Professional Documents
Culture Documents
af
dr
1430 2009 -
Original Title:
Science
A closer Look
By:
.
.
.
af
dr
www.macmillanmh.com
2008 .
:
20081429 /.
af
.
:
.
dr
:
.
1-1
3-1
af
1-2
1-3
3-2
3-3
dr
1-2
2-2
3-2 -
4-2
1-4
2-4
3-4
t
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dr
5
:
.
:
.
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:
.
.
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N M N
F
H
GI H
J K
I
JL
K
M
L
A
A B
C
B
D CE
D
E F
G
:
:
.
af
.
.
1 .1
( 50
).
2 .2
.
3 .3
4 .4
.
.
.
.
.
dr
)?(What is Physics
() :
.
. .
.
()Math in Physics
.
.
()
.
af
: V I R
V(volts) = I(amperes) R(ohms) :
I = 0.75 amperes
V = 120 volts
?=R
1 :
2 :
dr
V=IR
IR = V
R= V
I
120volts
0.75 amperes
R = 160 ohms
=R
120V 0.75 A
( ) ohms
3 :
1volt = 1 ampere .1 ohm volts/ampere
ohms .
1
120
.120
8
2.2 a t .v = at
6 m/s 4 s
af
: P = F . A F P
A
520 N 32.5 N/m2
1
.1-1
:
5m 0.002 s 17 s
17 s .
:1-1
dr
()SI Units
.
SI 1-1
. : J 1 J =1 kg.m2/s2
C .1C = 1 A.s
1-1
meter
kilogram
Kg
Second
Kelvin
Mol
Mol
Ampere
Candela
Cd
af
SI
( )NIST
. 1-2 .
dr
""
:1-2
.
10 1-2
3 .1
s/m S2/m
.
10
1-2
femto-
0.000000000000001
10-15
)femtosecond (fs
pico-
0.000000000001
10
)picometer (pm
nano-
0.000000001
10
)nanometer (nm
micro-
0.000001
10-6
)microgram (g
milli-
0.001
10-3
)milliamps (mA
centi-
0.01
10-2
)centimeter (cm
deci-
0.1
10
)deciliter (dL
kilo-
1000
10
)kilometer (km
mega-
1000,000
10
)megagram (Mg
giga-
1000,000,000
10
)gigameter (Gm
tera-
1000,000,000,000
10
)terahertz (THz
-12
-9
t
-1
3
6
9
af
12
( .)1 1 kg =1000 g
1 kg
=1
1000g
1 = 1000 g
1kg
dr
1.34 kg
g :
1.34 kg = 1000 g = 1340 g
1kg
43 km/h m/s
m
1h
1 min = 12 m/s
( 431hkm )(1000
) 1kg ) ( 60min ) ( 60S
11
.
5 .5 MHz 750 kHz
5201 cm km
6 .6
7 .7 ( 366 )
5.30 m/s .km/h
8 .8
()Significant Digits
af
.
1.72 102 172.00 .172
(
)... ...
.
.14.3 cm ()
.
.
dr
0.0860 m
172000 m 3 4 5 6
1.7200 105 m
.
.
:
.
3.86 m + 2.4 m = 6.3 m
409.2 km/11.4L = 35.9 km/L .
12
1-3
.
4
( 24 ).
af
:
6.201 cm + 7.4 cm + 0.68 cm + 12.0 cm .
9 .9
1.6 km + 1.62 m + 1200 cm .
10.8 g 8.264 g .
1010
4.75 m 0.4168 m .
139 cm 2.3 cm .
1111
3.2145 km 4.23 km .
13.78g 11.3mL .
1212
131318.21g 4.4cm3 .
:1-3
7.2 3.9
.
()Scientific Methods
N
N
G
I H
J
K
I L
J
M
K
L M
.
1 .1
:1 2 3
.
2 .2
.
3 .3
4 5 .
4 .4 .
dr
.
.
.
.
.
5 .5
13
:a :1-4
.
:b
(
) .
af
( )1- 4
.
dr
:1-5
.
(
)
.
:
.
.
.
1-5 .
:
.
