ADOLESCENCE - first signs of pubertal process: increased rate of growth in both height and

- period of maturation between childhood and adulthood weight

- transitional period Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR)
- peer relationships deepen - Tanner Stages
- autonomy in decision-making grows - Range from SMR I (preadolescent) to SMR V (adult)
- intellectual pursuits and social belonging are sought - Breast development in girls
- time of exploration and making choices → concept of self - Genital maturity in boys
- Pubic hair development
Stages of Adolescence Breast development Male Genitalia Pubic Hair growth
- Early Adolescence (12 to 14 years of age) development
- Growth spurt Stage I only the papilla is Penis, testes, and No sexual hair
- Development of secondary sex characteristics Preadolescent elevated scrotum have a size
- Beginning of social separation from parents and family and proportion similar
- begin to criticize usual family habits to those seen in early
- question previously accepted family values childhood
- greater affinity with peers Stage II Elevation of the Penis size same Sparse,
- greater awareness of style and appearance Breast budding breasts and papillae Enlargement of the pigmented, long,
- growing desire for autonomy, sometimes with challenging behaviors may occur as small testes and scrotum straight mainly
toward authority figures mounds Change in texture of along labia and at
Some increased the scrotal skin the base of penis
- Middle Adolescence (14 – 16 years of age) diameter of the scrotal skin may be
- Consolidation of the sense of self areola diameter reddened
- Self-esteem becomes a pivotal influence on positive and negative risk-
taking behaviors Stage III Breasts and areola Penis elongated darker coarser
- Increased sexual experimentation continue to enlarge increased growth of and curlier
- Decreased sense of threat from adults no separation of testes and scrotum
- tend to identify with a group of peers who become highly influential in contour
their choices of activities, styles, music, idols, and role models Stage IV Areolae and papillae Penis significantly Adult, but
elevate above the enlarged in length and decreased
- Late Adolescence (17-19 years of age) level of the breasts circumference, with distribution
- Concerns about entering adult life – work, independence, intimacy and form secondary further development of
- continued exploration of academic pursuits, musical and artistic tastes, mounds the glans penis
athletic participation, and social bonds leads a greater definition of self Further development testes and scrotum
and a sense of belonging to certain groups or subcultures of the overall breast continue to enlarge
tissue distinct darkening of the
Components of Adolescence scrotal skin
1. Physical Development
Stage V Mature female Penis, testes, and Adult in quantity
- adolescence is related but not identical to puberty
breasts scrotum are adult with and type with
- puberty is a biological event
Papillae may extend regard to size and spread to medial
- adolescence is a period designated by society
above the contour of shape thighs
Puberty
the breasts as a
- originates from the Latin word puber → “being of marriageable age”
result of the
- implies emerging capacity for reproduction
recession of he
- process by which adolescents develop physical and sexual maturity, along
areolae
with reproductive ability
Adolescent girls - Ability to imagine rational series of events
- primary sex characteristic: ovulation → the release of eggs from ovarian - Capability of predicting results of actions
follicles, approximately once every 28 days - Capacity to sense reasonable steadiness or contradictions in a set of
- SMR III to IV: ovarian follicles are producing enough estrogen to result in statements
menarche →onset of menstruation - Capability to think of themselves, others and he world in a real way
- SMR IV to V: an ovarian follicle matures on a monthly basis and ovulation - Environmental Factors Which Help Foster Formal Operational
occurs Thought
- Estrogen and progesterone - Various relationships
- Promote sexual maturation - Membership in a more heterogeneous group of peers
- Further development of fallopian tubes and breasts - Various social groups, ethnicities, religions
- School curriculum
Early Adolescence
Adolescent boys - the use of more complex thinking is focused on personal decision making in
- primary sex characteristic: development of sperm by the testes school and home environments
- sperm development occurs in response to follicle-stimulating hormone - use of formal logical operations in schoolwork
acting on the seminiferous tubules within the testes - question authority and society standards
- pubertal process is marked by the growth of he testes stimulated by - form and verbalize his own thoughts and views on a variety of topics,
luteinizing hormone usually related to his own life
- ejaculation: emerges within one year of reaching SMR II - which sports are better to play
- secondary sexual characteristics - which groups are better to be included in
- thickening of the skin - what personal appearances are desirable or attractive
