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THE LAWS OF MANU
Translated by G. Buhler
Table of Contents
THE LAWS OF MANU...............................................................................................1
 
Table of Contents.................................................................................................................1
 
CHAPTER I.......................................................................................................................10
 
Canto 1: Creation & The Origin of The Sacred Law..........................................................10
 
Invocation:....................................................................................................................10
 
Part 1: Lord Brahma’s Narration........................................................................................10
 
Topic 1a: Creation.........................................................................................................10
 1a.1 The primary creation (sarga)..............................................................................10
1a.1.1 The purusa avataras............................................................................................................10
 
1a.1.2 The elements of action.......................................................................................................11
 
1a.1.3 The cause & basis of sacred law.........................................................................................12
 1a.2 The Secondary Creation (visarga)......................................................................13
1a.2.1 Brahma’s appearance & duties of creation.........................................................................13
 
1a.2.2 Dissolution & Recreation...................................................................................................14
 
Part 2: Bhrigu Takes Up The Recitation............................................................................15
 
1a.2.3 The manus..........................................................................................................................15
 
1a.2.4 Time...................................................................................................................................15
 
Topic 1b: The origin of the sacred law..........................................................................16
 1b.1 Qualities of the Ages..........................................................................................161b.2 The Duties of Men..............................................................................................171b.3 The Topics of the Sacred Law............................................................................18
CHAPTER II.....................................................................................................................19
 1b.4 Desire for results
−
the basis of action...............................................................191b.5 The source of sacred law....................................................................................191b.6 Students/teachers of the law & the land of vedic culture...................................20
Canto 2: Asrama Dharma; The Sacraments & The Four Orders of Life............................21
 
Part 1: The Purpose of the Sacraments & the Early Rites..................................................21
 
Topic 2: The rule of the sacraments..............................................................................21
 2.1 The purpose of the sacraments.............................................................................212.2 The early rites.......................................................................................................21
2.2.1 Jatakarman...........................................................................................................................21
 
2.2.2 Namadheya..........................................................................................................................21
 
2.2.3 Niskramana & annaprasana..................................................................................................22
 
2.2.4 Cudakarma...........................................................................................................................22
 
Part 2: The Brahmacari Asrama.........................................................................................22
 2.3 Upanayana............................................................................................................22
2.3.1 The time...............................................................................................................................22
 
2.3.2 The dress..............................................................................................................................22
 
2.3.3 The girdle.............................................................................................................................22
 
2.3.4 The sacred thread.................................................................................................................23
 
2.3.5 The staff...............................................................................................................................23
 
2.3.6 The rules of begging & eating..............................................................................................23
 
2.3.7 Acamana..............................................................................................................................24
 
2.3.8 Further considerations..........................................................................................................24
 
Topic 3: The ordinances of studentship........................................................................25
 3.1 Instruction.............................................................................................................253.2 The exalted position of omkara, the vyahrities & the savitri (gayatri)................25
 
3.3 Subduing the senses.............................................................................................263.4 Gayatri..................................................................................................................273.5 Rules of study.......................................................................................................273.6 Protection of knowledge.......................................................................................28
Topic 4: The respectful behavior towards gurus............................................................29
 4.1 Respect of superiors.............................................................................................294.2 Austerity...............................................................................................................324.3 First, second & third birth....................................................................................324.4 Duties of brahmacarya.........................................................................................33
4.4.1 Personal habits.....................................................................................................................33
 
4.4.2 Menial service & begging....................................................................................................33
 
4.4.3 Etiquette with the teacher & his relations.............................................................................34
 
4.4.4 Hair & sleeping....................................................................................................................36
 
4.4.5 Satisfaction by balancing the results of religious practice.....................................................36
 
4.4.6 Honouring one’s superiors...................................................................................................37
 
4.4.7 Acquiring knowledge in times of distress.............................................................................38
 
4.4.8 Naistika brahmacarya...........................................................................................................38
 
CHAPTER III....................................................................................................................38
 
Topic 5: The rule of bathing; graduation (samvartana)..................................................39
 
Part 3: The Grihastha Asrama............................................................................................39
 
Topic 6: The law of marriage........................................................................................39
 
Topic 7: The marriage rites...........................................................................................40
 7.1 The eight marriage rites........................................................................................40
7.1.1 The Brahma rite...................................................................................................................41
 
7.1.2 The Daiva rite......................................................................................................................41
 
7.1.3 The Arsha rite......................................................................................................................41
 