14
.a :1-6
.
.b
.
.c
.
af
( )1-6a ()
1-6b
( )1-6c
.
.
.
b
dr
1-7
.
.
15
:
.
.
.1-7
(
)
af
1-1
1313 :
. .m 10n
10n
.
dr
1414 :
F = BqV : F
kg.m/s2 q A.sV
.m/s
.(tesla) T T
. .
.
. .
1616 : F = BqV :
V F q . B
1717 :
.9.801 m/s2
9.4 m/s2
.
obeikaneduction.com
16
1-2 Measurement
:
.
60/110 .
.
.
:
.
af
.
g
.
cm .
()Comparing Results
1-1
.
. .
dr
( )1-8
30940 610 yr : 30790 600 yr .30230 530 yr
.
:1-8
.
.
.
17
14.8 cm -14.4
cm ( 14.6 cm .)1-9
.(14.6 0.2) cm
.(14.8 0.3) cm :
.(14.0 0.1) cm :
:1-9
.
af
:
14.5 cm .14.8 cm
.
()Precision Versus Accuracy
dr
.
0.1 cm
.
.
. 1-10a
1 mL 0.5 mL.
1-10b .50 mL
67.100 g
. 1.2 mL 2.4
102 mL 2.412 102 ml
.
18
:1-10
)a :
(41 0.5) mL
)b .(325 25)mL :
t
af
. 14.8 cm
:1-11
dr
( .)1-11
.
()Techniques of Good Measurement
. .
.1-12a
1-12b
" "Parallax
.
.
19
:1-12 a
.b
a
af
.
385000 km
.
3.8 cm/yr .
1-2
dr
1818 :
.
20.3 cm
1919 : (
)0.01 mm
2020 :
.
2121 : .182 cm
.
2222 : 19.2 cm 18.1 cm
20
. 12
.
12 .
2323 :
.65.414 s
7 .0.1 s
obeikaneduction.com
1-3
()Graphing Data
.
.
()Identifying Variables
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
af
1-3
.
1-3
13.7
14.1
14.5
14.9
15.3
15.7
16.0
16.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
dr
()cm
()g
(
) .
( ).
... .
. 1-3
1-13 :
.
:1-13
()
.
.
21
.
1 .1
.
( )x (.)y
2 .2 .
4 .4 .
1 2 5 .10
5 .5
(.Mass (grams
3 .3 ( )0.0
af
2-5 .
6 .6
7 .7 .
8 .8 .
.
.
least-
squares technique .
9 .9
.
dr
()Linear Relationships
. .
1-14
:
( ) y = mx + b
: b m
.1-14 (
) . ()
A B .
A B
A.B
y
()
x
22
=m
:1-14
b .m
1-14 :
)(16.0 cm - 14.1cm
= 0.08cm/g
)(30 g 5 g
=m
b y x
1-14 .b = 13.7 cm
b = o y = mx y .x
()Nonlinear Relationships
af
1-15
.
.
. 1-15
:1-15
.
( ) y = ax2 + bx + c
.
a b c
.
1-15 .d = 5t2
dr
1 X1
X2 X2 .X1
1 .1 ( ) .
2 .2
3 .3
4 .4 X2 = 1.6 X1 X2 = 5.3 cm X1
23
)(120 V
:1-16
(
).
)(A
t
af
)(ohms
1-16
:
a
x
=y
dr
.
.24 1-4 .
.
. .
.
.
. .
. .
24
1-4
()g
()cm3
19.4
38.6
58.1
77.4
96.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
()Predicting Values
1-14 :
y = (0.08 cm/g)x + 13.7cm
( )
. .. 1-3
49 kg
y = (0.08 cm/g)(49 g) + 13.7 cm =18 cm
af
49 kg
( ).
:1-17
(
)
.
.
:
. 1-17
1-3
dr
2525 :
:
()s
(8 10 12 )m/s
0
35 30 25 20 15 10 5
6
2626 : ( y
)
.
2727 : 1-14
.15 cm
2828 : 1-16
.16 ohms
2929 :
.1-14
obeikaneduction.com
25
.
.
.
.
.
