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ch.%dySmq¿,a cd;sl foaYmd,k iïuq;shlaf.dvkeÕSu i|yd"  tcdmh úiska bÈßm;a lrkq,nk m%;sm;a;sud,dj
zzmskaìug wre;laf.fkuq- rdcOdksh fjkqjg ckrchZZ kej; we;s lruq
m%cduQ,sl uf.a rdcHh"uf.a wdKavqj"N+ñ mq;%hka f.dvkÕk wfma wd¾Ólh" wfma iudc - ixialD;sl - ixj¾Okh ydwfma f,dalh yok" wfma m%;sm;a;s'
01' rdch ms<sn| wmf.a ±lau (- zzuf.ardcHhZZ
21 jk ishji ;=<§ f,da lh ;=< mj;sk Yla;su;a" ia :djr fukau" fi!Nd.Hu;a cd;slrdcHhla njg YS% ,dxlsl rdcHh m;a l< hq;=j mj;S'ta i|yd m<uqj YS% ,xldfõ foaYmd,k talSh nj" ksoyi" ia ffjÍNdjh" iajdëk;ajh"fN!ñl wLKav;djh yd m%cd;ka;%jdoh /l .ekSug wm fkdie,Slemfjuq'W;=f¾ hqoaOh wjika ù we;' th i;=gls' W;=f¾ m%cd;ka;%jd§ mCI B<dï igka mdGhgudreùu yd fjku rdcHhla i|yd igka jÈk ikakoaO mCI lSmhla we;sùug fya;=ldrKd jQ iudc" foaYmd,k" ixialD;sl yd wd¾Ól .eg¨j,g ±ka jyd úi÷ï ,ndÈhhq;=h' ufkdauQ,sl
(Utopion)
" jdia;úl
(Empirical)
lreKqj,go wm%udo úi÷ï ,ndÈhhq;=h' fï i|yd talSh rgla ;=< újD; yd mq¿,a n,h fnod yeÍula  
(Sharing at theCenter as Well as Periphery)
wjYH nj wmf.a úYajdihhs'by; lS m%úIaGh ;< tljr idvïnr YS% ,dxlslfhl= fukau" isxy,fhl=" oñ,fhl="uqia,sï" uef,a yd n¾.¾ cd;slfhl= f.dvkÕk"j¾.h" wd.u" NdIdj Wmka ia:dkh fyda l=,h ms<sn| fjkialï fkd;ld ish¨ mqr-jeishkag iudk f,i i,lk"ish¨u wd.ñl kdhlhskaf.a ilS  %hodhl;ajh we;sj isxy,lu yd fn!oaOlu we;=¿ ishÆu jd¾.sl" wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl m%cdjkaf.a wkkH;djhka wdrCId lrñka" ±yeñiudchla f.dvkÕk"wdKavql%u jHjia :dj hgf;a ;yjqre lr we;skS;shg .re lrk" kS;sfha n,h wdrCId lrkq ,nkakd jQ"
 
ck m%;spdrhg lkafok" j.lshk yd j.lSfuka hq;=cd;sl rdcHhla f.dvkeÕu wmf.a   ±lau ù ;sfí'tlS cd;sl rdcHh" ¥IKfhka yd kdia;sfhka f;dr" ld¾hCIu yd iM,odhl;ajfhka fyì" m%cd;ka;%jd§ rdcHhla úh hq;=h' tys§ jHjia:dodhl iNdj yd iajdëk fldñIka  iNd Yla;su;a lr rdcH mßmd,kh" rdcH fiajh" fmd,sia fiajh" iajdëk yd ld¾hCIulsÍug lghq;= l< hq;= fõ'wêlrKfha mQ¾K iajdëk;ajh iy;sl l< hq;= fõ';jo" iq¿ck fldgiaj,g yd iq¿ mCIj,g wjdishla fkdjk mßÈ flaj, l%uhgmeje;a fjk ue;sjrK l%uhla y÷ka jd§ug n,dfmdfrd;a ;=fõ' fuys§ iudkqmd;sl wdik l%uhlao ls%hd;aul flf¾' tfiau" ish¨ mCIj, woyia úuid lsishï wkqmd;hla" ta ta mCIj,g ,enqKq Pkao wkqj" Èia;s%la yd cd;sl ,ehsia;=j,ska m;a lsÍug wjia:dj ,ndfoa'ckdêm;s l%uh wfydais lsÍu" ckdêm;sf.a n,h wvq lsÍu" ckdêm;s md¾,sfïka;=jg yd ck;djg j.lshk mqoa.,fhl= njg m;a lsÍu" ckdêm;s l%uh fjkqjg úOdhl w.ue;s l%uhla we;s lsÍu ms<sn|j wm yd tlajk ish¨ mCI yd lKa vdhï iuÕ ta lu;sl ;Skaÿjla .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'
02' foaYmd,kh ms<sn| wmf.a ±lau (- zzuf.awdKavqjZZ
