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1.1General
Satellite communication networks are now an indispensable part of most major telecommunication systems.Satellites have a unique capability for providing coverage over large geographicalareas. Modern communications satellites use a variety of orbits includinggeostationary orbits,Molniya orbits, other elliptical orbitsand low ( polar and non-  polar) Earth orbits.Geostationary orbits elliptical orbits
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The resulting interconnectivity between communication sources provides major advantages in applications such as interconnecting large traffic nodes (e.g.telephone exchanges), provision of end to end connections directly to users, mobilecommunications, television and sound broadcasts directly to the public.The advantages offered have enabled this technology to mature within just threedecades. To date, most benefits with the telecommunications area have beenachieved for point to point communication within the international and domesticsystems, direct television broadcasts and mobile communications.In recent years, satellite communication systems have begun to face competitionfrom optical fiber systems for point to point communication between largeconcentrated traffic sources. To retain a competitive edge, it has been necessary to
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develop various new techniques. Therefore, the phenomenal growth of satellitetechnology continues, the major growth now being in those areas where satellitescan provide unique advantages.Optical fiber The major growth now being in those areas where satellites can provide uniqueadvantages, such applications include service provision directly to customers usingsmall, low cost earth stations; mobile communication to ships, aircrafts, landvehicles and individuals; and direct to public television/sound broadcasts and datadistribution/gathering from widely distributed terminals.In many applications, such as video distribution, service providers are combiningthe benefits of satellite communications with optical fiber systems to produce the best solution to users’ needs because to provide a seamless coverage terrestrial
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