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1430 2009 -

Original Title:

Science
A closer Look

By:

.
.
.


Dr. Jek K. Hackett


Kathryn LeRoy. M.S
Dr. Richard H.Moyer
Dr. Dorothy J.T. Terman
Dr. JoAnne Vasquez
Dr. Gerald F. Wheeler
Mulugheta Teferi. M.A.
Dinah Zike. M.Ed.

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www.macmillanmh.com

2008 .
:
20081429 /.

English Edition Copyright 2008 the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.


All rights reserved.
Arabic Edition is published by Obeikan under agreement with
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2008.

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1-1

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1-2

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2-4
3-4

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1-1 ()Mathematics and Physics

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: V I R
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V=IR

IR = V
R= V
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120volts
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=R

120V 0.75 A
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3 :
1volt = 1 ampere .1 ohm volts/ampere

ohms .
1
120
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8

1.1 ) 50.0 ohms ( 9.0 volt


2.2 a t .v = at
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()SI Units

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SI 1-1



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pico-

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nano-

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( .)1 1 kg =1000 g

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1.34 kg
g :
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1kg


43 km/h m/s

m
1h
1 min = 12 m/s
( 431hkm )(1000
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11

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5 .5 MHz 750 kHz

5201 cm km
6 .6

7 .7 ( 366 )
5.30 m/s .km/h
8 .8

()Significant Digits

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1.72 102 172.00 .172
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0.0860 m

172000 m 3 4 5 6

1.7200 105 m
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1-3
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6.201 cm + 7.4 cm + 0.68 cm + 12.0 cm .

9 .9
1.6 km + 1.62 m + 1200 cm .
10.8 g 8.264 g .
1010
4.75 m 0.4168 m .
139 cm 2.3 cm .
1111
3.2145 km 4.23 km .
13.78g 11.3mL .
1212
131318.21g 4.4cm3 .

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()Scientific Methods


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1313 :

. .m 10n
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1414 :

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1515 : q = 1.6 10-19 A.s

2.4 105 m/s


.4.5 T

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1616 : F = BqV :
V F q . B

1717 :
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9.4 m/s2
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1-2 Measurement
:
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60/110 .

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()Comparing Results

1-1
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( )1-8
30940 610 yr : 30790 600 yr .30230 530 yr

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17

14.8 cm -14.4

cm ( 14.6 cm .)1-9

.(14.6 0.2) cm

.(14.8 0.3) cm :

.(14.0 0.1) cm :

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14.5 cm .14.8 cm


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()Precision Versus Accuracy

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0.1 cm
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1-10b .50 mL

67.100 g

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102 mL 2.412 102 ml
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:1-10
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(41 0.5) mL

)b .(325 25)mL :

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( .)1-11
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()Techniques of Good Measurement


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1-12b
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19

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385000 km
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3.8 cm/yr .

1-2

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1818 :
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20.3 cm

1919 : (
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2020 :
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2121 : .182 cm

.
2222 : 19.2 cm 18.1 cm
20

. 12

.
12 .

2323 :

.65.414 s
7 .0.1 s

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1-3

()Graphing Data

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()Identifying Variables

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14.1
14.5
14.9
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10
15
20
25
30
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7 .7 .

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x

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b = o y = mx y .x

()Nonlinear Relationships

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2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0

()Predicting Values


1-14 :
y = (0.08 cm/g)x + 13.7cm

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. .. 1-3
49 kg
y = (0.08 cm/g)(49 g) + 13.7 cm =18 cm

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2525 :
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()s
(8 10 12 )m/s
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35 30 25 20 15 10 5
6

2626 : ( y
)
.

2727 : 1-14

.15 cm

2828 : 1-16

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2929 :


.1-14

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1 .1 physicspp.com/internet_lab

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B A
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1 .1 .
2 .2
3 .3
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4 .4
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5 .5 (
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1-1 Mathematics and Physics

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1-2

Measurement

1-3




(
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Graphing Data

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m b:
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28


3030
:
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3636

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3737 :
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3838
8.45 g .45.87 g

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3535
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F . R
F .m
F . V

3939
(3.001 0.001) 108 m/s
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.

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2.99792458 108 m/s :

dr

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3434
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4040 1-19

1 -19

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29

1 -

4545
2
F = mg m . g = 9.8 m/s
. 41.63 kg
. 632 kg
.m /s2

:
1-1

.
4141
42.3 cm .

