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info
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Proof Without Words
E x e r c i s e s i n V i s u a l T h i n k i n g





Roger B. Nelsen
R







Trigonometry, Calculus & Analytic Geometry







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Email (Gtalk)kl2004wl@gmail.com






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Trigonmetry, Calculus & Analytic Geometry
Category List
Sine of the Sum
Area and Difference Formulas
The Law of Cosines I
The Law of Cosines II
The Law of Cosines III
The Double-Angle Formulas
The Half-Angle Tangent Formulas
Mollweides Equation
(tan+1)+(cot+1)=(sec+csc)
The Substitution to Make a Rational Function of the Sine and Cosine
Sums of Arctangents
The Distance Between a Point and a Line
The Midpoint Rule is Better than the Trapezoidal Rule for Concave Functions
Integration by Parts
The Graphs of f and f^(-1) are Reflections about the Line y=x
The Reflection Property of the Parabola
Area under an Arch of the Cycloid








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z
z
y
x
c
r
b
a
Sidney H. Kung
sin(x+y) = sin(-(x+y)) = sinz = sinx cosy + siny cosx
r = 1/2 sinz = (c/2)/(1/2) =c, sinx = a, siny = b
c = a cosy + b cosx
sin(x+y) = sinx cosy + cosx siny for x + y <
Sine of Sum








A
y
x
y
x
y
x - y
x
y
a
a sinx
b cosx
b
a
b
b cosx
a siny
b
a
a
b
a cosx
b cosy a sinx
b siny
b
sin(x - y) = sinx cosy - cosx siny
rea and Difference Formulas
+ =
/2 - (x - y)
-
=
Drag A
Drag B






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a
c
b
bsinx
bcosx
c
2
(bsinx)
2
(a-bcosx)
2
Timonthy A. Sipka
The Law of Cosines I
c
2
= (bsinx)
2
+ (a - bcosx)
2

= a
2
+ b
2
-2abcosx
Drag it to change
x







x
2acosx - b
b
a-c
c
a
a a
Sidney H. Kung
The Law of Cosines II
(2acosx - b)b = (a - c)(a + c)
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
- 2abcosx
Drag A
Drag B






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x x
a +2bcos(180-x)
a
b b
c
c
The Law of Cosines III
Drag B
Sidney H. Kung
cc = bb +(a + 2b cos(180 - x))a
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
- 2abcosx
Drag A








1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
t
2t
2sint
2cost
RBN
ACD ABC
CD / AC = BC / AB
sin2t / 2cost = 2sint / 2
sin2t = 2sintcost
AD / AC = AC / AB
(1 + cos2t) / 2cost = 2cost / 2
cos2t = 2cos
2
t - 1
The Double-Angle Formulas
x
2
+y
2
=1
C (cos2t,sin2t)
A B
O









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t/2
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t
t/2
1 sint
1 cost 1 - cost
R. J. Walker tan
t
2
=
sint
1 + cost
=
1 - cost
sint
The Half-Angle Tangent Formulas








Mollweide's Equation
(m-n)/2
n
m
p/2
(m+n)/2
m n
c
b
a
a-b
H. Arthur DeKleine
(a - b) cos
p
2
= c sin (
m - n
2
)





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t
t
sec t
csc t
cot t 1
1
tan t
sin t
1
cost
William Romaine
tan
2
t + 1 = sec
2
t
cot
2
t + 1 = csc
2
t
(tan t + 1)
2
+ (cot t + 1)
2
= (sec t + csc t)
2
( also tan t =
tan t + 1
cot t + 1
)
(tan t + 1)
2
+ (cot t + 1)
2
= (sec t + csc t)
2
Drag it










z
z
RBN
z = tan

2

sin =
2z
1 + z
2
and cos =
1 - z
2
1 + z
2
The Substitution to Make a Rational
Function of the Sine and Cosine
z
2
z
2
1-z
2
1+z
2 1+z
2
1
1 1
z
2
z
2
z
z
2z
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2








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Edeard M. Harris Sums of Arctangents
arctan 1 + arctan 2 + arctan 3 =
arctan
1
2
+ arctan
1
3
=

4






y
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The Distance Between a Point and a Line
= mx + c
m
1
1 + m
2
(a, ma + c)
ma + c - b
(a, b)
d
R. L. Eisenman
d
1
=
ma + c - b
1 + m
2
x
y







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(
a+b
2
f )
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Frank Burk
The Midpoint Rule is Better than the
Trapezoidal Rule for Concave Functions

=
=

b a a+b
2








Integration by Parts
= qs - pr + Area
Richard Courant
Area
u
v
0
0
q=f(b) p=f(a)
s=g(b)
r=g(a)









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Ayoub B. Ayoub
The Graphs of f and f
-1
are Reflections about the Line y=x
x=f(y)
y=x
=f
-1
(x)
(d,c)
(c,d)
(a,b)
(b,a)
y
y=x
y=f
-1
(x)
a-b
a-b
a-b
(b,b)
(a,a)
(a,b)
(b,a)
y=f(x)
y=f(x)







3
2
1
y2=4px
m2=-y/2p
y
m1=y'=2p/y
D(-p,y)
Q(x,y)
Ayoub B. Ayoub
QF = QD & m
1
m
2
= -1 1 = 2 = 3
The Reflection Property of the Parabola
O
x F(p,0)
x=p






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Area under an Arch of the Cycloid
P
R
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2R

2R
R
R R

R
R R

Richard M. Beekman
A = 3R
2
1
2
R2R + R
2
+
1
2
R2R












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