
b
a
cos cos sin =
V d 2*: Xut pht t nh ngha, hy tnh vi
b
a
dx x
R a b > > , 0 .
Gii:
Hm kh tch trn [a,b] v lin tc trn [a,b]. Thc hin mt phn hoch
x
i
i i
aq x n i x = = : , 0 ) ( trong
n
a
b
q = , tc l:

n i
aq b aq aq a = < < < < < ... ...
khi 0 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( < = q b q aq x
i
i
n
Chn (u mt bn tri ca vi
i
i
aq = ] , [
1 + i i
aq aq 1 , 0 = n i ).Suy ra

=
+ +
=
= =
1
0
1 1
1
0
) ( ) 1 ( ) (
n
i
i
n
i
i
i
q q a x aq

Nu 1 = s c:

a
b
a
b
n q n
n
n
ln 1 ) 1 (
= =

, Xem cng thc (2.6)
Nu 1 s c:
( )
1
1
1
1
) 1 (
1
1 1
1
1
1
=
+
+ +
+
+
+
q
q
a b
q
a
b
q a
S dng qui tc LHospital, d dng suy ra
( )
1 1
1
1
+ +

+

a b
n
.
Vy
=
=
+ +
1
1
1 ln ln
1 1
nu
nu
a b
a b
dx x
b
a

V d 3*: Tnh gii hn dy s cho bi s hng tng qut
a. { }
=

+
+
+ =
n
k
n
k n k
n
u
1
1 1 1
1
1 \ ) , 0 ( ,
1

132
b.
=
=
n
n k
n
k
v
2
sin

c.
=
+
=
n
k
k n
n
n e
1
1

Gii:
a.

= =

=
n
k
n
k
n
n
k
n n
k
n
u
1 1
1
1 1

l cc tng Riemann ca hm
1
x v kh tch trn
x [ ] 1 , 0 ng vi phn hoch
n
x
i
1
= v cch chn n i
n
i
i
, 1 = = , .
Vy 1
1
1
1
1
1
lim
1
0
1
0
1
=
+
+
+
= + =

dx x dx x u
n
n

b. t

= = =
+
=
+
= =
n
l
n
k
n
n k
n
n
l
l
n l n k
v
0 0
2
1
'

2 ln ) 1 ln( '
1
0
= +

x v
n n

=
+
+

n
l
n n
l n l n
v v N n
0
*
sin ' ,

Vi kh b, t cng thc Taylor suy ra 0 > x
6
sin
3
x
x x
Vy 0
6 6 ) (
1
6
'
2
3
3
3
0
3
3
=
+

=
n
n
l
n n
n n
n
l n
v v

Suy ra 2 ln
n
n
v
c. Trc ht, nh vo nh l 2 mc 3.6.1 c th chng minh rng

+
R x th
2
. 1 0
2
x
e x e
x x

=

+ +
=
+
=

+
+
=
+
n
k
n
n k n n
k
k n
n
k
n
n
ne
k n
e
k n
e
k n
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
0
) 1 ( 2 ) ( 2
1
1
1

m
=

=
=
+

+
=
+
n
k
n
n
k
x
dx
n
k
n k n
1
1
0
1
2 ln
1
1
1 1 1

133
Vy 2 ln lim =

n
n
.
V d 4: Cho lin tc, khc khng v [ ] [ ] f f , 1 , 0 1 , 0 :
. Chng minh

=
1
0
2
1
0
) ( ) ( dx x f dx x f 1 = f
Gii:
Xt ,theo gi thit 0 . ) 1 (
1
0
2
1
0
1
0
= =

dx f dx f dx f f 0 ) 1 ( f f v ) 1 ( f f lin
tc trn [0,1]. T tnh cht 6 suy ra [ ] 1 , 0 0 ) 1 ( = x f f . V 0 f suy ra
[ ] 1 , 0 1 = x f .
V d 5: Tnh
+
2
2
) (ln
lim
x
x
x
t
dt

Gii:
Vi x dng kh ln s c
2 2 2
) (ln ) (ln x x
Theo tnh cht 8 nhn c. +
2 2
2
2
) (ln ) (ln
2
x
x x
t
dt
x
x
(Dng qui tc LHospital)
Vy + =
+
2
2
) (ln
lim
x
x
x
t
dt
.
V d 6*: Cho lin tc tng khc v tho mn .
Chng minh tr ra mt s hu hn im:
[ ] f R b a f , , : 0 f

=
b
a
dx x f 0 ) (
0 ) ( = x f
Gii:
V lin tc tng khc nn tn ti a f
0
, ... ,a
n
lin tc trn (a f
i
, a
i+1
),
i= 1 , 0 n .
Theo tnh cht 1, s c:

=
= =
+ b
a
n
i
a
a
i
i
dx x f dx x f
1
0
0 ) ( ) (
1
Do , suy ra , 0 ) ( x f

+
=
1
0 ) (
i
i
a
a
x f 1 , 0 = n i m lin tc trn suy ra
chng t
) (x f ) , (
1 + i i
a a
) , ( , 0 ) (
1 +
=
i i
a a x x f 0 ) ( = x f c th tr ra cc im a
i
, n i , 0 =
134
4.2. HAI PHNG PHP C BN TNH TCH PHN XC NH
4.2.1. Php i bin
nh l 1: Nu R ] , [ : thuc lp C
1
trn ] , [
thuc lp C R b a f ] , [ :
0
trn [a,b]
v ]. , [ ]) , ([ b a Khi :
(4.13)

=
) (
) (
'
) ( ). ( )). ( (

dx x f dt t t f
Chng minh: Theo gi thit f C
0
suy ra tn ti nguyn hm ca n F(x)C
1
.
Theo cng thc Newton - Leibnitz nhn c:

=
) (
) (
)) ( ( )) ( ( ) (

F F dx x f
Theo nh l v hm hp ta c )) ( ( t F C
1
trn ] , [ v
.Chng t ) ( ). ( ) ( . ))} ( ( {
' ' ' '
t f t F t F

= = )) ( ( t F l nguyn hm ca . ) ( ). (
'
t f
Vy tch phn v tri l )) ( ( )) ( ( F F . Chng t php bin i tch phn
) (t x = c chng minh.
nh l 2: Nu R ] , [ : vi n iu v thuc lp C
1
trn ] , [
R b a f ] , [ : f C
0
trn [a,b]
vi ) (x t = m trn
0
, ) ( ) ( C g dt t g dx x f = )] ( ), ( [ b a . Khi :
(4.14)

=
b
a
b
a
dt t g dx x f
) (
) (
) ( ) (

nh l y c chng minh tng t nh nh l 1, y thc hin php i

bin tch phn ) (x t = .
Ch : Khi thc hin php i bin, nhn c tch phn c cn mi. Tu theo cc hm
di du tch phn m chn mt trong hai cch i bin.
4.2.2. Php tch phn tng phn
nh l: Nu v R b a v u ] , [ : , v u, C
1
trn [a,b] th:

=
b
a
b
a
b
a
dx x v x u x v x u dx x v x u ) ( ' ). ( ) ( ). ( ) ( ). ( ' (4.15)
135
Chng minh: Nu C v u,
1
, d dng nhn c cng thc sau:

= dx v u v u vdx u ' . . '.
Tht vy

+ = + = dx v u vdx u v u v u v u v u ' . ' . ' . '. )' . (
Suy ra

=
b
a
b
a
b
a
dx v u v u vdx u ' . . '
V d 1: Chng minh cc cng thc di y:
a. Cho C f
0
trn [0, a] th

=
a a
dx x a f dx x f
0 0
) ( ) (
b. Cho C f
0
trn [0, 1] th:

=
2
0
2
0
) (cos ) (sin

dx x f dx x f

=

0 0
) (sin
2
) (sin dx x f dx x xf
c. Cho C f
0
trn [-a, a] th

=
a
a
a
x f dx x f
x f
dx x f
0
) ( ) ( 2
) ( 0
) (
chn s l hm nu
l s l hm nu
d. Cho C f
0
trn ) , ( + v tun hon vi chu k T th:

+
=
T a
a
T
R a dx x f dx x f
0
, ) ( ) (
Gii:
a. i bin x = a t
b. i bin x = t
2
v i bin x = t
c.

+ =
a
a
a
a
dx x f dx x f dx x f
0
0
) ( ) ( ) (
i bin x = - t,

=
a
a
dx x f dx x f
0
0
) ( ) (

+ =
a
a
a
dx x f x f dx x f
0
)} ( ) ( { ) (
) (x f l hm s l a] [0, x = ), ( ) ( x f x f . Do :
=
a
a
dx x f 0 ) (
136
) (x f l hm s chn a] [0, x = ), ( ) ( x f x f . Do :

=
a
a
a
dx x f dx x f
0
) ( 2 ) (
d.

+ +
+ + =
0
0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
a
T T a
a
T a
a
dx x f dx x f dx x f dx x f
i bin x = t + T v nh rng ) ( ) ( x f T x f = + s c:

= = + =
+ a
a
a T a
T
dx x f dt t f dt T t f dx x f
0
0
0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
suy ra

+
=
T a
a
T
dx x f dx x f
0
) ( ) (
V d 2: Tnh cc tch phn sau:
a.
=
a
dx x a I
0
2 2
1

b.
+
=
2
0
2
2
cos 1
sin
dx
x
x
I
Gii:
a. i bin [ ]

=
2
, 0 , 0 sin

t a x t a x ,

4
cos cos
2
0
1

a a dt t a t a I = =

b. i bin [ ] 0 , 1
2
, 0 cos
= t x x t

,

4 1
1
0
0
1
2
2

= =
+
=

arctgt
t
dt
I
V d 3*: Tnh
+
+
=
1
0
2
1
) 1 ln(
dx
x
x
I
Gii:
i bin [ ]

=
4
, 0 1 , 0

x tg x ,

d
d tg
I

=
+
=
4
0
4
0
2
2
cos
4
cos 2
ln
cos
cos
1
) 1 ln(

137

+ =
4
0
4
0
4
0
cos ln
4
cos ln 2 ln

d d d
i bin t =
4

4
0
4
0
cos ln
4
cos ln

dt t d
2 ln
4
= I
V d 4: Cho , lin tc sao cho [ ] R a f R a
+
, 0 :
*
, 1 ) ( x f v
[ ] a x x a f x f , 0 1 ) ( ). ( = , . Tnh
+
a
dx
x f
0
) ( 1
1

Gii:
i bin t a x =

+
=
+
=
+
=
+
a a
a
a
t f
dt
t a f
dt
t a f
dt
x f
dx
0 0
0
0
) (
1
1
) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1

a dx dx
x f
x f
x f
dx
x f
dx
dt
t f
t f
a a a a a
= =
+
+
+
=
+
+
=

0 0 0 0 0
) ( 1
) (
) ( 1 ) ( 1
2
) ( 1
) (

=
+
a
a
x f
dx
0
2 ) ( 1

V d 5*: Chng minh 0 lim
1
3 2
=
+

n
n
x n
dx

Gii:
i bin
3
2
n
x
y =

+
=
+
=
+
3
1
3
2
3
1
3
2
1 1
3
3
1
3 2
3
2
1
3 2
1
1
) 1 (
n
n
n
n
n
y
dy
n
y n
dy n
x n
dx

Ta c 1
1 1
1
0
1
0
3
1
1
3
3
2
=
+
+

dy
y
dy
y
dy
n

138
2
2
2
1
6
1
1 1
2
3
3
3
1
3
1
=
+

n
dy y
y
dy
n n

Vy

+

n
n
n
x n
dx
N n
1
3
1
3 2
*
0
3
0
V d 6*: (Tch phn Wallis)
a. Tnh
=
2
0
cos
N n xdx I
n
n
,
b. Vi
2
0

< < x t bt ng thc x x x
n n n 1 2 2 1 2
sin sin sin
+
< <
Hy chng minh
1 2
1
.
! )! 1 2 (
! )! 2 (
lim
2
2
+
=

n n
n
n

(Cng thc Wallis)
Gii:
a. t x v dx x x n du xdx dv x u
n n
sin sin cos ) 1 ( cos cos
2 1
= = = =

, ,

+ =

2
0
2 2
2
0
1
) cos 1 ( cos ) 1 ( sin cos
dx x x n x x I
n n
n

2 2
1
) 1 ( ) 1 (

= =
n n n n
I
n
n
I I n I n

3
2
3
2
2
.
2
1
2
1
1 cos
2
1 3 0 2
2
0
1 0
= = = = = = =

I I I I dx x I I , , ,

2
.
! )! 2 (
! )! 1 2 (
2
.
2
1
.
4
3
...
) 2 ( 2
3 2
.
2
1 2
2

m
m
m
m
m
m
I
m

=

=

! )! 1 2 (
! )! 2 (
1 .
3
2
...
1 2
) 2 ( 2
.
1 2
1 2
+
=
+
=
+
m
m
m
m
m
m
I
m

=
l u n
chn nu
n
n
n
n
n
n
I
n
! !
! )! 1 (
2 ! !
! )! 1 (
gi l tch phn Wallis
139
b. Ly tch phn bt ng thc kp s c

+
< <
2
0
1 2
2
0
2
2
0
1 2
sin sin sin

dx x dx x dx x
n n n

Theo tch phn Wallis nhn c

! )! 1 2 (
! )! 2 2 (
2 ! )! 2 (
! )! 1 2 (
! )! 1 2 (
! )! 2 (
<
<
+ n
n
n
n
n
n

Hay
n n
n
n n
n
2
1
.
! )! 1 2 (
! )! 2 (
2 1 2
1
.
! )! 1 2 (
! )! 2 (
2 2
< <
+

n n
b a < <
2
.
Trong
n n
n
b
n n
n
a
n n
2
1
! )! 1 2 (
! )! 2 (
1 2
1
! )! 1 2 (
! )! 2 (
2 2
=
+
= ,
T suy ra:

2 2 1 2
2
2

< <
+
n n
a a
n
n

V d 7*: Chng minh: c
1
C f
0 sin ) ( lim cos ) ( lim = =

b
a
n
b
a
n
nxdx x f nxdx x f
Gii:
Xt
=
b
a
inx
n
dx e x f I ) (
Tch phn tng phn

=
b
a
inx
b
a
inx
n
dx
in
e
x f
in
e
x f I ) ( ' ) (
( )

=
b
a
inx ina inb
dx e x f
in
e a f e b f
in
) ( '
1
) ( ) (
1

0 ) ( ' ) ( ) (
1

+ +
n
b
a
n
dx x f a f b f
n
I
v 0 . Re 0
n n
I I 0 Im
n
I
M v
=
b
a
n
nxdx x f I cos ) ( Re

=
b
a
n
nxdx x f I sin ) ( Im
140
Vy bi ton c chng minh.
4.3. PHNG PHP TNH TCH PHN BT NH
Ta bit rng trn C x F dx x f + =
) ( ) ( X Trong l mt nguyn hm ca
trn
) (x F
) (x f X v C l hng s tu .
4.3.1. Bng cc nguyn hm thng dng
Tnh cht c bn ca tch phn bt nh.
Trc ht thy ngay rng cc tnh cht sau y ca tch phn bt nh l hin nhin.
Cho c nguyn hm, g f , R
1. ( ) dx x f dx x f d x f dx x f ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) (
'
= =

2. ( )

+ = + dx x g dx x f dx x g x f ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3.

= dx x f dx x f ) ( ) ( .
4. Nu c mt nguyn hm l th ) (x f ) (x F ( ) ) ( ' ) ( x u x u f c mt nguyn hm l
nu , tc l ( ) (x u F )
1
C u
( ) ( ) C x u F dx x u x u f C x F dx x f + = + =

) ( ) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) (
Hm s ) (x f Nguyn hm ) (x F Tp xc nh X
{ } 1 \ , R x

1
1
+
+
x

*
+
R

x
1

x ln
*
R

1 0 , ,
*
< a R a
x

x
a
a

ln
1

R

x
e

x
e
1

R
x cos
x sin R
x sin x cos
R
chx shx R
shx chx R
tgx
x cos ln

+ Z k k R ,
2
\

gx cot
x sin ln { } Z k k R , \
thx chx ln R
141
x coth
shx ln
*
R
x tg
x
2
2
1
cos
1
+ =
tgx

+ Z k k R ,
2
\

x g
x
2
2
cot 1
sin
1
+ =
gx cot
{ } Z k k R , \
x th
x ch
2
2
1
1
=
thx R
1 coth
1
2
2
= x
x sh

x coth

*
R

*
2 2
,
1
R a
x a

+

a
x
arctg
a
1

R

2
1
1
x

x
x
+
1
1
ln
2
1

{ } 1 , 1 \ R

2
1
1
x +

) 1 ln(
2
x x + +
R

*
2 2
,
1
R a
x a

a
x
arcsin
{ } a a R , \

1
1
2
x

1 ln
2
+ x x
[ ] 1 , 1 \ R

4.3.2. Hai phng php c bn tnh tch phn bt nh
A. Phng php tch phn tng phn
Cho trn
1
, C v u X khi

= ) ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ) ( ) ( x du x v x v x u x dv x u trn X (4.16)
Ch :
Phng php ny thng p dng tnh cc tch phn cc hm s c dng sau y:
l a thc ,

) ( , , ,
* *
x P R N k x x P e x P x x P
x k
sin ) ( ) ( ln ) ( , ,
x x arctgx x P x x P x x P

sin cos ) ( arcsin ) ( cos ) (
x x
e , e , , ,
tnh hoc
xdx x P cos ) (

xdx x P sin ) ( ta c th tnh sau tm
phn thc v phn o.
dx e x P
x i
) (
tnh , ta c th dng phng php h s bt nh.
dx e x P
x
) (
C e x Q dx e x P
x x
+ =

) ( ) (
Trong ) ( deg ) ( deg x Q x P =
142
Trong qu trnh tnh ton c th phi lp li mt s hu hn ln phng php tch phn
tng phn.
B. Phng php i bin s
t ) (t x = , vi n iu v trn
1
C Y khi
[ ]
) (
1
) ( ' ) ( ) (
x t
dt t t f dx x f

=
=

(4.17)
t ) (x t = khi dt t g dx x f ) ( ) ( =

) (
) ( ) (
x t
dt t g dx x f
=

= (4.18)
Ch :
i bin s tnh nguyn hm theo bin mi d dng hn. Trong kt qu phi tr v bin
ly tch phn bt nh ban u. iu ny khc hn khi tnh tch phn xc nh.
V d 1: Tnh a.
= xdx x x I cos ) (
3
1
b. dx x e x x I
x
+ = 3 cos ) 3 ( ) (
2
Gii:
a. t
= xdx x x J sin ) (
3
1
C e d cx bx ax dx e x iJ I
ix ix
+ + + + = = +

) (
2 3 3
1 1
C C d c b a , , , , l hng s phc tu
Ly o hm nhn c

3 2 2 3
) 2 3 ( ) ( x c bx ax d cx bx ax i R x = + + + + + + ,
C x i x ix x ix iJ I
d
i c
b
i a
c id
b ic
a ib
ia
+ + + + = +
=
=
=
=
= +
= +
= +
=
) sin ).(cos 6 6 3 (
6
6
3
0
0 2
0 3
1
2 3
1 1
So snh phn thc vi phn thc, phn o vi phn o suy ra

1
2 3
1
cos ) 6 3 ( sin ) 6 ( ) ( C x x x x x x I + + =
R C C C x x x x x x J + + + =
2 1 2
2 3
1
, sin ) 6 3 ( cos ) 6 ( ) (
b. t
+ = xdx e x x J
x
3 sin ) 3 ( ) (
2
C e b ax dx e x iJ I
x i x i
+ + = + = +
+ +
) 3 1 ( ) 3 1 (
2 2
) ( ) 3 (
3 ) )( 3 1 ( + = + + + x a b ax i R x ,

50
42 19
10
3 1
3 ) 3 1 (
1 ) 3 1 (
i
b
i
a
a b i
a i

=
= + +
= +
,
143
( ) C x i x e
i
x
i
x I
x
+
= 3 sin 3 cos
50
42 19
10
3 1
Re ) (
2

C x x x x
e
x
+
+ +
+ = 3 sin
5
42
3 3 cos
5
19
10

V d 2: Tnh cc tch phn sau:
a.
+
=
x x
dx
I
) 1 (
1

b.
=
3 2
3
2
sin
x
dx x
I
Gii:
a. t tdt dx t t x 2 0
2
= > = , ,
C x arctg
t
dt
t t
tdt
I + =
+
=
+
=