6.2 pm .

4646 pa 1pa =1kg/

21 km .

ms

0.023 mm .

214 m .
57 nm .

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4242
:
0.00003 m .
64.01 fm .
80.001 m .
0.720 g .
2.40 106 kg .
6 108 kg .
4.07 1016 m .

)(0.55 kg)(2.1m/s
9.8m/s2

51.8 kg

4848
1-20

dr

4343 :
16.2 m + 5.008 m +13.48 m .
5.006 m + 12.0077 m + 8.0084 m.
78.05 cm2 - 32.046 cm2 .
15.07 kg -12.0 kg .
5.80 109 s + 3.2 108 s .
8.12 107 g - 6.20 106 g .
4.667 104 g + 3.02 105 g .

1-2
4747
3.64 kg

1-20

4949 1-21

4444 :
(6.2 1018 m)(4.7 10-10 m) .
(5.6 10-7 m)/(2.8 10-12 s) .
(8.1 10-4 k m)(1.6 10-3 km) .
(6.5 105 km)/(3.4 103 m3) .
. 1 -21
(5.621 m)(3.01 m) .
(30.23 m)/(3.2 s).
obeikaneduction.com
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1 -
1-3
5050 1-22

:
5252 :

0 .60 cm3
. 30 cm3
. 100 g

.

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.
.

22.0 N

. 0.0034 m 45.6 m 1234 m

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5353 :
3.452 cm 2.347 m
2.31 mm 1659 g
m3 g/cm3
.
5454 1.7 1021 .

:
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1-22

1-5

dr

5151



:

cm
N





5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0

1.4 m 0.600 m .34.0 cm


( kg

)( .

).

24
49
75
99
120
145

.
( ).

5656 :

:
5757


.
(
).
5858


31

1-
:
1 .1

:d = m
5 .5 v
.

d
=m
d

v = dm .


. A 2250
40 years B
2215 50 y :
. A
B
. A
B
. A B
. A B

0.4 m/s2 .

4.0 m/s2.

v = md
v

v= d
m

:
6 .6 m/s2

af

N g
. F = ma
a m . F
. grams
kilograms
. 2.7 N 350
g
.

2 .2 :86.2 cm
8.62 10-4 km .

8.62 m .
862 dm .
0.862 mm .

dr

3 .3 km
m/s s
. km m/s
1000
. km m/s
1000
. km
m/s 1000
. km m/s
1000
4 .4 :
2.5 m/s2 .
0.25 m/s2 .

32



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( C14 )

5700 5700 + 5700 =11400

11400 + 5700 =17100


...

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A B
A
C
B
D
C
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2-1

()Picturing Motion

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()All Kinds of Motion



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()Motion Diagrams
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2-2
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2-1

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1 .1 :

.

3 .3 :


2-5

2 .2 :

2-4

2-4

2-5

4 .4 :


.

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37

2-2

()Position and Time



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.

()Coordinate Systems


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. 2 -6a
.

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2-6b

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38

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(.)b

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4 m
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. .2-7
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).

0.8 = 0.2 + 0.6 :

:
0.5 km
0.2 km .
:

dr

= 0.7 km + 0.2 km 0.5 km

:

( )
1cm 0.1 km

2 - 8
1 cm 0.1 km
7 cm 0.7 km
.

:2-8



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39

:2-9


.
1 2

.

()Time Intervals and Displacements



.
.
. ( )
t
t = tf - ti :

af

tf ti

.
:
tf - ti = 5.0 s 1.0 s = 4.0 s

:2- 10a A


2-9
( ) ( )
.
2-9 d
( )

:

Vectors A and B

.
d

dr

B :2 - 10b
B
A B

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d = df - di

B

)A  (B
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40
C02-10A-845813

a
b

. :
)A-B = A + (-B

2 - 10a A 4 cm
B 10 cm . 2 - 10b -B
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3 cm .

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di
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b
.

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af

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di df df
df df . di df - di
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2-9 ()
. d
d 1.0 s 5.0 s
( )2-11a b .

2-2

dr

.

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5 .5 :

:


6 .6 :
:

7 .7 :

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8 .8 :






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41

2-3 ( )

()Position-Time Graphs


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2-1

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.
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42

2 - 1

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:2-12
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.

dr


.
( .
)
30.0 m t = 4.5 s
.

