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The fifth element: astronomicalevidence for black holes, dark matter,and dark energy
 
A brief history of astrophysics
•Greek philosophy contained five “classical”elements:
°earth°air°fire°water°etherterrestrial; subject tochangeheavenly; unchangeable
•in Greek astronomy, the universewas geocentric and contained eightspheres, seven holding the knownplanets and the eighth the stars
 
A brief history of astrophysics
•Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 –1543)
 
•argued that the Sun, not the Earth, wasthe center of the solar system•the Copernican Principle:
We are not located at a special place in theUniverse, or at a special time in the historyof the Universe
GreeksCopernicus
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