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CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAIL AND WORKING PRINCIPLES OF TURBINE1.PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION:
Hydraulic (water) turbines are machines that convert hydraulic energy into mechanicalenergy. This conversion is possible in a complex harnessing called hydro power plant(HPP).Usually, the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy, in the sameharnessing, using electrical machines called electrical generators. The most usualgenerators are synchronous generators, which are called hydro generators due to the factthat these are driven by hydraulic turbines.The power capacity of a hydropower plant is primarily the function of two variables:(1) flow rate expressed in cubic meters per second (m
3
/s), and(2) the hydraulic head, which is the elevation difference the water falls in passing throughthe plant.Fig.:- Schematic View of a Hydro Power Plant.
2.TYPES OF TURBINE:-
Water turbines may be classified in different ways. One way of classification is accordingto the method of functioning (impulse or reaction turbine).Water turbines may operate asturbines, as pump turbines or a combination of both. These may be of the single regulatedor double regulated type. Turbines may also be classified according to their specific speed.Another way is according to the design (head and quantity of water available).According to the method of functioning turbine are classified as follows:i)Impulse turbineii)Reaction turbine
 
2.1. PELTON TURBINE:-
In the impulse type of hydraulic turbine, the runner converts the kinetic energy in one or more jets of high-velocity water into torque in the turbine shaft. The runner consists of adefinite number of buckets, each of double- bowl construction, located on the rim of acentral disc.The velocity of the water of the jet which enters each bucket is reduced nearly to zero inthe bucket during operation of turbine. The kinetic energy in that portion is therebyconverted into a force acting on the moving bucket, and producing a torque on the turbineshaft. The force of the jet is applied only during the time that the water is in the bucket. Theimpulse of a force is defined as the product of the force and the time during which it acts.Pelton turbines are made either with vertical or with horizontal shafts. The vertical shaftturbine usually has only one runner and up to six jets. Most horizontal- shaft units have oneor two jets per runner and one or two runners per turbine. Horizontal turbines usually cover those combinations of power and head for which vertical turbines are not economical.
Fig.:- Assembly view of Pelton Turbine..
 
(1) : Control frame work(2) : Distributor(3) : Brake jet nozzle(4) : Turbine Chamber(5) : Nozzle body(6) : Turbine Shaft(7) : Guide Bearing (8) : Runner Bucket (9) : Foundation Concrete Wall
Fig.-Typical section through Pelton turbine2.1.1
Distributor:-Distributor is the part of the Pelton turbine to facilitate pressurized water flow from MIV(Main Inlet Valve) and to feed to the nozzle-jet assembly, which in turn strikes the water jetto the runner buckets. In multi-jet turbine system, distributor is surrounding the runner.The overall dimensions and shape of the distributor are determined on the basis of following considerations:-a)The water should enter in each nozzle-jet assembly at a uniform flow rate. b)The flow in the distributor should satisfy the equal area of cross-section througheach nozzle-pipe.Therefore, the overall dimensions of the distributor depend on the discharge and head for which it is designed or depends on the area of its inlet section and the pressure of theworking fluid.
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