2
1
2
) 1 (
2
2 2
1

b. t dt t dx t x
2 3
3 = = ,
C x tdt dt t
t
t
I + = = =

3 2
2
2
cos 3 sin 3 3 .
sin

V d 3: Tnh:
+ +
+ +
= dx
x x
x
I
1 ) 1 (
2 1
2

Gii:
t tdt dx x t 2 1 = + = ,
C
t
arctg
t t
t
dt
t t
t
t
dt
t
t
I +
+
+ +
+ +
+
+
=

3
1 2
3
2
1
) 1 (
ln
1
2 2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2 3

C
x
arctg
x x
x
+
+ +
+ + +
+
=
3
1 1 2
3
2
2 1
) 1 1 (
ln
2

V d 4: Tnh:
+
= dx I
x 1 2
3
Gii:
t tdt dx t x = = + , 1 2
C
t
dt
t
tdt I
t
t
t
t
t
+ = = =

3
) 3 (ln
1
3 ln
3 .
3
3 ln
1
3 ln
3 .
3
2

( ) C x
x
+ + =
+
1 3 ln . 1 2
) 3 (ln
3
2
1 2

144
4.3.3. Cch tnh tch phn bt nh ca cc hm s hu t
Nhn xt:
Nu hm hu t c dng { } 1 , 0 \ ,
) (
) (
) (
1
N n
x Q
x P
x x f
n
n
n
=

, bng cch i bin s
c
n
x t =

= dt
t Q
t P
n
dx x f
) (
) ( 1
) (
Nh vy ta h thp bc ca cc a thc c mt trong hm f
Mi hm hu t (i khi gi l phn thc hu t) khng thc s u phn tch thnh tng
ca mt a thc vi mt phn thc hu t thc s.
S dng nh l 2 trong mc 2.1.2 v tnh cht ca tch phn bt nh, thy rng qu trnh
tch phn cc hm hu t l qu trnh tch phn cc phn thc ti gin.
Di y ta trnh by phng php tch phn cc phn thc ti gin thc s.
A. Tch phn cc phn thc ti gin loi th nht

= R a
a x
dx
I
n
,
) (

Nu th 1 = n C a x
a x
dx
+ =
ln

Vi khi xt const C = a x < hoc a x >
Nu th { } 1 \
*
N n C
a x n a x
dx
n n
+

=
1
) (
1
.
1
1
) (

B. Tch phn cc phn thc ti gin loi th hai

+ +
+
= R c b a dx
c bx ax
x
I
n
, ,
) (
2
, , ,

v
* 2
, 0 4 N n ac b <
Nu 0 =

+ +
=
n
c bx ax
dx
I
) (
2

Bin i ac b
b ax
a
c bx ax 4
2
1
4
2
2
2
=

+
+
= + + ,
Thc hin i bin

+
=
b ax
t
2

145
Suy ra
=
n
n
t
dt
a
a
I
) 1 ( 2
4
2

Dn n tnh
+
=
n
n
t
dt
t J
) 1 (
) (
2
bng phng php truy ton.
Trc ht
+ =
+
= C arctgt
t
dt
t J
2
1
1
) (
Tch phn tng phn s c

+
+
+
+
=
1 2
2
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
) (
n n
n
t
dt t
n
t
t
t J
) ( 2
) 1 (
1
2
+
+
+
=
n n
n
n
J J n
t
t
J

n
n n
t
t
J n nJ
) 1 (
) 1 2 ( 2
2
1
+
+ =
+

Ch :
C th tnh bng php i bin
n
J d tg dt arctgt ) 1 (
2
+ = =

=
+
=
d
tg
d
J
n
n
n

) 1 ( 2
1 2
cos
) 1 (

Tuyn tnh ho (phn B mc 1.2.3) ri tnh nguyn hm, sau tr v bin t.
) 1 ( 2
cos
n
Nu . 0

+ +
+
= dx
c bx ax
a
ax
a
I
n
) (
2
2
2
2

+ +
+
+ +
+
=
n n
c bx ax
dx
b
a
a
dx
c bx ax
b ax
a ) (
2
2 ) (
2
2
2 2

Tch phn th nht tnh c nh php i bin c bx ax u + + =
2
C
c bx ax n u
du
dx
c bx ax
b ax
n n n
+
+ +
= =
+ +
+
1 2 2
) (
1

1
1
) (
2

Tch phn th hai tnh theo trnh by trn.
n
J
V d 5: Tnh
+
=
1
3
x
dx
I v
+
=
2 3
) 1 (x
dx
J
Gii:
Phn tch
1
2
.
3
1
1
1
.
3
1
) 1 )( 1 (
1
1
1
2 2 3
+
+
=
+ +
=
+ x x
x
x x x x x

146

1
2
2 2
2
3
) 1 ln(
2
1
1
3 ) 1 2 (
2
1
1
2
I x x dx
x x
x
dx
x x
x
+ =
+

=
+

Trong C
x
arctg
x
dx
x x
dx
I +
=
+

=
+
=

3
1 2
3
2
4
3
2
1
1
2 2
1

Cui cng C
x
arctg x x x I +
+ + + =
3
1 2
3
1
) 1 ln(
6
1
1 ln
3
1
2

Bng php tch phn tng phn s c
) ( 3
1 ) 1 (
3
1
3 2 3
3
3
J I
x
x
dx
x
x
x
x
I +
+
=
+
+
+
=

Suy ra
+
+ =
1
2
3
1
) (
3
x
x
I x J
C
x
x x
arctg x x x +
+
+
+ + + =
) 1 ( 3 3
1 2
3 3
2
) 1 ln(
9
1
1 ln
9
2
3
2

4.3.4. Tnh nguyn hm cc phn thc hu t i vi mt s hm thng dng
A. Hm hu t i vi sin v csin
1. Trng hp tng qut.
Xt trong
dx x x R ) cos , (sin R l "phn thc hu t hai bin"

Thc hin php i bin:
2
x
tg t = . Khi
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
1
cos
1
2
sin
t
dt
dx
t
t
x
t
t
x
+
=
+
=
+
= , ,
Khi a v dng
dt
t Q
t P
) (
) (

Tuy nhin bc ca v thng l cao, lm cho qu trnh tnh ton rt nng nhc.
Sau y ta xt mt s trng hp c bit, vi cch i bin thch hp s tnh ton d dng hn.
) (t P ) (t Q
2. Trng hp c bit th nht.
Nu ) cos , sin ( ) cos , (sin x x R x x R = th i bin tgx t = hoc gx t cot =
Nu ) cos , (sin ) cos , (sin x x R x x R = th i bin x t sin =
Nu ) cos , sin ( ) cos , (sin x x R x x R = th i bin x t cos =
3. Trng hp c bit th hai.
Khi Z n m x x x x R
n m
= , cos . sin ) cos , (sin ,
147
Nu l th i bin m x t cos =
Nu l th i bin n x t sin =
Nu chn v khng cng dng th i bin n m, tgx t =
Nu chn v cng dng th tuyn tnh ho sau tnh nguyn hm. n m,
V d 6: Tnh 1
cos
>
+
=
a
x a
dx
I ,
Gii:
t
2
x
tg t = th
+ +
=
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
t a a
dt
I
C
x
tg
a
a
arctg
a
I +
=
2 1
1
1
2
2

V d 7: Tnh
+ +
=
5 cos sin 4 x x
dx
I
Gii:
i bin
2
x
tg t =

+
=
+ +
=
+
+
+
+
+
=
2 2
2
2
2
2
) 2 ( 8 8 2
2
5
1
1
. 3
1
2
. 4
1
2
t
dt
t t
dt
t
t
t
t
dt
t
I
C
x
tg
C
t
+
+
= +
+
=
2
2
1
2
1

V d 8: Tnh cc tch phn sau.
a.
= dx
x
x
I
4
3
1
sin
cos

b.
= xdx x I
2 3
2
cos sin
c. dx
x
x
I

=
6
2
3
cos
sin

d. xdx x I
4 2
4
cos sin
=
Gii:
a.
= , dx
x
x
I
4
3
1
sin
cos
t xdx dt x t cos sin = = ,
148

= = dt
t t
dt
t
t
x
xdx x
I
2 4 4
2
4
2
1
1 1 1
sin
cos cos

C
x x
C
t t
+ + = + + =
sin
1
sin 3
1 1
3
1
3 3

b. t , xdx x I
2 3
2
cos sin
= xdx dt x t sin cos = = ,

C
x x
dt t t xdx x x I + = = =

3
cos
5
cos
) 1 ( sin cos sin
3 5
2 2 2 2
2

c.
= , dx
x
x
I
6
2
3
cos
sin
t
x
dx
dt tgx t
2
cos
= = ,

+ = = = dt t t
x
dx
x x
x
dx
x
x
I ) 1 (
cos cos
1
cos
sin
cos
sin
2 2
2 2 2
2
6
2
3

C
x tg x tg
+ + =
5 3
5 3

d.

+ = = dx x x xdx x I ) 2 cos 1 ( 2 sin
8
1
cos sin
2 4 2
4

+ = x xd dx x 2 sin 2 sin
16
1
) 4 cos 1 (
16
1
2

C x x x + + = 3 sin
48
1
4 sin
64
1
16
1
3

V d 9*: Tnh
+ + +
=
1
1
1 1 2 x x
dx
I
Gii:
t [ ] [ ] 0 , 1 , 1 cos = t x t x , ,

+
=
+ +
=

0 0
4 2
cos 1 2
sin
2
cos
2
sin 2 2
sin
t
tdt
t t
tdt
I

0
2
4 2
cos 1 2
1
4 2
cos 2
dt
t
t

149
t [ ]

=
4
,
4
, 0
4 2

, , t
t

+
+
=
+

=
4
0
2 4
4
2
) cos 1 ( 2
1 ) 1 (cos 2
4
) cos 1 ( 2
1 cos 2
2

d d I

+
= + =
4
0
2
4
0
4
0
2
4
0
2
cos
2
2
4
sin 4
2
cos 2
2 ) 1 (cos 4

d
d
d

8
2 2 2
2
2
4 2
2
4
4
0

tg tg + = +
=
2 2 4 ) 1 2 ( 2 2 2 = + = (s dng
2
1
2
2
tg
tg
tg
= )
B. Hm hu t i vi v chx shx
V o hm ca cc hm v chx tng t nh cc hm v shx x sin x cos , m
c php i bin tng ng l
dx x x R ) cos , (sin tgx t x t x t

x
tg t = = = = , , , sin cos
2
, cho
nn c php i bin tng ng l
dx chx shx R ) , (
thx t shx t chx t
x
th t = = = = , , ,
2

V d 10: Tnh cc tch phn sau
a.
+
= dx
x ch x sh chx
x sh
I
) 3 2 (
2 3
2
1

b.
+
= dx
x sh chx
x sh
I
) 2 (
2
3
2

Gii:
a. Hm di du tch phn chn i vi v chx nn t shx
dx x th dt thx t ) 1 (
2
= = ,

+
=
+
= dx
x th
x th x th
dx
x th
x ch x ch
x sh
I
3 2
) 1 (
3 2
.
3
2 2
3
2 2
2
1

150
C x th C t dt
t
t
+ + = + + =
+
=
) 2 3 ln(
6
1
3 2 ln
6
1
3 2
3 3
3
2

b. Hm di du tch phn l i vi , ta t shx shx dt chx t = = ,

+
+ =
+
=
+
= dt
t
t
t
dt
t t
t
x sh chx
dx shx x sh
I
1
2 1
) 1 (
1
) 2 (
. .
2 2
2
2
2
2

C x sh chx C t t + + + = + + + = ) 2 ln( ln ) 1 ln( ln
2 2

V d 11: Tnh cc tch phn sau.

+ = + = xdx sh x n sh B xdx sh x n ch A
n n 1 1
. ) 1 ( . ) 1 ( ,
Gii:
( ) ( )

+
= + dx e e dx e e e B A
x
n
x
n
x x x n 2
1
2
1
) 1 (
1
2
1
2
1

( )
1 1
2
1
1
2
1 1
C x sh e
n
C e
n
n nx
n
x
+ = +
=

2
1
C x sh e
n
B A
n nx
+ =

Suy ra C x sh shnx
n
B C x sh chnx
n
A
n n
+ = + = .
1
.
1
,
C. Hm hu t i vi R e
x

,
Xt , trong l hm hu t. Thc hin php i bin
, Khi
= dx e f I
x
) (

) (x f
dx e dt e t
x x
= = ,
dt
t
t f
I

=
) ( 1

l tch phn ca hm hu t xem xt trong phn A.

D. Hm hu t i vi x v
n
d cx
b ax
+
+

Xt
+
+
= dx
d cx
b ax
x R I
n
, trong l hm hu t ca hai bin ) , ( y x R y x,
151
Vi
n
d cx
b ax
y
+
+
= tho mn iu kin bc ad
Thc hin php i sang bin th y
dy
cy a
bc ad ny
y
cy a
b d y
R dx y x R
n
n
n
n
2
1
) (
) (
, ) , (

=

dy y f ) ( =
Trong l hm hu t ca y. ) ( y f
V d 12: Tnh cc tch phn bt nh sau
a.

+
*
2
,
) 1 (
R
e
dx
x

b.

dx
x
x
3
) 1 (

Gii:
a. t dx e dt e t
x x
= = ,

+
=
+
=
+
dt
t t t t t
dt
e
dx
x 2 2 2
) 1 (
1
1
1 1 1
) 1 (
1
) 1 (

C
t
t t +
+
+ + =
1
1
1 ln ln
1
C
e
e x
x
x
+
+
+ + =

1
1
) 1 ln(
1

b. I dx
x
x
x
dx
x
x
=

=

1 1
1
) 1 (
3

t
2 2 2
2
) 1 (
2
1 1 t
tdt
dx
t
t
x
x
x
t
+
=
+
=
= ,
C arctgt t dt
t
dt
t
t
I + =
+
=
+
=

) ( 2
1
1
1 2
1
2
2 2
2

C
x
x
arctg
x
x
+
=
1
2
1
2

4.4. MT S NG DNG CA TCH PHN XC NH
Ch : Trong mc ny khi xem xt mt hnh phng hay mt vt th, chng ta lun n
tnh cht i xng ca hnh n gin qu trnh tnh ton hoc chn mt h qui chiu thch
hp gii quyt bi ton c d dng hn.
152
4.4.1. Tnh din tch hnh phng
A. Min phng gii hn bi cc ng cong trong to cc(Descartes)

y y

1
f
d

2
g
1
g

2
f

c

0 a b x 0 x
H.4.3

Gi s min phng D gii hn bi cc ng:
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
x f y x f y b a b x a x = = < = = , , , , trong lin tc tng khc trn
[a,b]. Gi din tch ca min phng D l S. Theo ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh, nhn
c cng thc tnh S nh sau:
2 1
, f f

=
b
a
dx x f x f S ) ( ) (
2 1
(4.19)
Tng t, nu D gii hn bi cc ng:
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
y g x y g x d c d y c y = = < = = , , , , trong lin tc tng khc trn
[c,d] th
2 1
, g g

=
d
c
dy y g y g S ) ( ) (
2 1
(4.20)
B. Gi s min phng D gii hn bi ng cong cho di dng tham s:

=
=
) (
) (
t y y
t x x
1 0
t t t
Khi
dt t x t y S ) ( ). (
,
(4.21)
153
C. Nu min phng D gii hn bi ng cong c phng trnh cho di dng to
cc.
= , ) ( r r
Lin h gia to Descartes v to cc l:

=
=

sin ) (
cos ) (
r y
r x
Khi d r S

= ) (
2
1
2
(4.22)
V d 1: Tnh din tch ca hnh elp c cc bn trc a,b.
Gii: Hnh lp gii hn bi lp c phng trnh
1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x

Do tnh cht i xng ca lp qua cc trc to v do phng trnh tham s
ca lp t b y t a x sin cos = = , , 2 0 t
nn ta c: ab dt t ab S
= =
2
0
2
. sin 4
V d 2: Hy tnh din tch ca hnh gii hn bi trc honh v mt nhp ca ng
Cycloid,cho bi phng trnh tham s:
) sin ( t t a x =
) cos 1 ( t a y = , 2 0 t
Xem hnh 4.4
y
2a
a

0 a 2 a 3 a

H.4.4

Gii: ( ) ( )

= + = =

2
0
2 2 2
2
0
2 2
3 cos cos 2 1 cos 1 a dt t t a dt t a S
154
V d 3: Tnh din tch ca hnh tri tim gii hn bi ng Cardioid (ng tri tim),
trong h to cc cho bi phng trnh ) cos 1 ( + = a r , xem hnh 4.5
0
a
y
x
2a

H.4.5
Gii: Do tnh i xng ca hnh qua trc Ox,vy

( ) ( )
2
0 0
2 2 2 2
2
3
2
1
cos cos 2 1 cos 1
a a
d a d a S

=
+ =
+ + = + =

2

4.4.2. Tnh di ng cong phng
A. Phng trnh cho trong h to Descartes vung gc
Gi s ng cong
AB cho bi phng trnh

( ) ( ) ) ( , ) ( , ) ( b f b B a f a A x f y , , =
Trong trn
1
C f [ ] ) ( , b a b a < ,
Nu gi l l di cung
AB th c tnh theo cng thc l

dx x f l
b
a
+ = ) ( ' 1
2
(4.23)
B. Phng trnh cho trong dng tham s

1 0
) (
) (
t t t
t y
t x

=
=
,
trn [ ]
1
, C
1 0
,t t
dt t t l
t
t
+ =
1
0
) ( ' ) ( '
2 2
(4.24)
155
C. Phng trnh cho trong dng to cc
= , ) ( r r

+ =

d r r l ) ( ) (
2
, 2
(4.25)
Ch :
di ca cung trong
AC ( ) ) ( , x f x C vi [ ] b a x , s l
( ) dx x f l dx x f x l
x
a
) ( 1 d ) ( 1
2
,
2
,
+ = + =
(4.26)
gi l cng thc tnh vi phn cung.
Trong khng gian ng cong
AB cho bi phng trnh tham s

1 0

) (
) (
) (
t t t
t z z
t y y
t x x

=
=
=
trn [ . Khi cng thc tnh di cung s l
1
, , C z y x ]
1 0
,t t

+ + =
1
0
) ( ) ( ) (
2
,
2
,
2
,
t
t
dt t z t y t x l v cng thc vi phn cung
dt t z t y t x dl ) ( ) ( ) (
2
,
2
,
2
,
+ + = (4.27)
V d 4: Hy tnh di ca mt nhp Cycloid cho trong v d 2
Gii:
t a y t a t x sin ' , ) cos 1 ( ) ( ' = =
dt t a dt t a t a l

= + =

0 0
2 2 2 2
cos 1 2 2 sin ) cos 1 ( 2
a
t
a dt
t
a 8
2
cos 8
2
sin 4
0
0
= = =

V d 5: Hy tnh di ca Astroid, phng trnh tham s c dng.

> =
=
2 0 , 0 , sin
cos
3
3
t a t a y
t a x
156
hoc trong h to Descartes c dng

3
2
3
2
3
2
a y x = +
Xem hnh 4.6.
y

a

-a 0 a x

-a

H.4.6

Gii:
t t a y t t a x cos sin 3 ' sin cos 3 '
2 2
= = ,
a t a tdt a l 6 2 cos 3 2 sin 6
2
0
2
0
= = =

4.4.3. Tnh th tch vt th
A. Cng thc tng qut
Gi s vt th (V ) nm gia hai mt phng vung gc vi trc Ox, cc mt phng ny c
phng trnh l a x = v b a b x < = , . Cc thit din ca vt th (V ) vung gc vi trc Ox
nm trn mt phng c phng trnh [ ] b a x x x ,
0 0
= , c din tch tng ng . (Xem
hnh 4.7). Khi th tch ca vt th (V ), k hiu l V, tnh theo cng thc
) (
0
x S
=
b
a
dx x S V ) ( (4.28)
157
z

y

) (
0
x S

a b x
0
x

H.4.7
B. Cng thc tnh cho vt th trn xoay

y ) (x f y =

a x

z
H.4.8
Vt th (V) trn xoay l vt th c to thnh do mt hnh thang cong gii hn bi cc
ng: 0 ) ( = < = = y b a b x a x , , , v [ b a x x f y , 0 ) ( ] = , quay xung quanh
trc Ox (xem hnh 4.8). C th hn, phn khng gian b chim ch do hnh thang cong quay xung
quanh trc Ox gi l vt th trn xoay.
Nh vy cc thit din vung gc vi trc Ox l cc hnh trn. Din tch ca thit din nm
trn mt phng s l . T nhn c cng thc tnh:
0
x x = ) ( .
0
2
x f
(4.29)
=
b
a
dx x f V ) (
2
158
V d 6: Hy tnh th tch ca lipxt vi cc bn trc a, b, c:
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
+ +
c
z
b
y
a
x

Gii:
Thit din ca elipxit vung gc vi trc Ox l mt hnh elp. Thit din nm trn mt
phng [ a a x x x ,
0 0
] = , c gii hn bi elip c cc bn trc
2
2
0
2
2
0
1 1
a
x
c
a
x
b ,
phng trnh l

=
= +
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
1
x x
a
x
c
z
b
y

Theo v d 1, din tch thit din biu din di dng

=
2
2
0
0
1 ) (
a
x
bc x S
Vy
=
a
a
a
abc
a
x
a bc dx
a
x
bc V
3
4
3
2 1
0
2
3
2
2

V d 7: Tnh th tch vt th do mt nhp Cycloid quay xung quanh trc Ox to ra. Bit
Cycloid cho bi phng trnh tham s l.