()m

0.0
1.0

0.0
5.0

2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0

10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0

1 -
2-12 .. 30.0

m 4.5 s

1 :

.
:1 30.0 m
:2 4.5 s

2 :

:

.30.0 m
. t . 6.0 s
:
( 4.6 s 4.0s 5.0 s )
. 22.5 m .

af

2-13 9 11

9 .9 .

.
1010
1111 :
.

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2-13
. 1.0 s
1212 A B .2-14


.
1313
100.0 m

2.6 m .2.0 s :

. 25.0 m

. 25.0 m
2-14
. .

dr

43

()2-1

-
()m
()s

0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0

0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0

2-15
()a
( )b
( )c
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: 2-15
: ( )
(-) .
.
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.

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)

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( -).

...
40.25 km/h 16.0 km/h .6.5 km/h
( 12:00 A.M )

200 km .
11 : 30 am

1 .1 - .
2 .2
3 .3
44

2 -

B A

1 :

:
A B

2 :

af

A
B 45 s
190 m B A 190 m
45 s A.

14-17 .
1414 t = 0.0 s
1515 t = 48 s

1616 A 0.0 m B
1717 A B

t = 20.0 s

dr

1818
-
2-16
.
.

45

-.
...

.
-
.. -
.
.

t
2-3

af

1919 - :

2-17

.

- . :
. 1s

2222 : -

0.0 s . 5.0 s

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

)(cm ()cm
Position

2-17

2424 :
-
.2-19


- .:
. 2 s

dr

2020 : 2-18

-
C02-21A-845813
Final
.

2323 : (-
)
40 m
m 80.

2-18


. 2-18 .21-23

2121 :
10.0 m
2-19
.
obeikaneduction.com
46

2-4

()Change Velocity

.

.

:




.

:Velocity
2-20a

.

.
100.0 m
t .

af

:Average velocity
d t

- (
)2-20b

.

= 1.0 m/s

(3.0 - 2.0)m
(3.0 - 2.0)s

d - di
= f
tf - ti

= 2.0 m/s

(6.0 - 2.0)m
(3.0 - 1.0)s

d - di
= f
tf - ti

2-20b
-


.

dr



( )d
(
) ( t
) (

)

.m ( )2-20b :

47

: 2 -20 a



.

:

100.0 m
9.78 s 2002
.

10.65 s
1998

.

( )m/s

tf - ti

af

df - di

d d .
t

-

.
d - di
d = f
v = t t - t
i
f

.
.

dr

48

- ..
- .2-21
) (-5.0 m/s
(
) .
-
() . 2-21
) (-5.0 m/s (

)-5.0m/s

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: 2-21


5.0m/s

:Average speed
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21-2 ( 5.0 m/s
) ( -5.0 m/s ) .

.

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3 -

1 :

2 :

dr

?= v

?=v

.
d = d2 - d1
t2 - t1
t

=v

v = 12.0 - 6.0

8.0 - 4.0
v = 1.5 m/s

d2 = 12.0 m, d1 = 6.0 m , t2 = 8.0 s , t1 = 4.0 s :

v = 1.5 m/s

3 :

m/s .
.. .
.

49


2525 2-22 .
.
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2626 .

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55

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b. 60.080kg
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a. 3218kg
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6464 :

6565
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a. 5.32 mm + 2.1 mm = 7.4200000 mm


b. 13.597m + 3.65 = 49.62905 m2
c. 83.2 kg 12.804 kg = 70.3960000 kg

obeikaneduction.com

2 -

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3 .3
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.
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dr

( )10.0 m/s)/(2.00 s .5.00 m/s2


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66

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.

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67


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70

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t = 5.00 s vf = 0.00 m/s

?= a

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2 :


v = vf - vi

= 0.00m/s - 2.50 m/s = -2.50 m/s

, v = 2.50 m/s
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v = 0.00 m/s
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t = tf - ti

= 5.00 s - 0.00 s = 5.00 s

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t

t = 0.00m/s , t = 5.00 s
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3 :

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6 .6 4.0 m/s 36 m/s 4.0 s. .
7 .7 36 m/s 15 m/s 3.0s

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af

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1717 :
32 km/h
.

.

.

. -

1414 :

-.

dr

1515 (-) :
(-)
25 m/s 100 s
25 m/s 100 s.



-.

obeikaneduction.com

73

3-2

()Motion with Constant Acceleration


( ) .

.

()Velocity with Average Acceleration


-
.



