trSw(

f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep

S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
ESpq
f ,fw
h pf&mpk t&yfzufvŒl tzGŒJ tpnf;
&JE,
G rf ;dk
'Drkdua&pDu tpkd;&eJ@jynfolvlxk t"due,fy,fESpfckt=um; qufEG,fr_ukd
zGifhqkdygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD&JΠOya'pnf;rsOf;awGu jynfolu tpkd;&tay:vkyfEkdifwm
(tpkd;& tpm;xkd;vJvS,fEkdifwm) eJ@ tpkd;&u jynfolawGukdrvkyfEkdifwm (wpfOD;csif;
vGwfvyfcGifh rcsKd;azgufEkdifwm) ESpfckukd tav;xm; azmfjyygw,f? okd@aomf wu,fh
vufawG@tm;jzifhawmh ,ae@armf'ef'Drkdua&pDu tJ'DhESpfcktay:rSmom wnfaewm
r[kwfbJ aemufxyfa'gufwkdifwpfcktay:rSmvnf; vkH;0rlwnfaeygw,f?
t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;[m ESpfq,fhwpf&mpk 'Drkdu&ufwpfEkdifiHa&;pepf
twGuf r&Sdrjzpftc&muswJh wwd, a'gufwdkifyg? t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u vlxkeJ@
tkyfcsKyfol tm%mykdifwkd@=um;rSm =um;cH (buffer) taetxm;jzpfygw,f? vlxkeJ@
tpkd;& uif;uGmraeatmif qufpyfay;ygw,f? EkdifiHom;awG tpkd;&eJ@ pdrf;raeatmif
xde;f nda‡ y;&if; tm%mvuf0,f&o dS &l ŒJ avmfrmESyd pf ufru
_ ae tumtuG,af y;ygw,f?
t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;vkd@qkdvkduf&if vl@tzGJ@tnf;twGif;u tpkd;& r[kwf
wJh tzGJ@tpnf;aygif;pkH yg0ifygw,f? tzGJ@0ifwkdif;uvnf; twif;t=uyfr[kwfbJ
ukd,fhoabmeJ@ukd,f pdwfvkdvuf&yg0ifolawGyg? rdwfzuftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ bmoma&;
toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;tkyfpkrsm;/ wwfodynm&Sifrsm;/ tvkyform;
or*~rsm;/ aoewfypf0goemtkd;rsm;/ iSuf=unhftzGJ@/ opfcGtzGJ@/ awmifwuftoif;/
wHqdyfacgif;pkol/ [pfa[mheJ@ &yfygcsmwdwf pwJh toif;tzGJ@tkyfpkawGxd yg0ifygw,f?
omreftm;jzifh wpfOD;xufykd pkaygif;zGJ@xm;wJh toif;tzGJ@tpnf;t¶kH;rsm;
[m 'Drkdu&ufwpfvpfbmwDukd tumtuG,fay;&mrSm t"dutcef;u¾rSm &Sdyg
w,f? ‘EkdifiHawmf’ ukd ta=umif;jy+yD; ‘wpfOD;csif;pD’ ukd rESdyfpufEkdifatmif t&yfzuf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u umuG,fay;ygw,f? tm%m&SdolawG&JΠr[m;w&m;tpkd;r&Ekdifr_ukd
vlxku wefjyefxdef;csKyfEkdifatmif t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u ulnDygw,f? vlxk
a¶G;cs,fwJh‘ukd,fpm;ðytpkd;&’ wnf+rJatmifvnf; usm;uefay;ygw,f?

aps;uGufu aus;Zl;ðywJh vpfbmwD

'D r k d u a&pD p epf a tmuf u toif ; tzG J @ rsm;tm;vk H ; eD ; yg;u vG w f v yf w J h

aps;uGuf usifhokH;r_eJ@vnf; wkduf¶kdufwpfrsKd; oG,f0kdufwpfzkH ywfoufaeygw,f?
13
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

