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34
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSp
 f
tvif;&eH@ 
*sme,f
acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; aphpyfnd  ‡Ed_if;jcif;/ tay;t,lvkyfjcif;wd k @onf ud k,f pm;ðy 'Drd kua&pDpepfay:xGef;pwGiftc&muscJ  h+yD;/ vuf&S  dumvwGifvnf; ta&;ygaeqJ jzpfonf? odk @aomfa&&SnfwnfwH  hrnf  h'Drd kua&pDpepf wd k;wufjzpfxGef;a&;twGufrl jynfolwd k @u rdrdwdk @.vd kvm;csufrsm; taumiftxnfay:vmap&efacgif;aqmifrsm; tay: rnfr#xdxda&mufa&mufzdtm;ay;Ed kifpGrf; &S  d r&S  d[lonf  htay: wnfrS  Dv#uf&S  d onf? xd kuJhod k @ zdtm;ay;Ed kifpGrf;qdkonfuvnf; jynfolwdk @u oufqd kif&m vl@tzG  J@ tpnf;&S  dt&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; rnfr#&,loH k;pG  JEd kifonf/ rdrdwd k @. ud k,fyd kif,H k=unfcsuf rsm; tjrifrsm; t,ltqrsm;tm; rnfr#xkwfaz:usif  hoH k;ydkifcGif  h&S  donf[lonfhjynfol rsm;.pGrf;&nfESif  hvkyfyd kifcGif  hyifjzpfonf? xd k @a=umif  hjynfolrsm;. pGrf;&nfESif  hvkyfyd kifcGif  h jrif  hrm;vma&;/ wenf;tm;jzif  hjynfol @pGrf;tm;jr‡if  hwifa&;
 
human empowerment
onf'Drdkua&pDaz:aqmifa&;vkyfief;pOfwGif ta&;}uD;ayonf? 'Drd kua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;pEd kifiHrsm;. 'Drd kua&pDjzpfay:wd k;wufr_ud kavhvm ae=uonf  hynm&Sifwd k @. axmufjycsufrSm ,if;Ed kifiHtrsm;pkwGif'Drd kua&pDjzpfxGef;r_ r&S  djcif; jzpfonf? xd kod k @jzpf&jcif;rSm 'Drd kua&pDoD0&Drsm;.tqd ktwd kif; jynfolvlxk . vd kvm;csufrsm;u tpd k;&.qH k;jzwfcsufrsm;tay: =oZmoufa&mufaejcif; r&SdyJ/ EdkifiHa&;tay:v$m&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm;u vlxkqENvdkvm;csufrsm;udk t}uD;tus,fvpfvsL¶_aejcif;a=umifhjzpfonf[k qdk=uonf? odk@jzpf&m 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif;
effective democracy
qd konfud kem;vnf&efvd ktyfvm.?
'Drd  kua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif;
 
Effective Democracy
'Drd kua&pD. tESpfom&ud kajym&v#if'Drd kua&pD[lonfEd kifiHom;jynfolrsm; tm; vkyfyd kifcGif  hay;jcif;jzpfonf? a&G;aumufyG  Jrsm;usif;yay;±H kjzif  hxd ktESpfom&ud kr&Ed kif? xd k @twl jynfolwdk @tm; vkyfyd kifcGifhay;onf  hEdkifiHa&;tcGif  hta&;rsm;tm; Oya'jyÏmef; owfrSwfay;±Hkwifru ‚if;jyÏmef;csufrsm;ud kvufawG@taumiftxnfaz:&efvnf; vdktyfonf? Ed kifiHom;wd k@. jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; tpd k;&ESif  htm%myd kiftzG  J @tpnf;rsm; acgif;aqmifrsm;u tmrcHjcif;/ av;pm;vd kufemjcif; wd k@onf'Drd kua&pDtESpfom&rsm;yif jzpfonf? 'Drd kua&pDusif  hoHk;r_xda&mufap&ef/ wenf;tm;jzif  h'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;ap&efa¶G;aumufyGJrsm; yH krSefusif;yjcif;/ a¶G;aumuf yG  Jrsm;u vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wr_&S  djcif;/ t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm; jcpm;r_rsm; uif;rJ  hjcif;/
'Drd  kua&pDaz:aqmifa&;ESif  h
vlxktcef;u¾
armfpD
 
