tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(

f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep

S f

tar&duef&ŒJ usqk;H r+
z&efppfzu
l ,
l m;rm;
( a0wifh bmomjyefonf )

tar&duef&ŒJ &if;ES;D ðryfErHS b

_ %f}uD;trsm;pk u|u
H sòydqif;oGm;? wpf&uftwGi;f
pawmhaps;uGufrSm wpfx&DvD,H a':vmausmf aysmufxGufoGm;? b%f}uD;awG oabFm
arSmufr_twGuf tar&dueftcGefxrf;jynfolawGu a':vm 700 bDvD,H ay;&rSmwJh
vm;?
a0gvfpx&dòydvJr_yrm%[m 'Dvkd {&mh{&m {&mr}uD;rsKd; jzpfcJvSygw,f?
òydqif;aewJhpD;yGm;a&;ukd umuG,fzkd@ 'Davmufrsm;wJh aiGpkdifaiGcJukd olwkd@ bma=umifh
pGe@f ypfcw
hJ mvJv@dk tar&duefvx l uk ar;=uw,f? wcsKŒd uvnf; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
rSm a&SŒquf r±SLEkdifru,fEkdif qkH;±_H;OD;r,fh tvm;tvmawGukd wGufqae=uw,f?
tckaiGa=u;t&nfaysmfqif;r_[m tar&duqkdwJh ‘trSwfwHqdyf’ (Brand) ukd vkH;0
xdckdufapr,fh udpPjzpfaeygw,f?

tdkif'D,m ykd@ukefESpfrsKd;

usaemfwkd@tar&du&JΠta&;}uD;qkH;ykd@ukefrsm;xJu wpfrsKd;uawmh tkdif'D,m

awGyJ jzpfygw,f? a&mfe,fa&*if orwtjzpf a¶G;cs,fcH&+yD; 1980 ESpfrsm;uwnf;u
tar&dueftdkif'D,mESpfck[m *vkdb,fawG;ac:r_tay: tajccHtm;jzifh v$rf;rkd;xm;yg
w,f?
yxrwpfckuawmh EkdifiHawG zGHŒòzd;wkd;wufapzkd@ aocsmwJh ‘t&if;&Sifpepf’
qkdwJh tdkif'D,myJ? t&if;&Sifpepfa[mxm;wmu tcGefukd ESdrfhaumuf/ csnfaESmifxm;wJh
vkyfxkH;pnf;urf;awGav#mhcs/ aps;uGufukd tpkd;&u 0ifrpGufeJ@? 'g[m wkdif;jynf pD;yGm;
a&; wk;d wufapr,fh tif*siyf v J @dk qkx
d m;cJw
h ,f? 'ga=umifv
h J a&*if0g'[m &mpkwpfc=k um
tpOftvm}uD;rm;cJhwJh tpdk;&vufwH&Snfukd z,f&Sm;ðzwfcsypfcJhw,f? tpkd;&xdef;csKyf
uef@owfr_av#mhcsjcif; (deregulation) [m acwfa&pD;&JΠtrdef@!$ef=um;csuftjzpf
tar&duwGifru wurBmvkH;rSmyg wGifus,fvmcJhygw,f?

