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SEMINAR REPORT 08 ELECTRONIC ROAD PRICING

INTRODUCTION

Road Pricing

means that motorists pay directly fordriving on a particular roadway or in a particular area.

ValuePricing

is a marketing term which emphasizes that roadpricing can directly benefit motorists through reducedcongestion or improved roadways.Economists have long advocated Road Pricing as anefficient and equitable way to pay roadway costs, FundTransportation Programs, and encourage more efficienttransportation (Market Principles). Road Pricing has twogeneral objectives: revenue generation and congestionmanagement. They differ in several ways, as compared in thetable below.

Table 1

Comparing Road Pricing ObjectivesRevenue Generation CongestionManagement

•

Generates funds.

•

Rates set to maximizerevenues or recoverspecific costs.

•

Revenue often dedicatedto roadway projects.

•

Shifts to other routesand modes not desired(because this reducesrevenues).

•

Reduces peak-period vehicle traffic.

•

Is a TDM strategy.

•

Revenue not dedicatedto roadway projects.

•

Requires variable rates(higher during congestedperiods).

•

Travel shifts to othermodes and timesconsidered desirable.

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SEMINAR REPORT 08 ELECTRONIC ROAD PRICING

Different types of Road Pricing

Different types of Road Pricing are described below.

Road Tolls

Tolls are a common way to fund highway and bridgeimprovements. Such tolls are a fee-for-service, with revenuesdedicated to roadway project costs. This is considered moreequitable and economically efficient than other roadway improvement funding options which cause non-users to helppay for improvements (Metschies, 2001). Tolling is oftenproposed in conjunction with road privatization (i.e.,highways built by private companies and funded by tolls).Tolls are often structured to maximize revenues and success ismeasured in terms of project cost recovery. Tolling authoritiesmay discourage development of alternative routes or modes.

Congestion PricingCongestion Pricing

(also called

Value Pricing

) refersto variable road tolls (higher prices under congestedconditions and lower prices at less congested times andlocations) intended to reduce peak-period traffic volumes tooptimal levels. Tolls can vary based on a fixed schedule, orthey can be

dynamic

, meaning that rates change dependingon the level of congestion that exists at a particular time. Itcan be implemented when road tolls are implemented to raiserevenue, or on existing roadways as a demand managementstrategy to avoid the need to add capacity. Some highwayshave a combination of unpriced lanes and Value Priced lanes,allowing motorists to choose between driving in congestionand paying a toll for an uncongested trip. This is a type off

Responsive Pricing

, meaning that it is intended to changeconsumption patterns (Vickrey, 1994).

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SEMINAR REPORT 08 ELECTRONIC ROAD PRICING

Cordon (Area) Tolls

Cordon tolls are fees paid by motorists to drive in aparticular area, usually a city center. Some cordon tolls only apply during peak periods, such as weekdays. This can bedone by simply requiring vehicles driven within the area todisplay a pass, or by tolling at each entrance to the area.

HOT Lanes

High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes are HighOccupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes that also allow use by alimited number of low occupancy vehicles if they pay a toll(Stockton and Daniels, 2000; Poole and Orski, 2001). It is atype of

Managed Lane

(WSDOT, 2001; Goodin, 2005). Thisallows more vehicles to use HOV lanes while maintaining anincentive for mode shifting, and raises revenue. HOT lanes areoften proposed as a compromise between HOV lanes andRoad Pricing.

Vehicle Use Fees

Distance-Based Charges such as mileage fees can beused to fund roadways or reduce traffic impacts, includingcongestion, pollution and accident risk. A proposal by the UK Commission for Integrated Transport (CFIT, 2002) proposesthat existing vehicle registration fees and fuel taxes bereplaced by a variable road user charge using GPS-basedPricing Methods, as a way to reduce traffic congestion andmore equitably reflect the roadway costs imposed by each vehicle. Pay-As-You-Drive Vehicle Insurance, proratespremiums by mileage so vehicle insurance becomes a variablecost, which gives motorists an incentive to reduce trafficimpacts, but provides no additional revenue.

Road Space Rationing

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ERP

this is the new technology used in countries like Singapore etc to collect toll for using the road in that state instead of using manual toll collecting

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