.
af
1 .1 physicspp.com/internet_lab
.
.
26
dr
H
J K
L I
J
M
K N
L M N
G
I
H
F
G
E
.
2 .2 .
). 322 km (0.2 mi
3 .3
B A
A
C
D
E B
C 4 .4 D
F
.
5 .5 .
()km
( )S
()S
1 .1 .
:
90 km/h : 100
km/h 110 km/h .
.
af
2 .2 .
3 .3
( ).
4 .4 km/s.km/h
5 .5
.
physicspp.com/internet_lab
.
.
dr
1 .1 .
2 .2
3 .3
.
4 .4
.
5 .5 (
)
.
.
obeikaneducation.com
27
.
.
.
.
.
.
af
1-2
Measurement
1-3
(
)
.
.
.
.
Graphing Data
dr
.
.
m b:
y = mx + b
m y
x .
m = y
x
:
y=ax2+ bx+c
x y
a:
28
3030
:
.
:
3636
.
3737 :
( . ).
.
3838
8.45 g .45.87 g
af
.
.
:
3131 )1.1( .
3232
1-18
x
m v2
R
3535
C01-09A-845813
()1.3
Final
F . R
F .m
F . V
3939
(3.001 0.001) 108 m/s
. (2.999 0.006) 108 m/s
.
.
2.99792458 108 m/s :
dr
()1.2
3333
)1.3( .
3434
)1.3( .
=F
4040 1-19
1 -19
obeikaneduction.com
29
1 -
4545
2
F = mg m . g = 9.8 m/s
. 41.63 kg
. 632 kg
.m /s2
:
1-1
.
4141
42.3 cm .
6.2 pm .
21 km .
ms
0.023 mm .
214 m .
57 nm .
af
4242
:
0.00003 m .
64.01 fm .
80.001 m .
0.720 g .
2.40 106 kg .
6 108 kg .
4.07 1016 m .
)(0.55 kg)(2.1m/s
9.8m/s2
51.8 kg
4848
1-20
dr
4343 :
16.2 m + 5.008 m +13.48 m .
5.006 m + 12.0077 m + 8.0084 m.
78.05 cm2 - 32.046 cm2 .
15.07 kg -12.0 kg .
5.80 109 s + 3.2 108 s .
8.12 107 g - 6.20 106 g .
4.667 104 g + 3.02 105 g .
1-2
4747
3.64 kg
1-20
4949 1-21
4444 :
(6.2 1018 m)(4.7 10-10 m) .
(5.6 10-7 m)/(2.8 10-12 s) .
(8.1 10-4 k m)(1.6 10-3 km) .
(6.5 105 km)/(3.4 103 m3) .
. 1 -21
(5.621 m)(3.01 m) .
(30.23 m)/(3.2 s).
obeikaneduction.com
30
1 -
1-3
5050 1-22
:
5252 :
0 .60 cm3
. 30 cm3
. 100 g
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
22.0 N
af
5353 :
3.452 cm 2.347 m
2.31 mm 1659 g
m3 g/cm3
.
5454 1.7 1021 .
:
5555
1-22
1-5
dr
5151
:
cm
N
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
).
24
49
75
99
120
145
.
( ).
5656 :
:
5757
.
(
).
5858
31
1-
:
1 .1
:d = m
5 .5 v
.
d
=m
d
v = dm .
. A 2250
40 years B
2215 50 y :
. A
B
. A
B
. A B
. A B
0.4 m/s2 .
4.0 m/s2.
v = md
v
v= d
m
:
6 .6 m/s2
af
N g
. F = ma
a m . F
. grams
kilograms
. 2.7 N 350
g
.
2 .2 :86.2 cm
8.62 10-4 km .
8.62 m .
862 dm .
0.862 mm .
dr
3 .3 km
m/s s
. km m/s
1000
. km m/s
1000
. km
m/s 1000
. km m/s
1000
4 .4 :
2.5 m/s2 .
0.25 m/s2 .
32
.
.
C14
af
..
( C14 )
dr
....
C14
.
33
:
.
.
:
.
obeikaneducation.com
34
dr
af
:
.