q,fh¶Spf&mpk +Adwdo#pma&;q&meJ@ EkdifiHacgif;aqmif tuf'frGefbmuwfu ol@EkdifiH&Sd

tpkd;&r[kwfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;[m ‘tpktzGJ@ ao;ao;av;awG’ yJvkd@ &nf!$ef;cJhay
r,fh/ ,ae@rsufarSmufurBmrSmawmh tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vkH;[m olajymovkd ydpdauG;awG
r[kwfawmhygbl;?
tpkd;&r[kwfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;awG[m us,fjyef@tm;aumif;vm+yD; aps;uGuf
pepfay:tajcwnfxm;wJh yk*~vdutpktzGJ@vkyfief;rsm; jzpfaeygw,f? pm;okH;oleJ@
vkyfief;awG&JΠa&mif;r_0,fr_ xkwfvkyfr_awGu vGef;xkd;&ufcs,f 'kdif;erpf jzpfapygw,f?
*sife&,farmfwm (GM)/ rkdufc¶kdaqmhzfeJ@ tufZGef (Exxon) wkd@vkd aumfykda&;&Sif;awGu
vrf;axmifhukefpkHqkdif/ ¶SL;zdeyfjyifqkdifwkd@vkdyJ t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf; tm;aumif;
oxufaumif;atmif armif;ESifaeygw,f?
tpkd;&r[kwfwJhtzGJ@tpnf;awG&JŒ rl&if;&nf¶G,fcsufu tjrwf&&Sda&; r[kwf
yg? okd@aomf oG,f0kdufwJhenf;tm;jzifh vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGufuyJ tJ'Dhtjrwfr,l
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (non - profit organizations) &JΠwnf&SdEkdifa&;ukd wm0ef,lyHhykd;ay;
ygw,f? tzGJ@tpnf;awG[m olwkd@tzGJ@0ifawG&JΠxnfh0ifvSL'gef;r_tpkpktay:rSm rSDckd
&Sifoef&ygw,f?
'gjzif h tjrwf r ,l t zG J @ tpnf ; rsm;&J ΠtzG J @ 0if a wG u b,f o l b ,f 0 gvJ ?
aps;uGufxJrSm yg0ifpD;arsmvkyfukdifae=uwJh tvkyform;/ ukefonf/ vkyfief;&Sif/
tpk&S,f,m0if/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolawGu olwkd@0ifaiGu zJh+yD; o'<g=unfvifaewJh yg&rD&Sif
wjzpfvJ y&[dwtzGJ@0ifrsm;ygyJ?
a&S;*&dEkdifiHom;rsm;eJ@ ukdvkdeDacwftwGif; e,l;t*Fvef&JŒòrdŒav;awGrSm
ckacwfvkd t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;rsm;pm;pm;r&SdbJ olwkd@ukd,folwkd@ 'Drkdu&ufwpf
ykHpHeJ@ pDrHtkyfcsKyfoGm;cJhwm tawmfcsD;usK;p&myg? uae@acwfvkd tpkd;& vufwHajcwH
pufuGif;u vGwfwJhtoif;tzGJ@eJ@ yk*~vduvkyfief;rsKd;awG olwkd@acwfrSm &Sd&SmwmrS
r[kwfbJ?
tck ESpfq,fhwpf&mpkrSmu vGwfvyfv_yf&Sm;EkdifpGrf;wJh y&[dwtzGJ@/ yk*~vdu
tzGJ@tpnf;awGomr&Sd&if wOD;csif;vpfbmwD tumtuG,fay;zkd@eJ@ vlxkukd,fpm;ðy
tpkd;&awG &yfwnfzkd@ cufygw,f? t&ifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ta[mif;awGeJ@ armf'efacwf&JŒ
t"dujcm;em;csuEf pS cf u k tpk;d &rsm;&JΠpdr0hf ifx;dk azguEf idk w
f hJ yg0gtvGet
f m;}uD;vmjcif;eJ@
'Drkdu&ufwpfEkdifiHa&;ykHpHatmufrSm vlOD;a&rsm;jym;vmjcif;ygyJ?
,ae@ acwfòydiftpkd;&rsm;[m [kd; uvDa&S; tkyfcsKyfolrsm;xuf tiftm;
yg0grSm tm;oukef omvGefygw,f? tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSma&m/ tpkd;&rsm;rSmyg enf;ynm
pdwfóudufwyfqif/ yx0D ajra=um a&a=umqef@&if; EkdifiHom;awG&JŒ vlr_b0 axmihfpkH
atmif=unfh vkyfaqmif=uygw,f? ESpfq,fhwpf&mpktpkd;&rsm;&JΠvufwHu&Snfvsm;+yD;