Yla;su;a cd;sl rdcHhla ìys lsÍfuys,d l%uj;a foaYmd,k l%ufõohl meje;auow;HdjYH idOhla fõ' ta i|yd"
ck;d is;=ï me;=ï ksfhdackh lrkakd jQ ld¾hCIu ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdohla  ìys lsÍu yd ta ;=< uyck .re;ajh fukau" uyck ksfhdað;ajho wdrCId úhhq;=h'
ck;djf.a f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sh iqrCIs; flfrk ilS  %h iajhx md,kl%uhla iys; ksoyia udOH jHdmdrhla we;sl< hq;=fõ'
uyck ksfhda ð;hd" uyck uqo,a ldìiskshd lrkafkl= fyda ta u; hefmkafkl=ùu fjkqjg uyck uqof,ysfukau" uyckhdf.a mQ¾K wdrCIlhd njg m;a úhhq;=j ;sfí'
uyckhdf.a is;=ï me;=ï bgqlsÍu i|yd fmdÿ hym; yd fmdÿ iqn idOkh u;mokï jQ foaYmd,k m%;sm;a;s rdcH ;=<ska ls%hd;aul úh hq;=j ;sfí'
 
uyck n,fhka " uyck uqof,ka ls%hd;aul jk uyck ksfhdað;hka lsisúfgl;ukag ,efnk n,h whq;= f,i Ndú;d fkdlsÍu fukau" n,h odkh lrkakdjQck;d ksfhda ð;hskaf.ka úfhda ù rdcHh;ajhg m;aùug W;a idy fkdl< hq;=h'
uyckhd fjkqfjka ilia lrkq ,en we;s W;a;Í;r kS;sh jk wdKavql%ujHjia :djg .re lsÍu yd th wdrCId fldg ls%hd;aul lsÍu wruqKq fldg .;a"ck;dj iún, .ka jk" ck;dj fjkqfjka " ck;dj i|yd jk nyq;a j fuka u" iyNd.s;a jh hk m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%ufõohka kS;shg wkqj fukau" ck;djg j.lshk" mdßoDIH rdcHmd,khlg wejeis ck;djd§ kj ixialD;shla u; mokï jQ w¨;a foaYmd,khla kjwdKavqj ;=< ls%hd;a ul l< hq;=h'
03' wd¾Ólh ms<sn| wmf.a±lau (- zzN+ ñ mq;%hka f.dvkÕk wfmawd¾ÓlhZZ
Yla ;su;a cd;sl rdcHfhl meje;au ;yjqre flfrk ks¾kdhl w;ßka Yla;su;a wd¾Ólmeje;a u m%Odk fõ' tys§ Yla ;su;a yd ukdj l<ukdlrKh lrkq ,nk i¾j wd¾Ólhla   meje;a u fukau" l=ia isfha wd¾Ól md,kh lrkakd jQ zujf.a miqïìhZ wdrCId lrkakd jQo" ish¨ ck;dj wd¾Ólj iún, .kakd jQo wd¾Ólh;a wfma wjYH;djh ù ;sfí'kshdukhka iys; ie,iqï iy.; iudc - újD; - fjf<| fmd< wd¾Ólhla flfrysúYajdih ;nk wm" rdcH jHjidh yd foaYSh jHdmdßl m%cdj ;r.ldÍ f,i iún,.ekaúh hq;= hehs is;uq' rdcH fukau" fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fiajl whs;Ska" /lshdiqrCIs;;djh yd iqn idOk ls  %hdj,shka fjkqfjka rdcH ueÈy;aùu rdcHfha j.lSula   f,i wm i,luq'ta i|yd"
fjf<| fmd< n,fõ.hka ms<s.kakd" th wdrCId lrka kd jQ jevms<sfj,lg hkw;f¾u" ck;djf.a fmdÿ hym;
(Public Good)
iy fmdÿ iqn idOkh
(PublicWelfare)
wjOdrKh flfrk ixj¾Ok udÈ,shla'
by; lS ixj¾Ok udÈ,sh ck;dj fjkqfjka f.dvkexùu" ls%hd;aul lsÍu yd we-jeis úfgl md,kh lsÍu i|yd;a" rdcHfha ueÈy;aùu iy;sl l< hq;=j ;sfí'
tfia rdcHfha ueÈy;aùu" iudc idOdrK;ajh yd iudc iqrCIs;;djh iuÕiM,odhS;djh" j¾Okh" kuH;djh yd kùlrKh hk wjia:d iu;=,kh lsÍufmr±ß lr.;a ueÈy;a ùula úh hq;=j ;sfí'
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