.


.

af


v
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.
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1818 :

. 2.0 m/s 0.50 m/s2 2.0 s

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. .

1919 .. 30.0 km/h 3.5 m/s2


6.0 s
2020 5.5m/s2 28 m/s

2121 22m/s 3.0 m/s 2.1 m/s2


3.0 m/s
74

3-2

3-9
(-)


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t =1.0 s .t=2.0 s

1 :

t = 1.0s
t = 2.0s

2 :
1.0 s

? = d

dr

v = +75 m/s

d = vt

= (+75 m/s) (1.0 s) = +75m


2.0 s

d = vt

= (+75 m/s) (2.0 s) = +150 m

3 :

-
t = 0.0

()v = +75m/s, t = 1.0 s

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.
.
.

76


2222 3-11
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2.0 s .


1.0 s .

2.5 s .

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77

ti =0
:
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vf = vi + atf (:)t

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4.480s
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3-3

78

vf=vi+at f

t f, vf, a

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df, vf, a

di, vi

4 -
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1 :

.
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? = df

di = 0.00 m

vi = 0.00 m/s

af

vf = 25 m/s

a = a = 3.5 m/s2

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)vf 2= vi 2 + 2 a(df - di
vf2 - vi 2
2 a

df = di +

= 0.00 m + (25 m/s) - (0.00 m/s ) = 89 m di = 0.00 m , vf = 25 m/s


)2(3.5 m/s
vi = 0.00 m/s , a = 3.5 m/s2
2

3 :

dr

.m
.
. ( )25 m/s

( )55 mph .

79


2626 1.75 m/s

-0.20 m/s2


2727 44 m/s
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2828 15 m/s . 25 m/s


125 m

2929 7.5
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af

m .

dr

3030 4.5 m/s 15.0 min


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.
.

3232 2.00 m/s2


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3333 .. 5.0 km 4.3 m/s

19 min .19.4 s

80

5 -
25 m/s
.
0.45 s 8.5m/s2 .

1 :

.
.

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= 25 m/sv
= 0.45 s t

= -8.5 m/s2a= a

af

= 25 m/s vi
= 0.00 m/s vf

? = d
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? = d

2 :

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= (25 m/s) (0.45s) = 11m . =

: .
2+ 2a2 = v vf
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2
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= 37m

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= -8.5m/s2 = 0.00 m/s , a vf


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)2(-8.5 m/s2

= 25 m/s


: d
+ d = d d

3 :

= 11m + 37 m = 48 m

= 11m , dd
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.
d d .
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81


: .
.

3-2

t
3434 : 23 m/s

af



210 m .


3535 :

3.00 m/s2 30.0 s


.

3636 :
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5.0 m/s2

4040 :
...

.
.

.


- - .
.
-
.

dr

3737 : 5.0 102 m

3838 :
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3939 :

4141 :


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obeikaneduction.com

82


3-3

()Free Fall

.
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af


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-
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. 2 s
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2.04 s
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3-15a 3-15b . -9.8 m/s2

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4848 :
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obeikaneduction.com

87

; g .
g .
g .
df - di = vi (tf - ti) + 1 a (tf - ti)2 :
2

( )di = 0 ti = 0 df = di + vi tf + 1 a tf 2 :
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tf = vi + 1 a tf :
2
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A B A
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obeikaneducation.com

89

Mirror







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C03-29A-845813 new version

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1515 4.0 kg

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113

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1 :

af

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3 :

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2323 : 65 kg
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2424 :
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= (0.18 kg) (-9.80 m/s2) = -1.8 Nm

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123

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3 :

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124

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Obeikaneducation.

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obeikaneducation.com

129

4
4-1

Force and Motion

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5151 2450 N

5252 7.50 kg .
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obeikaneduction.com

131

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5454:
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.

5656 710 kg
3.0 .3.0 s

5757 6.0 kg
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132

6161 4.3 kg 5.4

kg 22.5 N
( .) 4-18

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5555 65 kg :10.0 m

6060 4500 kg
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obeikaneduction.com

133

4 -
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1 .1 :
0.20m/s2 .1.0m/s2 .
0.40m/s2 .2.5m/s2 .

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4. 3 102 N .
2.2 102 N .
6.9 102 N .
2.5 102 N .
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90m .
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10 km/h .
120 km/h .
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225 kg
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2.21 103N .

364 N .
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310 N .
4.7 102N .
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