14
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
rsufvkH;awGu pl;pl;&J&J? t&ifoufOD;qHykdifacwfeJ@ tifyg,ma[mif;awGxuf zrf;qkyf
EkdifwJh tm%mvufwHu oefrmvGef;ygw,f?
tpkd;&awGu olwkd@tkyfpkd;xm;wJh vlr_b0xJ twif;0ifxkd;azguf&if; jynfol
wpfOD;csif;pD&JΠpm;0wfaer_/ ESvkH;ckef/ &ifwkef/ avvnfwmtxd apmifh=unfxdef;csKyfEkdif
pGrf;w,f? okd@ESifhwkdif wbufujynfolawGrSmvnf; aepdrfhraebJ arG;&myg vpfbmwD
tcGifhta&;awG umuG,f&r,fh taetxm;yg? tpkd;&rsm;&JŒ !d‡,lEkdifwJh yg0g0&Zdef
pufuGif;atmuf vGwfvyfpGm ¶kef;xGuf&r,f? armf'eftpkd;&rsm;&JŒ qef;jym;whJ yg0g
vufwHukd tHwk&ifqkdifzkd@ wpfOD;csif;vpfbmwDawG pkykHatm&r,f?
'ga=umifhyJ vpfbmwDukd xdef;odrf;umuG,fzkd@ taumif;qkH;tiftm;u
t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&,fvdk@ tajzu ±Sif;vmygw,f? t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u
vpfbmwDukd umuG,f&mrSmawmh enf;vrf;tzkHzkHeJ@yg?
yxr/ yk*~vdutzGJ@tpnf;awG[m ‘EkdifiHawmf’ ,E W&m;atmufu vlxk
twGuf tumtuG,f tcif;tusif;ae&mawG ay;ygw,f? tpkd;&xdef;csKyfr_atmufu
wpfOD;csif;pDvGwfajrmufap+yD;/ ukd,fhtusKd;pD;yGm;aemuf aumufaumufyg aqmif¶GufEkdif
cGifhawG &Sdvmw,f? yk*~vdutzGJ@tpnf;awGu tm%mykdifawG&JΠvufoD;qkyfxJuae
vlxkudk vGwfajrmufatmif rsKd;pkHzefwD;ay;ygw,f?
'kwd,/ tpkd;&awG&JΠwae@wjcm; qyGm;aewJh,E W&m;ukd wefjyefusm;uefa&;
twGuf t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u tpktaygif;ukd,fpDeJ@ vpfbmwDukd xdef;ay;ygw,f?
a&S;¶kd;tpOftvm vl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm vpfbmwDu a&ajrh&SifawG&JŒ olaumif;ðycH
vlwpfpv k ufxrJ mS yJ &Sw
d wfygw,f? acwfopfurBmrSmawmh olw@dk vufxu J vpfbmwD
ukd t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u tpm;xkd;,l&if;/ tpkd;&tm%mtay: wpfOD;csif;pDu
wefjyefxdef;nd‡Ekdifr,fh vlr_uGufvyf social space awG trsm;}uD;[ay;vmygw,f?
aemuf t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ukd t"du jzpfwnfvmapwmu vGwfvyfwJh
aps;uGuv f yk if ef;ao;ao;}uD;}uD; tzG@J tpnf;/ toif;tyif;awGyg? tpk;d &eJ@ rif;npfawG
jynfolukd rn‡if;qJEkdifbJ oufom&m&apzkd@ vkyfief;tzGJ@tpnf;awGu ykHpHrsKd;pkHeJ@=um;cH
umuG,fay;ygw,f?

EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;

acwfopf 'Drkdu&ufwpftpkd;&rsm;&JΠvuQ%m&yfwpfyg;jzpfwJh trsm;jynfol

tyfESif;wJh tcGifhtm%m popular sovereignty uvnf; aps;uGufuvmwJh t&yfzuf
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ay:rSmyJ wnfrSDygw,f?