7.1.4 The Prajapatya rite...............................................................................................................41
 
7.1.5 The Asura rite......................................................................................................................41
 
7.1.6 The Gandharva rite..............................................................................................................41
 
7.1.7 The Rakshasa rite.................................................................................................................41
 
7.1.8 The Pisaca rite......................................................................................................................41
 
7.1.9 The qualities of the rites.......................................................................................................42
 
7.1.10 Grihastha brahmacarya.......................................................................................................42
 7.2 Honour of women.................................................................................................437.3 Degradation of the family....................................................................................43
Topic 8: The five great sacrifices (panca-maha-yajna)..................................................44
 8.1 Definition.............................................................................................................448.2 Prahuta
−
bali-dhana.............................................................................................458.3 Brahmanya-huta
−
giving alms & feeding guests................................................46
8.3.1 Alms....................................................................................................................................46
 
8.3.2 Care of guests......................................................................................................................46
 
Topic 8a: Prasita
−
the sraddha rites (offerings to the manes).......................................48
 8a.1 Feeding the brahmanas.......................................................................................488a.2 Whom not to invite to a sraddha.........................................................................49
8a.2.1 Results of giving food to the unworthy...............................................................................50
 
8a.2.2 Counteracting the presence of unworthy people.................................................................51
 8a.3 Origin of the manes and their due worship........................................................528a.4 The sacrificial food.............................................................................................558a.5 Recommended times for Sraddha.......................................................................56
CHAPTER IV....................................................................................................................56
 
Topic 9: The modes of gaining subsistence...................................................................56
 9.1 The six modes of subsistence...............................................................................56
Topic 10: The duties of a snataka..................................................................................57
 10.1 Non-attachment..................................................................................................57
 
10.2 Studying.............................................................................................................5810.3 Panca-maha-yajna..............................................................................................5810.4 Receiving guests.................................................................................................5810.5 Begging..............................................................................................................5910.6 Miscellaneous rules of cleanliness, purity and respect......................................5910.7 The primary duty................................................................................................6610.8 Showing respect.................................................................................................6610.9 Self-reliance.......................................................................................................6710.10 Non-violence....................................................................................................6710.11 Righteousness, truthfulness..............................................................................6810.12 Avoiding quarrels.............................................................................................6810.13 Accepting & giving charity..............................................................................6910.14 Food to be avoided...........................................................................................7010.15 Liberality..........................................................................................................7110.16 Spiritual merit...................................................................................................7210.17 Amrita
−
that which comes without asking......................................................7310.18 Retirement........................................................................................................74
CHAPTER V.....................................................................................................................74
 
Topic 11: Lawful & forbidden food..............................................................................74
 11.1 Forbidden food...................................................................................................7411.2 Stale food............................................................................................................7511.3 Superiority of Non-violence over Consumption of meat...................................76
11.3.1 Consumption of meat.........................................................................................................76
 
11.3.2 Non-violence......................................................................................................................77
 
Topic 12: The purification of men & things..................................................................78
 12.1 Purification of men.............................................................................................78
12.1.1 Purification on the death of Sapindas.................................................................................78
 
12.1.2 Exceptions from impurity...................................................................................................79
 
12.1.3 Purification on the death of other relatives.........................................................................80
 
12.1.4 Modes of purification.........................................................................................................80
 12.2 Purification of things..........................................................................................8112.3 Things inherently pure to the touch....................................................................82
Topic 13: The laws concerning women.........................................................................83
 13.1 Always dependent..............................................................................................8313.2 Worships and obeys husband.............................................................................8413.3 Faithful to her deceased husband.......................................................................8413.4 Non-virtuous behaviour......................................................................................85
CHAPTER VI....................................................................................................................85
 
Part 4: The Vanaprastha Asrama........................................................................................85
 
Topic 14: The law of hermits........................................................................................85
 14.1 Retiring to the forest...........................................................................................8514.2 Eating habits.......................................................................................................8614.3 His austerities.....................................................................................................87
Part 5: Sannyasa Asrama...................................................................................................88
 
Topic 15: Final emancipation & renunciation...............................................................88
 15.1 Renunciation.......................................................................................................8815.2 His conduct & attitude........................................................................................8815.3 Liberation...........................................................................................................9015.4 Conclusion on ascetics.......................................................................................9115.5 Conclusion of Asrama Dharma..........................................................................92
15.5.1 The fourfold law................................................................................................................92
 
15.5.2 The tenfold law..................................................................................................................92
 
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