72
trSw(
f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
'kwd,}uD;rm;wJh tkdif'D,muawmh tar&du[m wurBmvkH;&JΠvpfb&,f
'Drkdua&pD jr‡ifhwifol/ wifykd@ol jzpfaejcif;ygyJ? ykdrkdºuG,f0+yD; yGifhvif;r_&Sdr,fh EkdifiHwum
a&;&m tpDtpOfawGtwGuf taumif;qkH;vrf;a=umif;vkd@ jrifcJh=uygw,f?
rSefygw,f? tar&du&JΠyg0geJ@ =oZm[m usaemfwkd@&JΠwifhum;eJ@ a':vmawG
ay:rSmwif wnfwm r[kwfygbl;? vltrsm;pku tar&dueftpkd;&ykHpH[m pGJaqmifr_
&Sdw,f? 'ga=umifh olwkd@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm tvm;wlykHpH vkyfcsif=uw,fqkdwJh
tcsut f ay:rSm wnfygw,f? Ekid if aH &;odyyH` nm&Sif *sK;d ZufEidk ;f uawmh 'gawGuydk J usaemf
wkd@ EkdifiHa&; ‘yg0gtaysmh’ (soft power) vkd@ trnfay;ygw,f?
tckawmh tJh'Dtar&du&JΠukd,fykdiftrSwfwHqdyf wefzkd;0daooawG b,f
avmufawmif qkd;qkd;¶Gm;¶Gm; oduQmusqif;ae+yDvJqkdwm em;vnfzkd@awmh cufygw,f?
2002 eJ@ 2007 ckESpft=um; urBm}uD;rSm wkd;wufr_udk róuHpzl; cHpm;ae&csdefrSm Oa&my
qkd&S,fvpfawGeJ@ vufwiftar&duom;awGu tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;ukd ‘aumif;bGdKif
t&if;&Sifpepf’ armfvf',fqkd+yD; ESmacgif;±_H@wkef;u usaemfwkd@awG vG,fvG,fyJ vspfvsL±_
ypfcJhw,f?
ok@d ayr,fh tckawmh tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;ukd aqmifusO;f ay;cJw h hJ tJ'h D wk;d wuf
r_ tif*sifarmfvf',f[m vrf;acsmfxGufoGm;+yD;/ usefurBmukdvnf; oleJ@twl ajrmif;xJ
qGJcszkd@ ajcmufvSef@aew,f? ykdqkd;wmu w&m;cHvufonfu b,folrS r[kwfbl;/
tar&duefarmfvf',fukd,fwkdif jzpfaew,f? tpkd;& 0ifa&mufrpGufa&; *gxmrE W&m;
atmufrSm 0g&Sifweftpkd;&[m bÀma&;eJ@ aiGa=u;u¾ xdxda&mufa&mufxdef;csKyfzkd@
ysufuGuf+yD;/ usefa'ovl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGukdvnf; r[m'kuQvSvSay;zkd@ cGifhðycJhygw,f?
ajym&&if 'Drkdua&pD[m tapm}uD;uwnf;u oduQmpGef;ax;cJhyg+yD? tpk
vkduftòyHvkdufzsuftm;jrifh vufeufawG quf'rfrSm r&Sdbl;qkdwm odayr,fh/ bk&Sf
tpkd;&[m ‘us,fjyef@wJh vGwfvyfr_tpDtpOf’ qkdwmeJ@ csdwfqufta=umif;jy+yD;
tD&wfppfyGJukd qufaqmif¶GufcJhw,f? 'Dacgif;pOfeJ@yJ 'Drkdua&pDwkd;jr‡ifha&;ukd t=urf;zuf
0g' qef@usifa&;ppfyGJ&JΠt"duvufeufwpfcktjzpf tokH;cscJhw,f? 'gayr,fh urBmh
jynfolrsm;tzkd@awmh tar&du&JŒavvkH;[m aemufxyf tar&dueftifyg,mcsJŒxGifa&;
ta=umif;jycsufyJvkd@ jrifae=uygw,f?
tck usaemfwkd@&ifqkdifae&wmu aiGa=u;tusyftwnf;rS u,fxkwfzkd@
okd@r[kwf orwopfa¶G;zkd@udpPawGxufukd ausmfvGefoGm;yg+yD? tjcm;armfvf',fawG
udkif+yD; pcef;oGm;aewJh w±kwfeJ@ &S&Sm;wkd@u olwkd@[mukd ykd+yD;pGJaqmifr_&Sdatmif óud;yrf;
aecsdefrSm usaemfwkd@ tar&duefarmfvf',ftrSwfwHqdyfu aumif;aumif;}uD; rSwf
ausmufwif ppfaq;cHae&+yD? usaemfwkd@&J@emrnfaumif; jyefxdef;zkd@eJ@ usaemfwkd@trSwf
wHqdyf&JŒ pGJaqmifEkdiftm;awG jyeftouf0ifzkd@u aiGa=u;u¾wnf+idrfatmif vkyf&rSm
jzpfovkd/ tjcm;pdefac:r_awG &ifqkdifzkd@yg trsm;}uD;&Sdaeygw,f?