15
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

a&S;atoifeJ@ ukdvkdeDacwf e,l;t*FvefrSm EkdifiHom;awGukd,fwkdif tpnf;

ta0;awGrSm jynfol@rl0g'awG qkH;jzwfcJh=uw,f? tck armf'efvl@tzGJ@tpnf;awGu
tJ'Dvkd jynfolwkduf¶kdufyg0ifqkH;jzwfwJh 'Drkdua&pD direct democracy xuf trsm;}uD;
us,fjyef@vSygw,f?
uae@acwfrmS vlxu k wkud ¶f udk f 0ifrqk;H jzwfb/J Ekid if aH &;&mpDrzH @dk a¶G;aumufyJG
uae ukd,fpm;vS,ft&m&SdawG cef@=uw,f? jynfol@qENay;olukd a¶G;cs,f+yD; tm%m
tyfESif;zkd@ vrf;a=umif;ESpfck zGifhxm;w,f? wpfcku EkdifiHa&;ygwDjzpf+yD;/ usefwpfcku
tusKd;pD;yGm;qkdif&mtkyfpkawG interest groups ygyJ? ESpfckpvkH;u vGwfvyfwJh aps;uGuf
pepfay: tajcwnfxm;ygw,f?
vlxku olwkd@ukd,fpm; OD;aqmifqkH;jzwfr,fhol&SmazGzkd@ vkyfenf;vkyf[efukd
EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGuwqifh oGm;ygw,f? ygwDawGqkdwm wpfOD;csif;&JΠESpfoufvkdvm;r_eJ@
pkzGJ@xm;wm? ygwDu a¶G;cs,fvkdufwJh ukd,fpm;vS,ftEkdif& ¶kH;xkdif&if Oya'ðyEkdifyg+yD?
tpkd;&&JΠtm%mtvGJokH;r_ xdef;csKyfzkd@&m ygwDawGu EkdifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pDtwGuf
taxmuftulvufeufawG instruments yg?
acwfopfEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;[m q,fh&Spf&mpk *&dwf+AdwdefrSm rdwfaqG&if;csm
wl&mwl&m tpktzG@J av;awG/ ygwyD aJG v;awGtjzpfe@J pay:cJw h ,f? aemufawmh ygvrD efrmS
EkdifiHa&;wGef;tm;ay;zkd@ vrf;p &cJh=uw,f? q,fhukd;&mpktqkH;rSm ajrmuftar&dueJ@
Oa&mywkd@u taysmfwrf; uckefayG@zufwJhygwDawG 'Drkdu&ufwpf EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGtjzpf
toGifajymif;vmw,f? ESpfq,f&mpkusawmh vltm;vkH;rJay;EkdifcGifhawGeJ@twl aps;uGuf
tusKd;pD;yGm; zefwD;EkdifcGifhawGay: tajccH&if; tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;awG xkeJ@xnfeJ@ jzpfvm=u
yg+yD?
armf'ef'Drkdua&pDtrsm;pkrSm ygwDawGu tvkyform;awG&JΠtusKd;pD;yGm;eJ@
olwkd@ygwDawG&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd ukd,fpm;ðyvmygw,f? tcsKdŒygwDawG[m olwkd@ajcukyf
,lxm;wJh c¶kdifa'oawG&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;tjrwfaqmif¶Guf&mrSm csefyD,Hjzpfaew,f?
tcsKdŒuvnf; pkdufysKd;a&; pufr_pwJh ykd@ukefu¾awGuae tjrwf&atmif ulnDaqmif
¶Gufvm=uw,f?
ok@d aomfvnf; 'Dvydk gwaD wG&ŒJ vkyyf vHk yk ef nf;awG tm;vk;H òcH=unf&h if/ aps;uGuf
pepfu oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom wpfOD;csif;pD&JŒqENukd pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_vkyfief;rsm; tasks of
governance tjzpf ajymif;vJwm0ef,l taumiftxnfazmf acgif;aqmifEkdifr,fh
ukd,fpm;vS,fat;*sifhawG trsm;}uD;zefwD;ay;w,f qkd&r,f? wcg EkdifiHa&;ygwDawG&JŒ
rJqG,fpnf;¶kH;r_/ &yfwnfr_awGukd axmufyHhaewmvnf; ukr`%D/ aumfykda&;&Sif;eJ@ tvkyf
orm;awGyg?

