PENGHAMPIRAN ARCHIMEDES BAGI PI

Vito Volterra (1860-1940) was a famous Italian mathematician who retired from a distinguished career in pure mathematics in the early 1920s. His son-in-law, Humberto D'Ancona, was a biologist who studied the populations of various species of fish in the Adriatic Sea. In 1926 D'Ancona completed a statistical study of the numbers of each species sold on the fish markets of three ports: Fiume, Trieste, and Venice. The percentages of predator species (sharks, skates, rays, etc.) in the Fiume catch are shown in the table : Source : http://www.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/mod/docs/Krivan_2 011.pdf

D'Ancona observed that the highest percentages of predators occurred during and just after World War I (as we now call it), when fishing was drastically curtailed. He concluded that the predator-prey balance was at its natural state during the war, and that intense fishing before and after the war disturbed this natural balance to the detriment of predators.

D'Ancona asked Volterra if he could come up with a mathematical model that might explain what was going on.

Alfred J. Lotka (1880-1949) was an American mathematical biologist (and later actuary) who formulated many of the same models as Volterra, independently and at about the same time. LotkaVolterra Model was developed.

Rajah 1 : Peta Konsep Sejarah Perkembangan Model Lotka-Volterra

PARADOKS DIKOTOMI.

PARADOKS STADIUM

PARADOKS ZENO

PARADOKS ACHILLESS DAN KURAKURA

PARADOKS ANAK PANAH

Rajah 2 : Peta Konsep Paradoks Zeno

 Archimedes (bahasa Yunani: ; k.k. 287 SM 212 SM) adalah seorang ahli matematik, ahli fizik, jurutera, ahli astronomi, dan ahli falsafah Yunani yang dilahirkan di bandar pelabuhan tanah jajahan Syracuse, Sicily, Itali.

ARCHIMEDES

Carl Friedrich Gauss yang sering dipanggil sebagai ahli matematik yang paling terpengaruh, mendakwa bahawa Archimedes adalah salah satu daripada tiga ahli matematik yang paling penting

Zeno daripada Elea pra-Socrates falsafah Yunani di

selatan Itali dan ahli Sekolah Eleatic diasaskan oleh

Parmenides. Aristotle memanggilnya pencipta dialektik. Beliau

ZENO OF ELEA

terkenal dengan paradoks, beliau yang Bertrand Russell telah digambarkan sebagai terperinci.

Rajah 1 : Peta Konsep Tokoh Ilmuwan Kalkulus

PRINSIP 1

Luas poligon dengan sisi n (n-gon) yang dilukis di dalam unit bulatan menghampiri suatu nilai iaitu pi apabila nilai n meningkat.

PRINSIP 2

Luas poligon yang dilukis di dalam bulatan menghampiri luas bulatan apabila bilangan sisi poligon meningkat.

PRINSIP 3

Perimeter poligon semakin menghampiri lilitan bulatan apabila bilangan sisi poligon meningkat.

Lilitan suatu bulatan berjejari = 2

Luas suatu bulatan berjejari = 2

Luas permukaan suatu sfera berjejari = 4 2 Isipadu suatu sfera berjejari = 3 3

4

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