- broadening of the shoulders - what parental rules should be changed
- development of facial hair Middle Adoslescence
- include more philosophical and futuristic concerns
Factors that Affect the Onset of Puberty - questions more extensively
- genetics - analyzes more extensively
- nutrition - thinks about and begins to form his own code of ethics
- general health status - thinks about different possibilities and begins to develop own identity
- environmental factors - thinks about and begins to make his own plans
- physiological factors - begins to think long term
- his use of systematic thinking begins to influence relationships with
2. Cognitive Development others
- refers to the ability to think and reason Late Adolescence
- children (6 to 12 years old): concrete operational thinking - a complex thinking processes are used to focus on less self-centered
- adolescence: marks the beginning of development of more complex concepts as well as personal decision making
thinking processes → formal operational thinking - increased thoughts about more global concepts
Formal Operational Thinking - develops idealistic views on specific topics or concerns
- abstract thinking (thinking about possibilities) - debate and develop intolerance of opposing views
- ability to reason from known principles (form own new ideas or questions) - begins to focus thinking on making career
- ability to consider many points of view according to varying criteria - begins to focus thinking on emerging role in adult society
(compare of debate ideas or opinions) Ways to Encourage Positive and Healthy Cognitive Thinking in the
- ability to think about the process of thinking Adolescent
- Six New Conceptual Skills - include in discussions about a variety of topics, issues and current events
- Capability to mentally control more than two types of variables at the - share ideas and thoughts with you
same time - think independently and develop their own ideas
- Capability to think about modification that may occur with time - assist in setting their own goals
- stimulate to think about possibilities of the future
- compliment and praise for well thought out decisions Current Environmental Influences and Adolescence
- assist in re-evaluating poorly made decisions for themselves - adolescent sexual behaviour
- factors impacting sexual behaviour
3. Emotional Development - personality traits
4. Social Development - gender
- cultural and religious background
5. Moral Development - racial factors
- morality is a set of values and beliefs about codes of behaviour that - family attitudes
conform to those shared by others in society - sexual education and prevention programs
- tend to develop patterns of behaviours - pregnancy
- characteristics of their family and educational environments - abortion
- imitation of specific peers and adults whom they admire - risk-taking behaviour
- no strictly tied to chronological age - drug and alcohol use
- outgrowth from cognitive development - unsafe sexual practices
- adolescents recognize rules in terms of what is good for the society at large - self-injurious behavior
- Lawrence Kohlberg levels of morality - reckless driving
- preconventional morality-punishment and obedience to the parent are the - violence
determining factors - tattoos and body piercing
- morality of conventional role-conformity - children try to conform to gain - skills to develop a sense of belonging to a peer group, along with the ability
approval and to maintain good relationships with others to conform with the activities of that group are of central importance to a
- self-accepted moral principles-children voluntarily comply with rules on the sense of well-being
basis of a concept of ethical principles and make exceptions to rules in - friendships become more individualized, and personal secrets are likely
certain circumstances. shared with a friend rather than a family member
- Gilligan points out that, in women, compassion and the ethics of caring are
dominant features of moral decision-making, whereas, for men, Adolescent Sexual Behavior
predominant features of moral judgments are related more to a perception - Sexual experimentation in adolescents often begins with fantasy and
of justice, rationality, and a sense of fairness. masturbation in early adolescence
- followed by noncoital genital touching with the opposite sex or same-sex
6. Self-esteem partners, oral sex with partners, and initiation of sexual intercourse at a
- a measure of one’s sense of self-worth based on perceived success and later point in development
achievements, as well as a perception of how much one is valued by peers, - Boys generally have more sexual partners than do girls, and boys are less
family members, teachers and society in general likely than girls to seek emotional attachments with their sexual partners.
- most important correlates of good self-esteem Factors that Influence Adolescent Sexual Behavior
- one’s perception of positive physical appearance - personality traits, gender, cultural and religious background, racial factors,
- high value to peers and family family attitudes, and sexual education and prevention programs.