(
(
.
:
.1
N 1M
N
F
H
GI HJ
K
I
JL
M
K
L
.
2 .2
.
A B
A
C
B
D
C
E
D
E F
G
:
.
3 .3
.
af
4 .4
.
5 .5 3 1
2-1
()Picturing Motion
dr
.
.
.
()
.
.
.
.
.
.
35
2- 1
.
.
.
af
:
.
.
:
.
.
.
:2-1
.
.
dr
()Motion Diagrams
: ...
.
2-2
.
.
.
2-2 (
)2-3
.
" ".
36
:2-2
.
.
.
:2-3
af
.
. 2-3
.
2-1
dr
1 .1 :
.
3 .3 :
2-5
2 .2 :
2-4
2-4
2-5
4 .4 :
.
obeikaneduction.com
37
2-2
.
.
()Coordinate Systems
.
.
.
.
af
.
( ) .
.
. 2 -6a
.
dr
2-6b
.
a
38
:2-6
( )a
.
(.)b
..
4 m
. 9 m 5 m
. .2-7
.
:2-7
.
af
() :
. .
( ( )Bold
).
:
0.5 km
0.2 km .
:
dr
:
( )
1cm 0.1 km
2 - 8
1 cm 0.1 km
7 cm 0.7 km
.
:2-8
.
39
:2-9
.
1 2
.
af
tf ti
.
:
tf - ti = 5.0 s 1.0 s = 4.0 s
:2- 10a A
2-9
( ) ( )
.
2-9 d
( )
:
Vectors A and B
.
d
dr
B :2 - 10b
B
A B
.R
d = df - di
B
)A (B
)Resultant of A and (B
40
C02-10A-845813
a
b
. :
)A-B = A + (-B
2 - 10a A 4 cm
B 10 cm . 2 - 10b -B
1cm . -B A
3 cm .
:2-11
di
. df a
b
.
d .
af
d = df - di di
di df df
df df . di df - di
. = 25.0 m 5.0m = 20.0m
.
2-9 ()
. d
d 1.0 s 5.0 s
( )2-11a b .
2-2
dr
.
.
5 .5 :
:
6 .6 :
:
7 .7 :
.
. .
8 .8 :
.
41
2-3 ( )
()Position-Time Graphs
.
-
.
( -)
.
-
.
(-).
2-9
.
.2-1
af
)(Using a Graph to Find Out Position and Time
2-1
(-) . 2-12
.
.
.
(-)
.
42
2 - 1
()s
:2-12
-
.
dr
.
( .
)
30.0 m t = 4.5 s
.
()m
0.0
1.0
0.0
5.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
1 -
2-12 .. 30.0
m 4.5 s
1 :
.
:1 30.0 m
:2 4.5 s
2 :
:
.30.0 m
. t . 6.0 s
:
( 4.6 s 4.0s 5.0 s )
. 22.5 m .
af
2-13 9 11
9 .9 .
.
1010
1111 :
.
. 25.0 m
2-13
. 1.0 s
1212 A B .2-14
.
1313
100.0 m
2.6 m .2.0 s :
. 25.0 m
. 25.0 m
2-14
. .
dr
43
()2-1
-
()m
()s
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
2-15
()a
( )b
( )c
.
af
( )
.. .
: 2-15
: ( )
(-) .
.
.
.
dr
: 2 (-
)
:
( -).
...
40.25 km/h 16.0 km/h .6.5 km/h
( 12:00 A.M )
200 km .
11 : 30 am
1 .1 - .
2 .2
3 .3
44
2 -
B A
1 :
:
A B
2 :
af
A
B 45 s
190 m B A 190 m
45 s A.
14-17 .
1414 t = 0.0 s
1515 t = 48 s
1616 A 0.0 m B
1717 A B
t = 20.0 s
dr
1818
-
2-16
.
.
45
-.
...
.
-
.. -
.
.
t
2-3
af
1919 - :
2-17
.
- . :
. 1s
2222 : -
0.0 s . 5.0 s
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
)(cm ()cm
Position
2-17
2424 :
-
.2-19
- .:
. 2 s
dr
2020 : 2-18
-
C02-21A-845813
Final
.