+ =
=
) , ( ) cos 1 (
) sin (
t t a y
t t a x

Gii:

= =

2
0
3 3
2
0
2
) cos 1 ( dt t a dx y V
a

+ =

2
0
3 2 3
) cos cos 3 cos 3 1 ( dt t t t a

+ + + =

2
0
2
0
2
0
3
) cos 3 3 (cos
4
1
) 2 cos 1 (
2
3
sin 3 2 tdt t dt t t a

3 2
5 a =
4.4.4. Tnh din tch mt trn xoay
Mt trn xoay l mt mt cong c to thnh do mt cung cong B A
)
quay xung quanh trc
Ox to ra. C th hn: Phn khng gian b chim ch do cung B A
)
quay xung quanh trc Ox gi l
mt trn xoay. Gi S l din tch ca mt trn xoay, di y chng ta s a ra cc cng
thc tnh.
159
A. Cung
AB cho bi phng trnh b x a x f y = , 0 ) (

+ =
b
a
dx x f x f S ) ( ' 1 ) ( 2
2
(4.30)
B. Cung
AB cho bi phng trnh tham s

,
=
=
0 ) (
) (
t y y
t x x
1 0
t t t

+ =
1
0
) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( 2
2 2
t
t
dt t y t x t y S (4.31)
C. Cung
AB cho bi phng trnh trong h to cc

= , ) ( r r

+ =

d r r r S ) ( ' ) ( sin ) ( 2
2 2
(4.32)
V d 8: Tnh din tch ca mt trn xoay to thnh do mt ng xch c phng trnh
0 > = a
a
x
ach y , gn cc u a x
a
x
ach x B a A >
, , , ) , 0 ( quay xung quanh trc Ox

Gii:

a
x
ch
a
x
sh y
a
x
sh y = + = + =
2 2
1 ' 1 ' ,

+ = =
x x
dx
a
x
ch a dx
a
x
ch a S
0 0
2
2
1 2

+ =
a
x
sh
a
x a
2
2

V d 9: ng cong cho bi phng trnh ) cos 1 ( + = a r quay quanh trc Ox to ra mt
mt trn xoay. Tnh din tch mt cong ny.
Gii:
l ng tri tim (Xem hnh 4.5)

2
cos 4 ) cos 1 ( 2 ' sin ) ( '
2 2 2 2 2

a a r r a r = + = + = ,

+ =

0
2
2
cos sin ) cos 1 ( 4 d a S
160

2 0 5
2
0
4 2
5
32
2
cos
5
32
2
cos
2
sin 16 a
a
d a

= = =

4.5. TCH PHN SUY RNG
4.5.1. Tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn
A. nh ngha
1. Cho [ ) R a R a f + , , : , kh tch trn [ ] a A A a > , , .
Tch phn suy rng ca vi cn f + c k hiu l:
+
a
dx x f ) (
Ni rng tch phn suy rng hi t v s
+
a
dx x f ) ( R I nu
k hiu I dx x f
A
a
A
=
+
) ( lim I dx x f
a
=
+
) (
Nu I khng tn ti hoc = I , th ni rng tch phn suy rng phn k.
+
a
dx x f ) (
2. Cho ( ] R a R a f , , : , kh tch trn [ ] a B a B < , ,
Tch phn suy rng ca vi cn f , k hiu l .

a
dx x f ) (
Ni rng tch phn suy rng hi t v s

a
dx x f ) ( R J nu

= =
a a
B
B
dx x f J dx x f ) ( ) ( lim
Nu khng tn ti hoc J = J , th ni rng tch phn suy rng phn k.

a
dx x f ) (
3. Cho kh tch trn R R f : [ ] R B A B A , , , . Tch phn suy rng ca vi cc
cn v hn, k hiu l: .
f
+

dx x f ) (
Ni rng tch phn suy rng hi t khi v ch khi cc tch phn suy rng
v cng hi t,
+

dx x f ) (

a
dx x f ) (

+
a
dx x f ) ( R a . Trong trng hp ny k hiu
R a dx x f dx x f dx x f
a
a
+ =

+

+

, ) ( ) ( ) (
161
R rng nu lin tc trn tp xc nh ca n, v c nguyn hm th c th dng
k hiu Newton-Leibnitz nh sau:
f ) (x F

+
+
+
= =
a
A
a
x F a F A F dx x f ) ( ) ( ) ( lim ) (

a
B
a
x F B F a F dx x f

= =
) ( ) ( lim ) ( ) (

+

+
+

= =
) ( ) ( lim ) ( lim ) ( x F B F A F dx x f
B A

V d 1: Xt s hi t, phn k ca cc tch phn suy rng sau:
a.
+
+
0
2
1 x
dx
, b.
+

+
2
1 x
dx
, c. , d. R a xdx
a
+
, sin R
x
dx
,
1

Gii:
a.
2
0 lim
1
0
0
2

= = =
+
+
+
+
arctg arctgx arctgx

x
dx
x

Vy tch phn suy rng cho hi t.
b.

= + = = =
+
+
+

+

2 2
lim lim
1
2
arctgx arctgx arctgx
x
dx
x x

Vy tch phn suy rng trn hi t.
c. x a x xdx
x
a
a
cos lim cos cos sin
+
+
+
= =

Khng tn ti gii hn ca x cos khi x , vy tch phn suy rng cho phn k.
d.
=
=
+
+
+
1
1
.
1
1
1 ln
1
1
1
1
nu
nu
x
x
x
dx

Nhn thy
<
>
= + =

+ +
1
1 0
1
lim , ln lim
1
nu
nu
x
x
x x

Vy tch phn hi t vi 1 > , khi
1
1
1

=
x
dx
, v phn k vi 1 Ch : Tng
t nh ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh, y ta thy:
Nu tch phn suy rng hi t v th mt min v hn c din tch hu hn, tnh
c nh vo tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn
0 ) ( x f
162
B. iu kin hi t ca tch phn suy rng
Sau y ta xt trng hp tch phn suy rng vi .
a
dx x f ) ( 0 ) ( x f
Cc trng hp tch phn suy rng khc vi gi nguyn du, chng ta c th suy din
tng t nhn c cc kt qu tng ng.
) (x f
t
=
A
a
dx x f A ) ( ) (
V trn [ , chng t 0 ) ( x f ) + , a ) (A n iu tng trn [ ) + , a . T nh l v gii
hn ca hm n iu (Xem mc 2.2.2) suy ra:
nh l 1: Cho hm s v kh tch trn 0 ) ( x f [ ] a A A a > , , tch phn suy rng
hi t, iu kin cn v l tn ti
+
a
dx x f ) ( R L sao cho A L A , ) (
nh l 2: Cho cc hm s kh tch trn v ) ( ), ( x g x f [ ] a A A a > , ,
a b x x g x f > , ) ( ) ( 0 khi
Nu hi t th hi t.
+
a
dx x g ) (

+
a
dx x f ) (
Nu phn k th phn k
+
a
dx x f ) (

+
a
dx x g ) (
Chng minh:
Ta c th biu din

+ +
+ =
b
b
a a
dx x f dx x f dx x f ) ( ) ( ) (
Nh vy s hi t hay phn k ca tch phn suy rng l ng thi vi s hi t
hay phn k ca tch phn suy rng
+
a
dx x f ) (
+
b
dx x f ) (
Nu hi t hi t, theo nh l 1 suy ra . Theo
tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh s c
+
a
dx x g ) (

+
b
dx x g ) (

A
b
A L dx x g , ) (
A ,

L dx x g dx x f
A
b
A
b
) ( ) (
Chng t hi t
+
b
dx x f ) (
Nu phn k khng b chn
+
b
dx x f ) (

A
b
dx x f ) (
163
Tc l sao cho ( + > , 0
0
b A M )

> >
0 0 0
) ( ) ( ) (
A
b
A
b
A
b
M dx x f dx x g M dx x f
Chng t khng b chn theo nh l 1 suy ra phn k
A
b
dx x g ) (

+
b
dx x g ) (
nh l 3: Cho cc hm s khng m v kh tch trn . Khi : ) ( ), ( x g x f [ ] a A A a > , ,
1. Nu
*
) (
) (
lim
+
+
= R l l
x g
x f
x
, th cc tch phn suy rng v
+
a
dx x f ) (
cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
+
a
dx x g ) (
2. Nu 0
) (
) (
lim =
+
x g
x f
x
v hi t th hi t
+
a
dx x g ) (

+
a
dx x f ) (
3. Nu + =
+
) (
) (
lim
x g
x f
x
v phn k th phn k
+
a
dx x g ) (

+
a
dx x f ) (
Chng minh:
1. + < < > > > l
x g
x f
l b x b
) (
) (
0 0 , ,
V ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 0 ) ( x g l x f x g l x g + < <
Ly sao cho 0 > = c l . Theo nh l 2: Nu hi t th
+
a
dx x f ) (
hi t hi t.
a
dx x g l ) ( ) (

+
a
dx x g ) (
Nu hi t hi t hi t.
+
a
dx x g ) (

+
+
a
dx x g l ) ( ) (

+
a
dx x f ) (
2. Ly ) ( ) ( ) ( 0 0 1 x g x g x f b x b = > > = , ,
Theo nh l 2 chng t hi t
+
a
dx x f ) (
3. M
x g
x f
b x b M > > > >
) (
) (
0 0 , , , Ly 1 = M th . Theo nh
l 2 suy ra phn k
) ( ) ( x g x f >
+
a
dx x f ) (
164
H qu 1: Gi s vi x ln hm s c dng: ) (x f
0 ) ( 0
) (
) ( > = x h k
x
x h
x f
k
, , . Khi
Nu v 1 > k + < c h 0 th hi t.
+
a
dx x f ) (
Nu v th phn k 1 k 0 ) ( > c x h

+
a
dx x f ) (
Trong c l hng s.
H qu 2: Nu v l VCB cp k so vi VCB 0 ) ( x f
x
1
ti th hi t
khi v phn k khi
+

+
a
dx x f ) (
1 > k 1 k
H qu 1 c suy ra trc tip t nh l 2 v v d 1d.
H qu 2 c suy ra trc tip t nh l 3 v v d 1d.
V d 2: Xt s hi t, phn k ca cc tch phn sau
a.
+
+
0
2
2
3
1
dx
x
x
, b.
+
+
1
2
1 x x
dx
, c.
+
1
2
2
dx
x
e
x

Gii:
a. 1
1
:
1
2
1 2
2
3

+
+ x
x
x
x
theo h qu 2, tch phn suy rng phn k.
b. 1
1
:
1
1
2
2

+
+ x
x
x x
, tch phn suy rng hi t
c. 0
1
:
2 2
2

x
x
x x
e
, theo nh l 3, tch phn suy rng hi t.
Di y ta s a ra nh l tng qut v iu kin hi t ca tch phn suy rng.
nh l 4: tch phn suy rng hi t, iu kin cn v l:
+
a
dx x f ) (
< > > > > ) ( ) ' ( ' 0
0 0 0
A A A A A A a A , , ,
Hay <
'
) (
A
A
dx x f
Da vo tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh

' '
) ( ) (
A
A
A
A
dx x f dx x f
165
Ta nhn c h qu sau y
H qu 3: Nu
+
a
dx x f ) ( hi t th hi t.
+
a
dx x f ) (
C. S hi t tuyt i v bn hi t ca tch phn suy rng
1. Ni rng tch phn suy rng hi t tuyt i nu tch phn suy rng
+
a
dx x f ) (

+
a
dx x f ) (
hi t.
2. Ni rng tch phn suy rng bn hi t nu hi t v
+
a
dx x f ) (

+
a
dx x f ) (

+
a
dx x f ) (
phn k.
nh l 5: Nu tch phn suy rng hi t tuyt i v hm s b chn trn
th hi t tuyt i
+
a
dx x f ) ( ) (x g
[ ) + , a

+
a
dx x g x f ) ( ) (
Chng minh:
Gi s f M g f . . , ta c
Theo nh l 2 suy ra
+
a
dx x g x f ) ( ). ( hi t, chng t hi t tuyt i.
+
a
dx x g x f ) ( ). (
V d 3: Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn suy rng:
a.
+

+
0
*
2 2
cos
R k R dx
x k
x
, ,
; b.
0
2
1
x
e
xdx
; c.
1
2
1
ln
dx
x x
x

Gii:
a. Nhn xt
2 2 2
1
~
1
1 cos
x x k
x x
+
; , khi x
Vy
+
+
0
2 2
cos
dx
x k
x
hi t tuyt i.
b. V ; 0
2
1
2
lim
1
lim
2 0 2 0
=

x
e
x
e
x
x x x x

0 ,
1 1 1
2
0
2
0
2
>

+ +
a
e
xdx
e
xdx
e
xdx
a
x
a
x x

Tch phn th nht hi t ( l tch phn xc nh v hm di du tch phn kh tch).
Ly 1 > nhn c 0
1
1
:
1
2
1
2

+
x x
e
x
x
e
x

khi x .
166
V
+
a
x
dx
hi t, suy ra tch phn suy rng cho hi t. 0 > a

c. 0
1
1 1
lim
1
1
lim
1
ln
lim
1 2 1 2 1
=
+

x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x x

Ta c

+ +
a
a
dx
x x
x
dx
x x
x
dx
x x
x
1
ln
1
ln
1
ln
2
1
2
1
2

Tch phn th nht hi t (tn ti ) v hm di du tch phn kh tch trn
[ ] 1 , 1 > a a ,
Ly 2 1 < < nhn c 0
1
1
1
.
ln 1
:
1
ln
2
2
2

x
x
x
x
x x
x

khi x .
M
+
a
x
dx
hi t, tch phn cho hi t. > 0 a

4.5.2. Tch phn suy rng vi hm di du tch phn c cc im
A. nh ngha
1. Cho . Ni rng R b a f } {x \ ) , ( :
o
) , (
0
b a x l cc im ca nu f =
) ( lim
0
x f
x x
.
Hm s c cc im ti hoc b nu hoc a =
+
) (a f =
) (b f
2. Cho , kh tch trn [ ) =

) ( , : b f R b a f , [ ] 0 , > , b a b. ch phn suy
rng ca trn [ , k hiu . Ni rng tch phn suy rng hi t v f ] b a,

b
a
dx x f ) ( R I nu
, k hiu I dx x f
b
a
=
) ( lim
0

=
b
a
dx x f I ) (
Nu khng tn ti gii hn hu hn (khng c I hoc = I ) th ni rng tch phn suy
rng phn k.
b
a
dx x f ) (
3. Cho kh tch trn =
+
) ( ] , ( : a f R b a f , ] , [ b a +
Ni rng tch phn suy rng hi t v nu
b
a
dx x f ) ( J
(hu hn). J dx x f
b
a
=
) ( lim
0
Nu khng tn ti ni rng tch phn suy rng phn k. J
167
4. Cho , [ ] R } {x \ , :
o
b a f ) , ( b a x
o
l cc im ca f
Ni rng tch phn suy rng hi t khi v ch khi cc tch phn suy rng
v cng hi t, Khi k hiu:
b
a
dx x f ) (
0
) (
x
a
dx x f

b
x
dx x f
0
) (

+ =
b
x
x
a
b
a
dx x f dx x f dx x f
0
0
) ( ) ( ) (
Ch : Nu hm lin tc trn ) (x f [ ] b a, tr ra cc cc im ca n v c nguyn hm l
, ta c th dng cng thc Newton- Leibnitz v vit ) (x F
hoc ) ( ) ( lim ) (
0
a F b F dx x f
b
a
=

) ( lim ) ( ) (
0

+ =

a b F dx x f
b
a
V d 4: Xt s tn ti ca cc tch phn suy rng sau:
a.

1
1
2
1 x
dx
; b. R
a x
dx
b
a
,
) (

Gii:
a. Hm di du tch phn c cc im l 1
) 1 , 1 ( ,
1 1 1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2

a
x
dx
x
dx
x
dx
a
a

= + =

a x x a
x x
arcsin arcsin lim arcsin lim arcsin
1 1

b. Hm di du tch phn c cc im l a

=
=

b
a
b
a
b
a
a x
a x
a x
dx
1
) (
1
.
1
1
1 ) ln(
) (
1

vi
vi

V
>
<
=
=

+ +
1
1 0
) (
1
lim , ) ln( lim
1
nu
nu
a x
a x
a x a x

Suy ra tch phn cho hi t vi 1 < v phn k vi 1 .
B. iu kin hi t ca tch phn suy rng
Chng ta gii hn trng hp gi nguyn du trn . Gi s
trn v
) (x f ) , ( b a 0 ) ( x f
[ ) b a, =
) (b f
168
t
=

b
a
dx x f ) ( ) (
R rng ) ( l hm s gim ln cn bn phi ca im 0. T nh l v gii hn ca
hm n iu, chng ta nhn c nh l sau y:
nh l: tich phn suy rng hi t, iu kin cn v l
b
a
dx x f ) ( ) ( b chn ln
cn bn phi im 0 = , tc l 0 ) ( > , L
Cc nh l so snh mc 4.5.1 hon ton ng cho cc trng hp tch phn suy rng
vi hm di du tch phn c cc im. Cc h qu tng t vi h qu 1,2 s l:
H qu 1: Gi s vi x gn v b ) ( b x < hm s c dng ) (x f
0 ) ( 0
) (
) (
) ( >
= x g k
x b
x g
x f
k
, , khi :
Nu v 1 < k < c x g ) ( 0 th hi t.
b
a
dx x f ) (
Nu v th phn k trong l hng s 1 k 0 ) ( > c x g

b
a
dx x f ) ( c
H qu 2: Nu v l VCL cp so vi VCL 0 ) ( x f k
x b
1
ti th b
hi t khi v phn k khi .
b
a
dx x f ) ( 1 < k 1 k
V d 5: Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn suy rng sau:
a. 1
) 1 )( 1 (
1
0
2 2 2
<

k
x k x
dx
, ; b.
1
0
ln x
dx
; c.
2
0
cos cos
0
<
,
d

d.
1
0
3
) (
x x
e e x
dx
e.
+

0
1
dx e x
x p
Gii:
a. Hm di du tch phn c mt cc im 1 = x , l VCL cp
2
1
so vi VCL
x 1
1
ti
. Vy tch phn suy rng hi t. 1 = x
169
b.
1
0
ln x
dx
. 0
ln
1
lim
0
=
+
x
x
, vy hm
x ln
1
c cc im ti 1 = x
1
1
1
:
ln
1
1

x
x x
, theo h qu 2, tch phn suy rng phn k.
c.
= <
,
2
0 ,
cos cos
0
d
l cc im
Nhn xt
2
sin
2
sin 2
2
sin
2
sin 2 cos cos

+
=
+
=

sin
1
2
sin
2
sin
2
1
:
cos cos
1

+
=

Vy tch phn hi t.
d. 0
) (
1
0
3
=

x
e e x
dx
x x
, l cc im.

3
2
3
3
2
. 2 ~ ) ( ) ( 2 x e e x x o x e e
x x x x
+ = khi 0 x
Theo h qu 2, tch phn suy rng hi t.
e.

+ =
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
dx e x dx e x dx e x
x p x p x p
Xt , Nu ta nhn c tch phn thng thng.

