Read without ads and support Scribd by becoming a Scribd Premium Reader.
See Premium Plans
 
STRICTILY AS PER NAGARJUNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUSARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEArtificial Intelligence
Definition of knowledgeLarge collection of symbols is called as data.Large collection of data is called as information.If you have lot of information it is knowledge.If you have lot of knowledge then you are an intelligent.If you are an intelligent then you have wisdom.Knowledge is defined as the piece of information that helps in decision-making.Intelligence can be defined as the ability to draw useful inferences from the available knowledge.Wisdom is the maturity of the mind that directs its intelligence to achieve desired goals.Knowledge Relation: WisdomIntelligenceKnowledge InformationDataSymbol
1
 
What is intelligence?An exact definition of intelligence has proven to be extremely elusive.Douglas Hofstadler suggests the following characteristics in a list of essential abilities for intelligence.1.To respond to situations very flexibility.2.To make sense out of ambiguous or contradictory messages.3.To recognize the relative importance of different elements of a situation.4.To find similarities between situations despite differences, which may separate them.5.To draw distinctions between situations despite similarities, which may link them.
Turing Test: In
1950, Turing published an article in the Mind magazine, which triggered a controversialtopic “Can a machine think”.Turing proposed an ‘imitation game’ which was later modified to Turing test. In the imitation gamethe players are three humans- a male, a female and an interrogator. The interrogator who is shielded fromthe other two, asks questions to both of them and based on their typewritten answers determines who isfemale. The aim of the male is to imitate the female and deceive the interrogator and the role of female is to provide replies that would inform the interrogator about her true sex.Turing proposed that if the human interrogator in Room C is not able to identify who is in Room A or inRoom B, then the machine possesses intelligence. Turing considered this is a sufficient test for attributingthinking capacity to a machine.As of today, Turing test is the ultimate test a machine must pass in order to be called as intelligenttest.
Importance of Turing test:
It gives a standard for determining intelligence.It also helps in eliminating any bias in favour of living organism, because the interrogator focuses slowlyon the content of the answers to the questions.
Definitions of Artificial Intelligence:
There is no universal agreement among AI researchers about exactly what constitutes AI.Various definitions of AI focus on different aspects of this branch of computer science including intelligent behavior, symbolic process, heuristics and pattern matching.Some of the definitions of AI:1.AI is the study of how to make computer do things, which at the moment people do better.------Elaine Rich.2. McCarthy coined the term AI in 1956.
2
 
Room ARoom BRoom C
 
Developing computer programs to solve complex problems by applications of processes that analogousto human reasoning processes.This definition has 2 major parts: computer solutions for complex problems and processes that areanalogous to human reasoning processes.A.I is the study of mental faculties through the use of computational models.3.AI is the study of the computations i.e. possible to perceive, reason and action.From the perspective of this definition AI differs from most of psychology because of the greater emphasis on computation and AI differs from most of computers science because of the emphasis on perception, reasoning and action4.AI is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems that exhibit thecharacteristics we associate with intelligent in human behavior.--- Arron Barrand Edward A.Feignbaum5.According to Bruce G Buchanan and Edward shortlife symbolic processing is an essential characteristicsof AI.AI is the branch of computer science dealing with symbolic, non-algorithmic methods of problem solving.6. In an encyclopedia article, Bruce G Buchanan includes heuristics as key elements of AI.AI is the branch of computer science that deals with ways of representing knowledge using symbols rather than numbers and writes rules of thumb or heuristic methods for processing information.-----Bruce G Buchanan, encyclopedia Britannica.A heuristic is a rule of thumb that helps you to determine how is proceed.7. Another definition of AI focuses on pattern matching techniques.In simplified terms, AI works with pattern matching methods, which attempt to describe objects,events or processes in terms of their qualitative features and logical computational relationships.---Brattle researches corporation, AI and fifth generation computer technologies.1.what computers can do better than people?1. Numerical Computation2. Information Storage3. Repetitive operations.4. Computers are just machines.What people can do better than computer?1. Intelligence2. Process3. Understand4. Make sense5. Common sense.Differences between human brains and computersHuman brains computer 1. Living device. 1. Non living device.2. Self-build and creative. 2. Dependent and must be programmed3. Has continuo nature. 3. Describe in nature.4. Limited size. 4. Unlimited memory size.5. Basic unit is nervous. 5. Basic unit is a ram cell.6. Storage devices are Electro chemicals in nature. 6. Store devices are electronic & magnetic.7. Number punching is slow. 7. Faster.8. Speed of transmission is of order of 50 to 8. Speed of transmission is equal to the100 meters of sec. Speed of electrons & speed of light.9. Has inducted detective reasoning capabilities. 9. No reasoning power.
3
Search
Search History:
Searching...
Result 00 of 00
00 results for result for
  • p.
    • Notes
    Load more