16
trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f tvif;&eH@ *sme,f
wzufrSm pD;yGm;a&;tay: tajcrðy tm¶kHodyfrxm;wJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;vnf;
&Sdjyefygw,f? 'DygwDawGusawmh vlrsKd;/ bmom/ rsKd;EG,fpk/ bmompum;/ EkdifiHom; pwJh
trSw0f ad ooykpH H identity awG jr‡iw
hf ifa&; tm;cJ=uw,f? 'gayr,fv h nf; olw@dk uk,d pf m;
ðywJh tkyfpk&JŒ bmompum;tcGifhta&;/ rsKd;EG,fpktcGifhta&;awGtwGuf a&SŒwef;wif
&ovkd pD;yGm;a&;udpP xnfhpOf;pm;&wmawGvnf; &Sdvmw,f?
EkdifiHa&;ygwDawG[m ukd,fwG,fzufxm;wJh trsKd;om;0daoo identity awG
aqmif¶Guf&if;/ tkdif'D,mawG tpGrf;ukefjr‡ifhwifzkd@vnf; óud;yrf;&ygw,f? okd@aomf tJ'Dh
ygwD&JŒ tkdif'D,mrSmukdu tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒa&SŒc&D;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcef@cGJr_awG yg0ifae+yD;om;?
'ga=umifhrkd@ aps;uGuf[m ygwDawG&JΠt"dutpdwftykdif; jzpfaeygw,f?

tusKd;pD;yGm;qkdif&mtkyfpk

'Drkdua&pDpepfrSm ykHrSefusif;ywJh a¶G;aumufyGJumvwavsmufrSm EkdifiHa&;

ygwDawG t"du tvkyfvkyf=uw,f? 'Drkdua&pDpepfawGrSm xl;jcm;wm&Sdw,f? a¶G;
aumufyGJawGtwGif; EkdifiHom;awGu olwkd@tpkd;&tay:rSm aps;uGuftajcðyxm;wJh
tusKd;pD;yGm;qkdif&mtkyfpkrsm; interest groups uwqifh =oZmv$rf;Edkifw,f? 'Dtkyfpk
trsm;pkudk pD;yGm;a&;udpPeJ@ tpkd;&udk odrf;oGif; lobby zdk@ zefwD;xm;=uwm? ygwDawGrSm
tusKd;pD;yGm;qkdif&m tkyfpkawGtrsKd;rsKd; &Sdaew,f? a¶G;aumufyGJawGrSm tpkd;&ukd zdtm;
ay;+yD;jy\emacgif;cJapzkd@? Oyrm- 'DtkyfpkawGu pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;u¾ wcGifwjyif
vkH;xuf }uHpkdufawmifolawG&JŒtusKd;pD;yGm; a&SŒwef;wifajymwmrsKd;? ukefxkwfu¾
wpfckvkH;xuf txnfcsKyftvkyformawGudpP tpkd;&ukd zdajymwmrsKd;awGyJ?
EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGu tusKd;pD;yGm;tkyfpkawGxuf ‘cGif’ ykdus,fwmrSefayr,fh/
ESpcf pk vk;H u vGwv f yfwhJ aps;uGuv
f yk if ef;aqmifwmawGuae jrifw
h wfvmwm? 'gayr,fh
ESpfckpvkH;u jynfolvlxkqENukd tvkH;pkHjznfhqnf; o,f,lay;EkdifwJh ‘,mOf’ awGawmh
r[kwfygbl;? ygwDawG[m olwkd@ukd,fpm;ðyxm;wJh vlawG&JŒqENukd rwkef@jyefEkdifbJ
[efaqmifwwfovkd/ tusKd;pD;yGm;tkyfpkawGuvnf; ta=umif;t&macgif;pOf abmif
usOf;aewwfygw,f? b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf vlxktwGuf tcsKyftjcmykdifqkdifcGifhay;Ekdifr,fh
armf'ef'Drkdua&pDukd ESpfckpvkH;u yHhykd;ay;ygw,f?

uGefjrLepfwdkif;jynfawG&Sd t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;

rdrdtvkdtavsmuftaysmfwrf; apwem0efxrf; zGJ@pnf;=uwJh toif;tyif;

awG tpkd;&xdef;csKyfr_atmufu vGwfvGwfvyfvyf &yfwnf=uwm ckacwfrS r[kwfbl;?