2323 : (-
)
40 m
m 80.
2-18
. 2-18 .21-23
2121 :
10.0 m
2-19
.
obeikaneduction.com
46
2-4
()Change Velocity
.
.
:
.
:Velocity
2-20a
.
.
100.0 m
t .
af
:Average velocity
d t
- (
)2-20b
.
= 1.0 m/s
(3.0 - 2.0)m
(3.0 - 2.0)s
d - di
= f
tf - ti
= 2.0 m/s
(6.0 - 2.0)m
(3.0 - 1.0)s
d - di
= f
tf - ti
2-20b
-
.
dr
( )d
(
) ( t
) (
)
.m ( )2-20b :
47
: 2 -20 a
.
:
100.0 m
9.78 s 2002
.
10.65 s
1998
.
( )m/s
tf - ti
af
df - di
d d .
t
-
.
d - di
d = f
v = t t - t
i
f
.
.
dr
48
- ..
- .2-21
) (-5.0 m/s
(
) .
-
() . 2-21
) (-5.0 m/s (
)-5.0m/s
.5.0 m/s
: 2-21
5.0m/s
:Average speed
- . .
21-2 ( 5.0 m/s
) ( -5.0 m/s ) .
.
af
3 -
1 :
2 :
dr
?= v
?=v
.
d = d2 - d1
t2 - t1
t
=v
v = 12.0 - 6.0
8.0 - 4.0
v = 1.5 m/s
v = 1.5 m/s
3 :
m/s .
.. .
.
49
2525 2-22 .
.
.
2626 .
2727 2-23
2-22
.19.8 m
af
2-23
:2 -24
C02-29A-845813
Final .
dr
()Instantaneous Velocity
d / t
" " .
.
...
.
.
()Average Velocity on Motion Diagrams
.
50
.
.
. 2-24
.
K 1m
L
N M
1 .1
L M N
.
2 .2
.
3 .3
.
4 .4
.
5 .5 .
6 .6
:
.
af
.
. 2-21
( )-5.0 m/s
y = mx + b
m x
b ( ).
7 .7
8 .8
9 .9 .
.
dr
2-21
. t
.d
) (-5.0 m/s V
20 m ...
20.0 m
J
K
I
J
20.0 m t = 0.0
. di 2-2
.
2-2
d = v t + di d = (-5.0 m/s)t + 20.0 m :
y= mx + b
51
2-21
t d d
t
.
.
m
s S
.
2-2
m
x
b
v
t
di
2-21
-5.0 m/s
20.0 m
d = v t + di
af
-
.
.
dr
52
2-4
2-25 29-31
2929 :
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55
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2 -
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obeikaneduction.com
73
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2727 44 m/s
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2929 7.5
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82
3-3
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obeikaneduction.com
87
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89
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obeikaneduction.com
95
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50k m/h 60 km/h
0 km/h 10 km/h
.
11114 : 3-22
- -
.
.
.10 ms
. -
.
.
g = 9.8 m/s2
-
.
6ms
.
97
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11119 .
12120
.
.
12121 .
( : )1
6.2 x10-4 m + 5.7 x 10-3 m .
8.7 x 108 km - 3.4 x 107 m .
(9.21 x 10-5 m)(1.83 x108 cm) .
(2.63 x 10-6 m)/ (4.08 x 106 s) .
12122
-
.
.
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dr
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.
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3.00 m/s2
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98
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20 m .
8.0 m . 12 m . 16 m .
2.2
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2.0 m/s .
16 m/s .
8.0 m/s .
3 .3
110 km/h
110 km/h
. 500 m
80 km/h
8.4m/s2 .
0.44m/s2 .
9.80m/s2 .
0.60m/s2 .
4 .4 85m
.
8.7 s .
4.2s .
17 s .
8.3s .
5 .5
3.20 s .
15.0 m . 31.0 m . 50.0 m .100.0 m .
6 .6 91.0 km/h
30 m
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14.0 m . 29.0 m . 50.0 m .100.0 m .
