Introduction to Instrumentation,Sensors, and Process Control

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Introduction to Instrumentation,Sensors, and Process Control

William C. Dunn

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Instruments Sensors

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Sections

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1.2.1Sequential Process Control
2.3.5Metric Units not Normally Used in the SI System
2.4Standard Prefixes
2.5Standards
2.5.1Physical Constants
2.5.2Standards Institutions
2.6Summary
References
Basic Electrical Components
3.1Introduction
3.2Circuits with R, L, and C
3.2.1Voltage Step Input
3.2.2Time Constants
3.2.3Sine Wave Inputs
3.3RC Filters
3.4Bridge Circuits
3.4.1Voltage Dividers
3.4.2dc Bridge Circuits
3.4.3ac Bridge Circuits
3.5Summary
Analog Electronics
4.1Introduction
4.2Analog Circuits
4.2.1Operational Amplifier Introduction
4.2.2Basic Op-Amp
4.2.3Op-Amp Characteristics
4.3Types of Amplifiers
4.3.1Voltage Amplifiers
4.3.2Converters
4.3.3Current Amplifiers
4.3.4Integrating and Differentiating Amplifiers
4.3.5Nonlinear Amplifiers
4.3.6Instrument Amplifiers
4.3.7Input Protection
4.4Amplifier Applications
4.5Summary
Digital Electronics
5.1Introduction
5.2Digital Building Blocks
5.3Converters
5.3.1Comparators
5.3.2Digital to Analog Converters
5.3.3 Analog to Digital Converters
5.3.4Sample and Hold
5.3.5Voltage to Frequency Converters
5.4Data Acquisition Devices
5.4.1Analog Multiplexers
5.4.2Digital Multiplexers
5.4.3Programmable Logic Arrays
5.4.4Other Interface Devices
5.5Basic Processor
5.6Summary
Microelectromechanical Devices and Smart Sensors
6.1Introduction
6.2Basic Sensors
6.2.1Temperature Sensing
6.2.2Light Intensity
6.2.3Strain Gauges
6.2.4Magnetic Field Sensors
6.3Piezoelectric Devices
6.3.1Time Measurements
6.3.2Piezoelectric Sensors
6.3.3PZT Actuators
6.4Microelectromechanical Devices
6.4.1Bulk Micromachining
6.4.2Surface Micromachining
6.5Smart Sensors Introduction
6.5.1Distributed System
6.5.2Smart Sensors
6.6Summary
Pressure
7.1Introduction
7.2Pressure Measurement
7.2.1Hydrostatic Pressure
7.2.2Specific Gravity
7.2.3Units of Measurement
7.2.4Buoyancy
7.3Measuring Instruments
7.3.1Manometers
7.3.2Diaphragms, Capsules, and Bellows
7.3.3Bourdon Tubes
7.3.4Other Pressure Sensors
7.3.5Vacuum Instruments
7.4Application Considerations
7.4.1Selection
7.4.2Installation
7.4.3Calibration
7.5Summary
Definitions
Level
8.1Introduction
8.2Level Measurement
8.2.1Direct Level Sensing
8.2.2Indirect Level Sensing
8.2.3Single Point Sensing
8.2.4Level Sensing of Free-Flowing Solids
8.3Application Considerations
8.4Summary
Flow
9.1Introduction
9.2Fluid Flow
9.2.1Flow Patterns
9.2.2Continuity Equation
9.2.3Bernoulli Equation
9.2.4Flow Losses
9.3Flow Measuring Instruments
9.3.1Flow Rate
9.3.2Total Flow
9.3.3Mass Flow
9.3.4Dry Particulate Flow Rate
9.3.5Open Channel Flow
9.4Application Considerations
9.4.1Selection
9.4.2Installation
9.4.3Calibration
9.5Summary
Temperature and Heat
10.1Introduction
10.2Temperature and Heat
10.2.1Temperature Units
10.2.2Heat Energy
10.2.3Heat Transfer
10.2.4Thermal Expansion
10.3Temperature Measuring Devices
10.3.1Expansion Thermometers
10.3.2Resistance Temperature Devices
10.3.3Thermistors
10.3.4Thermocouples
10.3.5Pyrometers
10.3.6Semiconductor Devices
10.4Application Considerations
10.4.1Selection
10.4.2Range and Accuracy
10.4.3Thermal Time Constant
10.4.4Installation
10.4.5Calibration
10.4.6Protection
10.5Summary
Position, Force, and Light
11.1Introduction
11.2Position and Motion Sensing
11.2.1Position and Motion Measuring Devices
11.2.2Position Application Considerations
11.3Force, Torque, and Load Cells
11.3.1Force and Torque Introduction
11.3.2Stress and Strain
11.3.3Force and Torque Measuring Devices
