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 Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering
, Vol. 4, No.1, pp 47-59, 2005 jmmce.orgPrinted in the USA. All rights reserved
47
Alteration Characteristics Of Ilmenites From South India
 D. S. Rao
1
 , T. V. Vijayakumar
1
 , S. Prabhakar
1
 , G. Bhaskar Raju
1
and T.K.Ghosh
 21
 National Metallurgical laboratory - Madras Centre,CSIR Madras Complex, Taramani Chennai – 600 113, India Email: nmldsr@yahoo.co.in
 2
 Institute Instrumentation Centre, IIT, Roorkee, INDIA
 Abstract:
Two different placer samples from the Navaladi and Surungudi area of Teri,Tamilnadu, in southern India, were collected and characterized in terms of their heavymineral content. Mineralogical analysis on both the samples revealed the presence of high amounts of garnet and ilmenite. The alteration characteristics of ilmenite from thesedeposits were investigated by optical and electron probe microanalysis. Opticalmicroscopic studies revealed that the alteration of ilmenite was seen to proceed alonggrain boundaries and/or fractures resulting in an amorphous to crypto- or micro-crystalline mass resembling leucoxene. The alteration is in the nascent stage. Mineralchemistry by electron probe micro-analysis revealed the enrichment of TiO
2
 , MgO, Al
2
O
3
 , Cr 
2
O
3
 , SiO
2
 , V 
2
O
5
and Na
2
O in the altered products and loss of iron oxide and manganese oxide from the ilmenite grains during weathering leading to the formation of leucoxene. Similarly EPMA studies on garnet indicated that it is of the almandine variety.This study reveals that the alteration of ilmenite by weathering leads to unstable phases, with complex elemental distribution patterns. The physico-chemicalcharacteristics of the mineral and, in turn, the down-stream metallurgical processing areaffected by such alteration processes.
 Key words
: Placer Ilmenite, Alteration, EPMA, Navaladi, Teri
INTRODUCTION
Minerals formed by geological processes and deposited at favorable locales giverise to economic deposits. These minerals, when subjected to post-depositionalphysicochemical changes, undergo certain chemical reconstitution known as alteration.This causes either enrichment or depletion of certain element(s), which has a bearing onthe exploration/exploitation of minerals. Alteration is primarily a disintegrative –reconstitutive process where the distribution of elements takes place depending on theprevalent Eh-pH conditions and the totality of the geological environment. The alterationprocess gives rise to distinct phases, i.e. a parent or resistate phase and the newly formedor neoformed authigenic phase distributed in an orderly or disorderly manner along withthe resistate
[1]
. Most alteration leads to thermodynamically unstable, incomplete,irreversible phases that are extremely complex in elemental composition. Consequently,the physical and chemical characteristics such as bulk density, porosity, grain density,
 
48
D. S. Rao, T. V. Vijayakumar, S. Prabhakar, G. Bhaskar Raju and T.K.GhoshVol. 4, No. 1
48
hardness, magnetic susceptibility and other properties are affected. These changes mayeffect the down stream beneficiation/metallurgical processing of the deposit.Ilmenite (FeTiO
3
), an important and most abundant mineral of titanium, occurs inIndia along the coastal beach sands of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Maharastraand Kerala states. The degree of alteration due to weathering is significant and isindependent of the provenance. Hence, it attracts the attention of scientists in differentdisciplines with totally different approaches
[2-5]
. Several workers have studied ilmenitefrom across the world to assess the qualitative variation from deposit to deposit
[6-9]
,Many articles were published on the alteration of ilmenite
[4, 10-13]
. In the present study,two different run of mine (ROM) samples, one from Navaladi (N8
o
14’15”- 8
o
16’23” Lat.and E77
o
48’15” – 77
o
53’36” Long.) area, Trichendur district and a second fromSurangudi (9
o
06’00”-9
o
10’08” Lat. and E78
o
19’15”- 78
o
26’40”Long.) area of Teri,Tuticorin district Tamilnadu (south India) were investigated with reference to their heavymineral content and the alteration characteristics of ilmenite using optical and EPMAtechniques.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Representative placer samples were collected from the Navaladi as well as theTeri area for this characterization study. Both the samples were processed for theestimation of total heavy mineral (THM) content using Bromoform (CHBr
3
; specificgravity 2.89), as a media for separation of heavier fractions from the lighter. Further, thesamples were subjected to magnetic separation using Permroll (20,000 Gauss) to separatemagnetic and non-magnetic fractions. Petro-mineralogical studies were carried out, bystereomicroscopy as well as with a LEITZ Orthoplan optical microscope, to identify thecomponents of the total heavy mineral content. Magnetic and non-magnetic fractions of heavy minerals were analysed for their mineral chemistry with the help of a JEOL EPMASuper Probe JXA – 8600 model, with an accelerating voltage of 15 kV and a specimencurrent of 2x10
-8
amps, using SPI mineral standards. Particle size analysis was carriedout using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer (CILAS 1180, France).
RESULTSMagnetic separation:
Magnetic separation studies of the ROM samples from the Navaladi and Teriareas indicated 33.22% and 35.70% of magnetic minerals respectively (Table 1).
Heavy media separation:
Heavy media separation studies of the ROM sample from the Navaladi area haveindicated that the sample contains around 34.20% of total heavies while the same type of 
 
Vo. 4, No 1. Alteration Characteristics Of Ilmenites From South India
49
0100200300400500600700800900100011001200020406080100
   C  u  m  u   l  a   t   i  v  e  v  a   l  u  e   (   %   )
Particle size (microns)
NonmagMagHead
Figure.1: Particle size analysis of Navaladi ROM sample alongwith magnetic and non-magnetic fractions
study of the Teri sample indicated 37.26% heavies (Table 1). The higher amount of heavyminerals (by heavy media separation) as compared to the magnetic separation fractions isdue to the rutile and zircon content in the sample, which did not report in the magneticfractions due to their non-magnetic nature.
Table 1: Distribution of Magnetic & non-magnetic and heavy & light fractions.
% Distribution% DistributionAreaMagneticNon-magnetic Heavy LightNavaladi 33.22 66.78 34.20 65.80Teri 35.70 64.30 37.26 62.74
Particle size distribution:
Particle sizedistribution of theROM sample aswell as magneticand non-magneticproducts, fromNavaladi area,(Figure -1) showsthat the magneticfraction has a finerin particle sizedistribution than thenon-magnetic andROM sample. Theparticle sizedistribution of theROM sample aswell as magneticand non-magneticproducts, from Teriarea, (Figure - 2)shows a similartrend (Table 2), although the Teri magnetic fraction is much finer than the non-magneticand ROM fractions. In addition, the mean particle size of the magnetic fraction of theTeri sample was 75 microns while the Navaladi magnetic sample had a mean particle sizeof 341 microns. Overall, the mean particle size of the Teri ROM and separated fractionswas finer than the Navaladi ROM and fractions.
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