17
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f trSw(
f 3)? {jyDv 2009 ckep
S f

t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG yxrqkH;acwfrSDykHpHeJ@ pwifEkdifcJhwmu q,fh&Spf&mpk Oa&my

rSmjzpfw,f?
q,fh&Spf&mpk jynfopfynm&Sif}uD; rGefwufpusKwkd@/ q,fhukd;&mpktapmykdif;
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkukd avhvmokH;oyfwJh tvufZENm;awmhAD;vf Tocqueville
wkd@&JΠa&;om;csufawGukd=unfh&if t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;ta=umif;awG uJaew,f?
tkyfcsKyfoleJ@jynfol=um;rSm tv,f=um;0ifaqmif¶GufaewJh tzGJ@tpnf;awG&JŒ ta&;yg
r_ukd trsm;}uD;a&;xm;cJhw,f?
okd@aomfjim;vnf; ESpfq,fh&mpk&JΠuGefjrLepf0g' twufeJ@tus oifcef;pmu
'Drkdu&ufwpfEkdifiHa&; tifpwDusK;&Sif;awG&JŒta&;ygr_ukd rD;armif;xkd;jyEkdifcJhw,f?
tm%m&cJhwJh uGefjrLepfygwDawGu t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;tay: rvkdwrm pOf;vJ=u
w,f? t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JΠtptewkdif;ukd ajc&mcHzsufqD;acsr_ef;ypfcJh=uw,f?
rdrdoabmqENeJ@ zGJ@pnf;wmawG/ NGO tzGJ@awG[m ygwDA[kdu csrSwfwJh
‘rkcsatmif&rnf’ ay:vpDtmabmfeJ@ rukdufnDbl;? ukd,f&nfukd,faoG;rJh r_dif;rd &Jabmf
rsm;tzkd@ olwkd@bkdif[wfwJh bGwftkyfxJutwkdif;qkd&if/ vGwfvyfwJh tzGJ@tpnf; zGJ@&if
'g rif;rJ@p¶kdufyJ? uGefjrLepfwkdif;jynfawGrSm b,fvGwfvyfwJhtzGJ@tpnf; ao;ao;
}uD;}uD;ukdrS w&m;0ifcGifhrðy/ rcHpm;Ekdifygbl;?
'ga=umifhvnf; vufawG@ypPnf;rJhvlxkcrsmrSm tpkd;&wzufowftm%may:
wefjyefxdef;nd‡EkdifpGrf; csKdŒwJhcJhygw,f? ‘EkdifiHawmf’ twGuf vlxktwGuf 0g'jzef@acgif;pOf
awGatmufrmS wpfO;D csi;f b0awG tumtuG,rf hJ paw;ypfc&hJ ygw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDtwGuf
vpfbmwDZaHk wG qdwo f Ok ;f cJ&h ygw,f? uGejf rLepfpepf bke;f bke;f vJawmhryS J ikwvf sK;d arS;rSed f
aewJh t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;awG jyefta&mifwifvmEkdifygw,f ?

tcsKyfu aps;uGuf

vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGufusifhokH;r_u t&yfzufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;qkdif&m tifpwD

usK;&Sif; aygif;pkHwnf&Sda&;ukd vufurf;óudygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDvnf; tvkyfjzpf/ EkdifiHom;
wpfOD;csif; &ifbwfvnf;yGifh? aps;uGufu 'Drkdu&ufawG zefqif;ay;ygw,f? aps;uGuf
pD;yGm;a&;atmufrmS wpfO;D csi;f pDu u|r;f usirf e_ @J tavhtxaumif;awG oif,El idk w f ,f?
wefz;dk opf/ tjrift,ltqopfawG rwGe@f r¶GŒH vufc, H El idk rf ,f? t&yfzufv@l tzG@J tpnf;
tm;aumif;wmeJ@tr# tvkyfjzpfwJh'Drkdua&pD ay:xGufvmygvdrfhr,f?

&JE,
G rf ;dk
Ref: Civil Society by Michael Mandel baum

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