11.3.4Strain Gauge Sensors
11.3.5Force and Torque Application Considerations
11.4Light
11.4.1Light Introduction
11.4.2EM Radiation
11.4.3Light Measuring Devices
11.4.4Light Sources
11.4.5Light Application Considerations
11.5Summary
Humidity and Other Sensors
12.1Humidity
12.1.1Humidity Introduction
12.1.2Humidity Measuring Devices
12.1.3Humidity Application Considerations
12.2Density and Specific Gravity
12.2.1Density and Specific Gravity Introduction
12.2.2Density Measuring Devices
12.2.3Density Application Considerations
12.3Viscosity
12.3.1Viscosity Introduction
12.3.2Viscosity Measuring Instruments
12.4Sound
12.4.1Sound Measurements
12.4.2Sound Measuring Devices
12.4.3Sound Application Considerations
12.5pH Measurements
12.5.1pH Introduction
12.5.2pH Measuring Devices
12.5.3pH Application Considerations
12.6Smoke and Chemical Sensors
12.6.1Smoke and Chemical Measuring Devices
12.6.2Smoke and Chemical Application Consideration
12.7Summary
Regulators, Valves, and Motors
13.1Introduction
13.2Pressure Controllers
13.2.1Pressure Regulators
13.2.2Safety Valves
13.2.3Level Regulators
13.3Flow Control Valves
13.3.1Globe Valve
13.3.2Butterfly Valve
13.3.3Other Valve Types
13.3.4Valve Characteristics
13.3.5Valve Fail Safe
13.3.6Actuators
13.4Power Control
13.4.1Electronic Devices
13.4.2Magnetic Control Devices
13.5Motors
13.5.1Servo Motors
13.5.2Stepper Motors
13.5.3Synchronous Motors
13.6Application Considerations
13.6.1Valves
13.6.2Power Devices
13.7Summary
Programmable Logic Controllers
14.1Introduction
14.2Programmable Controller System
14.3Controller Operation
14.4Input/Output Modules
14.4.1Discrete Input Modules
14.4.2Analog Input Modules
14.4.3Special Function Input Modules
14.4.4Discrete Output Modules
14.4.5Analog Output Modules
14.4.6Smart Input/Output Modules
14.5Ladder Diagrams
14.5.1Switch Symbols
14.5.2Relay and Timing Symbols
14.5.3Output Device Symbols
14.5.4Ladder Logic
14.5.5Ladder Gate Equivalent
14.5.6Ladder Diagram Example
14.6Summary
Signal Conditioning and Transmission
15.1Introduction
15.2General Sensor Conditioning
15.2.1Conditioning for Offset and Span
15.2.2Linearization in Analog Circuits
15.2.3Temperature Correction
15.2.4Noise and Correction Time
15.3Conditioning Considerations for Specific Types of Devices
15.3.1Direct Reading Sensors
15.3.2Capacitive Sensors
15.3.3Magnetic Sensors
15.3.4Resistance Temperature Devices
15.3.5Thermocouple Sensors
15.3.6LVDTs
15.3.7Semiconductor Devices
15.4Digital Conditioning
15.4.1Conditioning in Digital Circuits
15.5Pneumatic Transmission
15.5.1Signal Conversion
15.6Analog Transmission
15.6.1Noise Considerations
15.6.2Voltage Signals
15.6.3Current Signals
15.7Digital Transmission
15.7.1Transmission Standards
15.7.2Foundation Fieldbus and Profibus
15.8Wireless Transmission
15.8.1Short Range Protocols
15.8.2Telemetry Introduction
15.8.3Width Modulation
15.8.4Frequency Modulation
15.9Summary
Process Control
16.1Introduction
16.2Sequential Control
16.3Discontinuous Control
16.3.1Discontinuous On/Off Action
16.3.2Differential Closed Loop Action
16.3.3On/Off Action Controller
16.3.4Electronic On/Off Controller
16.4Continuous Control
16.4.1Proportional Action
16.4.2Derivative Action
16.4.3Integral Action
16.4.4PID Action
16.4.5Stability
16.5Process Control Tuning
16.5.1Automatic Tuning
16.5.2Manual Tuning
16.6Implementation of Control Loops
16.6.1On/Off Action Pneumatic Controller
16.6.2Pneumatic Linear Controller
16.6.3Pneumatic Proportional Mode Controller
16.6.4PID Action Pneumatic Controller
16.6.5PID Action Control Circuits
16.6.6PID Electronic Controller
16.7Summary
Documentation and P&ID
17.2.2Safe Failure of Alarm and Trip
17.4.1Interconnect Symbols
17.4.4Functional Symbols
17.5P&ID Drawings
17.6Summary
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