INSTRUCTIONAL DEVICES

By: Grace Guitguiten, R.N., M.N.

Objectives
Identify the purposes of instructional aids and devices. Enumerate the various types of devices. Discuss the basic guidelines in the use of the Audio Visual Aids. Compare and contrast the devices according to its use.

Instructional Materials
Items that by design serve as major tools for assisting in the instruction of a subject,course, or activity It maybe available in bound, unbound, kit, or package form and may consist of hardback or softback textbooks, learning laboratories, slides, videos, DVDs, recordings, software and other commonly accepted instructional tools.

Purposes:
To help clarify important concepts To arouse and sustain students interest To give all students in a class the opportunity to share experiences necessary for new learning To help learning more permanent

Kinds of Instructional Materials

I. Printed Materials II. Audio Aids III. Visual Aids IV. Audiovisual Aids V. Demonstrations VI. Community Resources VII. Language Laboratory VIII. Programmed Instruction

I.Printed Materials
A. Textbook -a manual of instruction or a standard book in any branch of study. They are produced according to the demand of the educational institutions. (Wikipedia, 2007)

I.Printed Materials
B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Supplemental Materials Workbooks Duplicated Outlines Teacher-prepared Study Guide Reference books Pamphlets Magazine Articles Newspapers

II. Audio Aids

Audio aids include: Radio Phonograph Tape Recorders Cassette tapes Compact discs

III. Visual Aids

A. Chalkboard/whiteboard

III. Visual Aids

B. Still Pictures

Non-Projected Visuals
1. Photographs an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic imager

Non-Projected Visuals
2. Illustrations - visualization such as a drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art that stresses subject more than form. The aim of an illustration is to elucidate or decorate textual information (such as a story, poem or newspaper article) by providing a visual representation.

Projected Pictures
1. 2. 3. 4. Slides Filmstrips Opaque Projections Overhead Projections

Early Media: Fantascope and Megascope

Pictoscope

Overhead projector

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Projector

III. Visual Aids

C. 1. 2. 3. 4. Graphic Materials Charts Graphs Maps and Globes Posters

A not need to affect each other. It's a fast way to show big differences bar graph is used to show relationships between groups. The two items being
compared do.

 A line graph is used to show continuing data; how one thing is affected by another. It's clear to see how things are going by the rises and falls a line graph shows.

 A circle graph is used to show how a part of something relates to the whole. This kind of graph is needed to show percentages effectively.

III. Visual Aids

D. 1. 2. 3. Exhibits School made displays Bulletin Boards Museums

III. Visual Aids

E. Flannel Board and Felt Board

III. Visual Aids

F. 1. 2. 3. 4. Objects Specimen Realias Models Dioramas

Human brain model

Diorama

 Diorama denotes a partially threedimensional, full-size replica or scale model of a landscape typically showing historical events, nature scenes or cityscapes, for purposes of education or entertainment

IV. Audiovisual Aids

A. Motion Pictures B. Television C. Videotapes

PREPARING AUDIO AND VISUAL AIDS

General Guidelines
Keep audio and visual aids simple. In general, use one aid to convey one concept. Leave a lot of white space to make information more appealing. If possible, prepare visual aids in color, rather than black and white. Color is more effective in getting and keeping the audience's attention.

Be conservative on the volume. For example, too many handouts or transparencies tend to be overwhelming and less effective.

Text on Visual Aids

Text on visual aids should be written in point form, not paragraph form.
Prepare aids so that they are visible to all participants. In general, one inch lettering is visible at 30 feet, two inches at sixty feet, and so on. Between lines, allow blank space of one and one-half times the letter height.

For a presentation prepared on a flip chart, use three inch lettering. Leave a blank sheet between pages, so the audience won't see the next page before you are ready. Use several colors to maintain interest and separate points. Use water based pens because they leak through less than permanent markers.

Diagrams and Charts on Visual Aids

Use charts and diagrams to graphically represent complex issues or ideas. Use bar graphs or pie charts to represent numbers. Pie charts are effective when comparing parts to the whole. Bar graphs are effective to show trends over time.

USE OF AUDIO AND VISUAL AIDS

Prior to the Presentation

Include the audio and visual aids in the rehearsal of the presentation to ensure everything will run smoothly. Ideally, do a quick rehearsal in the room you will be using, prior to the actual presentation. Make sure each aid is appropriate for the size of the room and can be seen by all participants.

During the Presentation

Use a variety of audio and visual aids. A mix of aids during your presentation helps to maintain interest. Do not overuse audio aids because the lack of visual stimuli can be boring. Ensure the use of the audio and visual aids does not interrupt the flow of the presentation. Bring the visual aid out when you are ready to use it and put it away when you are done with it.

Stand to one side of the visual aid and use a pointer.

Overhead Transparencies
When using overhead transparencies, arrange the frames in the order in which you will show them and in a direction that does not require turning when put on the projector. Place the stack in a place that is easy to access and set shown frames in a separate stack so they will not get mixed up. Place transparencies in cardboard frames or place a piece of paper between them to avoid "static cling".

Overhead Transparencies and Slides

An effective way to use slides and transparencies is to reveal a portion of the slide as you describe it to the audience. Using this approach, the audience is not overwhelmed by too much information at once. They will comprehend better if the information is presented in stages and will anticipate what is coming next.

Videotape
Do not turn out the lights and show the entire videotape from start to finish. Your audience will probably use this time to take a nap. When using a videotape during your presentation, stop and start the videotape at logical breaks. A videotape may be used to introduce a new topic or point of discussion during your presentation.

 Other Tips for Audiovisual Aids

V. Demonstrations
a method of teaching by example rather than simple explanation E.g. Medical Handwashing

VI. Community Resources

A. Field Trips B. Resource Persons

VII. Language Laboratory

The Blackboard Learning System

family of software applications designed to enhance teaching and learning. Intuitive and easy-to-use for instructors, the Blackboard Learning System helps instructors to build course materials online and engage with students in an interactive way. http://www.blackboard.com/products/acad emic_suite/learning_system/index

Programmed Instruction
he name of the technology invented by the behaviorist B.F. Skinner to automate teaching. It was based on his theory of Verbal Behavior as a means to accelerate conventional educational learning.

 consists of self-teaching with the aid of a textbook or teaching machine that presents material structured in a logical sequence. allows students to answer questions about a unit of study at their own rate, checking their own answers and advancing only after answering correctly. After each step, they are presented with a question to test their comprehension, then are immediately shown the correct answer or given additional information.