73
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep
S f

orwopfu rwljcm;em;wJhcGeftm;opfawG o,fvmygvdrfhr,f? odk@aomf

v_dif;xefavqef+yD; ukef;wufjzpfvkd@ ESpfumv&Snf ±kef;uef&r_awG a&SŒrSm &Sdaeygw,f?
bmrSm;oGm;cJhovJqkdwm &Sif;&Sif;em;rvnfao;&if usaemfwkd@ jyefpEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;?
tar&duefarmfvf',frSm b,foGifjyifvuQ%m&yfawGuawmh oefpGrf;w,f/ b,ft&m
awGukdawmh nhHzsif;pGm taumiftxnfazmfcJhw,f/ b,f[mawGawmhjzifh vkH;0pGef@y,f
ypfzkd@ vkdtyf+yDqkdwm &Sif;&Sif;odzkd@vkdyg+yD?

a&*ifacwf&JŒed*kH;

a0zefoal wGuawmh a0gvpf x&dpawmhaps;uGuf xk;d pku d q

f if;r_om a&*ifacwf
ed*kH;csKyfjcif;&JΠtrSwftom;yJvkd@ aumufcsufcsygw,f? oHo,r&Sdatmif rSefygw,f?
}uD;rm;wJh tkdif'D,mawG[m xl;jcm;wJhorkdif;umvawGrSm arG;zGm;ygw,f? odk@aomf
cyfqef;qef; tajymif;tvJawG&Sdvmjyef&if tJh'Dtkdif'D,m}uD;awG quf&Sifoefzkd@
cufcJoGm;ygw,f? bma=umifhvJqkdawmh EkdifiHa&;[m vuf0JrSvuf,m a¶$Œajymif;oGm;
wwf+yD;/ wcg vuf,mrSvuf0Jbuf jyef+yD; rsKd;qufcsD&Snfvsm;wJh puf0ef;oHo&m
jzpfwwfygw,f?
a&*if0g' (+Adwdo#tac: oufcsm0g') [m ol@tcsdef ol@tcgtwGuf rSefcJhyg
w,f? 1930 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;rSm orw z&efuvif±kpAJh&JŒ New Deal ac: ðyjyif
ajymif;vJa&;tpDtpOfopf pvkyfuwnf;u urBmtESH@tpkd;&rsm;[m vufwH&Snf
oxuf &Snfvm+yD; aps;uGufukd zdtkyfxm;cJh=uygw,f? 1970 jynfhvGefrsm;rSmawmh
0JvfzJ,m;pepf/ bkHpepfusifhokH;wJhEkdifiHawGeJ@ óud;eDpepf vnfyif;n‡pfcHxm;&wJh pD;yGm;a&;
awG[m ,dk,Gif;ykHysufpðyvmcJhygw,f?
tJh'DumvawGukd jyef=unhf&if w,fvDzkef;awGu aps;}uD;+yD; &zkd@cuf/ av
a=umif;c&D;u vlcsrf;omwkd@&JΠZdrfcHjzpf/ vltrsm;pku twkd;E_ef;enf;wJhb%fawGrSm
pkaqmif;ae&wkef;yJ? qif;&JwJhrdom;pkawGtwGuf tpDtpOfu bmrSr&Sdatmif nhHzsif;+yD;
tdrfaxmifuGm&Sif;r_awGuvnf; rsm;ygw,f?
'ga=umifhyJ a&*if-oufcsmawmfvSefa&;u tvkyform;iSm;wm ðzwfwm
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfaqmifEkdifatmif zefwD;ay;cJhw,f? tpOftvmxJydwf+yD; "m;r
aemufydwfacG;jzpfaewJh puf±kHtvkyf±kHawGukd trsm;}uD;&Sif;vif;ypfcJhw,f? aemuf
q,fpkESpf okH;ckeD;yg;twGuf zGH@òzd;a&; tajccHtkwfjrpfcsay;+yD; tkdifwDeJ@ ZD0enf;ynm
u¾topfawG ay:xGef;vmapygw,f?
EkdifiHwumtaeeJ@qkd&if a&*ifawmfvSefa&;[m ‘0g&SifwefoabmwlnDcsuf’
(Washington Consensus) ukd taumiftxnfazmfcJhwm jzpfw,f? 'Doabmwl
nDcsufu 0g&Sifwef tajcpkdufEkdifiHwumaiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@ (IMF) eJ@ urBmhb%fvkd

74
trSw(
f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
tifpwDusL;&Si;f rsm;u zGŒH òzd;qJEidk if aH wGrmS aps;uGuw
f cH g; ykzd iG v
hf matmif wGe;f tm;ay;jcif;
jzpfygw,f? 0g&SifwefoabmwlnDcsuf[m 1980 jynfhvGeftapmykdif;rSm tm*sifwD;em;
eJ@ b&mZD;vkd tvGeftu|HaiGazmif;yGr_ (hyperinflation) '%fudk xGef@xGef@vl; cHae&wJh
vufwiftar&du&JŒ aºuG;+rDjy\emukd oufomatmif ukpm;EkdifcJhwmawG &Sdygw,f?
tvm;wlyJ aps;uGufzGifha&;ay:vpD wGef;tm;ay;r_uae w±kwfeJ@tdENd,ukd
pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;}uD;awG jzpfvmapygw,f? okd@aomf AifeDZGJvm;u [l*kdcsmAwfvkd
vlxktusKd;=unfh0g'DqkdolawGu 0g&SifwefoabmwlnDcsufukd ‘zGwf=um;’ oabm
wlnDcsufvkd@ qJaewmawGvnf; vufiif;óuHawG@ae&jyefygw,f?
jyef=unfhr,fqkd&if ,cifqkdAD,uf,leD,HeJ@ tjcm; uGefjrLepfwkdif;jynfawG&JŒ
A[kdcsKyfukdifwJh pDrHudef;pD;yGm;a&; tpkd;&vufwH&SnfvGef;wmukd awG@Ekdifygw,f? 1970
vGefESpfrsm;rSmawmh tJh'Dwkdif;jynfawG[m olwkd@òydifbuf t&if;&SifawG&JŒaemufrSm
bufaygif;pkH trsm;}uD; jywfusefcJhygw,f? bmvifwHwkdif;òydust+yD;rSmawmh tJh'D
wkdif;jynfrsm;&JΠ0JvfzJ,m;pepfawG ajrmif;xJa&mufoGm;cJhygw,f?
okd@aomf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm jzpfwwfwJhtwkdif; a&*if
awmfvSefa&;[m [kwfawmhrvkdvkdeJ@ vrf;aysmufoGm;cJh&w,f? t"du ta=umif;u
awmh ol@vrf;a=umif;aemuf aumufaumufygatmif aqmif¶u G o
f rl sm;u a&*if0g' om
ajcmufypfuif;oJvJpif0g'vkd@ aoG;em;xifa&mufvm+yD;/ 0JvfzJ,m;pepf tvGeftu|H
jzpfwmawGusawmh vufawG@usus aqmif¶Gufzkd@ rpGrf;omcJhygbl;?
a&*if0g'ukd=unfh&if t,ltqESpfck[m txdrcHEkdifatmifukd tuJygvGef;
aew,f? yxrtcsuf tcGefaumuf,lr_ av#mhcsjcif;[m tpkd;&twGuf rdrdbmom aiG
a=u;yHhykd;r_ (self-financing) jzpfvmapr,f qdkwmeJ@/ 'kwd,tcsuf aiGa=u;upm;
uGuaf wG[m tpd;k &uom 0ifr±_yef @J ol@bmom vnfywfomG ;r,f (self-regulating)
qkdwJh tcsufwdk@ygyJ?