1
0
1
dx e x
x p
1 p
Nu , nhn c tch phn suy rng, hm di du tch phn c cc im ti 1 p
Xt . Nhn thy
+

1
1
dx e x
x p
p e x
x
e x
x
x p x p
=
+
+
, 0
1
:
1
2
1

Vy tch phn suy rng hi t khi . 0 > p
Ch :
Tch phn suy rng c cc tnh cht tng t nh tch phn xc nh
170
tnh tch phn suy rng (trng hp tch phn suy rng hi t), ngi ta cng thng
s dng hai phng php c bn: i bin s v tch phn tng phn. Sau y, ta a ra mt s v
d v tch phn suy rng thng cp n trong cc lnh vc k thut.
V d 6*: Tch phn Euler.
=
2
0
sin ln
xdx E
S hi t ca tch phn c th suy ra bng cch so snh vi 1 0
2
0
< <
,
x
dx

Gii:
t t x 2 =

+ + = =
4
0
4
0
4
0
cos ln 2 sin ln 2 2 ln
2
2 sin ln 2

tdt tdt tdt E

Xt
4
0
cos ln
tdt , t
=
2
t

=
2
4
4
0
sin ln cos ln
d tdt
Suy ra 2 ln
2
2 2 ln
2

= + = E E E
V d 7*: Tch phn Euler-Poisson.
=
0
2
dx e I
x
Gii:
S hi t c th thy c khi rng: 1 > x c m hi t
x x
e e

<
2
0
dx e
x
Nhn thy hm s t gi tr ln nht khi
t
e t x g

+ = ) 1 ( ) ( 0 = t
v . Vy 1 ) 0 (
max
= = g g 0 t c 1 ) 1 ( < +
t
e t
Thay nhn c
2
x t =

2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1 ) 1 (
1 ) 1 ( 2
2
2
x
e x
e x
e x
x
x
x
+
< <
< +
<

Vi 1 0 < < x c
n nx
x e ) 1 (
2
2
>
c x
n
nx
x
e
) 1 (
1
2
2
+
<

T

+

+
< < <
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
2
) 1 (
) 1 (
2 2
n
nx nx n
x
dx
dx e dx e dx x
171
Thc hin php i bin x n u =

n
I
du e
n
dx e
u nx
= =

0 0
2 2 1

Thc hin php i bin t x cos =

! )! 1 2 (
! )! 2 (
sin ) 1 (
2
0
1 2
1
0
2
+
= =

+
n
n
tdt dx x
n n

Thc hin php i bin gt x cot = , ta c
.
2
.
! )! 2 2 (
! )! 3 2 (
sin
) 1 (
2
0
2 2
0
2

= =
+

n
n
tdt
x
dx
n
n

Thay cc tch phn tnh vo bt ng thc trn, nhn c

2
.
! )! 2 2 (
! )! 3 2 (
! )! 1 2 (
! )! 2 (
< <
+ n
n
n I
n
n
n
Bnh phng cc v bt ng thc kp trn.

4
) 1 2 .(
! )! 2 2 (
! )! 3 2 (
1 2 1 2
1
! )! 1 2 (
! )! 2 (
1 2
2
2
2
2
< <
+
+
n
n
n
n
n
I
n n
n
n
n

Theo cng thc Wallis (Xem v d 6 mc 4.2.2)

1 2
1
.
! )! 1 2 (
! )! 2 (
lim
2
2
+
=

n n
n
n

Suy ra
2 4
2

= = I I
V d 8*: Tnh
+
+
=
0
4
1 x
dx
J
Gii:
t

+
=
+
=
+
= =
0
4
2
0
4
2
0
4
1 1 1
1
x
dx x
t
dt t
x
dx
J
t
x

+
+
=
+
+
=
0
2
2
2
0
4
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
x
x
dx
x
J dx
x
x
J
t
x
x z
1
= , nhn c

2 2 2 2 2
1
2 2
1
2

= =
+
=
+

+

z
arctg
z
dz
J
172
Chng 5: L thuyt chui
CHNG V: L THUYT CHUI

5.1. CHUI S
5.1.1. Cc khi nim chung
A. nh ngha chui s v s hi t ca chui s
1. Cho dy s thc vi mi R a a
n n
, ) ( n
Gi l mt chui s thc ... ...
2 1
+ + + +
n
a a a
K hiu chui s trn l (5.1)
=1 k
k
a
S thc vi xc nh gi l s hng th ca chui , vi khng xc nh gi l s
hng tng qut ca chui .Sau y l mt vi chui s dng c bit :
k
a k k k
...
1
) 1 ( ...
3
1
2
1
1
1
) 1 (
1
1
1
+ + + =

n n
n
n
n
c s hng tng qut l
n
n
1
) 1 (
1

... ) 1 ( ... 1 1 1 1 ) 1 (
1
1
1
+ + + + =

n
n
n

...
2
1
...
8
1
4
1
2
1
1
2
1
0
+ + + + + + =
=
k
k
k
gi l chui cp s nhn c cng bi l
2
1
.
...
1
...
2
1
1
1
1
+ + + + =
=
n n
n
gi l chui iu ho .
...
1
...
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
+ + + + + =
=

n n
n
gi l chui Riemann vi tham s .
2. Cho chui s (5.1). Gi tng ring th n ca chui (5.1) l
(5.2)
=
=
n
i
i n
a S
1
Nu (hu hn) th ni rng chui s (5.1) hi t v c tng l S, khi k hiu S S
n
n
=

lim
S a
i
i
=
=1
. Nu khng xy ra iu trn ni rng chui (5.1) phn k .
3. Nu chui (5.1) hi t v S th gi
n n
S S R = l phn d th n ca chui. Theo trn suy ra:
chui (5.1) hi t v S th cn v l phn d hi t v 0.
n
R
173
V d 1: Xt s hi t ca chui cp s nhn vi cng bi q
0 ,
0

=
a aq
k
k
Gii:
Tnh tng ring th n :
=
1
1
1
1
.
q na
q
q
q
a
S
n
n

vi
vi

By gi tm :
n
n
S

lim
Nu 1 < q th
q
a
S
n
n

=

1
lim
Nu 1 q th khng hi t. ) (
n
S
Vy chui cp s nhn hi t khi v ch khi 1 < q .
V d 2: Xt s hi t ca chui iu ho
=1
1
n
n

Gii:
Tnh tng ring th n :
n
S
n
1
...
2
1
1 + + + =
Tng ring th 2n :
n n
S S
n n
2
1
...
1
1
2
+ +
+
+ =
Suy ra
2
1
2 2
1
...
1
1
2
= > + +
+
=
n
n
n n
S S
n n
Theo tnh cht ca dy s hi t
chng t khng hi t . Vy chui iu ho phn k . ) (
n
S
V d 3: Xt s hi t ca chui
=
+
1
1
ln
n
n
n

Gii:
[ ]

= =
+ =
+
=
n
k
n
k
n
k k
k
k
S
1 1
) 1 ln( ln
1
ln
) 1 ln( ln ... 3 ln 2 ln 2 ln 1 ln + + + + = n n ) 1 ln( + = n
= + =

) 1 ln( lim lim n S
n
n
n
Vy chui phn k.
174
V d 4: Xt s hi t ca chui s
=
+
1
) 1 (
1
n
n n

Gii:

= =

+
=
+
=
n
k
n
k
n
k k k k
S
1 1
1
1 1
) 1 (
1

1
1
1
1
1 1
...
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
+
=
+
+ + + =
n n n

=

+
= =
+
=
1
) 1 (
1
1
1
1
1 lim lim
n
n
n
n
n n n
S .
B. iu kin hi t ca chui s
T iu kin Cauchy cho dy s hi t suy ra.
nh l 1: chui s (5.1) hi t th cn v l

*
0 0
, , , : , 0 N p n p n n n > >
< + + +
+ + p n n n
a a a ...
1

T nh ngha v s hi t ca chui s suy ra:
nh l 2: iu kin cn ca chui s hi t l s hng tng qut dn n 0 khi

n
a
: n
0 lim =

n
n
a (5.3)
Chng minh: Cho chui (5.1) hi t v S tc l
, ta c S S
n
n
=

lim
1 1 + +
+ =
n n n
a S S hay
n n n
S S a =
+ + 1 1

V 0 ) ( lim
1
= =
+

S S S S
n n
n
,
Nn 0 lim
1
=
+

n
n
a
Ch : iu kin (5.3) khng phi l iu kin ca chui hi t, iu ny nhn thy
c qua cc v d 2 v v d 3.
C. Tnh cht ca chui s hi t
1. Tnh cht hi t hay phn k ca chui s vn gi nguyn khi thay i hu hn s hng
u tin ca chui .
Tht vy: Gi tng ring th n ca chui ban u l cn tng ring th n ca chui khi
thay i k s hng u tin ca chui l Vy r rng
n
S
'
n
S a S S
n n
+ = ' trong a l hiu s 2 tng
k s hng u tin c v mi. Suy ra v cng hi t hay cng phn k.
n
S '
n
S
175
2. Nu chui (5.1) hi t v S th chui hi t v
=1 i
i
a S . Tht vy nu gi tng ring
th n ca (5.1) l th
n
S

n
n
i
i
n
i
i
S a a = =

= = 1 1
S a
i
i
=
=1
3. Nu cc chui
v hi t tng ng v A v B th chui
=1 i
i
a

=1 i
i
b
=
+
1
) (
i
i i
b a hi t v A+B.
Tht vy

= = =
+ = +
n
i
n
i
i
n
i
i i i
b a b a
1 1 1
) (
Qua gii hn s c B A b a
i
i i
+ = +
=1
) (
Ch : Cc khi nim trn c chuyn sang cho chui s phc
(5.4)

=
=
+ =
1 1
) Im (Re
i
i i
i
i
z i z z
C th : chui s phc (5.4) hi t cn v l 2 chui s thc
=1
Re
i
i
z v cng hi t v ta c :
=1
Im
i
i
z

=
=
+ =
1 1 1
Im Re
i
i
i
i
i
z i z z
5.1.2. Chui s dng
Sau y xt chui s vi cc kt qu s c chuyn sang cho chui s
vi
=1 i
i
a
*
+
R a
i
=1 i
i
a
*
R a
i
A. iu kin hi t ca chui s dng
nh l: Chui s dng hi t khi v ch khi dy tng ring ca n b chn trn.
N n M S
n
,
Chng minh:
176
Ta bit rng chui s hi t khi v ch khi dy hi t ) (
n
S
Ta c v . Suy ra n iu tng. hi t th
cn v l
n n n n
S a S S > + =
+ + 1 1
0
1
>
+ n
a ) (
n
S ) (
n
S
M sao cho n M S
n
, (Theo tnh cht hi t ca dy n iu).
B. Cc tiu chun v s hi t
1. Cc nh l so snh.
Cho 2 chui s dng
(a) v (b)
=1 i
i
a

=1 i
i
b
nh l 1: Gi s
*
0 0
, , N n n n b a
n n

Khi : Nu chui (b) hi t th chui (a) hi t .
Nu chui (a) phn k th chui (b) phn k .
Chng minh: Xt hai chui mi c thnh lp bng cch thay i s hng u tin
ca mi chui (a) , (b) xy ra bt ng thc
0
n
N n b a
n n
, . Theo tnh cht 1 ca chui
s ta ch vic chng minh nh l vi iu kin
*
, N n b a
n n

Cc tng ring s tho mn: n B b a A
n
n
k
k
n
k
k n
= =

= =
,
1 1
Nu chui (b) hi t th tn ti s M sao cho n M A n M B
n n
Vy chui
(a) hi t .
Nu chui (a) phn k th r rng chui (b) phn k , nu khng s mu thun vi iu va
chng minh trn .
nh l 2: Gi s k
b
a
n
n
n
=

lim
Khi : Nu + < < k 0 hai chui (a) v (b) cng hi t hoc cng phn k
Nu v chui (b) hi t th chui (a) hi t. 0 = k
Nu v chui (b) phn k th chui (a) phn k . = k
Chng minh:
Nu + < < k 0 , Ly 0 > b sao cho 0 > k . Theo nh ngha gii hn , tn ti
sao cho
*
0
N n
c
0
n n > < k
b
a
n
n
hay
n n n
b k a k b ) ( ) ( + < <
Theo tnh cht 2 v chui s hi t v nh l 1 suy ra hai chui (a) v (b) cng hi t
hoc cng phn k.
177
Nu k=0, ly 0 > , s tn ti
*
0
N u
0
n n > s c
n n
b a < . T ta thy: Khi
chui (b) hi t th chui hi t , Theo nh l 1 chui (a) s hi t . Khi chui (a) phn k
th chui phn k , Theo tnh cht 1 suy ra chui (b) phn k .
=1 k
k
b
=1 k
k
b
Kt lun ny chng minh trng hp = k
2. Cc tiu chun hi t .
a. Tiu chun almbe (DAlembert).
Gi
=
+
n
n
n
a
a
D
1
) ( l dy DAlembert (5.5)
Nu tn ti s sao cho
*
+
R q 1 < q D
n
th chui hi t
Nu th chui phn k 1
n
D
Chng minh:
Nu th Chui cp s nhn hi t
v . Vy chui cho hi t
1 < q D
n
n
n n n
q a q a q a a
1
2
1 1
... <
+
=1
1
n
n
q a
1 0 < < q
Nu th . Vy khng hi t v 0. Chng t
chui phn k
1
n
D 0 ...
1 1 1
>
+
a a a a
n n n
) (
n
a
Tiu chun DAlembert dng "bt ng thc" nu t khi c p dng do vic tm s q
rt kh khn. Thng thng dng tiu chun DAlembert dng "gii hn" cho bi nh l sau.
nh l: Gi s khi : D D
n
n
=

lim
Nu th chui phn k 1 > D
th chui hi t 1 < D
th cha th kt lun c. 1 = D
Chng minh:
Nu , ly 1 > D 0 > sao cho 1 > D Khi
+ < < < > D D D n n n
n
1 :
0 0
Theo trn chng t chui phn k .
, hon ton tm c s 1 < D 0 > sao cho 1 < + = D q Khi c
Theo trn chui hi t.
0 0
: n n n >
1 < < q D
n
Nu . th cc v d 2 v v d 4 chng minh kt lun ca nh l. 1 = D
178
b. Tiu chun Csi (Cauchy).
Gi ( )
n
n n
a C = ) ( l dy Cauchy (5.6)
Nu tn ti s sao cho
*
+
R q 1 < q C
n
th chui s hi t
Nu th chui s phn k . 1
n
C
Chng minh:
Nu 1 < = q a C
n
n n
th . Chui cp s nhn hi t v
n
n
q a

=1 n
n
q 1 0 < < q nn
chui s dng cho hi t.
Nu th chng t khng th hi t v 0, do chui phn k. 1
n
C 1
n
a ) (
n
a
nh l: Gi s khi C C
n
n
=

lim
Nu th chui phn k 1 > C
th chui hi t 1 < C
th cha th kt lun c. 1 = C
Chng minh:
Nu , ly 1 > C 0 > sao cho 1 > C , khi
0
n
n
C C n n < >
0
. Theo
trn suy ra chui phn k
Nu , ly 1 < C 0 > sao cho 1 < + = C q khi
0
n
0
n n > c 1 < < q C
n
Vy
chui hi t
Nu , cc v d 2 v v d 4 chng minh iu kt lun cui cng ca nh l. 1 = C
c. Tiu chun tch phn Cauchy-McLaurin.
Gi s dng v lin tc trn ) (x f [ ) + , 1 tho mn cc iu kin.

= =

,

,... 2 , 1 ) (
) (
n a n f
x x f
n
khi 0 v m gi
Khi chui hi t hay phn k cng vi s hi t hay phn k ca tch phn

=1 n
n
a
+
1
) ( dx x f
Chng minh:
V n iu gim nn ) (x f [ ]
*
, , 1 N k k k x c ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( k f x f k f
179
suy ra
1
1 1 1
) 1 ( ) ( ) (

= =

k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
a dx k f dx x f dx k f a
Sau khi ly tng ng vi k t 2 n n s c
trong
n n
n
n
a S dx x f a S

1
1
) (

=
=
n
i
i n
a S
1
Nu hi t th b chn trn
+
1
) ( dx x f

n
dx x f
1
) ( n , ngha l M cho
n M dx x f
n

,
1
) (
Suy ra Chng t chui hi t . n a M S
n
+ ,
1
Nu phn k th khng b chn trn m
+
1
) ( dx x f

n
dx x f
1
) (

+
n
n n
dx x f a S
1
) (
Vy khng b chn trn do chui phn k
n
S
Sau y chng ta xt mt s v d v s hi t hay phn k ca chui s nh vo cc nh l
so snh v cc tiu chun a ra trn
V d 1: ) 0 (
) (ln
1
2
>
=
p
n
n
p

Gii:
V
p
n
n
) (ln
khi n nn N n
0

0
n n > c
n n
p
1
) (ln
1
> , m
chui iu ho phn k , vy theo nh l so snh 1 suy ra chui cho phn k
V d 2:
=2
ln
) (ln
1
n
n
n

Gii:

) ln(ln ) ln(ln . ln ln
1 1
) (ln
1
n n n n
n e n
= =
V khi ) ln(ln n n nn vi n ln s c 2 ) ln(ln > n
180
Suy ra
2 ln
1
) (ln
1
n n
n
< m chui
=2
2
1
n
n
hi t (Xem v d 8 di y). Vy chui
cho hi t
V d 3:
=1
1
n
n
n n

Gii:
Do 1
n
n khi , vy n
n n n
n
1
~
1
khi n , chng t chui cho phn k
V d 4:
=3
) ln(ln
) (ln
1
n
n
n

Gii:

( )
2
) ln(ln
) ln(ln
1
) (ln
1
n
n
e
n
= V ( )
2
) ln(ln ln n n >
nn
n e n
n n
1 1
) (ln
1
ln ) ln(ln
= > Vy chui cho phn k.
V d 5: ) 0 (
!
1
1
> +
=
x
n
x
n
n
,
Gii:
C 0 lim
1
=
+
=

n
n
n
D
n
x
D , . Vy chui hi t vi 0 > x .
V d 6:
=
>
1
) 0 ( !
n
n
x
n
x
n ,
Gii:
C
e
x
D
n
x
D
n
n
n n
=
+
=

lim
1
1
,
Vi e x = c 1
1
1
>
+
=
n n
n
x
D bi v e
n
n
<
+
1
1
Vy chui hi t vi e x < , chui phn k vi e x
181
V d 7: ) 0 lim 0 (
1
> = >
x a a a
a
x
n
n
n
n
n
n
, , v
Gii:
C
n
n
a
x
C =
Nu th 0 = a =

n
n
C lim
Nu th = a 0 lim =

n
n
C
Nu + < < a 0 th
a
x
C
n
n
=

lim
Vy nu 0 = a th chui phn k
= a chui hi t
+ < < a 0 , chui hi t khi a x <
chui phn k khi a x >
cha kt lun khi a x =
Tht vy xt cc chui s sau vi a=1

( )
=1
1
n
n
n
n
phn k

( )
=1
2
1
n
n
n
n
hi t
Xem v d 8 di y
V d 8: Xt s hi t ca chui sau theo tham s (chui Riemann)
=1
1
n
n

Gii:
t
x
x f
1
) ( = . Hm s ny tho mn cc iu kin ca tiu chun tch
phn Cauchy-McLaurin .

+
1

x
dx
hi t khi 1 > , phn k khi 1 (Xem v d 1, mc 4.5)
Vy chui Riemann hi t vi 1 > , phn k vi 1
182
V d 9: ) 0 (
ln
1
2
1
>
=
+

,
n
n n

Gii:
t
x x
x f
+
=
1
ln
1
) ( , nguyn hm ca trn ) (x f [ ) + , 2 l
x
x F

ln
1
) ( =
0 ) ( lim =
+
x F
x
Vy hi t , do chui cho hi t .
+
2
) ( dx x f
V d 10:
=3
) ln(ln . ln
1
n
n n n

Gii:

) ln(ln . ln
1
) (
x x x
x f = c nguyn hm l ( ) ) ln(ln ln ) ( x x F =
+ =
+
) ( lim x F
x
, tch phn phn k , chng t chui cho phn k
+
3
) ( dx x f
5.1.3. Chui an du
A. nh ngha chui an du
Chui s c dng trong
=
+
1
1
) 1 (
k
k
k
a k a
k
> , 0 (5.7)
hoc trong
=

1
) 1 (
k
k
k
a k a
k
> , 0 (5.8)
gi l chui an du.
Chng hn

0 1
2
) 1 (
1
1
. ) 1 (
n n
n
n
n n
, l cc chui an du
S hi t hay phn k ca cc dng (5.7) , (5.8) c tnh cht nh nhau. Di y chng ta
xt dng (5.7).
B. iu kin hi t ca chui an du
nh l Leibnitz.
Cho chui (5.7) nu dy tho mn cc iu kin : ) (
n
a
- Dy n iu gim: ) (
n
a N n a a
n n
>
+
,
1

- 0 lim =

n
n
a
183
Th chui (5.7) hi t v tng S v
1
a S <
Chng minh: Dy tng ring chn c th biu din nh sau:
=
+
=
m
n
n
n
m
a S
2
1
1
2
) 1 (
) ( ... ) ( ) (
2 1 2 4 3 2 1 2 m m m
a a a a a a S + + + =

Do , nn dy l dng v tng ngt. Mt khc. N n a a
n n
>
+
,
1
) (
2m
S

m m m m
a a a a a a S
2 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 2
) ( ... ) ( =

Suy ra , nh vy
1 2
a S
m
< S S
m
m
=

2
lim (Theo nh l 1 mc 1.3.3.)
Dy tng ring l c dng :
1 2 2 1 2 + +
+ =
m m m
a S S
V 0 lim
1 2
=
+

m
m
a nn S S S
m
m
m
m
= =

+

2 1 2
lim lim
Vy (Xem h qu mc 1.3.4). Chng t chui hi t v S. S S
n
n
=

lim
Mt khc ) (
1 2 2 1 2 1 2 + +
=
m m m m
a a S S suy ra dy dng v gim ngt . V th
nhn c bt ng thc
) (
1 2 + m
S

1 1 2 1 2 2
... a S S S S
m m m
< < < < <
+

V d 1: Xt s hi t ca chui s sau :

=
+
>
1
1
) 0 (
1
) 1 (
n
n
n

,
Gii:
Chui l an du tho mn cc iu kin ca nh l Leibnitz:

n
1
n iu gim v 0
1
lim =

n
n
vy chui hi t.
V d 2: Xt s hi t ca chui s
=
+
2
. ) 1 ( 1
n
n
n
n

Gii:
Chui l an du tuy nhin phn k v l tng ca chui iu ho
=2
1
n
n

v chui an du
2
2
1
) 1 (
n
n
n
xt v d 1 vi
2
1
= .
184
5.1.4. Chui c s hng mang du bt k
A. S hi t tuyt i v bn hi t
Cho chui s bt k (a) R a a
i
i
i

=
,
1
Lp chui s dng
=1 i
i
a (b)
1. Nu chui (a) hi t v chui (b) phn k th ni rng chui (a) bn hi t
2. Nu chui (a) v (b) cng hi t th ni rng chui (a) hi t tuyt i .
nh l: Nu chui (b) hi t th chui (a) cng hi t .
Chng minh: Gi s chui (b) hi t v S
Gi l tng ring th n ca chui (a) v l tng ring th n ca chui (b), tc l:
n
S '
n
S

n n n n
Q P a a a S = + + + = ...
2 1

n n n n
Q P a a a S + = + + + = ... '
2 1

Trong l tng cc s dng trong n s hng u tin , cn
n
P
n
Q l
tng cc s m trong n s hng u tin. V chui (b) hi t v S nn dy tng ngt
v hi t v S:
) ' (
n
S
' ' ' ' lim S S S S
n n
n
< =

v
R rng cc dy tng ngt v tho mn: ) ( ) (
n n
Q P v
' ' S S P
n n
<
n S S Q
n n
< , ' '
Suy ra cc dy hi t : ) ( ) (
n n
Q P v
Q Q P P
n
n
n
n
= =

lim lim ,
Vy S Q P Q P S
n n
n
n
n
= = =

) ( lim lim ,
Ngha l chui (a) hi t v S.
Ch : Trong nhiu bi ton xt s hi t ca chui s (a), nh vo nh l trn ngi ta i
xt s hi t ca chui (b). l chui s dng nn c th s dng cc tiu chun trong mc B
ca 5.1.2. Trong trng hp s dng tiu chun DAlembert hoc Cauchy m chui (b) phn k
th kt lun chui (a) cng phn k v thy ngay c trong trng hp ny s hng tng qut
khng dn ti khng khi n
B
*
. Mt s tnh cht ca chui bn hi t v hi t tuyt i
185
1. Nu chui cho l bn hi t th c th ly s tu (hu hn hoc v hn) sao cho
khi thay i v tr cc s hng c chui mi hi t v . Ni cch khc, trong trng hp ny
tnh cht giao hon, tnh cht kt hp khng cn ng i vi tng v hn.
*
S
*
S
Chng hn: Xt chui bn hi t
2 ln ...
2
1
1 2
1
...
3
1
2
1
1 = +
+ +
k k

c tng ring th 2n l:
=
n
k
n
k k
S
1
2
2
1
1 2
1

(Chui hi t v , xem cng thc 5.35) 2 ln = S
Xt chui mi do thay i v tr cc s hng
...
4
1
2 4
1
1 2
1
...
8
1
6
1
3
1
4
1
2
1
1 +
+ + +
k k k

Xt cc tng ring ca chui ny.

n
n
k
n
k
n
S
k k k k k
S
2
1 1
*
3
2
1
2
1
1 2
1
2
1
4
1
2 4
1
1 2
1
=
=

= =

n
S S
n n
4
1
*
3
*
1 3
+ =

2 4
1
*
1 3
*
2 3
+ =

n
S S
n n

Suy ra 2 ln
2
1
lim
2
1
lim lim lim
2
*
2 3
*
1 3
*
3
= = = =

n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
S S S S
Chng t chui mi hi t v . 2 ln
2
1
*
= S
2. Nu chui cho hi t v S v l hi t tuyt i th chui mi nhn c bng cch
thay i v tr cc s hng hoc bng cch nhm mt s hu hn cc s hng li cng hi t v S
v cng l hi t tuyt i. Ni cch khc trong trng hp ny tnh cht giao hon v kt hp
c gi nguyn i vi chui v hn
3. Cho hai chui s

=
= 1 1

i
i
i
i
b a v
Lp bng s ... ...
1 1 3 1 2 1 1
b a b a b a b a
k
... ...
2 2 3 2 2 2 1
b a b a b a b a
k
.........................................
... ...
j k j j j
b a b a b a b a
3 2 1
186
Lp dy s vi ) (
n
u ...
1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1
, , b a b a u b a u + = =
vi ) (
n
v ... , ,
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1
b a b a b a v b a v + + = =
Cc chui gi l chui tch ca hai chui cho.

=
= 1 1 n
n
n
n
v u v
Nu hai chui cho hi t tng ng v v l hi t tuyt i th cc chui
tch ca chng hi t v v l hi t tuyt i.
2 1
S S ,
2 1
. S S
5.2. CHUI HM
5.2.1. Cc khi nim chung v chui hm
A. nh ngha chui hm
Cho dy hm thc ( ) ) , ( ) ( b a x x f
n
, ,
gi (5.9)
=
= + + + +
1
2 1
) ( ... ) ( ... ) ( ) (
k
k n
x f x f x f x f
l mt chui hm xc nh trn (a,b).
B. Min hi t ca chui hm
1. im l im hi t ca chui hm nu chui s
hi t. ) , (
0
b a x

=1
0
) (
n
n
x f
2. Tp X cc im hi t ca chui hm gi l min hi t ca chui hm.
3. Hm s gi l tng ring th n chui hm. Chui hm
gi l hi t v nu
=
=
n
k
k n
b a x x f x S
1
) , ( ) ( ) ( vi
X x x S vi ) ( X x x S x S
n
n
=

), ( ) ( lim . Trong trng hp ny k hiu

=
=
1
) ( ) (
n
n
X x x S x f ,
4. Nu chui hm
=1
) (
n
n
x f hi t trn tp X th ni rng chui hm hi t tuyt
i trn tp
=1
) (
n
n
x f
X .
Sau y ta s tm min hi t ca mt s chui hm.
V d 1:
=1
1
n
x
n

Gii:
Tp xc nh : R
l chui Riemann vi tham s l x . Vy min hi t ) , 1 ( + = X
187
V d 2:
=1
!
n
n
n
x

Gii:
Tp xc nh : R
Ly v xt chui s X x

=1
!
n
n
n
x
. Dng tiu chun Cauchy ta c 0
!
lim =

n
n
n
x
, Vy
chui hm hi t tuyt i trn R . ng nhin min hi t R X = .
V d 3:
=
+
1
2 2
cos
n
x n
nx

Gii:
Tp xc nh: R
Ly ta c R x
2 2 2
1 cos
n x n
nx
+

Vy chui hm hi t tuyt i trn R .
V d 4:
+
1
2 2 2 2
) 1 ( 1
) 1 (
1
n
x n
x n
x n
nx

Gii:
Tp xc nh : R
Tng ring th n :
2 2
1
) (
x n
nx
x S
n
+
=
Suy ra x
x n
nx
x S
n
n
n
=
+
=

, 0
1
lim ) ( lim
2 2
. Vy min hi t l R .
5.2.2*. S hi t u ca chui hm
A. nh ngha
1. Dy hm c gi l hi t u v hm trn tp X nu nh ( ) (x f
n
) ) (x f
0 > , ) (
0
n , < > ) ( ) (
0
x f x f n n
n
, X x
2. Chui hm (5.9) c gi l hi t u v hm trn ) (x S X nu dy tng ring ca n
hi t u v trn ) (x S X .
Ngha l: X x x S x S n n n
n
< > > , , , ) ( ) ( ) ( 0
0 0
(5.10)
Vy nu chui hi t u v th phn d ) (x S ) ( ) ( ) ( x S x S x R
n n
= s hi t u v 0,
tc l:
188
X x x R n n n
n
< > > , , , ) ( ) ( 0
0 0
(5.11)
Trong trng hp chui hi t u v hm trn (a,b) thng k hiu ) (x S
) , ( ) ( ) (
1
b a x x S x f
n
n

=
,
V d 1: Chng minh chui hm
+
1
2 2 2 2
) 1 ( 1 1
n
x n
x
x n
x

hi t u trn [ ] 1 , 0
Gii:
[ ] 1 , 0 0 ) ( lim
1
) (
2 2
=
+
=

x x S
x n
x
x S
n
n
n
, ,
<
+
=
+
=
n n x n
nx
x n
x
x R
n
2
1
2
1
.
1
2
1
) (
2 2 2 2

Suy ra
=
2
1
0
n s c
0
n n > [ ] 1 , 0 ) ( < x x R
n
,
V d 2: Chng t rng chui hm
+
1
2 2 2 2
) 1 ( 1
) 1 (
1
n
x n
x n
x n
nx

khng hi t u trn [ ] 1 , 0
Gii:
T v d 4 ta c phn d th n ca chui l [ ] 1 , 0
1
) (
2 2

+
= x
x n
nx
x R
n
,
Nh vy [ ] = = = =
2
1
) ( 1 , 0
1
2
1
n n n
x R
n
x n , ,
Chng t chui khng hi t u trn [ ] 1 , 0 .
V d 3: Chng minh rng cc chui hm sau y hi t u trn tp R .
a.
1
2
1
) 1 (
n
n
n x
b.
1
2
2 1
) 1 (
) 1 (
n
n
n
x
x

Gii:
Vi x c nh trn R ta nhn c cc chui s an du. Theo nh l Leibnitz cc
chui ny hi t .
189
a. , Theo nh l Leibnitz th phn d ca chui. tho mn R x ) (x R
n
< <
+
<
+ +
n n n x
x R
n
1
1
1
1
1
) (
2
. Vy chng t chui hm hi t u trn 0 ) ( x R
n
R .
b. < <
+ +
<
n nx
x
x R R x
n
1
... 1
) (
2
2
c
Vy chng t chui hm hi t u trn 0 ) ( x R
n
R .
B. Cc tiu chun v s hi t u ca chui hm
1. Tiu chun Cauchy.
nh l: Gi s l dy tng ring ca chui hm. chui hm hi t u trn tp ( ) (x S
n
)
X iu kin cn v l:
N p n n N n > > , , ,
0 0
) ( 0
(5.12)
X x x S x S
n p n
<
+
, ) ( ) (
Chng minh:
iu kin cn: Ta c chui hi t u trn X v , tc l ) (x S
X x x S x S n n N n
n
< > > , , ,
2
) ( ) ( ) ( 0
0 0

Ly N p n n > v
0
s c

= + < +
+ =
+
+ +
2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
x S x S x S x S
x S x S x S x S x S x S
n p n
n p n n p n

iu kin : Trc khi chng minh iu kin chng ta hy cng nhn nguyn l hi t
sau y ca dy s:
dy s hi t th iu kin cn v l ) (
n
a
< > >
+ n p n
a a p n n n , , ,
0 0
0
Trong trng hp ny gi l dy Cauchy. ) (
n
a
T iu kin (5.12) r rng vi X x nhn c ( ) ) (x S
n
l dy Cauchy. Vy tn ti hm
xc nh trn ) (x S X ) ( ) ( lim x S x S
n
n
=

.
T (5.12) suy ra X x x S x S
n p n
p
<
+

, ) ( ) ( lim
hay l X x x S x S
n
< , ) ( ) (
Vy X x S x S
n
n tr ) ( ) (
190
2. Tiu chun Weierstrass.
nh l: Gi s cc s hng ca chui hm tho mn bt ng thc
X x a x f
n n
, ) ( (5.13)
v chui s hi t . Khi chui hm hi t tuyt i v u trn tp
=1 n
n
a

=1
) (
n
n
x f X
Chng minh: Trc ht chng minh s hi t tuyt i trn X .
Ly tu trn
0
x X c
n n
a x f ) (
0
. Theo nh l so snh mc B, 5.1.2 th chui s
=1
0
) (
n
n
x f hi t tc l hi t tuyt i. V tu trn
=1
0
) (
n
n
x f
0
x X chng t chui hi t
tuyt i trn X .
Xt s hi t u trn X .
V hi t , ngha l dy tng ring hi t. Theo nguyn l hi t s c :
=1 n
n
a

=
=
n
k
k n
a S
1
< > >

+
+ =
p n
n k
k
a N p n n n
1
0 0
0 , , ,
Ta c: X x a x f x S x S
p n
n k
k
p n
n k
k n p n
<

+
+ =
+
+ =
+
,
1 1
) ( ) ( ) (
Theo tiu chun Cauchy chui hm hi t u trn X .
V d 4: Xt s hi t ca cc chui hm sau y:

=
+ +
1 1
2 2 2 2
sin cos
n n
x n
nx
x n
nx
;
Gii:
R x
n x n
nx
n x n
nx

+
+
, ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 sin 1 cos

Chui Riemann
=1
2
1
n
n
hi t vy cc chui hm cho hi t u trn R
T v d trn suy ra nu cc chui s hi t tuyt i th cc chui hm
hi t u trn

=
= 1 1 i
i
i
i
b a ,

=
= 1 1
sin cos
n
n
n
n
nx b nx a , R .
C. Cc tnh cht ca chui hm hi t u
nh l 1: Cho chui hm (5.9), cc hm s ,...) 2 , 1 ( ) ( = i x f
i
, lin tc trn tp X v hi
t u v trn ) (x S X th lin tc trn ) (x S X
191
Chng minh: Ly v s chng minh s lin tc ca ti im X x ) (x S x .
Ly sao cho v gi l tng ring th n ca chui. R h X h x + ) (x S
n
Xt ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( x S x S x S h x S h x S h x S x S h x S
n n n n
+ + + + + = +
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( x S x S x S h x S h x S h x S
n n n n
+ + + + +
Do tnh hi t u ca dy ( trn ) ) (x S
n
X nn
3
) ( ) (
3
) ( ) ( ) ( 0
0 0

< < + + > > x S x S h x S h x S n n n
n n
, , ,
Ngoi ra l tng n hm s lin tc ti ) ( ) (
0
n n x S
n
> , x trn X . Vy vi chn
th tn ti 0 > < h s c.

3
) ( ) (

< + x S h x S
n n

Nh vy , > 0 < h th c < + ) ( ) ( x S h x S
Chng t lin tc ti ) (x S X x .
Tnh cht ny thng dng chng minh s hi t khng u ca chui hm trn tp X
no .
V d 5: Xt s hi t u ca chui hm trn
=

0
) 1 (
n
n
x x [ ) 2 , 0
Gii:
[ ) 2 , 0 ) 1 ( 1 ) (
1
=
+
x x x S
n
n
,

[ ) { }
=
= =

0 \ 2 , 0 1
0 0
) ( ) ( lim
x
x
x S x S
n
n

vi
vi
Cc hm lin tc trn
n
x x ) 1 ( [ ) 2 , 0 tuy nhin gin on ti . Vy chui hm
hi t khng u trn [ .
) (x S 0 = x
) 2 , 0
nh l 2: Cho chui hm (5.9) hi t u v trn v cc hm
lin tc trn th
) (x S [ b a, ]
] ,...) 2 , 1 ( ) ( = i x f
i
, [ b a,
(5.14)

=
=
1
) ( ) (
i
b
a
i
b
a
dx x f dx x S
H thc (5.14) chng t vi iu kin no c th ly tch phn tng t ca chui hm.
Chng minh: Ta s chng minh
=
=

b
a
n
i
b
a
i
n
dx x S dx x f ) ( ) ( lim
1
Tc l < > >

=
n
i
b
a
i
b
a
dx x f dx x S n n n
1
0 0
) ( ) ( : 0 ,
Cc tch phn tn ti do tnh lin tc ca cc hm di du tch phn.
192
Tht vy do chui hm hi t u v nn ) (x S

a b
x S x S n n n
n
< > >

) ( ) ( : 0
0 0
,
m

=
=
b
a
b
a
n
n
i
b
a
i
b
a
dx x S dx x S dx x f dx x S ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1

[ ]
< =

b
a
b
a
n
b
a
n
dx
a b
dx x S x S dx x S x S ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
Ch : S hi t u ch l iu kin ly tch phn tng t ca chui, sau y chng
ta s nu ra mt s v d minh ho iu .
V d 6: Chng minh cc h thc sau:

+
=
+
1
1
0
2 2 2 2
1
0
1
2 2 2 2
) 1 ( 1
) 1 (
1 ) 1 ( 1
) 1 (
1
i n
dx
x n
x n
x n
nx
dx
x n
x n
x n
nx

Gii:
Theo v d 6,
+
1
2 2 2 2
) 1 ( 1
) 1 (
1
n
x n
x n
x n
nx
khng hi t u trn [ ] 1 , 0
Tuy nhin chui hi t v hm 0 ) ( = x S v tng ring th n ca chui l:

2 2
1
) (
x n
nx
x S
n
+
= ta c 0 0 ) (
1
0
1
0
= =

dx dx x S
0
2
) 1 ln(
lim ) 1 ln(
2
1
lim
1
lim ) ( lim
2
1
0
2 2
1
0
2 2
1
0
=
+
= + =
+
=

n
n
x n
n
dx
x n
nx
dx x S
n n n
n
n

Vy h thc ng.
nh l 3: Nu chui hm (5.7) hi t v hm trn tp ) (x S X v cc hm tho
mn:
) (x f
i
+ lin tc trn ) ( ' x f
i
,... 2 , 1 = i X ,
+
hi t u v trn
=1
) ( '
i
i
x f ) (x R X
Khi (5.15) X x x f x R x S
i
i
= =

=
,
1
) ( ' ) ( ) ( '
H thc (5.15) chng t vi cc iu kin no c th ly vi phn tng t
ca chui hm.
Chng minh: Ly X x X x v
0
khi lin tc trn ) ( ' x f
i
[ ] ,... 2 , 1 ,
0
= i x x , . Theo nh l 2 ta c:

=
=
1
0 0
) ( ' ) (
i
x
x
i
x
x
dx x f dx x R
193
... ) ( ) ( ... ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
0 0 2 2 0 1 1
+ + + + = x f x f x f x f x f x f
n n

) ( ) (
0
x S x S =
Theo nh l 1, hm lin tc trn ) (x R X do kh vi trn ) (x S X . Suy ra
) ( ' ) ( ) (
0
x S x R dx x R
dx
d
x
x
= =

Hay
=
=
1
) ( ' ) ( '
i
i
x f x S
5.3. CHUI LY THA
5.3.1. Cc khi nim chung v chui lu tha
A. nh ngha chui lu tha
Mt chui hm c dng (5.16) i R a x a
i
i
i
i

=
, ,
0
hoc l hng s (5.17) a a x a
i
i
i
,
=

0
) (
Gi l mt chui lu tha. Trong chui lu tha trn l cc hng s gi l
cc h s ca chui lu tha. Chui (5.17) suy t (5.16) bng php thay x bi
i
a ,...) 2 , 1 ( = i
a x . Do
thun tin, di y chng ta ch cn xem xt chui (5.16).
B. Tnh cht hi t ca chui lu tha
nh l Aben (Abel)
Nu chi lu tha (5.16) hi t ti 0
0
= x x th hi t tuyt i ti mi im x tho mn
0
x x <
Nu chui lu tha (5.16) phn k ti
1
x x = th phn k ti mi im x tho mn
1
x x >
Chng minh: Chui s
hi t . T iu kin cn ca chui hi t suy ra

. T iu kin ca dy hi t suy ra tn ti s
=0
0
i
i
i
x a
0 lim
0
=

n
n
n
x a M n M x a
n
n
,
0
. Xt

=
=
0
0
0
0 n
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
x
x a x a
Ta c
n n
n
n
x
x
M
x
x
x a
0 0
0

Vi x tho mn
0
x x < th chui cp s nhn
=0
0
n
n
x
x
M hi t. Vy chui
194
=0 n
n
n
x a hi t chng t chui
hi t tuyt i khi
=0 n
n
n
x a
0
x x <
Phn hai ca nh l l h qu trc tip t phn mt.
C. Bn knh hi t ca chui lu tha
Trc ht ta tha nhn mt nh l sau:
nh l 1: i vi chui lu tha (5.16) lun tn ti s chui hi t tuyt i
trong khong , phn k trong cc khong
0 R
) , ( R R ) , ( ), , ( + R R . S R tho mn iu kin
trn gi l bn knh hi t ca chui (5.16).
nh l 2: (Qui tc tm bn knh hi t).
Nu = =

+

n
n
n
n
n
n
a
a
a
lim lim
1
hoc ,
(5.18)
th
=
=
+ < <
=
0
0
0
1

nu
nu
nu
R (5.19)
0 = R ngha l chui lu tha ch hi t ti 0 = x
= R ngha l chi lu tha hi t ti mi x
Chng minh:
Trng hp + < < 0 . Gi s x xc nh xt chui s dng
=0 n
n
n
x a . p dng tiu
chun DAlembert s c
D x
x a
x a
n
n
n
n
n
= =
+
+

1
1
lim
Khi hay 1 < D
1
< x chui s hi t
hay 1 > D
1
> x chui s phn k
Theo nh ngha suy ra
1
= R
195
Trng hp = . Hin nhin chui lu tha hi t tuyt i ti Vi 0 = x 0 x c
1 lim
1
1
> =
+
+

n
n
n
n
n
x a
x a
. Vy chui lu tha phn k vi 0 x (Xem ch mc A, 5.1.4). Suy ra
. 0 = R
Trng hp 0 = , ly x tu c 1 0 lim
1
1
< =
+
+

n
n
n
n
n
x a
x a
. Chng t chui lu tha hi t
vi mi x , hay ni cch khc = R .
Ch : T nh l 2 suy ra: tm min hi t ca chui lu tha trc ht ta tm bn knh
hi t R ca n, sau xt tip s hi t ca cc chui s .
=

0
) (
i
i
i
R a
V d 1: Tm min hi t ca cc chui lu tha sau:
a.
=1 n
n
n
x
b.
=0
!
n
n
n
x
c.
=1 n
n n
x n
Gii:
a. Bn knh hi t: 1 1
1
lim = = =

R
n
n
n

Chui s
1
) 1 (
n
n
n
hi t,
=1
1
n
n
phn k. Vy min hi t l [ ) 1 , 1 = X
b. = =

R
n
n
n
0
!
1
lim .
c. 0 lim = =

R n
n n
n
.
V d 2: Tm min hi t ca chui lu tha
...
7
16
5
8
3
4
2
20 15 10 5
+ + + + x x x x
Gii:
Chui cho k hiu l
=

1
5
1 2
2
n
n
n
x
n

t , nhn c chui lu tha theo bin X x =
5
X .
=

1
1 2
2
n
n
n
X
n

Bn knh hi t ca chui mi:
2
1
2
1 2
2
lim = =

R
n
n
n
n
. Chui s

=
1 1
1 2
) 1 (
2
1
1 2
2
n
n
n
n
n
n n
hi t (Theo du hiu Leibnitz)
196
Chui s

=
=

=
1 1
1 2
1
2
1
1 2
2
n
n
n
n
n n
phn k (So snh vi chui
=1
2
1
n
n
)
Tr v bin x :
2
1
2
1
5
< x

5 5
2
1
2
1
< x
Min hi t:
=
5 5
2
1
,
2
1
X
V d 3: Tm min hi t ca chui lu tha
1
) 1 (
n
n
n
x

Gii:
t , Xt chui X x = 1

=1 n
n
n
X

Bn knh hi t : 1 1
1
lim = =

R
n
n
n

Chui s
1
) 1 (
n
n
n
hi t (theo du hiu Leibnitz)

=1
1
n
n
phn k .
Chui cho hi t ti x tho mn 1 1 1 < x hay 2 0 < x
Min hi t: [ ) 2 , 0 = X
V d 4: Tm min hi t ca chui hm
n
n
n
n
x
x
n
0
3 1 2
) 1 (

Gii:
t X
x
x
=
3

Xt chui lu tha
=
+
0
1 2
) 1 (
n
n
n n
n
X

Bn knh hi t : 2
2
1
1
1
2
1
lim
1 2
) 1 (
lim = =
+
=
+

R
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n

Chui s

=
=
+
=
+

0
2
1
0
) 1 (
1
1 2
) 2 ( ) 1 (
n n
n
n n
n
n
phn k (so snh vi chui
=1
1
n
n
).
Chui s

=
=
+
=
+
0 0
1
) 1 (
1 2
2 ) 1 (
n
n
n
n
n n
n n
hi t theo du hiu Leibnitz.
Vy chui ban u hi t vi x tho nn: 2
3
2
<
x
x

197
Hay
>
>
>
<
>
6
2
3
2
6
3
0
3
6 3
0
3
6
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
, ,
Min hi t : ( ] ( ) + = , 6 2 , X .
D. Tnh cht ca chui lu tha
Gi s chui lu tha (5.16) c bn knh hi t v 0 > R [ ] b a, l on tu cha trong
khong . ) , ( R R
Tnh cht 1. Chui lu tha hi t u trn [ ] b a, .
Chng minh: Gi s [ ] ) , ( ) , ( ,
0
R R x R R b a [ ] [
0 0
, , x x b a ] mt khc:
[ ]
n
n
n
n
x a x a b a x
0
, v ) , (
0
R R x nn
=0
0
n
n
n
x a hi t, Theo tiu chun Weierstrass
suy ra chui lu tha hi t u trn [ ] b a, .
Tnh cht 2. Chui lu tha hi t u v hm , lin tc trn ) (x S ) , ( R R
Chng minh: Ly tu ) , ( R R x . Xt s lin tc ca ti ) (x S x . Tht vy tn ti
[ ] [ b a x R R b a , ) , ( , v ] . Theo tnh cht 1 v nh l 1 mc C, 5.2.2 suy ra lin tc
trn . Vy lin tc ti
) (x S
[ b a, ] x
Tnh cht 3. Bt k trong khong
2 1
, x x ) , ( R R lun c
(5.20)
=
=
2
1
2
1
0 0
x
x
n
x
x
n
n
n
n
n
dx x a dx x a
c bit ) , ( R R x th

=
+
=
+
=
0
1
0
0
1
n
n n
x
n
n
n
x
n
a
dx x a (5.21)
Chng minh: V ) , ( ,
2 1
R R x x nn tn ti on tho mn:
. Theo tnh cht 1 v nh l 2 mc C, 5.2.2 suy ra cc cng thc (5.20),
(5.21).
[ b a, ]
[ ] ) , ( , ,
2 1
R R b a x x
Tnh cht 4. ) , ( R R x lun c (5.22)

=
=
=
1
1
'
0 n
n
n
n
n
n
x na x a
Chng minh: Ly tu ) , ( R R x s chng minh cng thc (5.20) ng ti im x .
Vi s tn ti s ) , ( R R x r sao cho R r x < < , r rng chui s
hi t suy
ra
=0 n
n
n
r a
n L r a r a
n
n
n
n
n
=

, 0 lim trong L l hng s no .
198
Xt s hi t tuyt i ca chui s
1
1
n
n
n
x na
Ta c
1 1
1 1
.

=
n n
n
n
n
n
r
x
n
r
L
r r
x
r a n x a n
m chui s
1
1
n
n
r
x
n
r
L
hi t khi 1 <
r
x
(Theo tiu chun Cauchy)
Vy chui hi t tuyt i. ) , ( R R x

1
1
n
n
n
x na
Gi bn knh hi t ca chui o hm tng t l ' R th r rng R R '
Theo nh l 3 mc C, 5.2.2 v tnh cht 1, cng thc (5.22) s ng trn [ , vy s
ng ti
] r r + ,
x .
Ngoi ra ta thy: n x a n x a
n
n
n
n
,
Chng t nu chui o hm tng t hi t ti ) ' , ' ( R R x th chui ban u cng hi t
ti x , do suy ra ' R R . Vy chui o hm tng t cng c bn knh hi t l R .
Ch : Di y chng ta s cng nhn cc kt qu m rng nh sau.
Nu chui lu tha hi t ti R x = th n s hi t u trn [ ] R , 0
Nu chui lu tha hi t ti R x = th tng ca chui s lin tc bn tri ti ) (x S R x =
Nu chui lu tha hi t ti R x = th cng thc (5.21) vn ng vi R x =
Nu chui o hm tng t hi t ti R x = th cng thc (5.22) vn ng vi R x = .
V d 1: Chng minh rng hm s:
=
=
0
4
)! 4 (
n
n
n
x
y . tho mn phng trnh vi phn
trn y y =
) 4 (
R
Gii:
t , chui lu tha X x =
4
=0
)! 4 (
n
n
n
X
c bn knh hi t l v
0
)! 4 (
1
lim =

n
n
n
, ng nhin hi t 0 X suy ra chui ban u hi t trn R . Theo
tnh cht 4 s c

=

=
=
1
2 4
1
1 4
)! 2 4 (
"
)! 1 4 (
'
n
n
n
n
n
x
y
n
x
y ,

=

=
=
1
4 4
) 4 (
1
3 4
)! 4 4 ( )! 3 4 (
' ' '
n
n
n
n
n
x
y
n
x
y ,
199
Thay ch s Vy k n = 1 y
k
x
y
k
k
= =
=0
4
) 4 (
)! 4 (

V d 2: Tnh tng ca chui lu tha
=
+
+
+
1
1
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
n
n
n
n n
x

Gii:
Trc ht tm bn knh hi t 1 1
) 1 (
) 1 (
lim
1
= =
+
+

R
n n
n
n
n

Cc chui s
=
+
+
+
1
1
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
n
n
n
n n
hi t tuyt i v
2
1
) 1 (
1
n n n
<
+

m chui
=1
2
1
n
n
hi t . Vy chui lu tha hi t trn [ ] 1 , 1 . Gi tng ca chui l
, r rng ) (x S 0 ) 0 ( = S . Theo tnh cht 4 ta c

=
+
=
1 n
n
x
x S
n n 1
) 1 (
) ( ' vi 1 1 < x
0 ) 0 ( ' = S
1 1 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) ( "
0 1
1 1
< < = =

=
=
+
x x x x S
k
k k
n
n n
,

=
+
=
x
dx x S x S
x
x S
0
) ( " ) ( '
1
1
) ( " v 0 ) 0 ( ' = S
) 1 ln( ) 1 ln(
1
) ( '
0
0
x x
x
dx
x S
x
x
+ = + =
+
=

Nh vy 1 1
) 1 (
) 1 ln(
1
1
<
= +

=
+
x
n
x
x
n
n n
,
T suy ra 0 ) 0 ( = S

+ = =
x x
dx x dx x S x S
0 0
) 1 ln( ) ( ' ) (

+
+ =
x
x
dx
x
x
x x x S
0
0
1
) 1 ln( ) (
) 1 ln( ) 1 ln( x x x x + + + =
x x x + + = ) 1 ln( ) 1 ( vi 1 1 < x
Vi ta c 1 = x

=
+
=
1
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
n
n n
S . Ta xt tng ring th n ca chui ny
200

) 1 .(
1
...
3 . 2
1
2 . 1
1
) 1 (
1
1
+
+ + + =
+
=
=
n n k k
S
n
k
n

1
1 1
...
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
+
+ + + =
n n

1
1
1
+
=
n

. Kt lun 1 lim =

n
n
S
< + +
=
=
1 1 ) 1 ln( ) 1 (
1 1
) (
x x x x
x
x S

vi
vi
V d 3: Tnh tng ca chui hm.

1
2 3
n
n
x
x
n
Gii:
t
x
x
X
2 3
= . Xt chui lu tha
=1 n
n
nX
Bn knh hi t : 1 1 lim = =

R n
n
n

Vi 1 = X nhn c cc chui s phn k, v s hng tng qut khng
dn n 0. Vy chui lu tha hi t vi
=

1
) 1 (
n
n
n
1 < X . Gi tng ca chui l . Xt chui lu
tha
. Chui ny hi t vi
) ( X S
=1 n
n
X 1 < X
R rng 1
) 1 (
1
.
1
) (
2
' '
1
<
=
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X S
n
n
,
t l tng ca chui hm vy ) (x R

=
x
x
S x R
2 3
) ( vi 1
2 3
<
x
x

2
) 1 ( 4
) 2 3 (
=
x
x x
vi 1
2
1
< < x
5.3.2. Khai trin mt hm s thnh chui lu tha
A. Khi nim v chui Taylor ca hm s ln cn ) (x f
0
x
Gi s hm s ti ln cn im . Chui lu tha c dng
C x f ) (
0
x
... ) (
!
) (
... ) (
! 1
) ( '
) (
0
0
) (
0
0
0
+ + + +
n
n
x x
n
x f
x x
x f
x f (5.23)
c gi l chui Taylor ca ln cn im ) (x f
0
x
201
Gi s hm s ti ln cn im 0. Chui lu tha biu din trong dng
C x f ) (
... .
!
) 0 (
... .
! 1
) 0 ( '
) 0 (
) (
+ + + +
n
n
x
n
f
x
f
f (5.24)
c gi l chui McLaurin ca hm s . chnh l chui Taylor ca ln
cn ca
) (x f ) (x f
0 = x
V d 1: Vit chui Taylor ca hm s
x
x f
1
) ( = ln cn 1 = x
Gii:
R rng
x
x f
1
) ( = kh vi mi cp ln cn 1 = x
! . ) 1 ( ) 1 (
!
. ) 1 ( ) (
) (
1
) (
k f
x
k
x f
k k
k
k k
= =
+

Chui Taylor ca hm s cho c dng

=
= + + +
0
2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ... ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ... ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 1
k
k k k k
x x x x
V d 2: Vit chui McLaurin ca hm s
x
e x f
2
) ( =
Gii:
k f e x f e x f
k k x k k x
= = = , 2 ) 0 ( 2 ) ( ) (
) ( 2 ) ( 2
Chui Maclaurin l:

=
= + + + + +
0
2 2
!
2
...
!
2
...
! 2
2
2 1
k
k k k k
k
x
k
x x
x
V d 3: Vit chui McLaurin ca hm s
=

0 0
0
) (
2
1
x
x e
x f
x
,
,

Gii:
0 lim lim
) 0 ( ) (
lim ) 0 ( '
2
2
1
0 0
= = =
e
x
e
x
f x f
f
x
x x

(t =
x
1
,s dng tnh cht tng nhanh ca hm m so vi hm lu tha)
Tng t nh trn s nhn c k f
k
= , 0 ) 0 (
) (
Vy chui McLaurin ca hm cho l
0 ...
2
. 0
! 1
. 0 0
2
= + + +
x x
.
nh l: Nu biu din di dng chui lu tha ln cn ca : ) (x f
0
x
202
... ) ( ... ) ( ) (
0 0 1 0
+ + + + =
n
n
x x a x x a a x f
Th chui l chui Taylor ca ln cn ca . ) (x f
0
x
Chng minh: Chng ta s ch ra N k
k
x f
a
k
k
= ,
!
) (
0
) (
.
Tht vy, theo tnh cht 4 th kh vi mi cp trong ln cn ca v c ) (x f
0
x
cng thc. [ ] N k x x a x x a a x f
k
n
n
k
+ + + + = ,
) (
0 0 1 0
) (
... ) ( ... ) ( ) (
... ) .( 2 ... ). 1 ( ! ) (
0 1
) (
+ + + =
+
x x k k a k a x f
k k
k
! ) (
0
) (
k a x f
k
k
=
suy ra
!
) (
0
) (
k
x f
a
k
k
=
Nu hm s biu din di dng chui lu tha ln cn ca th ni rng
khai trin c thnh chui Taylor ln cn ca , Tc l trong trng hp ny chui Taylor
ca ln cn ca hi t v chnh
) (x f
0
x ) (x f
0
x
) (x f
0
x ) (x f

=
=
0
0
0
) (
) (
!
) (
) (
k
k
k
x x
k
x f
x f (5.25)
T v d 1, cho thy hm
x
x f
1
) ( = khai trin c thnh chui Taylor ln cn 1 = x . C
th trong khong . ) 2 , 0 (
T v d 2 cho thy hm s khai trin c thnh chui McLaurin trong khong

x
e x f
2
) ( =
) , ( +
T v d 3 cho thy chui McLaurin ca hm hi t v 0, ngha l hm s
khng khai trin c thnh chui McLaurin.
) (x f ) (x f
B. iu kin hm s khai trin thnh chui Taylor
nh l 1: Cho ln cn
C x f ) (
0
x x = , hm f(x) khai trin c thnh chui
Taylor ln cn ca x
0
th cn v l phn d Taylor dn n khng khi ) (x r
n
n
Chng minh: Theo mc C, 3.5.1 ta c ) ( ) ( ) ( x r x P x f
n n
+ =
Trong
=
=
n
k
k
k
n
x x
k
x f
x P
0
0
0
) (
) (
!
) (
) (
) , 0 ( ) (
)! 1 (
) (
) (
1
0
) 1 (
x c x x
n
c f
x r
n
n
n

+
=
+
+
,
) ( lim ) ( lim ) ( lim x P x r x f
n
n
n
n n
=
203
) (x P
n
chnh l tng ring th 1 + n ca chui Taylor ca . Theo nh ngha chng t
chui Taylor ca hi t v chnh trong ln cn ca ca cn v l

) (x f
) (x f ) (x f
0
x
0 ) ( lim =

x r
n
n
nh l 2: Nu ln cn ca
C x f ) (
0
x x = v trong ln cn c
N k M x f
k
, ) (
) (
th khai trin c thnh chui Taylor ln cn . ) (x f
0
x
Chng minh:

1
0
)! 1 (
) (
+
n
n
x x
n
M
x r
Chui lu tha
=
+
+
0
1
0
)! 1 (
) (
n
n
n
x x
hi t trn ) , ( +
Suy ra 0 ) ( lim 0
)! 1 (
) (
lim
1
0
= =
+

+

x r
n
x x
n
n
n
n

Theo nh l 1, vy hm khai trin c thnh chui lu tha ln cn ca . ) (x f
0
x
C. Khai trin mt s hm thng dng thnh chui McLaurin
1.
x
e x f = ) (
Hm s kh vi mi cp v
x
e
. N k f e e x f
k x k x k
= = = , 1 ) 0 ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
Ly s thc dng tu h , ta c
k h h x e e x f
h x k
< = , , ) , ( ) (
) (

Suy ra hm s khai trin c thnh chui McLaurin trn v c dng
x
e x f = ) ( ) , ( +
R x
n
x
e
n
n
x
=
=
,
0
!
(5.26)
Suy ra R x
n
x
e
n
n n
x

,
0
!
) 1 (
(5.27)
T bng cch tr v cng hai chui trn s nhn c cc khai trin sau y:
R x
k
x
shx
k
k

+
=
=
+
,
0
1 2
)! 1 2 (
(5.28)
R x
k
x
chx
k
k
=
=
,
0
2
)! 2 (
(5.29)
204
2. x x f sin ) ( =
Ta c x N k k x x f
k

+ = , ,
2
sin ) (
) (

+ =
=
= =
1 2 ) 1 (
2 0
2
sin ) 0 (
) (
m k
m k
k f
m
k

vi
vi

Ngoi ra x k k x
+ , , 1
2
sin

. Vy
R x
m
x
x
m
m m

+
=
+
,
0
1 2
)! 1 2 (
) 1 (
sin (5.30)
Tng t R x
m
x
x
m
m m

=
,
0
2
)! 2 (
) 1 (
cos (5.31)
3. arctgx x f = ) (
Theo v d 3 mc B,3.3.3 c
N n y n y n y
n n

+ = ,
2
sin . cos )! 1 (
) (

Theo mc D, 3.5.1 nhn c chui McLaurin ca hm s arctgx x f = ) ( l:
...
1 2
) 1 ( ...
5 3
1 2
1
5 3
+
+ +

k
x x x
x
k
k

Chui ny hi t trn [ ] 1 , 1
Xt
1
0 0
1
.
1
2
) 1 ( sin . cos
) (
+
+
+

+ +
=
n
n
n
x
n
y n y
x r
,
trong 1 0
0
< < = , x arctg y .
[ 1 , 1 x ] th
+
n x r
n
x r
n n
khi 0 ) (
1
1
) (
Vy nhn c khai trin McLaurin ca hm s
[ ] 1 , 1 ...
1 2
) 1 ( ...
5 3
1 2
1
5 3
+
+ + =

x
k
x x x
x arctgx
k
k
, (5.32)
Thay vo cng thc trn chng ta nhn c cng thc khai trin ca s 1 = x
...
1 2
1
) 1 ( ...
5
1
3
1
1
4
1
+
+ + =

k
k
(5.33)
205
4. 1 ) 1 ln( ) ( > + = x x x f vi
1 )! 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) 1 (
)! 1 (
) 1 ( ) (
1 ) ( 1 ) (
=
+
=

n n f
x
n
x f
n n
n
n n
,
Chui Maclaurin c dng
... ) 1 ( ...
3 2
1
3 2
+ + +

n
x x x
x
n
n

Chui ny hi t trn ( ] 1 , 1
Phn d McLaurin th n trong dng Lagrange l:
1 0
) 1 (
.
1
1
. ) 1 ( ) (
1
1
< <
+ +
=
+
+
,
n
n
n
n
x
x
n
x r
th [ 1 , 0 x ] 1
) 1 (
1
1
+
+
+
n
n
x
x
. Vy
+
n
n
x r
n
khi 0
1
1
) (
Xt phn d McLaurin trong dng Cauchy (Xem mc C, 3.5.1 )
1 0
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) (
1
1
< <
+
=
+
+
,
n
n
n n
n
x
x x r
s c ) 0 , 1 ( x

n n
n
x x
x
x r
1
1
.
1
) (
1
v x x + < 1 1
Ngoi ra > + 1 1 x v 0
1
+ n
x khi n
Vy khi 0 ) ( x r
n
n . Theo nh l 1 s c:
( ]
=

= + + + = +
1
1 1
3 2
1 , 1 , ) 1 ( ... ) 1 ( ...
3 2
) 1 ln(
n
n
n
n
n
x
n
x
n
x x x
x x (5.34)
Ni ring, vi nhn c 1 = x
...
1
) 1 ( ...
3
1
2
1
1 2 ln
1
+ + + =

n
n
(5.35)
Thay x bi x vo (5.32) s c

=
= + =
1
3 2
... ...
3 2
) 1 ln(
n
n n
n
x
n
x x x
x x
T suy ra
206
) 1 , 1 (
1 2
. 2
1
1
ln
0
2

+
=
=
x
m
x
x
x
x
m
m
, (5.36)
5. N R x x f \ ) 1 ( ) ( + =
,
Theo mc D, 3.5.1 nhn c chui McLaurin ca nh sau. ) (x f
...
!
) 1 )...( 1 (
...
! 2
) 1 (
1
2
+
+
+ +
+ +
n
x
n
n
x x

Dng cng thc DAlembert nhn c bn knh hi t ca chui trn l 1 = R . Phn d
McLaurin trong dng Cauchy s l
1 0 , ) 1 .(
!
) 1 )( )...( 1 (
) (
1
1
< <
+
=
+

n n
n
n
x
n
x n
x r
Hay l

n
n
n
x
x x x
n
n
x r
+
+
=

1
1
. ) 1 ( .
..... 2 . 1
) 1 1 )...( 2 )( 1 (
) (
1

Vi th ) 1 , 1 ( x

+ < n
x
x
n
khi 0
1
1
1 1

( ) ( )
1
1
1
1 ) 1 ( 1

+ < + <

x x x x x x
Chng t lun b chn khng ph thuc vo n , cui cng chui lu tha
1
) 1 (

+

x x

=
+
1
!
) 1 1 )...( 2 )( 1 (
n
n
x
n
n
c bn knh hi t l 1. Vy s hng tng qut ca
n dn v 0 khi n
Nh vy ) 1 , 1 ( , 0 ) ( lim =

x x r
n
n
.
Cui cng nhn c cng thc Newton hay chui nh thc
...
..... 2 . 1
) 1 )...( 1 (
...
2 . 1
) 1 (
1 ) 1 (
2
+
+
+ +
+ + = +
n
x
n
n
x x x

) 1 , 1 (
!
) 1 )...( 1 (
1
1

+
+ =

=
x x
n
n
n
n
,

(5.37)
S hi t ca chui nh thc ti 1 = x ph thuc vo , chng ta khng xem xt vn
ny. Tuy nhin di y chng ta thay
2
1
,
2
1
, 1 + = s nhn c ln lt cc khai trin ng
vi . 1 = x
207
) 1 , 1 ( ... ) 1 ( ... 1
1
1
2
+ + + =
+
x x x x
x
n n
, (5.38)
...
! )! 2 (
! )! 3 2 (
) 1 ( ...
128
5
16
1
8
1
2
1
1 1
1 4 3 2
+
+ + + + = +
n n
x
n
n
x x x x x
( ] 1 , 1 x (5.39)
( ] 1 , 1 , ...
! )! 2 (
! )! 1 2 (
) 1 ( ...
8
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
+
+ + =
+
x x
n
n
x x
x
n n
(5.40)
V d 1: Khai trin hm s
) 2 )( 1 (
) (
+ +
=
x x
x
x f thnh chui lu tha ca ) 1 ( x
Gii:
Thc cht ca bi ton l khai trin hm s cho thnh chui Taylor ln cn ca 1 = x

1
1
2
2
) 2 )( 1 (
) (
+
+
=
+ +
=
x x x x
x
x f
p dng cng thc (5.38) s c
4 2
3
1
) 1 (
3
2
3
1
1
1
.
3
2
1 3
2
2
2
0
< <
+
=
+
=
+

=
x
x
x
x x
n
n
n
,
3 1
2
1
) 1 (
2
1
2
1
1
1
.
2
1
1 2
1
1
1
0
< <
+
=
+
=
+

=
x
x
x
x x
n
n
n
,
Cui cng.

=
+ +
< <
=
+ +
=
0
1 1
3 1 ) 1 (
2
1
3
2
) 1 (
) 2 )( 1 (
) (
n
n
n n
n
x x
x x
x
x f ,
V d 2: Khai trin hm s
+
=
x
x
dx
x f
0
2
1
) ( thnh chui lu tha ca x .
Gii:

2
1
1
) ( '
x
x f
+
= . Theo cng thc (5.40) s c
[ ]
+ =
1
2
1 , 1
! )! 2 (
! )! 1 2 (
) 1 ( 1 ) ( '
n
n n
x x
n
n
x f ,
v
=
x
dx x f x f
0
) ( ' ) ( 0 ) 0 ( = f
208
[ ]
=
+

+
+ =
1
1 2
1 , 1 .
) 1 2 ( ! )! 2 (
! )! 1 2 (
) 1 ( ) (
n
n n
x x
n n
n
x x f ,
V d 3: Tnh cc h s trong khai trin
4 3
, a a

=
=
0
sin
n
n
n
x
x a e
Gii:
Nh rng cc chui cho bi cng thc (5.26) , (5.30) hi t tuyt i x
Vy ta c
...
! 4
sin
! 3
sin
! 2
sin
! 1
sin
1
4 3 2
sin
+ + + + + =
x x x x
e
x

...
! 5 ! 3
sin
5 3
+ =
x x
x x
) (
3
1
) (
! 3
sin
5 4 2
2
4
3
2
x o x x x o
x
x x + =
+ =
) ( sin
5 3 3
x o x x + =
) ( sin
4 4 4
x o x x + =
Do vy ) (
24 6 6
1
2 ! 3
1
4
4 3
4
2 3
sin
x o
x x
x
x x
x e
x
+ + + + + =
Suy ra
8
1
24
1
6
1
0
4 3
= + = = a a ,
V d 4: Khai trin hm s thnh chui lu tha ca .
x
xe x f = ) ( 1 x
Gii:
[ ]
1 1
) 1 ( ) (

+ = =
x x x
e e x e xe x f

=
+
=
=
0
1
0 0
!
) 1 (
!
) 1 (
!
) 1 (
!
) 1 (
) 1 (
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
x
n
x
e
n
x
n
x
x e

=

+
=
0
) 1 (
!
) 1 (
n
n
x
n
n
e
5.4. CHUI PHURI (FOURIER)
5.4.1. Cc khi nim chung
A. Chui lng gic
Chui hm c dng
=
+ +
1
0
sin cos
2
n
n n
nx b nx a
a
(5.41)
trong l cc hng s , c gi l mt chui lng gic. ,... 2 , 1
0
= n b a a
n n
, , ,
209
B. iu kin hi t ca chui lng gic
nh l 1: Nu cc chui s hi t tuyt i th chui lng gic (5.41) hi
t tuyt i v u trn tp

=
= 1 1 n
n
n
n
b a ,
R .
Chng minh: lun c R x
n n n n
b a nx b nx a + + sin . cos .
V cc chui hi t tuyt i nn chui s

=
= 1 1 n
n
n
n
b a , (
=
+
1 n
n n
b a ) hi t , theo tiu
chun Weierstrass suy ra chui (5.41) hi t tuyt i v u trn tp R .
nh l 2: Nu cc dy s n iu gim v hi t v 0 khi th chui
lng gic (5.41) hi t trn tp
) ( ) (
n n
b a , n
{ } Z m m R X = , 2 \
Chng minh: Xt m x 2 , Z m cc hm s:
,

= =
= =
n
k
k n
n
k
k n
kx b B kx a A
1 1
sin cos
Ta s chng minh s hi t ca cc dy hm v ) (
n
A ) (
n
B

= =

+ = =
n
k
k
n
k
k n
x k x k a kx
x
a A
x
1 1
2
1
sin
2
1
sin cos
2
sin 2
2
sin 2

+ =
n
k
k k n
x k a a
x
a x n a
2
1 1
2
1
sin ) (
2
sin
2
1
sin
Ta c 0
2
1
sin lim =
+

x n a
n
n

k k k k k k
a a a a x k a a = <

1 1 1
2
1
sin ) (
Vy , suy ra chui s
hi t v .
n
n
k
k k
a a a a =
=
1
2
1
) (

=

2
1
) (
k
k k
a a
1
a
Theo tiu chun Weierstrass suy ra
) (
2
1
sin ) (
1
2
1
x S x k a a
k
k k

=

Vy
n
A
x
2
sin 2 hi t v ) (
2
sin
1 1
x S
x
a +
Hay Z m m x x A
x
x S a
A
n
n
= + =

, , 2 ) (
2
sin 2
) (
2
lim
1 1

210
Tng t chng minh c
Z m m x x B B
n
n
=

, , 2 ) ( lim
Chng t chui lng gic (5.41) hi t v
Z m m x x B x A
a
+ + , , 2 ) ( ) (
2
0

C. Chui Fourier
Cho hm s kh tch trn ) (x f [ ] , , chui lng gic c dng

=
+ +
1
0
sin cos
2
k
k k
kx b kx a
a
(5.42)
trong

= = =

kxdx x f b kxdx x f a dx x f a
k k
sin ) (
1
cos ) (
1
) (
1
0
, , , (5.43) ,... 2 , 1 = k
c gi l chui Fourier ca hm s , cc hng s tnh theo cng thc (5.43) gi l
cc h s Fourier ca hm s .
) (x f
) (x f
D. Chui Fourier trong dng phc
Xut pht t cng thc Euler

) (
2
1
sin
) (
2
1
cos
ikx ikx
ikx ikx
e e
i
kx
e e kx
=
+ =
(5.44)
Thay (5.44) vo (5.42) s nhn c chui trong dng

=

+ + +
1
0
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
2
k
ikx ikx
k
ikx ikx
k
e e
i
b e e a
a

+ + +
1
0
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
2
k
ikx
k k
ikx
k k
e ib a e ib a
a

T (5.43) suy ra

= =

dx e x f dx kx i kx x f ib a
ikx
k k
) (
1
) sin )(cos (
1

= + = +

dx e x f dx kx i kx x f ib a
ikx
k k
) (
1
) sin )(cos (
1

T nhn thy
k k k k
ib a ib a

= +
211
t ) (
2
1
k k k
ib a c = th
k k k
c ib a

= + ) (
2
1

Nh vy ,... 3 , 2 , 1 ) (
1
, = =

k dx e x f c
ikx
k
(5.45)
Ngoi ra

0
. 0 .
0
) (
1
) (
1
c dx e x f dx x f a
x i
= = =

Cui cng chui Fourier a v dng

+ +
1
0
k
ikx
k
ikx
k
e c e c c
hay (5.46)
+
= k
ikx
k
e c
gi l chui Fourier ca hm trong dng phc. ) (x f
E. Hm s khai trin thnh chui Fourier
Nu trong [ ] , chui Fourier (5.42) hi t v chnh hm s th ni rng hm s
khai trin c thnh chui Fourier trn
) (x f
) (x f [ ] , .
nh l: Nu biu din thnh chui lng gic (5.42) trn ) (x f [ ] , v cc chui s
hi t tuyt i th chui chnh l chui Fourier ca .

=
= 1 1 i
i
i
i
b a , ) (x f
Chng minh: Gi s biu din di dng ) (x f

=
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
) (
k
k k
kx b kx a
a
x f (5.47)
Ta s ch ra ,...) 2 , 1 (
0
= k b a a
k k
, , chnh l h s Fourier ca , tc l c tnh
theo cng thc (5.43).
) (x f
Tht vy, do chui (5.47) hi t u v trn ) (x f [ ] , nn c th thc hin php ly
tch phn tng t

=

+ + =

kxdx b kxdx a
a
dx x f
k
k k
sin cos
2
) (
1
0

= =

dx x f a a ) (
1
0 0

Nhn c hai v ca (5.47) vi ) 0 ( cos m mx , sau ly tch phn s c

=

= + + =
1
0
cos . sin cos . cos cos
2
cos ) (
k
m k k
a mxdx kx b mxdx kx a mxdx
a
mxdx x f

212
Suy ra
mxdx x f a
m
cos ) (
1

Trong tnh ton trn chng ta s dng cc kt qu d dng nhn c di y
Z k kxdx =
, 0 sin
=

=
0 2
0 0
cos
k
k
kxdx

Z m k mxdx kx =
, 0 cos . sin ,
=
= =
0
0 2
0
cos . cos
m k
m k
m k
mxdx kx

=
= =
=
0
0 0
sin . sin
m k
m k m k
mxdx kx
,
, ,
Tng t nhn c

mxdx x f b
m
sin ) (
1
.
5.4.2. iu kin hm s khai trin thnh chui Fourier
nh l irichl (Dirichlet): Nu tun hon vi chu k ) (x f 2 , n iu tng khc v
b chn trn [ ] , th chui Fourier ca hm s hi t v tng trn tp ) (x f ) (x S R . Tng
c tnh cht: ) (x S
[ ] R x x f x f x S + + = , ) 0 ( ) 0 (
2
1
) ( (5.48)
Chng ta tha nhn nh l ny. Cng thc (5.48) cho thy nu lin tc ti ) (x f x th
, nh vy coi rng hm s tho mn cc iu kin ca nh l Dirichlet th khai
trin c thnh chui Fourier.
) ( ) ( x f x S = ) (x f
Sau y l cc ch rt quan trng n vic khai trin thnh chui Fourier ca hm s
tho mn cc iu kin ca nh l Dirichlet. ) (x f
Ch :
1. Nu tun hon vi chu k ) (x f l T 2 = bng php i bin
=
=
Y y
X
l
x
khi nhn c
hm s . Hm s mi tun hon vi chu k ) ( ) ( x f X F = 2 .
Ta c:
=
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
) (
n
n n
nX b nX a
a
X F
Tr v hm s ban u nhn c

=
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
) (
n
n n
l
x
n b
l
x
n a
a
x f

, (5.49)
trong
213
,... 2 , 1 sin ) (
1
cos ) (
1
) (
1
0
= = = =

n dx
l
x
n x f
l
b dx
l
x
n x f
l
a dx x f
l
a
l
l
n
l
l
n
l
l
, , ,

(5.50)
2. Nu tun hon vi chu k ) (x f l T 2 = c m t bi biu thc gii tch trn
) 2 , ( l + th khng nn s dng cng thc (5.50) tnh cc h s Fourier m da vo tnh cht
hm tun hon (Xem v d 1d mc 4.2.2) nhn c cng thc sau:

+ + +
= = =
l
n
l
n
l
dx
l
x
n x f
l
b dx
l
x
n x f
l
a dx x f
l
a
2 2 2
0
sin ) (
1
cos ) (
1
) (
1

, , (5.51)
3. Nu l hm s chn th ) (x f
l
x
n x f

cos ) ( l hm s chn v
l
x
n x f

sin ) ( l hm s l
do khai trin c dng
=
=
0
cos ) (
k
k
l
x
k a x f

, trong
= =
l
k
k dx
l
x
k x f
l
a
0
,... 2 , 1 , 0 cos ) (
2
,
(5.52)
Tng t nu l hm s l th ) (x f
= =

=
l
k
k
k
dx
l
x
k x f
l
b
l
x
k b x f
0
1
sin ) (
2
sin ) (

, (5.53)
4. Tng t nh trong phn khai trin thnh chui lu tha, nh vo khai trin thnh chui
Fourier c th tnh c tng mt s chui c bit.
V d 1: Cho hm s tun hon vi chu k bng 2 v c dng ) (x f
. Hy khai trin hm s thnh chui Fourier ) 2 , 0 ( 2 ) ( = x x x f ,
v tnh tng
=
+
=
0
1 2
) 1 (
m
m
m
S
Gii: th ca hm s c m t trn hnh 5.1.
Hm s tho mn cc iu kin ca nh l Dirichlet v c cc im gin on loi 1 ti
. Z k k x = , 2
Chng ta tnh cc h s Fourier ca hm s
2 ) 2 (
2
1
) 2 (
0
2
2
2
0
0
= = =
x dx x a
y

2

214

-4 -2 0 2 4 x

H.5.1

+
= =
2
0
2
0
2
0
sin
1
sin
2
cos ) 2 ( xdx k
k
x k
k
x
xdx k x a
k

,... 2 , 1 0 cos
1
2
0
2 2
= = = k x k
k
,
= =
2
0
2
0
2
0
cos
1
cos
2
sin ) 2 ( xdx k
k
x k
k
x
xdx k x b
k

,... 2 , 1
2
sin
1 2
2
0
2 2
= = = k
k
x k
k k
,

Vy Z k k x
k
x k
x
k
+ =

=
, , 2
sin 2
1 2
1
=
=
1
2
1
k
k
x k
x

Thay
2
1
= x vo cng thc trn s c S
k
k
k
=
+
=0
1 2
) 1 (
4
.
V d 2: Hy khai trin thnh chui Fourier hm s tun hon vi chu ) (x f
k 2 v x x f = ) ( vi [ ] , x .
T tnh tng
=
+
=
0
2
) 1 2 (
1
m
m
S
Gii:
th hm s cho bi hnh 5.2

y

215
216

3 2 0 2 3 x

H.5.2

Hm s cho l chn, lin tc x v tho mn nh l Dirichlet

= =

0
0
2
xdx a

= =

0
0
0
sin
1
sin
2
cos
2
nxdx
n
nx
n
x
nxdx x a
n

( )
+ =
+
=
= = =
) 1 2 (
) 1 2 (
4
2 0
1 ) 1 (
2
cos
2
2
2
0
2
m n
m
m n
n
nx
n
n
,
,

.... 2 1 0 , , , = m
Vy x
m
x m
x
m

+
+
=

=
,
0
2
) 1 2 (
) 1 2 cos( 4
2

Thay vo cng thc trn nhn c 0 = x
...
7
1
5
1
3
1
1
) 1 2 (
1
8
2 2 2
0
2
2
+ + + + =
+
=

= m
m

V d 3: Cho hm s tun hon vi chu k l ) (x f , bit
, ) , 0 ( cos ) ( = x x x f . Hy khai trin Fourier hm s cho
Gii:
th hm s cho bi hnh 5.3
Hm s l l v tho mn nh l Dirichlet c cc im gin on Z k k x = ,
[ ]

+ + = =
2
0
2
0
) 1 2 sin( ) 1 2 sin(
2
2 sin . cos
4

dx x n x n nxdx x b
n

0
2
) 1 2 cos(
1 2
1
) 1 2 cos(
1 2
1 2
+ +
+
= x n
n
x n
n

1 4
8
1 2
1
1 2
1 2
2
+
+
=
n
n
n n

y

1

2
2
3

2
0
2

2
3
2 x

-1
H.5.3
Vy ) , 0 (
1 4
2 sin
8
cos
1
2

=
x
n
nx n
x
n
, .
5.4.3. Khai trin thnh chui Fourier ca mt hm s bt k
Xt hm s n iu tng khc v b chn trn , ) (x f ) , ( b a b a < . By gi chng ta s
biu din hm s di dng mt chui lng gic trn . ) , ( b a
C nhiu cch biu din, tuy nhin thng dng phng php sau y:
A. Thc trin tun hon
Lp hm s tun hon vi chu k ) (x f a b T = v ) , ( ) ( ) ( b a x x f x F = , .
Xem hnh 5.4
y

) (x f

b x T a a T b +

H.5.4

R rng khai trin c thnh chui Fourier , ) (x f ) , ( ) ( ) ( b a x x f x F = , .
Vy ti cc im lin tc ca trn ta c: ) (x f ) , ( b a

=
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
) (
k
k k
l
x k
b
l
x k
a
a
x f

(5.54)
217
Trong ,
=
b
a
dx x f
l
a
a b
l ) (
1
2
0

,... 2 , 1 sin ) (
1
cos ) (
1
= = =

k dx
l
x k
x f
l
b dx
l
x k
x f
l
a
b
a
k
b
a
k
, ,

(5.55)
B. Thc trin chn, thc trin l
Ngoi phng php thc trin tun hon, khi hm s cho trn khong ,
ngi ta c dng phng php thc trin l hoc chn hm s cho, c th nh sau:
) (x f 0 ) , 0 ( > a a ,
Lp hm s tun hon vi chu k ) (x F
l
a T 2 = v

< <
< <
=
a x x f
x a x f
x F
l
0 ) (
0 ) (
) (
,
,
Xem hnh 5.5

y

0 a x a 3 a a 3

H5.5

Trn c s khai trin hm l hm s l tun hon vi chu k (Xem ch 3
mc 5.4.2 ) chng ta nhn c cng thc sau ti cc im lin tc ca trn .
) (x F
l
a 2
) (x f ) , 0 ( a
,... 2 , 1 sin ) (
2
sin ) (
0
1
= = =

=
k dx
a
x k
x f
a
b
a
x k
b x f
a
k
k
k
, ,

(5.56)
Lp hm s tun hon vi chu k ) (x F
c
a T 2 =
218
v
< <
< <
=
a x x f
x a x f
x F
c
0 ) (
0 ) (
) (
,
,
Xem hnh 5.6
Hm s l hm s chn v tho mn nh l Dirichlet, khai trin c thnh chui
Fourier. Vy ti cc im lin tc ca trn s c:
) (x F
c
) (x f ) , 0 ( a
,... 2 , 1 , 0 cos ) (
2
cos
2
) (
0
1
0
= = + =

=
k dx
a
x k
x f
a
a
a
x k
a
a
x f
a
k
k
k
, ,

(5.57)
Nh vy, nh vo thc trin l hoc chn hm s s nhn c khai trin theo h cc hm
sin hoc csin ca hm s cho. ) (x f
y

a x a 3 a a 3

H.5.6

V d 1: Cho ) 1 , 0 ( ) ( = x x x f ,
a. Khai trin hm s thnh chui Fourier.
b. Khai trin hm s theo cc hm sin.
c. Khai trin hm s theo cc hm csin.
Gii:
a. Bng cch thc trin tun hon hm s vi chu k 1 = T (Xem 5.54) nhn c:
x k b x k a
a
x
k
k
k
2 sin 2 cos
2
1
0
+ + =

=

1 2
1
0
0
= =

xdx a
219

= =

1
0
1
0
1
0
2 sin
2
1
2 sin
2
2 2 cos 2 xdx k
k
x k
k
x
xdx k x a
k

,... 2 , 1 0 2 cos
) ( 2
1
1
0
2
= = = k x k
k
,
= =

1
0
1
0
1
0
2 cos
2
1
2 cos
2
2 2 sin 2 xdx k
k
k
k
x
xdx k x b
k

,... 2 , 1
1
= = k
k
,

) 1 , 0 (
2 sin 1
2
1
1
=

=
x
k
x k
x
k
,

b. Bng cch thc trin l hm s (Xem 5.55 ) s c:
) 1 , 0 ( sin
1
=
=
x x k b x
k
k
,

= =

1
0
1
0
1
0
cos
1 cos
2 sin 2 xdx k
k k
x k x
xdx k x b
k

,... 2 , 1 ) 1 (
2
sin
) (
2 cos 2
1 1
0
2
= = =

k
k
x k
k k
k
k
,
=
1
1
sin ) 1 ( 2
k
k
k
x k
x

Cng thc ny ng trn [ ) 1 , 0
c. Bng cch thc trin chn hm s (Xem 5.52 )
) 1 , 0 ( cos
2
1
0
+ =

=
x x k a
a
x
k
k
,
1 2
1
0
0
= =

xdx a

= =

1
0
1
0
1
0
sin
1 sin
2 cos 2 xdx k
k k
x k x
xdx k x a
k

( )
+ =
+
=
= = =
1 2
) 1 2 (
4
2 0
1 ) 1 (
) (
2
cos
) (
2
2 2
2
1
0
2
n k
n
n k
k
x k
k
k
,
,
=
+
+
=
0
2 2
) 1 2 (
) 1 2 cos( 4
2
1
n
n
x n
x

220
Cng thc ny ng trn [ ] 1 , 0
Thay hoc vo cng thc trn s nhn c tng ca mt chui 0 = x 1 = x
s c bit
...
5
1
3
1
1
) 1 2 (
1
8
2 2
0
2
2
+ + + =
+
=
= n
n

V d 2: Cho hm s ) , 0 ( sin ) ( = x x x f , . Hy khai trin thnh chui
Fourier ch cha cc hm csin
Gii:
Thc trin chn hm s cho s c.

=
+ =
1
0
cos
2
sin
k
k
kx a
a
x ,
trong

4
sin
2
0
0
= =

xdx a
[ ]

+ + = =

0 0
) 1 sin( ) 1 sin(
1
cos sin
2
dx x k x k kxdx x a
k

Suy ra 0 2 cos
2
1
0 1
= =

x a

0
) 1 cos(
1
1
) 1 cos(
1
1 1

+
+
= x k
k
x k
k
a
k

( )
+ =
=
=
+
n k
n
n k
k k
k
2
1 4
1
.
4
1 2 0
1 ) 1 (
1
1
1
1 1
2
1
,
,

Vy [ ]

, 0
1 4
2 cos 4 2
sin
1
2

=
x
n
nx
x
n
,
Thay vo cng thc s c 0 = x

=

=
1
2
1 4
1
2
1
n
n

V d 3: Chng minh rng
221

<
=
< <
=
<
= = + +
,
, -
,
,
3 4
,

x
x
x
x
x
x S
x x x
x
3
2
3 2
3
2
3 4
3
2
3
0
3
3
0
3 2
) ( ...
11
11 cos
7
7 cos
5
5 cos
cos
Gii:
Nhn thy tng ca chui l hm s xc nh trn ) (x S [ ] , 0 v cc s hng ca chui l
cc hm csin, vy chui chnh l thc trin chn ca hm no cho trn ) (x f ) , 0 ( . T
tng , chng ta hy xt hm ) (x S ) (x f

< <
< <
< <
=
x
x
x
x f
3
2
2
1
3
2
3
0
3
0
2
1
) (
,
,
,

V khai trin hm theo cc hm csin ) (x f

3
2
,
3
) , 0 ( cos
2
) (
1
0

+ =

=
x x kx a
a
x f
k
k
, ,
0
2
1
2
1 2
3
2
3
0
0
=
dx dx a

3
2
3
0
cos cos
1
kxdx kxdx a
k

6
cos
2
sin
2
3
2
sin
3
sin
1
k k
k
k k
k
=
+ =

+ =
+
+
=
=
1 2
6
) 1 2 (
cos
) 1 2 (
) 1 ( 2
2 0
m k
m
m
m k
m
,
,

222
Tip tc

=
+
=
+
+ =
=
+
*
1 2
1 3
) 1 6 (
3
3
) 1 6 (
3
1 3 0
N k k m
k
N k k m
k
N k k m
a
m
, ,
, ,
, ,

Vy
+
+
=

=
= 1 0
1 6
) 1 6 cos(
) 1 6 cos(
1 6
1 3
) (
k k
k
x k
x k
k
x f

Theo nh l Dirichlet ta nhn c chnh l tng ca chui. ) (x S
V d 4: Cho hm s tun hon vi chu k ) (x f 2 c cc h s Fourier l
. Hy tnh cc h s Fourier ca hm ,... 2 , 1
0
= k b a a
k k
, , , ) ( h x f + , . ) ( const h =
Gii:
Gi s cc h s Fourier ca ) ( h x f + l ,... 2 , 1
0
= k B A A
k k
, , , . Khi .

0 0
) (
1
) (
1
a dx x f dx h x f A
h
h
= = + =

+
+

+
+
= + =
h
h
k
dx h x k x f kxdx h x f A

) ( cos ) (
1
cos ) (
1

+
+
+
+
+ =
h
h
h
h
kxdx x f kh kxdx x f kh

sin ) (
1
. sin cos ) (
1
. cos
,... 2 , 1 sin cos = + = k kh b kh a
k k
,
Tng t
,... 2 , 1 sin cos = = k kh a kh b B
k k k
,
223
Ti liu tham kho
1. TI LIU THAM KHO
1. G. M. FICHTENGN, Gio trnh php tnh vi tch phn, Tp 1,2,3. Nauka, Moskva,1969.
(ting Nga)
2. G. M. FICHTENGN, C s gii tch ton hc, Tp 1,2,3. NXB i hc v Trung hc
chuyn nghip, H ni, 1977.
3. K. MAURIN, Analiza, PWN, Warszawa, 1976. . 1
, ,
c Czes
4. R. A. ADAMS, Calculus-a complete, Addison,Wesley, New York,Don Mills, 1991.
5. NGUYN NH TR (ch bin), Ton hc cao cp ,Tp 1,2,3. NXB i hc v Gio dc
chuyn nghip, H ni, 1990.
6. JEAN-MARIE MONIER, Gio trnh ton, Tp 1,2,3,4. NXB Gio dc, H ni, 1999 (dch
t ting Php, DUNOD, Paris,1999)

224
Mc lc

Mc lc

Chng I: Gii hn ca dy s.................................................................................... 3
1.1. S thc .................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.1. Cc tnh cht c bn ca tp s thc..................................................................................... 3
1.1.2. Tp s thc m rng............................................................................................................. 6
1.1.3. Cc khong s thc............................................................................................................... 7
1.1.4. Gi tr tuyt i ca s thc.................................................................................................. 7
1.1.5. Khong cch thng thng trong R...................................................................................... 8
1.2. S phc ................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.1. nh ngha v cc dng s phc ........................................................................................... 9
1.2.2. Cc php ton trn tp C.......................................................................................................10
1.2.3. p dng s phc vo lng gic ..........................................................................................17
1.3. Dy s thc.............................................................................................................................19
1.3.1. Cc khi nim c bn ca dy s thc..................................................................................19
1.3.2. Tnh cht ca dy hi t .......................................................................................................20
1.3.3. Tnh n iu ca dy s......................................................................................................26
1.3.4. Dy con.................................................................................................................................31
Chng II: Hm s mt bin s....................................................................................34
2.1. Cc khi nim c bn v hm s ..........................................................................................34
2.1.1. Cc nh ngha c bn ..........................................................................................................34
2.1.2. Cc hm s thng dng ........................................................................................................37
2.1.3. Hm s s cp.......................................................................................................................47
2.2. Gii hn ca hm s..............................................................................................................47
2.2.1. Khi nim v gii hn...........................................................................................................47
2.2.2. Tnh cht ca hm c gii hn..............................................................................................49
2.2.3. Cc gii hn ng nh..........................................................................................................56
2.3. i lng v cng b (VCB) v i lng v cng ln (VCL)...........................................58
2.3.1. i lng VCB.....................................................................................................................58
2.3.2. i lng VCL.....................................................................................................................60

225
Mc lc
2.4. S lin tc ca hm s...........................................................................................................62
2.4.1. Cc khi nim c bn ...........................................................................................................62
2.4.2. Cc php ton i s ca hm lin tc..................................................................................63
2.4.3. Tnh cht ca hm s lin tc trn mt on........................................................................65
2.4.4. Tnh lin tc u...................................................................................................................66
Chng III: Php tnh vi phn hm s mt bin s..........................................68
3.1. o hm .................................................................................................................................68
3.1.1. o hm ti mt im..........................................................................................................68
3.1.2. Cc php tnh i s ca cc hm kh vi ti mt im.........................................................71
3.1.3. o hm trn mt khong (nh x o hm) .......................................................................74
3.1.4. o hm ca cc hm s thng thng................................................................................75
3.2. Vi phn ca hm s ...............................................................................................................81
3.2.1. nh ngha vi phn ti mt im..........................................................................................81
3.2.2. Vi phn trn mt khong......................................................................................................82
3.3. o hm v vi phn cp cao.................................................................................................84
3.3.1. o hm cp cao ..................................................................................................................84
3.3.2. Vi phn cp cao ....................................................................................................................85
3.3.3. Lp ca mt hm..................................................................................................................86
3.4. Cc nh l v gi tr trung bnh...........................................................................................91
3.4.1. nh l Phc ma (Fermat) .....................................................................................................91
3.4.2. nh l Rn (Rolle)...............................................................................................................92
3.4.3. nh l s gia hn. (nh l Lagrng (Lagrange))................................................................93
3.4.4. nh l s gia hu hn suy rng (nh l Csi (Cauchy)).....................................................95
3.5. ng dng cc nh l v gi tr trung bnh ..........................................................................98
3.5.1. Cng thc Taylo (Taylor), cng thc Maclranh (McLaurin)..............................................98
3.5.2. Qui tc Lpitan (L' Hospital)............................................................................................. 102
3.6. S bin thin ca hm s ................................................................................................... 105
3.6.1. Tnh n iu ca hm kh vi ........................................................................................... 105
3.6.2. iu kin hm s t cc tr .............................................................................................. 107
3.7. Bi ton tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr b nht .................................................................... 109
3.7.1. Hm lin tc trn on kn [a,b]........................................................................................ 109
3.7.2. Hm lin tc trn khong m, khong v hn................................................................... 110

226
Mc lc
3.8. Hm li ................................................................................................................................ 110
3.8.1. Khi nim v hm li, hm lm v im un.................................................................... 110
3.8.2. iu kin hm li .............................................................................................................. 113
3.9. Tim cn ca ng cong .................................................................................................. 115
3.9.1. Khi nim chung v tim cn ............................................................................................ 115
3.9.2. Phn loi v cch tm tim cn .......................................................................................... 116
3.10. Bi ton kho st hm s .................................................................................................... 117
Chng IV: Php tnh tch phn.............................................................................. 122
4.1. Khi nim v tch phn xc nh....................................................................................... 122
4.1.1. nh ngha tch phn xc nh........................................................................................... 122
4.1.2. iu kin tn ti ................................................................................................................ 123
4.1.3. Lp cc hm kh tch......................................................................................................... 125
4.1.4. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh................................................................................. 126
4.1.5. Cng thc Niutn-Lpnt (Newbnitz)................................................................................ 129
4.2. Hai phng php c bn tnh tch phn xc nh ........................................................... 135
4.2.1. Php i bin ..................................................................................................................... 135
4.2.2. Php tch phn tng phn................................................................................................... 135
4.3. Phng php tnh tch phn bt nh.............................................................................. 141
4.3.1. Bng cc nguyn hm thng dng..................................................................................... 141
4.3.2. Hai phng php c bn tnh tch phn bt nh ............................................................... 142
4.3.3. Cch tnh tch phn bt nh ca cc hm s hu t .......................................................... 145
4.3.4. Tnh nguyn hm cc phn thc hu t i vi mt s hm thng dng........................... 147
4.4. Mt s ng dng ca tch phn xc nh.......................................................................... 152
4.4.1. Tnh in tch hnh phng.................................................................................................. 153
4.4.2. Tnh di ng cong phng .......................................................................................... 155
4.4.3. Tnh th tch vt th........................................................................................................... 157
4.4.4. Tnh din tch mt trn xoay ............................................................................................. 159
4.5. Tch phn suy rng............................................................................................................. 161
4.5.1. Tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn.................................................................................... 161
4.5.2. Tch phn suy rng vi hm di du tch phn c cc im ........................................... 167

227
Mc lc
Chng V: L thuyt chui....................................................................................... 173
5.1. Chui s............................................................................................................................... 173
5.1.1. Cc khi nim chung ......................................................................................................... 173
5.1.2. Chui s dng.................................................................................................................. 176
5.1.3. Chui an du.................................................................................................................... 183
5.1.4. Chui c s hng mang du bt k..................................................................................... 185
5.2. Chui hm........................................................................................................................... 187
5.2.1. Cc khi nim chung v chui hm................................................................................... 187
5.2.2. S hi t u ca chui hm.............................................................................................. 188
5.3. Chui lu tha .................................................................................................................... 194
5.3.1. Cc khi nim chung v chui lu tha............................................................................. 194
5.3.2. Khai trin mt hm s thnh chui lu tha ..................................................................... 201
5.4. Chui Phuri (Fourier) ...................................................................................................... 209
5.4.1. Cc khi nim chung ......................................................................................................... 209
5.4.2. iu kin hm s khai trin thnh chui Fourier .................................................... 213
5.4.3. Khai trin thnh chui Fourier ca mt hm s bt k ..................................................... 217
Ti liu tham kho........................................................................................................ 224

228

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BI GING

TON CAO CP (A1)

E n K kiu E(x) l phn nguyn ca x.

, p dng cng thc nh thc Niutn (Newton)

< + < < > l u l u l n n

Hay y = g( (x)) l hm s hp ca hai hm v g. f f

}, l hm s l, tun hon vi chu k = T v nhn

Di y ta a ra cc nh l c chng minh trong l thuyt i s

= < < <

< < < l x f g a x x )) ( ( 0 : .

) ( lim iu kin cn v l hm s l x f x = ) ( ) ( l VCB

th ni rng l VCB cp cao hn ti a, k hiu ) ( o = ti a,

th ni rng , l cc VCB ngang cp ti a.

hay ) lim ( ) ( lim x f x f

> k ) 2 cos cos

Thuc lp trn trn trn

khng c gii hn khi 0 h

1. lin tc trn [a,b] f

1. Lin tc trn [a,b]

) ( ' lim khi c l

sao cho < < a x 0 . Theo nh l Cauchy s tn ti

, ly o hm hu hn n ln sao cho 0 n . Khi

1. f lin tc trn on [a,b]

= chng t f(x) li trn X.

Trong k hiu trn: l du ly tch phn, l ly tch phn t a n b, a l cn di, b l

Chng minh: iu kin trn c th din t nh sau

= < < >

V d 2*: Xut pht t nh ngha, hy tnh vi

nh l y c chng minh tng t nh nh l 1, y thc hin php i

dx x x R ) cos , (sin R l "phn thc hu t hai bin"

= xdx dt x t sin cos = = ,

dx x x R ) cos , (sin tgx t x t x t

AB cho bi phng trnh

AB th c tnh theo cng thc l

AB cho bi phng trnh tham s

AB cho bi phng trnh b x a x f y = , 0 ) (

AB cho bi phng trnh tham s

AB cho bi phng trnh trong h to cc

, , , ) , 0 ( quay xung quanh trc Ox

arctg arctgx arctgx

hi t, suy ra tch phn suy rng cho hi t. 0 > a

hi t, tch phn cho hi t. > 0 a

tdt tdt tdt E

< > >

hi t . T iu kin cn ca chui hi t suy ra

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