- secondary features of self-esteem - Contraceptives
- academic achievement - The two most common methods are condoms and birth control pills.
- athletic abilities - Pregnancy
- special talents - Children born to teenage mothers have a greater chance of dying before
- mediated by positive feedback received from a peer group and family the age of 5 years
members - Those who survive are more likely to perform poorly in school and are at
- adolescents often seek out a peer group that offers acceptance, regardless greater risk of abuse and neglect
of negative behaviours - Teenage mothers are also less likely to seek regular prenatal care, to
- adolescent girls have more of a problem maintaining self-esteem than do take recommended daily multivitamins, and they are more likely to smoke,
boys. drink, or use drugs during pregnancy
- Abortion
- four of ten teen pregnancies end in abortion
Risk-Taking Behavior
- leading to confidence both in forming new relationships and in sports and
social situations.
Drug Use
- Alcohol
- Alcohol dependence, along with other drugs, is associated with
depression, anxiety, oppositional defiant disorder, antisocial personality
disorder, and an increased rate of suicide.
- Nicotine
- Cigarette smokers are more likely to get into fights, carry weapons,
attempt suicide, suffer from mental health problems such as depression,
and engage in high-risk sexual behaviors.
- Cannabis
- most popular illicit drug
- marijuana is easier to get than alcohol or cigarettes.
- Once teenagers are dependant on marijuana, they often tumble into
truancy, crime, and depression.
- Cocaine
- Opioids
- Heroin
- Violence
- Black male teenagers are far more likely to be murder victims than are
boys from any other racial or ethnic group or girls of any race.
- The factor most strongly associated with violence among adolescent
boys is growing up in a household without a father or father surrogate
- race, socioeconomic status, and education show no effect on the
propensity toward violence
Bullying
- one's strength or status to intimidate, injure, or humiliate another person of
lesser strength or status
- Physical bullying involves physical injury or threat of injury to someone.
- Verbal bullying refers to teasing or insulting someone
- Social bullying refers to the use of peer rejection or exclusion to humiliate or
isolate a victim.
- Boys are more likely to be involved in bullying and violent behavior than
girls. Girls tend to use verbal bullying rather than physical.
Gangs
- Gang membership is a brief phase
- Boys are more likely to join gangs than girls
- Female gang members are also involved in less delinquent or criminal
activity than males and commit fewer violent crimes
Weapons
School Violence
- Many factors-inherited traits include impulsivity, learning difficulties, low IQ,
or fearlessness
- correlation also exists between witnessing violent acts and involvement in
violence
Sexual offense
- There appear to be two types of juvenile sex offenders: those who target
children, and those who offend against peers or adults.
- Etiological factors of juvenile sex-maltreatment experiences, exposure to
pornography, substance abuse, and exposure to aggressive role models
- 25 to 50 percent offending adolescents have a childhood history of physical
abuse 10 to 80 percent sexual abuse
- most common psychosocial deficits of adolescent sexual offenders include
low self-esteem, few social skills, minimal assertive skills, and poor
academic performance
- Male offenders are more often diagnosed with paraphilias and antisocial
behavior, whereas female offenders are more likely to be diagnosed with
mood disorders and engage in self-mutilation.
Prostitution
- Most adolescent prostitutes are girls, but boys are involved as homosexual
prostitutes
- Most teenagers who enter a life of prostitution come from broken homes
- Many were victims of rape, or were abused as children
Tattoos and Body Piercing
- Both tattoos and body piercing are more common in girls than in boys
- Adolescents who endorsed possession of at least one tattoo or body
piercing are more likely to endorse use of gateway drugs (cigarettes,
alcohol, marijuana), as well as experience with hard drugs (cocaine, crystal
methamphetamine, and ecstasy).