vkdaiGjywmudpPr&Sd

1980 jynfhvGef rwkdifrDawGrSm uGefqmaA;wpfawG[m aiGa=u;eJ@ b¾ma&;

udprP mS odyu
f dk uGeq
f maA;wpf jzpfveG ;f ygw,f? qkv
d wdk mu olw@dk [m aumuf,xl m;wJh
tcGefxuf ykdokH;vkdpdwf r&Sdbl;? okd@aomf aemufykdif; a&*ifacwf&JΠa&*ifabm*aA'u
tdkif'D,mwpfck o,fvmw,f? tcGefaumufr_ jzwfawmufav#mhcsypfjcif;u pD;yGm;a&;
wk;d wufatmif E_;d qGay;wmyJ? tpk;d &twGuv f nf; aemufq;Hk rSm tcGeb
f ¾m 0ifvmrSmyJ
qkwd hJ t,ltq?
tpOftvmtjrift&qkd&if rSefygw,f? tcGefaumuf,lr_awmh av#mhcsypf
w,f/ tokH;p&dwfawmh rav#mhcsbl;qkd&if tqkH;rSm qkd;¶Gm;wJh vkdaiGjyr_eJ@ óuH&rSmu
&Sif;aeygw,f? 'ga=umifh 1980 jynfhvGef a&*if&JŒtcGefav#mhcsr_[m }uD;rm;wJh ‘vkdaiG’
75
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep
S f

jyr_awG jzpfcJhw,f? 1990 jynfhvGef uvifwef&JŒ tcGefwkd;jr‡ifhaumufr_u ‘ykdaiG’ jycJhyg

w,f? aemuf 21 &mpk bk&&fS ŒJ tcGeaf v#mch sru
_ tvGerf sm;jym;wJh vkad iGawG jyvmygw,f?
a&*ifESpfrsm;vkdyJ uvifwefESpfrsm;[mvnf; tar&duefpD;yGm;a&; tvsif
tjref wkd;wufapcJhw,f qkdwJhtcsufukd rsufESmvGJcJypfvkyf+yD;/ a&*if0g'D uGefqm
aA;wpfwkd@u tcGefav#mhzkd@yJ wrf;wrf;pGJ ,kH=unfaeav&JŒ? tcGefjzwfawmuf av#mhcs
ay;jcif;[m pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufzkd@ aocsmwJh aomhcsufqkd+yD; ukdifxm;cJh=uygw,f?
'ghxuf ykdta&;}uD;wmu tJh'Da&*if0g'DawG&JΠc|wfacsmfwdrf;rSm;aewJh t,l
tqukd *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOfu q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm zkH;uG,fay;xm;cJhw,f?
tar&duef&JŒjyifyu tjcm;wkdif;jynfawGu tar&duefa':vmukd irf;irf;wuf ukdifxm;
csi=f uw,f? 'g[m tar&dueftpk;d &rSm vkad iGtrsm;}uD; jzpfapcJoh vk/d jrifrh m;wJh wk;d wuf
r_udkvnf; &&SdapcJhwm rSefygw,f? b,fzGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHurSvnf; tar&duef&JŒ wkd;wuf
csrf;omr_ukd vk,lrajy;EkdifwJhtcsufvnf; jzpfcJhw,f?
'ga=umifhvnf; 'kwd,orw 'pfacseDu orwbk&Sfukd tapm}uD;uwnf;u
w&m;0ifajymcJhwmu 1980 jynfhvGef a&*ifESpfrsm;&JΠoifcef;pmt& (Deficits don't
matter) “vkdaiGjywm udpPr&Sdyg” wJh?

tpkd;&uef@owfr_ vkH;0av#mh

a&*ifacwf&JŒ 'kwd,,kH=unfcsufuawmh aiGa=u;u¾ukd txdef;tcsKyfr&Sd

v$wx f m; (financial deregulation) qkw
d t hJ jrifygy?J a0gvpf x&dvyk if ef;awGe@J aiGa=u;
upm;olawGu 'Dtjrifudk tºuGi;f rJv h ufczH @dk wGe;f yk@d ay;w,f? 1990 jynfv h eG f uvifwef
acwfawGrSmawmif 'Dt,ltqukd bk&m;a[mozG,f vufcHcJhao;w,f? 'Dt,ltqu
ajymwmu aiGa=u;pepftay: a&&Snfxdef;csKyfjcif;[m qef;opfwDxGifr_e,fy,fukd
t[ef@twm;jzpfapw,f? tar&duefb¾ma&;eJ@ aiGa=u;qkid &f m tifpwDusL;&Si;f awGudk
csdeJ@apygw,f?
aiGa=u;tay: txdef;tcsKyfr&SdbJ v$wfxm;jcif;[m qef;opfwJh xkwfukef
topfawG ay:xGufvmr,fqkdwm rSefygw,f? tdrfaygif/ +cHaygif/ tmrcHvkyfief; topf
awG '&a[m pD;qif;cJhw,f? Ekd@ayr,fh tckpD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;udpPrSm tJh'D taygif
vkyfief;awGu t"dujy\em jzpfaew,f? tcsKdΠ&DywfAvpfuefygwD0ifawGqkd&if
tckxd tJh'Dtcsufukd em;a0wdrfawmifeJ@ tlxkHxkHjzpfaewkef;yJ? 'ga=umifhyJ aiGa=u;
tusyftwnf;rS qGJxkwfa&; (bailout) tpDtpOfukd tqkdðyae+yD;/ aiGupm;olawG
twGuf tcGefav#mhzkd@ ajymaeao;w,f?
a0gvfpx&dpawmhaps;uGufqkdwm qDvDuGefawmif=um; enf;ynmvkyfief;
rsKd;eJ@ vkH;0 uGmjcm;ygw,f? qDvDuGef uGefjyLwmvkyfief;u tpkd;&xdef;csKyfr_vufwH

76
trSw(
f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
r&Sdav aumif;av? aiGa=u;tifpwDusK;&Sif;awGuawmh ,kH=unfr_tay: tajccHxm;&
wm? aiGa=u;vkyfief;}uD;awGrSm rxdefcsefbJ yGifhvif;r_&Sdatmif/ trsm;jynfol&JŒaiGawG
ukd ukrR%DawG tvG,frokH;Ekdifatmif tpkd;&u 0ifuGyfuJay;ygrS vkyfief;tay: ,kH=unf
pdwfcsr_awG tm;aumif;vmrSm?
aiGa=u;tifpwDusK;&Sif;awG òydvJoGm;jcif;[m tpk&S,f,m0ifawGeJ@ tvkyf
orm;awGukd 'kuQay;±kHomrubJ ab;u&yf=unfhwJh tjypfuif;pifol trsm;pkudkvnf;
Oyg'fjzpfapw,f? 'grsKd;ukd pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifawGu ab;yrf;qkd;usKd; (negative
externalities) &,fvkd@ 0dò*d[fðycJhwmjzpfw,f?

tm&Stusyftwnf;eJ@ vkdaiGjyr_u óudwifowday;

a&*ifawmfvSefa&; tE W&m,f}uD;pGmeJ@ w¶GwfwdkufarsmaecJhwmukd t&ifqkH;

owday;vuQ%m jyvkdufwmu +yD;cJhwJhq,fpkESpfrSm jzpfw,f? 1997-98 tm&SaiGa=u;
tusyftwnf;u tapm}uD; owday;vuQ%mawG azmfjycJhygw,f? tar&duef t}uH
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rl&if; From Newsweek (October 13, 2008)

81