35
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSpf
tvif;&eH@ 
*sme,f
Ed kifiHom;rsm;. vd ktyfcsufud kwm0ef,lEd kifpGrf;
responsive to citizens' choices
&S  djcif;/ tm%myd kifrsm;u w&m;Oya'tay: av;pm;vd kufemr_&S  djcif; ponfwd k @ vd ktyf a=umif; ynm&Sifrsm;u qd k=uonf? 'Drd kua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif;ud kwd kif;wm&eft!$ef;udef; rsm; owfrSwf=uonf? wd kif;wmaom t!$ef;udef;rsm;tay:rlwnfI Ed kifiHrsm;tvd kuf 'Drd kua&pDjzpfxGef;r_tajctae uG  Jjym;jcm;em;r_rsm;tm; E_  dif;,SOfavhvm=uonf? xd k tcg avhvmr_rsm;t& vGwfvyf+yD;w&m;r#wonfha¶G;aumufyG  Jrsm; yH krSefusif;yjcif; tcsufjzif  h 'Drd kua&pDjzpfxGef;r_ud kwd kif;wmygu rvH kavmufa=umif; awG @&S  d&onf? a¶G; aumufyG  JESif  h 'Drd kua&pDud knDr#jcif;csI r&Ed kif? t*wdvd kufpm;r_rsm; jcpm;r_rsm;&S  daeyg u/ tpd k;&u wm0ef,lEd kifpGrf;enf;ygu/ jynfol @tcGif  hta&;rsm;ESif  hEd kifiHa&;tcGifhta&; rsm;/ jynfol @vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; uef @owfcHae&ygu/ w&m;Oya't& tkyfcsKyfjcif;r&S  dygu vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wonfha¶G;aumufyGJrsm; yHkrSef&Sdaeapumrl 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;aeonf[lI qd kEd kifrnfr[kwfay? xd k @a=umif  ha¶G;aumufyG  J/ t*wdvd kufpm;r_/ jynfol @ vGwfvyfcGif  hESifhEd kifiHa&;tcGif  hta&;rsm;/ tpd k;&. aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfa&;tqif  h ponfwd k @onf'Drd kua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif;ud kwd kif;wmaom t!$ef;udef;rsm;jzpf=uonf? tqd kygt!$ef;udef;rsm;jzif  hwd kif;wmavhvmr_rsm;t& 'Drd kua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif; onf'Drd kua&pDtaqmufttH krsm; v_yf&Sm;vnfywfr_ESif  h acgif;aqmifrsm; *k%foduQm &Sdr_wdk@. &v'fjzpfonf[kqdk=uonf? odk@jzpf&m a¶G;aumufyGJtajcðy 'Drdkua&pD
electoral democracy
pHE_ef;rsm;xufawmif;qd kr_yd kIjrif  hrm;onf? vl @pGrf;tm;zG  H @òzd;r_ t!$ef;udef;
human development index (HDI)
tay: tajccHwd kif;wmr_u a¶G; aumufyG  JtajcðypHE_ef;rsm;xuf'Drd kua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif; tqif  h'D*&D uG  Jjym;jcm;em;r_ud k yd kIodomxif&Sm;aponf? xd k @a=umif  h'Drd kua&pDjzpfxGef;jcif;onfoufqd kif&mvl @tzG  J @ tpnf;. zG  H @òzd;wd k;wufr_tqif  htaetxm;ESif  hqufpyfaeonf[kqd k&rnfjzpfonf? zG  H @òzd;wdk;wufr_qd kif&m a=umif;csif;&mrsm;
developmental factors
u 'Drd kua&pDjzpf ay: jcif;ESif  hwnfwH  hcd kif+rJjcif;
emergence and survival of effective democracy
jzpfpOfwGift"duusaomtcef;wGif&S  daeonf? TwGifE_  dif;,SOfr_t& twd kif;twm wpfcktxdvl @tzG  J @tpnf;tajccHtaqmufttH krsm; zG  H @òzd;wd k;wuf+yD;Ed kifiHrsm;
 
stateswith developed societal infrastructure
wGif'Drd kua&pDjzpfxGef;r_yd kIjzpfEd kifonf[k qdk&ayrnf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm; zGH@òzd;wdk;wufjcif;qdk&mYpD;yGm;a&;t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ ¶kyf0wˆKrsm; wd k;wufjcif;ud kom qd kvd kjcif;r[kwf? jynfolwd k @. yg0ifr_jrifhrm;jcif;ESifhjynfol @vGwfvyfcGif  hrsm;/ jynfolwd k@. ud k,fyd kifqH k;jzwfyd kifcGif  hrsm; tyg t0ifjzpfonf?
jynfol @pGrf;tm;jr‡if  hwifa&;
 
Human Empowerment
wd kif;jynftm%monfjynfolvlxkxHrSqif;oufrSom 'Drd kua&pDjzpfxGef; atmifjrifEd kifayrnf? jynfolwd k @. vkyfyd kifcGif  htm%m jrif  hrm;vma&;twGufjynfol @
 
36
trSwf(1)? 'DZifbmv 2008 ckeSp
 f
tvif;&eH@ 
*sme,f
pGrf;tm;jr‡if  hwifa&;onf'Drd kua&pDaz:aqmifa&;ESif  hwd k;wufjzpfxGef;apa&;vkyfief;wGif ta&;ygonf? od k @rSom oufqd kif&m vl@abmifvl @tzG  J @tpnf; toGifajymif;vJwnf aqmufa&;jzpfpOfwGif jynfolwd k@.yg0ifr_ud k &&SdEd kifrnfjzpfonf? jynfol@pGrf;tm;jr‡ifh wifa&;ESif  hywfoufI t"dutm;jzif  hatmufygu¾oH k;&yfud kzG  H @òzd;ap&efvdktyfonf? (1) t&if;tjrpfrsm;
action resources
(2) ud k,fyd kiftjrift,ltq xkwfaz:yd kifcGif  htay: wefbd k;xm;r_rsm;
 
self-expression values
(3) 'Drd kua&pDtaqmufttH krsm;
democratic institutions
t&if;tjrpfrsm;
[kqd k&mwGifjynfolwd k @taejzif  hrdrdwd k @.ud k,fyd kifb0rsm;ud k rdrdwd k @ud k,fwdkifzefwD;jyÏmef;Ed kif&efESif  hpDrHcef @cG  JEd kif&efvd ktyfaom ±kyf0wˆKypPnf;t&if; tjrpfrsm;ESif  htodynm twwfynmqd kif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm; yg0ifonf? jynfolwd k @. qENvdkvm;csufrsm;tm; acgif;aqmifrsm; tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u wm0ef,laqmif¶Gufa&; zdtm;ay; =oZmv$rf;rd k;Edkif&efwd kif;jynf. ¶kyfyk  dif;qdkif&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; zG  H @òzd;wd k; wufap+yD; jynfol@wdk@vuf0,f&Sd&rnf? xdkrSwqifh jynfolwdk@. ynma&;tqifhtwef;/ vlr_b0tqif  htwefrsm; jrif  hwufvmEd kifrnf  htaetxm;od k @ a&mufEd kifrnf [lonf  h t,ltqjzpfonf? odk @jzpf&m jynfolwdk@. t&if;tjzpfrsm; zG  H@òzd;a&;onf jynfol @pGrf;tm;jr‡if  hwifa&;wGift"dutpdwftyd kif;wpf&yfjzpfonf? ord kif;tawG @tóuH t& acwfrS  DzG  H @òzd;a&;aqmif¶Gufjcif;
modernization
u jynfolwd k @.vuf0,fpDyGm;a&; t&if;tjrpfrsm;ud kwdk;yGm;ap¶H komru/ ynma&;tqif  htwef;ud kvnf; jrifhwufvm aponf? vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac: }uHqEd kifpGrf;/ pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm; xkwfaz:Ed kifpGrf; ponf  h t&nftaoG;rsm;tjyifEd kifiHa&;wGifyg0ifaqmif¶GufEdkifpGrf;ud k jr‡ifhwifay;onf? jynfolvlxkuud kifpG  Jaom pHE_ef;wefbd k;rsm;ESifhtjrifoabmxm;rsm;onf vnf; ta&;}uD;vSonf? EdkifiHrsm;tvdkuf EdkifiHa&;b0/ pD;yGm;a&;b0/ vlr_a&;b0 qd kif&m pHE_ef;wefbd k;rsm; tjrifoabmxm;rsm; uG  Jjym;jcm;em;v#uf&S  d=uonf? ud k,fyd kif tjrift,ltq xkwfaz:ydkifcGifhtm; wefbdk;xm;onfh
self-expression values
vl @tzG  J @tpnf;rsm;wGifud k,fyd kiftjrift,ltqxkwfaz: jcif;ud ktav;xm;OD;pm;ay; jcif;/ vl @tzG  J @tpnf;ESifhEd kifiHa&;wGifyg0ifaqmif¶Gufr_&S  djcif;/ vlr_vdift&cG  Jjcm;r_r&S  dbJ wef;wla&;ud kaxmufcHtm;ay;jcif;/ EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;/ vdifwlqufqHolrsm;ESifhtjcm; pnf;tjyifa&mufolrsm;tay: em;vnfonf;cHEdkifjcif;ESifhwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ,H k=unfr_ jrif  hrm;jcif;wd k @ &S  d=uonf? tjcm;wzufY b0&Sifoef&yfwnfa&;
survival values
udkOD;pm;ay;ae=u&onf  h vl @tzGJ @tpnf;rsm;wGifrlrsm;aomtm;jzif  h qef@usifbuf tajctaersm;ESif  h&ifqd kifae=u&onf? ud k,fyd kiftjrift,ltqrsm; xkwfaz:yd kifcGif  htm; ydkrdkwefbdk;xm;vmonfESifhtr# jynfol@vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;/vlr_vdifwef;wla&;/ tpdk;&.wm0ef&S  dr_tp&S  donfwd k @tm; awmif;qd kr_rsm; jrif  hrm;vm onf? xd krSwqif  h,if;wefbd k;rsm;tm; wm0ef,laqmif¶Gufrnf  htmrcHrnf  h'Drd kua&pD
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