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104
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106
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107
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108
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110
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1515 4.0 kg
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6 .6 .
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113
2 -
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1 :
af
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:
+ Fg = FF
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3 :
kg.m/s2 ().
.
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114
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115
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( )PHOTOELECTRIC GATE .0.25 m/s 0.4 N
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2 .2 1.3 s
3 .3 0.40 N
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1.62 m/s2
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2222 :
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:
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22 N
19.5 N 6.25 m/s2
2626 :
af
2727 :
10.000 N
...
1000 N
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2323 : 65 kg
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2424 :
1 kg
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119
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2 .2
3 .3 .
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6 .6 .
dr
120
3 -
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.
1 :
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.
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6.0 1024 kg
3 :
N .m/s2
.
121
2828
2929
.
3030
.
4-13
3131 4-13
.
af
Forces of Ropes and Strings
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.
dr
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.
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122
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4-15
() 500 N ()
.500 N
500 N 1000 N
.
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.
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500 N
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dr
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( )
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123
4 -
: 50.0 kg .525 N
3.0 m 3.0 m/s
1 :
.
.
v .a
.
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d = 3.0m
? = Vt
m = 50.0 kg
Vi = 0.0 m/s
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2 :
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+ FgFt = F
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)= m(a + g
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+ 2ad
2
Vf = Vi
Vi = 0.0 m/s
dr
V - Vi
a = f
2 2d
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2
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Fg = mg, fnet = ma
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a = 2d
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3 :
kg.m/s2 . N
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490 N
Fg = mg = (50.0kg)(9.80m/s2) = 570N
124
3232 .
450 N 42 kg
3333
..
( 23 N )31 N .
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dr
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.
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125
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4-3
.
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61 kg
af
3434 :
36 3.0 kg
63.0 N
.
3535 : 34
3636 :
.
5.0 kg
3939 :
...
500
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dr
3737 :
3838 : 13 kg
126
..
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128
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2
3
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3
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(
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Obeikaneducation.
com
obeikaneducation.com
129
4
4-1
:
.
.
.
.
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.
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af
.
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4-2
4-3
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Interaction Forces
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130
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4.2
5050
5151 2450 N
5252 7.50 kg .
7.84 N
5353 .
4-17
obeikaneduction.com
131
3 -
53 kg
:
. .
. 2.0 m/s2
.
.
7.0 kg
.
6.0 kg 7.0 kg
5858 2.45 mg .
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af
.
.
5959
90.0 kg
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55 kg
5454:
0.38 :
. 6.0 kg
.
0.08
7.0 kg
. .
. 2.0 m
.
5656 710 kg
3.0 .3.0 s
5757 6.0 kg
7.0 kg
132
kg 22.5 N
( .) 4-18
. 4.3 kg
5.4 kg
. 5.4 kg
4.3 kg
4-18
4.3
dr
5555 65 kg :10.0 m
6060 4500 kg
.2.0 m/s2
3 -
6262 5.0 kg 3.0 kg
( .)4-19
.
:
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6565 710 kg
3.0 .3.0s
. .
6666 4-21 -
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. s
.
B
4-19
dr
6363 .
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4-21
.
B
6767
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6464
.
. B 9.0 s
. A 2.0 s
obeikaneduction.com
133
4 -
:
1 .1 :
0.20m/s2 .1.0m/s2 .
0.40m/s2 .2.5m/s2 .
. 220 N
:
4. 3 102 N .
2.2 102 N .
6.9 102 N .
2.5 102 N .
7 .7
:16 kg
16 N .
4 N .
32 N .
8 N .
af
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.3
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134
134
:
8 .8
.
:
.
dr
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2
4s
80m .
13m .
90m .
40m .
3
10 s
90 km/h .
10 km/h .
120 km/h .
25km/h .
4
225 kg
.1.62m/s2
1.35 103 N .
139 N .
2.21 103N .
364 N .
5 45 kg 3.2 kg
4. 5 102 N .
310 N .
4.7 102N .
4.4 102 N .
6
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( ).
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af
.
.
m/s2
g = 9.80 m/s2 .
dr
-
.
135
.
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138