- Female adolescents who had tattoos or body piercings more likely to
endorse a history of suicidal ideation or behaviours
ADULTHOOD
- early or young (ages 20-40)
- middle (ages 40-65)
- late or old
Transition to Early Adulthood
- separate psychologically from the parents and achieve self-sufficiency in
the adult world
- find a gratifying place in the world of work
- experience sexual and emotional intimacy within a committed relationship
- become a parent
- accept the aging process in the body
- integrate the growing awareness of time limitation and personal death
- maintain physical and emotional intimacy in the face of the powerful - commitment to another person develops
physical, psychological, and environmental pressures of midlife
- facilitate the emergence of childhood into adulthood Occupation
- develop and sustain friendships with individuals of different ages and - blue collar – enter after HS
backgrounds - white collar – enter workforce after college or professional school
- continue to play - healthy adaptation to work
- leave a legacy for future generations by facilitating the development of - outlet for creativity
younger individuals - satisfactory relationships with colleagues
- pride in accomplishment
A. Early or Young Adulthood (20 to 40 Years of Age) - increased self-esteem
- begins at the end of adolescence, age 20
- characterized by - Maladaptation
- peaking biological development - dissatisfaction with oneself and with the job
- assumption of major social roles - insecurity
- evolution of an adult self and life structure - decreased self-esteem
- successful passage into adulthood depends on satisfactory resolution of - anger
childhood and adolescent crises - resentment at having to work
- Early adulthood requires choosing new roles - job dissatisfaction → job changes, absenteeism, mistakes at work,
accident proneness, sabotage
Developmental Tasks
- establishing a self that is separate from parents is a major task - more women have been entering the workplace
- occupation - proportion of working age women with jobs has increased
- developing adult friendships - 1960-35%
- marriage or other intimate relationships - 2000 - 70%
- parenthood
Unemployment
Developmental Periods (Levinson. et al) - loss of income
- building an entry life structure for early Adulthood (ages 22-28) - incidence of alcohol dependence, homicide, violence, suicide, and mental
- age 30 transition (ages 28-33) illness rises
- building a culminating life structure for early adulthood (ages 33-40) - decreased self-esteem

Developmental Tasks (Colarusso) Developing Adult Friendships

- to develop a young adult sense of self and others - before marriage and parenthood → friendships are often the primary
- to develop adult friendships source of emotional sustenance
- to develop the capacity for intimacy; to become a spouse - emotional needs for closeness and confidentiality are largely met by
- to become a biological and psychological parent friendships
- to develop a relationship of mutuality and equality with parents while - As marriages occurs and children are born → central emotional importance
facilitating their midlife development of friendships diminishes
- to establish an adult work identity - movement toward a new form of friendship → couples friendships
- to develop adult forms of play
- to integrate new attitudes toward time Marriage
- most persons marry in their mid to late 20s
Erik Erikson - cohabitation:
- intimacy vs isolation - 1960 - 8%
- contacts with others are made - Currently – more than 50%
- intimate relationships develop - Marital adjustment – emotional adjustment (Reed)
 - Advocates communication and verbal confrontation - Adopted children are more likely to develop conduct disorders, problems
- Openness with drug abuse, and antisocial personality traits
- More talking
- Increased sensitivity to feelings
- Personalizing of language symbols
- Keeping the communication channels open
- How a marriage works out relates to:
- Partnesr selected
- Personality organization or disorganization of each
- Interaction between them
- Original reasons for the union
- Marital Problems
- Persons marry for a variety of reasons emotional, social, economic, and
political, among others.
- look to the spouse to meet unfulfilled childhood needs for good parenting
- see the spouse as someone to be saved from an otherwise unhappy life
- irrational expectations between spouses
- financial issues
- Marriage counselling
- Only a particular conflict related to the immediate concerns of the family
discussed
- Conducted by persons with less psychotherapeutic training
- Marriage Therapy
- Places greater emphasis on restructuring the interaction between the
couple
- Exploring the psychodynamics of each partner
- A trained person establishes a professional contract with the couple
* Both help marital partners cope effectively with the problems

Parenthood
- By age 30, most have established families and must deal with parent-child
problems
- Economic burden
- Emotional costs
- 20s and 30s, parenting has been described as a continuing process of
letting go
- Involves separation from their children who are starting school
- men have been more concerned with their work and occupational
advancement than with child rearing
- women have been more concerned about their role as mothers than with
advancement in their occupation
- Adoption
- Replaced institutional care as the preferred way to raise children who are
neglected, unwanted, or abandoned
- Parent-child developmental issues
- Adoption issues
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT